TWI625743B - 用於dc-dc共振轉換器之高頻變壓器 - Google Patents

用於dc-dc共振轉換器之高頻變壓器 Download PDF

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TWI625743B
TWI625743B TW105110189A TW105110189A TWI625743B TW I625743 B TWI625743 B TW I625743B TW 105110189 A TW105110189 A TW 105110189A TW 105110189 A TW105110189 A TW 105110189A TW I625743 B TWI625743 B TW I625743B
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傑漢吉爾 艾弗沙里恩
冰 龔
哈生S 阿薩巴
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村田製作所股份有限公司
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    • H02M3/33592Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
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    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
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Abstract

本發明揭示一種變壓器總成,其包含具有位於多個層上之初級繞組及與該多個層交錯之次級繞組之一變壓器,且包含連接至該變壓器且具有以下各者之一基板:一第一電晶體,其具有第一端子、第二端子及第三端子,其中該第一端子連接至該等次級繞組,該第二端子連接至該變壓器總成之一輸出端子,且該第三端子係一控制端子;第一導電層;第二導電層,其等與該等第一導電層交錯;一第一通孔,其經固體填充且連接該等第一導電層及該第一端子;及一第二通孔,其經固體填充且連接該等第二導電層及該第二端子。

Description

用於DC-DC共振轉換器之高頻變壓器
本發明係關於DC/DC共振轉換器。更具體言之,本發明係關於用於DC/DC共振轉換器之高頻變壓器。
圖1中展示一半橋式LLC轉換器。圖1中所展示之半橋式LLC轉換器可與本章節中所討論之已知轉換器一起使用,或與根據以下[實施方式]中所討論之本發明之較佳實施例之新型轉換器一起使用。
圖1展示使用一LLC串聯共振電路之一半橋式DC-DC轉換器之一典型應用。在圖1中,「初級側」係指連接至初級繞組之變壓器之左手邊上之電路之部分,且「次級側」係指連接至次級繞組之變壓器之右手邊上之電路之部分。LLC係指連接至變壓器之初級側之被動組件:電容器C1、電感器Lrt及電感器Lmt。MOSFET Q1及Q2連接至變壓器之初級側及輸入電壓Vi。電源開關MOSFET Q3、Q4連接至變壓器之次級側作為同步整流器(SR)。MOSFET Q3、Q4之各者可為一單個MOSFET(如圖1中所展示)或可為並聯連接之多個MOSFET(圖1未展示)。並聯連接之MOSFET意味著:MOSFET之汲極連接在一起,且MOSFET之源極連接在一起。輸出電容器CO連接至變壓器之次級側。
應在高功率且高電流之應用中考量變壓器之設計。為達成高功率密度,一高切換頻率用於減小磁性組件之尺寸,且應小心設計高頻 變壓器。在高頻處,應在設計變壓器之繞組時考量集膚深度效應及近接效應。集膚深度效應及近接效應會產生大量AC損耗及大量DC電阻損耗。此外,亦應考量變壓器之次級繞組與MOSFET Q3、Q4之間的連接。應減小次級繞組與SR(即,MOSFET Q3、Q4)之間的距離以減小來自導線之寄生阻抗且最終減少終端損耗。
