TWI662715B - 太陽能電池 - Google Patents

太陽能電池 Download PDF

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TWI662715B
TWI662715B TW106137211A TW106137211A TWI662715B TW I662715 B TWI662715 B TW I662715B TW 106137211 A TW106137211 A TW 106137211A TW 106137211 A TW106137211 A TW 106137211A TW I662715 B TWI662715 B TW I662715B
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region
thickness
polycrystalline silicon
solar cell
doped layer
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TW201917904A (zh
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蕭睿中
葉峻銘
林昭正
黃崇傑
杜政勳
陳俊亨
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財團法人工業技術研究院
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Priority to CN201711210101.1A priority patent/CN109728103B/zh
Priority to US15/836,910 priority patent/US20190131472A1/en
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Abstract

一種太陽能電池,包括一矽基板、一鈍化結構以及一金屬電極。鈍化結構設置於矽基板的表面上且包括穿隧層與多晶矽摻雜層。穿隧層位於所述矽基板的所述表面上,多晶矽摻雜層位於穿隧層上且包括厚度不同的第一區以及第二區,且第一區的厚度大於第二區的厚度,其中第一區的厚度在50nm~500nm之間,第二區的厚度大於0且在250nm以下。金屬電極則位於多晶矽摻雜層的第一區上。

Description

太陽能電池
本發明是有關於一種太陽能電池技術,且特別是有關於一種太陽能電池。
目前開發中的穿隧型太陽能電池如異質接面矽太陽能電池屬於一種高效率太陽能電池,其發電量能大幅提升,以降低發電成本。
對於一般的穿隧型太陽能電池來說,在製造過程中通常會在矽晶片的一側成長氧化矽層來作為穿隧層。然而,此氧化矽層並無法具有良好的鈍化特性,因此需進行高溫退火製程來提高鈍化品質。
上述高溫退火製程通常在爐管中進行,但是在高溫的狀態下,氧化矽層會增生而導致矽晶片內的載子無法經由穿隧機制而自由傳輸。因此,在進行退火製程前,可於氧化矽層上形成一層經摻雜的非晶矽層來避免氧化矽層增生。在退火製程後,上述經摻雜的非晶矽層會轉變成多晶矽摻雜層(doped polysilicon layer)。
然而,一般多晶矽層的能隙為1.1eV,所以在光學上會有影響吸收的問題,使得進入到矽晶片的光會有所損耗。
本發明提供一種太陽能電池,具有能兼顧光的吸收與鈍化效果的鈍化結構,並能進一步提升其短路電流以及轉換效率(efficiency)。
本發明的太陽能電池,包括具有一第一表面與一第二表面的一矽基板、設置於矽基板的第一表面上的第一鈍化結構以及位於第一鈍化結構上的第一金屬電極。所述第一鈍化結構包括一穿隧層與一多晶矽摻雜層。穿隧層位於矽基板的第一表面上,多晶矽摻雜層位於穿隧層上。所述多晶矽摻雜層包括厚度不同的第一區以及第二區,且第一區的厚度大於第二區的厚度,其中第一區的厚度在50nm~500nm之間,第二區的厚度大於0且在250nm以下。第一金屬電極則位於多晶矽摻雜層的第一區上。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第一區的面積為大於或等於第一金屬電極的面積。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第一區的面積為小於第一金屬電極的面積。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述穿隧層包括氧化矽(SiO2)、氮氧化矽(SiON)、氧化鋁(Al2O3)或氮化矽(SiN)。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述多晶矽摻雜層包括多晶矽膜、多晶氧化矽或多晶碳化矽。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第一區的厚度在50nm~300nm之間,上述第二區的厚度為1/2倍至1/50倍的第一區的厚度。