在U.S.2007/0152795 A1、U.S.7,705,705 B2及U.S.2009/0085702 A1中,變壓器結構100包含初級繞組及次級繞組,其等經並聯連接使得一所要輸出功率額定值被達成。如圖2中所展示,功率轉換器包含多個次級電路單元110,且各次級電路單元110包含具有一次級繞組112之一印刷電路板(PCB)111。PCB 111包含一輸出整流器電路及一電容濾波器。鐵心113包含頂部鐵心部分114及底部鐵心部分115。次級電路單元110堆疊於彼此之頂部上,使得頂部鐵心部分114及底部鐵心部分115之中央支柱可插入至PCB 111及次級繞組112中之孔中。次級電路單元110並聯連接至輸出負載。儘管此變壓器結構可達成高效率,但變壓器總成之總尺寸係相當大的。
在U.S.2010/0265029 A1中,圓柱形導電柱63a、63b、63c連接多個次級繞組6,如本申請案之圖3(其對應於U.S.2010/0265029 A1之圖6B)中所展示。次級繞組6包含一繞線管基座60、三個繞線管61、四個繞組結構62a、62b、62c、62d、三個導電柱63a、63b、63c、及一鐵心組64。儘管此已知結構可達成高功率密度,但由於由次級繞組與同步整流器之間的距離不均勻引起之大量終端損耗,所以難以達成高效率。
在U.S.2010/0207714 A1中,一變壓器之內部繞組耗散變壓器之熱量,如圖4(其對應於U.S.2010/0207714 A1之圖2C)中所展示。變壓器2包含一磁性裝置21及一外殼22。磁性裝置21包含一繞組部件及一磁心總成。該繞組部件包含一初級繞組總成211a及一次級繞組總成 211b。初級繞組總成211a及次級繞組總成211b由銅箔製成。為了隔離及絕緣,一絕緣帶211d纏繞於變壓器2之外周邊上。初級繞組總成211a藉由圓形地纏繞一銅箔而產生,因此,一通道211c界定於初級繞組總成211a之中央中。變壓器2進一步包含一定位板23。定位板23之面積大於外殼22之底面積。磁性裝置21包含至少一接腳213。接腳213之一端連接至定位板23及繞組部件211。外殼22包含一第一側板223。數個螺栓孔223a包含於外殼22之第一側板223中。另一散熱裝置(例如一水冷卻裝置或一散熱器)可藉由將螺栓或螺釘插入至對應孔223a中而附接至外殼22之第一側板223。由磁性裝置21產生之熱量透過導熱黏著劑24而傳遞至外殼22且接著由散熱裝置快速散發,使得散熱效率被提高。外殼22充當一散熱器,且導熱黏著劑24將熱量自該繞組部件傳遞至外殼22且接著傳遞至空氣。
高功率密度、高頻變壓器存在以下挑戰:1)繞組及同步整流器之散熱;2)由高頻集膚效應及近接效應引起之損耗;3)MOSFET Q3、Q4之汲極至源極上之電壓尖峰,其由與MOSFET Q3、Q4之寄生電容共振之頂部次級繞組Ns1與底部次級繞組Ns2之間的變壓器之大洩漏電感產生。
為克服上述問題,本發明之較佳實施例提供具有以下特徵之一或多者之一變壓器:1)無需一散熱器之很好散熱性,其導致一較小尺寸;2)由繞組之適當交錯達成之高頻集膚效應及近接效應引起之損耗減少;3)藉由顯著減小或最小化次級繞組與輸出整流器PCB之間的距離而減少終端損耗; 4)藉由減小變壓器之次級繞組Ns1、Ns2之間的洩漏電感之MOSFET Q3及Q4之汲極至源極上之低電壓尖峰。
根據本發明之一較佳實施例,一種變壓器總成包含具有位於多個層上之初級繞組及與該多個層交錯之次級繞組之一變壓器,且包含連接至該變壓器且具有以下各者之一基板:一第一電晶體,其具有第一端子、第二端子及第三端子,其中該第一端子連接至該等次級繞組,該第二端子連接至該變壓器總成之一輸出端子,且該第三端子係一控制端子;第一導電層;第二導電層,其等與該等第一導電層交錯;一第一通孔,其經固體填充且連接該等第一導電層及該第一端子;及一第二通孔,其經固體填充且連接該等第二導電層及該第二端子。
該第一通孔及該第二通孔較佳地直接在該第一電晶體下方向下延伸。該變壓器較佳地進一步包含一匯流條,其位於與該基板之一第一表面(其上定位該第一電晶體)對置之該基板之一第二表面上且連接至該第二通孔。
該等次級繞組較佳地包含焊接至該基板之輸出端子。該等輸出端子較佳地焊接至該基板上之焊墊。該次級繞組較佳地係中心分接的。該多個層較佳地包含印刷電路板。一個以上初級繞組較佳地位於該多個層之各者上。
該第一電晶體較佳地係一MOSFET。較佳地,該第一端子係該MOSFET之一汲極,該第二端子係該MOSFET之一源極,且該第三端子係該MOSFET之一閘極。該變壓器較佳地進一步包含一磁心。較佳地,由該第一電晶體產生之熱量由該第一通孔及該第二通孔耗散,且該第一電晶體未連接至除該第一通孔及該第二通孔之外之一散熱器。較佳地,該基板進一步包含一第二電晶體,且該第一電晶體及該第二電晶體係同步整流器。
根據本發明之一較佳實施例,一種轉換器總成包含:一主基板,其包含一初級側電路;及根據本發明之各種其他較佳實施例之一變壓器,其連接至該主基板。該初級側電路連接至該變壓器之該等初級繞組。
該第一通孔及該第二通孔較佳地直接在該第一電晶體下方向下延伸。該轉換器總成較佳地進一步包含一匯流條,其位於與該基板之一第一表面(其上定位該第一電晶體)對置之該基板之一第二表面上且連接至該第二通孔。該等次級繞組較佳地包含焊接至該基板之輸出端子。該等輸出端子較佳地焊接至該基板上之焊墊。該初級側電路較佳地包含連接至一輸入電壓之第一初級側電晶體及第二初級側電晶體。較佳地,該基板進一步包含一第二電晶體,且該第一電晶體及該第二電晶體係同步整流器。
將自參考附圖之本發明之較佳實施例之以下詳細描述明白本發明之上述及其他特徵、元件、特性、步驟及優點。
2‧‧‧變壓器
6‧‧‧次級繞組
21‧‧‧磁性裝置
22‧‧‧外殼
23‧‧‧定位板
24‧‧‧導熱黏著劑
60‧‧‧繞線管基座
61‧‧‧繞線管
62a‧‧‧繞組結構
62b‧‧‧繞組結構
62c‧‧‧繞組結構
62d‧‧‧繞組結構
63a‧‧‧導電柱
63b‧‧‧導電柱
63c‧‧‧導電柱
64‧‧‧鐵心組
100‧‧‧變壓器結構
110‧‧‧次級電路單元
111‧‧‧印刷電路板(PCB)
112‧‧‧次級繞組
113‧‧‧鐵心
114‧‧‧頂部鐵心部分
115‧‧‧底部鐵心部分
200‧‧‧變壓器總成
201‧‧‧初級繞組
202‧‧‧次級繞組
203‧‧‧磁心
204‧‧‧變壓器
205‧‧‧印刷電路板(PCB)
206‧‧‧衝壓銅
210‧‧‧輸出整流器印刷電路板(PCB)
211‧‧‧繞組部件/通孔
211a‧‧‧初級繞組總成
211b‧‧‧次級繞組總成
211c‧‧‧通道
211d‧‧‧絕緣帶
212‧‧‧匯流條
213‧‧‧接腳/汲極層
214‧‧‧源極層
215‧‧‧焊墊
216‧‧‧焊墊
220‧‧‧端子
221‧‧‧端子
222‧‧‧端子
223‧‧‧第一側板/端子
223a‧‧‧螺栓孔
225‧‧‧輸出匯流條
226‧‧‧積體輸出電感器
C1‧‧‧電容器
CO‧‧‧輸出電容器
D‧‧‧汲極端子
Lmt‧‧‧電感器
Lrt‧‧‧電感器
Ns1‧‧‧次級繞組
Ns2‧‧‧次級繞組
Q1‧‧‧MOSFET
Q2‧‧‧MOSFET
Q3‧‧‧MOSFET
Q4‧‧‧MOSFET
S‧‧‧源極端子
Vi‧‧‧輸入電壓
Vout‧‧‧端子
Vout_RTN‧‧‧端子
圖1係一半橋式LLC共振轉換器之一電路圖。
圖2至圖4展示已知變壓器。
圖5係變壓器之一輸出整流器電路之一電路圖。
圖6係輸出整流器電路之PCB之一橫截面圖。
圖7、圖8及圖9展示一輸出整流器PCB。
圖10係變壓器之結構之一分解圖。
圖11展示一變壓器。
圖12展示一變壓器總成,其具有連接至圖7、圖8及圖9中所展示之輸出整流器PCB之圖11中所展示之變壓器。