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第二區的厚度為1nm~150nm之間。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述太陽能電池還可包括一第二鈍化結構,設置於矽基板的第二表面上,所述第二鈍化結構包括一穿隧層與一多晶矽摻雜層。穿隧層位於矽基板的第二表面上,多晶矽摻雜層位於穿隧層上。所述多晶矽摻雜層包括厚度不同的第一區以及第二區,且第一區的厚度大於第二區的厚度,其中第一區的厚度在50nm~500nm之間,第二區的厚度大於0且在250nm以下。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述太陽能電池還可包括一第二金屬電極,位於所述第二鈍化結構的多晶矽摻雜層的第一區上。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第二鈍化結構的多晶矽摻雜層包括多晶矽膜、多晶氧化矽或多晶碳化矽。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第二鈍化結構的穿隧層包括氧化矽、氮氧化矽、氧化鋁或氮化矽。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第二鈍化結構的多晶矽摻雜層的第一區的厚度在50nm~300nm之間,第二區的厚度為1/2 倍至1/50倍的第一區的厚度。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第二鈍化結構的多晶矽摻雜層的第二區的厚度為1nm~150nm之間。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第二鈍化結構的多晶矽摻雜層的第一區的面積為大於或等於第二金屬電極的面積。
在本發明的一實施例中,上述第二鈍化結構的多晶矽摻雜層的第一區的面積為小於第二金屬電極的面積。
在本發明的一實施例中,太陽光是從上述第一表面或第二表面進入上述太陽能電池。
基於上述,本發明藉由在不同區域設定不同厚度範圍的多晶矽摻雜層,將其作為鈍化結構的一部分,因此不但具有熱穩定性佳、低阻值(resistivity)以及低光吸收(light absorption)的效果,還能因此使具有上述結構的太陽能電池能產生高轉換效率的功效。
為讓本發明的上述特徵和優點能更明顯易懂,下文特舉實施例,並配合所附圖式作詳細說明如下。
10、30‧‧‧太陽能電池
100、300‧‧‧矽基板
100a、100b、300a、300b‧‧‧表面
102、306‧‧‧鈍化結構
104、200、202、302、304‧‧‧金屬電極
106、308、318‧‧‧穿隧層
108、310、320‧‧‧多晶矽摻雜層
110、312‧‧‧第一區
110a‧‧‧側壁
110b‧‧‧頂面
112、314‧‧‧第二區
114‧‧‧背面場層
116‧‧‧背電極
316‧‧‧抗反射層
322‧‧‧透明導電層
T1、T2‧‧‧厚度
圖1是依照本發明的第一實施例的一種太陽能電池的示意圖。
圖2A是第一實施例的一種變形例。
圖2B是第一實施例的另一種變形例。
圖3是依照本發明的第二實施例的一種太陽能電池的示意圖。
圖4A是模擬實驗一的第二區厚度與短路電流(short-circuit current,JSC)之曲線圖。
圖4B是模擬實驗一的第二區厚度與填充因子(fill factor,FF)之曲線圖。
圖4C是模擬實驗一的第二區厚度與開路電壓(open-circuit voltage,VOC)之曲線圖。
圖4D是模擬實驗一的第二區厚度與電池轉換效率之曲線圖。
圖5是模擬實驗二隨第二區與第一區的厚度比例變化的電池轉換效率曲線圖。
下文列舉實施例並配合所附圖式來進行詳細地說明,但所提供之實施例並非用以限制本發明所涵蓋的範圍。此外,圖式僅以說明為目的,並未依照原尺寸作圖,且可能放大或縮小不同的膜層或區域來顯示於單一圖式中。而且,雖然文中使用如「第一」、「第二」等來描述不同的元件、區域及/或膜層,但是這些元件、區域及/或膜層不應當受限於這些用語。而是,這些用語僅用於區別一元件、區域或膜層與另一元件、區域或膜層。因此,以下所討論之第一元件、區域或膜層可以被稱為第二元件、區域或 膜層而不違背實施例的教示。而且,為了方便理解,下文中相同的元件將以相同之符號標示來說明。
圖1是依照本發明的第一實施例的一種太陽能電池的示意圖。
請參照圖1,第一實施例的太陽能電池10基本上包括矽基板100、鈍化結構102與金屬電極104,且矽基板100有第一表面100a和第二表面100b。在本實施例中,第一表面100a是正面(太陽光從第一表面100a進入)、第二表面100b是背面,但本發明並不限於此,太陽光也可以從第二表面100b進入太陽能電池。第一實施例的鈍化結構102是設置於矽基板100的第一表面100a上,所述鈍化結構102包括一穿隧層106、一多晶矽摻雜層108。矽基板100在太陽能電池10中作為光的吸收層,一旦吸收太陽光後,能產生電子電洞對,產生電能。穿隧層106位於矽基板100的第一表面100a上,具有鈍化晶片(即矽基板100)表面缺陷,以降低載子復合的功能,其中穿隧層106例如氧化矽(SiO2)、氮氧化矽(SiON)、氧化鋁(Al2O3)或氮化矽(SiN)。多晶矽摻雜層108則位於穿隧層106上,用以收集少數載子,其中多晶矽摻雜層108例如多晶矽膜、多晶氧化矽或多晶碳化矽。舉例而言,矽基板100若是n型矽晶片,則多晶矽摻雜層108可為p+多晶矽。
在本實施例中,多晶矽摻雜層108包括厚度不同的第一區110以及第二區112,且第一區110的厚度T1大於第二區112的厚度T2,其中第一區110的厚度T1在50nm~500nm之間,第 二區112的厚度T2大於0且在250nm以下。多晶矽摻雜層108的結構由於具有厚度差,因此可以減少多晶矽摻雜層108的第二區112對入射光的吸收,同樣能收集少數載子,以提升短路電流與轉換效率。本實施例的多晶矽摻雜層108的形成方式,可先在穿隧層106表面以CVD製程全面性地形成厚度T2的非晶矽或多晶矽摻雜膜,再利用遮罩遮住第二區112,並繼續沉積非晶矽或多晶矽摻雜膜,而形成厚度T1的第一區110,然後進行熱擴散製程,以完成多晶矽摻雜層108的製作。金屬電極104則位於多晶矽摻雜層108的第一區110上,所述金屬電極104例如可用在太陽能電池領域的金屬電極,如鋁(Al)、銀(Ag)、鉬(Mo)、金(Au)、鉑(Pt)、鎳(Ni)或銅(Cu)。上述製作多晶矽摻雜層108所使用的遮罩還能作為形成金屬電極104時的遮罩。
在一實施例中,第一區110的厚度T1在50nm~300nm之間,第二區112的厚度T2為1/2倍至1/50倍的第一區110的厚度T1。在另一實施例中,上述第二區112的厚度T2為1nm~150nm之間。而且,以電池轉換效率來看,第一區110的厚度T1愈薄,第二區112的厚度T2對第一區110的厚度T1的比例(T2/T1)愈小愈好;舉例來說,第一區110的厚度T1若是在200nm以下,則第二區112的厚度T2較佳是在40nm以下(即T2/T1=1/5以下);第一區110的厚度T1若是在180nm以下,則第二區112的厚度T2較佳是在18nm以下(即T2/T1=1/10以下)。
在圖1中,矽基板100的第二表面100b還設有背面場 (back surface field,BSF)層114與背電極(back side electrode)116,其中背面場層114可藉由背面電場降低少數載子於矽晶片100的第二表面100b的數量,降低復合。舉例來說,矽基板100若是n型矽晶片,則背面場(BSF)層114可為n+擴散層。而背電極116例如可用在太陽能電池領域的金屬電極,如鋁、銀、鉬、金、鉑、鎳或銅等。
圖2A是第一實施例的一種變形例,其中採用與圖1相同的元件符號來表示相同或近似的元件,並且省略了相同技術內容的說明。
圖2A與圖1的結構差異在於,其中的金屬電極200除了位於多晶矽摻雜層108的第一區110上方,還覆蓋第一區110的側壁110a,因此金屬電極200有接觸到部分的第二區112;換句話說,第一區110的面積小於金屬電極200的面積。
圖2B是第一實施例的另一種變形例,其中採用與圖1相同的元件符號來表示相同或近似的元件,並且省略了相同技術內容的說明。
圖2B與圖1的結構差異在於,其中位於多晶矽摻雜層108的第一區110上方的金屬電極202並未完全覆蓋第一區110,而使第一區110的部分頂面110b露出;換句話說,第一區110的面積大於金屬電極202的面積。
圖3是依照本發明的第二實施例的一種太陽能電池的示意圖。
請參照圖3,第二實施例的太陽能電池30是一種雙面太陽能電池,其包括矽基板300、第一金屬電極302、第二金屬電極304以及鈍化結構306。太陽光可從矽基板300的第一表面300a和第二表面300b進入太陽能電池30。第一金屬電極302位於矽基板300的第一表面300a上,第二金屬電極304位於矽基板300的第二表面300b上。而鈍化結構306至少位於第一表面300a與第一金屬電極302之間或位於第二表面300b與第二金屬電極304之間;在本實施例中是以鈍化結構306位於第一表面300a與第一金屬電極302之間為例,但本發明並不限於此。所述鈍化結構306包括一穿隧層308以及一多晶矽摻雜層310。穿隧層308位於矽基板300的第一表面300a上,具有鈍化晶片(即矽基板300)表面缺陷,以降低載子復合的功能,其中穿隧層308例如氧化矽(SiO2)、氮氧化矽(SiON)、氧化鋁(Al2O3)或氮化矽(SiN)。多晶矽摻雜層310則位於穿隧層308與第一金屬電極302之間,用以收集少數載子,其中多晶矽摻雜層310例如多晶矽膜、多晶氧化矽或多晶碳化矽。