本發明之較佳實施例係關於用於DC/DC共振轉換器之高頻變壓 器,例如並聯LC、LLC、LCLC等等。圖5係一DC/DC共振轉換器之次級側之一電路圖。圖12展示實施圖5中所展示之電路之變壓器總成200。變壓器總成200包含變壓器204及輸出整流器PCB 210。輸出整流器PCB 210可為任何適合基板。圖6至圖9展示輸出整流器PCB 210。圖10及圖11展示具有初級繞組201、次級繞組202及磁心203之變壓器204。如圖10中所展示,初級繞組201可位於多個PCB 205上且次級繞組202可由衝壓銅206製成。初級繞組201未必位於PCB 205上。例如,初級繞組201可由李茲(Litz)線製成。次級繞組未必由衝壓銅製成。次級繞組202可由具有高導電率之任何適合材料(其包含(例如)銀或一銀合金)製成。
為減少初級繞組201上之損耗,應顯著減少或最小化各PCB 204上之匝數。例如,如圖10中所展示,在一16匝初級繞組201及一1匝次級繞組202中,四個PCB P1、P2、P3、P4之各者可具有總共16匝中之4匝。可在PCB 205上使用不同匝數且可在初級繞組201及次級繞組202中使用不同匝數。具有初級繞組201之PCB 205較佳地係串聯連接的。
次級繞組202較佳地係中心分接的,如圖5中所展示。中心分接有時用於低電壓、高電流輸出應用。對於高電流應用,中心分接之次級繞組Ns1、Ns2較佳地係並聯連接之多個繞組。如圖10中所展示,變壓器204可包含對應於次級繞組Ns1之四個繞組Stop及對應於次級繞組Ns2之四個繞組Sbottom。當繞組Stop及繞組Sbottom連接於輸出整流器PCB210上時,繞組Stop係並聯連接的,繞組Sbottom係並聯連接的。
圖6展示具有MOSFET Q3或Q4之輸出整流器PCB 210之層。在圖5中,端子D係MOSFET Q3或Q4之汲極端子,且端子S係MOSFET Q3或Q4之源極端子。MOSFET Q3或Q4可為一單個MOSFET或多個並聯MOSFET。例如,圖7展示六個MOSFET Q3及六個MOSFET Q4。在圖 7中,為清楚起見,僅標記一個MOSFET Q3及一個MOSFET Q4。可使用任何適合電晶體來替代MOSFET。如圖6中所展示,輸出整流器PCB 210包含多個汲極層213及源極層214來提供所需負載電流。汲極層213專用於汲極,且源極層214專用於源極。如圖6中所展示,汲極層213及源極層214可經交替堆疊。因為汲極層213及源極層214係對稱交錯的,所以電流由平行汲極層213及源極層214均分。
對於高頻應用,各汲極層213及源極層214中之銅之厚度必須經適當選擇以減少由集膚效應及近接效應引起之DC及AC損耗。汲極層213與源極層214之間的距離應維持一小汲極至源極電容。例如,汲極層213與源極層214之間的最小距離應為約5密耳。對於一1600W、12V之輸出轉換器,各銅層之厚度較佳地係約2盎司,其中2盎司對應於2盎司之銅鋪開至1平方呎之一面積上時之厚度,且輸出整流器PCB 210之總厚度較佳地係(例如)約1.5mm。若需要較高功率,則(例如)可使用約3盎司銅或可增加汲極層213及源極層214之數目。
填充有一導電材料之通孔211用於使汲極層213及源極層214互連。如圖6中所展示,通孔211直接在MOSFET Q3、Q4下方向下延伸。通孔211之固體導電材料顯著減小阻抗及透過通孔211而傳導大電流時所產生之熱量。通孔211之固體導電材料可將熱量自MOSFET Q3、Q4傳輸至輸出整流器PCB 210(如一輻射器)之另一側。
如圖7、圖8及圖9中所展示,匯流條212連接MOSFET Q3或Q4之源極層214及端子Vout_RTN(圖5中展示端子Vout_RTN)。匯流條212收集源極電流且使用較低傳導損耗來將源極電流提供至端子Vout_RTN。端子Vout連接至輸出匯流條225(圖11中展示輸出匯流條225)。匯流條212耗散由輸出整流器PCB 210上之組件(其包含MOSFET Q3、Q4)產生之熱量。匯流條212較佳地位於MOSFET Q3、Q4之對置側上,其中通孔212將MOSFET Q3或Q4之源極連接至匯流 條212,使得匯流條212自MOSFET Q3或Q4有效消除熱量。因此,無需一散熱器,其節省空間及成本。