在本實施例中,多晶矽摻雜層310包括厚度不同的第一區312以及第二區314,第一區312介於穿隧層308與第一金屬電極302之間,且第一區312的厚度T1大於第二區314的厚度T2,其中第一區312的厚度T1在50nm~500nm之間,第二區314的厚度T2大於0且在250nm以下。多晶矽摻雜層310的結構由於具有厚度差,因此可以減少多晶矽對入射光的吸收,同樣能收集少數 載子,以提升短路電流與轉換效率。在本實施例中,第一區312的面積等於第一金屬電極302的面積;但本發明並不限於此,第一區312的面積也可大於或小於第一金屬電極302的面積。
在一實施例中,第一區312的厚度T1在50nm~300nm之間,第二區314的厚度T2為1/2倍至1/50倍的第一區312的厚度T1。在另一實施例中,上述第二區314的厚度T2為1nm~150nm之間。而且,以電池轉換效率來看,第一區312的厚度T1愈薄,第二區314的厚度T2對第一區312的厚度T1的比例(T2/T1)愈小愈好;舉例來說,第一區312的厚度T1若是在200nm以下,則第二區314的厚度T2較佳是在40nm以下(即T2/T1=1/5以下);第一區312的厚度T1若是在180nm以下,則第二區314的厚度T2較佳是在18nm以下(即T2/T1=1/10以下)。
在圖3中,第一金屬電極302和第二金屬電極304例如可用在太陽能電池領域的金屬電極,如鋁(Al)、銀(Ag)、鉬(Mo)、金(Au)、鉑(Pt)、鎳(Ni)或銅(Cu),且第一金屬電極302和第二金屬電極304的材料可相同或不同。另外,位在矽基板300的第一表面300a的多晶矽摻雜層310之第二區314上還可設有一抗反射層316,以降低入射光的反射,其中抗反射層316例如氮化矽(SiNx)、氮氧化矽(SiON)、氧化鋁(Al2O3)、碳化矽(SiC)、氧化鎢(WOx)、二氧化鈦(TiO2)、五氧化二鉭(Ta2O5)或其他適合的材料。或者,這裡的抗反射層316也可使用一透明導電(TCO材料)層也有相同的抗反射效果。
此外,矽基板300的第二表面300b還設有另一穿隧層318與另一多晶矽摻雜層320所構成的鈍化結構,其中穿隧層318與穿隧層308同樣具有鈍化晶片(即矽基板300)表面缺陷,以降低載子復合的功能,其中穿隧層318例如氧化矽(SiO2)、氮氧化矽(SiON)、氧化鋁(Al2O3)或氮化矽(SiN)。而多晶矽摻雜層320可為厚度均一的膜層,並位於穿隧層318與第二金屬電極304之間,用以收集少數載子。以電性傳輸的觀點來看,還可於多晶矽摻雜層320與第二金屬電極304之間全面性地設置一透明導電層(TCO)322,其例如銦錫氧化物、銦鋅氧化物、鋁鋅氧化物、鎵鋅氧化物、鋁鎵鋅氧化物、鎘錫氧化物、氧化鋅、二氧化鋯或其他適合的材料。在另一實施例中,多晶矽摻雜層320可與多晶矽摻雜層310的結構一樣包括厚度不同的第一區以及第二區,第二金屬電極304可位於此一鈍化結構的多晶矽摻雜層320的第一區上,且第一區與第二區的厚度差異可參照上述內容,故不再贅述。
以下,使用模擬的方式來驗證本發明實施例的功效,但本發明的範圍並不侷限於以下內容。
模擬實驗一
模擬實驗一的太陽能電池如圖1所示。模擬的太陽能電池結構包含一n型的矽基板、作為BSF的n+擴散層、上下電極、穿隧層(厚度為1nm)以及多晶矽摻雜層,其中多晶矽摻雜層分為兩個區域,分別是在上電極下方的第一區(厚度為100nm),上電極以外的第二區厚度則為變數,來分析對太陽能電池的影響。
圖4A至圖4D分別為使用上述模擬實驗一的太陽能電池結構所計算出來的太陽能電池特徵數值。圖4A是模擬實驗一的第二區厚度與短路電流(short-circuit current,JSC)之曲線圖。圖4B是模擬實驗一的第二區厚度與填充因子(fill factor,FF)之曲線圖。圖4C是模擬實驗一的第二區厚度與開路電壓(open-circuit voltage,VOC)之曲線圖。
從圖4A至圖4B中可以發現,當第二區厚度越薄時,短路電流越高,雖然多晶矽摻雜層厚度減少對填充因子會有影響,但從圖4D可以發現整體在太陽能電池的光電轉換效率會是增加的。因此藉由多晶矽摻雜層的厚度差異,可以有效的增加電池的短路電流與轉換效率。
模擬實驗二
另外,以模擬實驗一的太陽能電池為模擬結構,並對其中的多晶矽摻雜層的第一區厚度以及第二區對第一區的厚度比例變化作分析,結果顯示於下表1及圖5。
從圖5中可以發現,比第一區與第二區厚度相同的情況更優異的是,第一區的厚度在50nm~300nm之間,且第二區的厚 度為1/2倍至1/50倍的第一區的厚度。換句話說,第二區的厚度較佳為1nm~150nm之間。而且,從表1可以發現,當第一區的厚度愈薄,第二區對第一區的厚度比例愈小愈好;舉例來說,第一區厚度若是在200nm以下,則第二區厚度較佳是在40nm以下(即第二區厚度是1/5倍以下的第一區厚度);第一區厚度若是在180nm以下,則第二區厚度較佳是在18nm以下(即第二區厚度是1/10倍以下的第一區厚度)。
綜上所述,本發明藉由多晶矽摻雜層不同區域的厚度上差異,可同時收集少數載子以及減少入射光的吸收,以提升短路電流與轉換效率。
雖然本發明已以實施例揭露如上,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者,在不脫離本發明的精神和範圍內,當可作些許的更動與潤飾,故本發明的保護範圍當視後附的申請專利範圍所界定者為準。

Claims (16)

  1. 一種太陽能電池,包括: 一矽基板,具有一第一表面與一第二表面; 一第一鈍化結構,設置於該矽基板的該第一表面上,所述第一鈍化結構包括: 一穿隧層,位於該矽基板的該第一表面上;以及 一多晶矽摻雜層,位於該穿隧層上,該多晶矽摻雜層包括厚度不同的第一區和第二區,其中該第一區的厚度大於該第二區的厚度,該第一區的厚度在50nm~500nm之間,該第二區的厚度大於0且在250nm以下;以及 一第一金屬電極,位於所述第一鈍化結構的該多晶矽摻雜層的該第一區上。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中該穿隧層包括氧化矽、氮氧化矽、氧化鋁或氮化矽。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中該多晶矽摻雜層包括多晶矽膜、多晶氧化矽或多晶碳化矽。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中該第一區的厚度在50nm~300nm之間,該第二區的厚度為1/2倍至1/50倍的該第一區的厚度。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第4項所述的太陽能電池,其中該第二區的厚度為1nm~150nm之間。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中該第一區的面積為大於或等於該第一金屬電極的面積。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中該第一區的面積為小於該第一金屬電極的面積。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,更包括一第二鈍化結構,設置於該矽基板的該第二表面上,所述第二鈍化結構包括: 一穿隧層,位於該矽基板的該第二表面上;以及 一多晶矽摻雜層,位於該穿隧層上,該多晶矽摻雜層包括厚度不同的第一區和第二區,其中該第一區的厚度大於該第二區的厚度,該第一區的厚度在50nm~500nm之間,該第二區的厚度大於0且在250nm以下。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第8項所述的太陽能電池,更包括一第二金屬電極,位於所述第二鈍化結構的該多晶矽摻雜層的該第一區上。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第8項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述第二鈍化結構的該多晶矽摻雜層包括多晶矽膜、多晶氧化矽或多晶碳化矽。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第8項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述第二鈍化結構的該穿隧層包括氧化矽、氮氧化矽、氧化鋁或氮化矽。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第8項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述第二鈍化結構的該多晶矽摻雜層的該第一區的厚度在50nm~300nm之間,該第二區的厚度為1/2倍至1/50倍的該第一區的厚度。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第12項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述第二鈍化結構的該多晶矽摻雜層的該第二區的厚度為1nm~150nm之間。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第9項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述第二鈍化結構的該多晶矽摻雜層的該第一區的面積為大於或等於該第二金屬電極的面積。
  15. 如申請專利範圍第9項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述第二鈍化結構的該多晶矽摻雜層的該第一區的面積為小於該第二金屬電極的面積。
  16. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中太陽光是從該第一表面或該第二表面進入該太陽能電池。
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