藉由使繞組交錯且使用一小集膚深度而減少由AC損耗產生之熱量。為避免具有一外部散熱器,通孔211及一匯流條212用於耗散由MOSFET Q3、Q4及其他半導體裝置產生之熱量。圖7、圖8及圖9展示輸出整流器PCB 210之一可能佈局之一非限制實例。
如圖7及圖9中所展示,輸出整流器PCB 210包含用於將輸出整流器PCB 210連接至變壓器204之焊墊215、216。較佳地,端子220、221、222焊接至對應焊墊215,輸出匯流條225焊接至焊墊216。
圖10展示變壓器204,其包含串聯連接之PCB 205上之初級繞組201及並聯連接之由衝壓銅206製成之次級繞組202。圖11展示連接至輸出整流器PCB 210之前之變壓器204。變壓器204包含可焊接至輸出整流器PCB 210中之對應焊墊215之中央端子220、左端子221及右端子222。較佳地,端子220、221、222未藉由一摩擦或干涉配合而連接至焊墊215,且端子220、221、222之間的電連接由焊接產生。中央端子220提供次級繞組202之中心分接頭(如圖5中所展示),而左端子221及右端子222連接至次級繞組202之端(亦如圖5中所展示)。儘管圖1及圖5之電路中未展示,但變壓器204可包含一積體輸出電感器226。
圖12展示具有連接至輸出整流器PCB 210之變壓器204之變壓器總成200。次級繞組202與端子Vout、Vout_RTN之間的電路徑可為短而寬以降低接觸電阻,其減少傳導損耗。端子Vout透過中央端子220而連接至次級繞組202。端子Vout_RTN透過左端子221或右端子222、MOSFET Q3或Q4、通孔211及匯流條212而連接至次級繞組202。
儘管圖12中未展示,但變壓器總成200可安裝至一主PCB。主PCB可包含可透過端子223而連接至初級繞組201之初級側電路。初級側電路可包含(例如)圖1中所展示之被動元件電容器C1、電感器Lrt、 電感器Lmt及主動元件MOSFET Q1、Q2。
應瞭解,以上描述僅繪示本發明。熟習技術者可在不背離本發明之情況下想出各種替代及修改。相應地,本發明意欲涵蓋落於申請專利範圍內之所有此等替代、修改及變動。

Claims (19)

  1. 一種變壓器總成,其包括:一變壓器,其包含:初級繞組,其等位於多個層上;及次級繞組,其等與該多個層交錯;及一基板,其連接至該變壓器且包含:一第一電晶體,其具有第一端子、第二端子及第三端子,其中該第一端子連接至該等次級繞組,該第二端子連接至該變壓器總成之一輸出端子,且該第三端子係一控制端子;第一導電層;第二導電層,其等與該等第一導電層交錯;一第一通孔,其經固體填充且連接該等第一導電層及該第一端子;及一第二通孔,其經固體填充且連接該等第二導電層及該第二端子,其中該等次級繞組包含焊接至該基板之輸出端子。
  2. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其中該第一通孔及該第二通孔直接在該第一電晶體下方向下延伸。
  3. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其進一步包括一匯流條,該匯流條位於與其上定位該第一電晶體之該基板之一第一表面對置之該基板之一第二表面上且連接至該第二通孔。
  4. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其中該等輸出端子焊接至該基板上之焊墊。
  5. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其中該次級繞組係中心分接的。
  6. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其中該多個層包含印刷電路板。
  7. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其中一個以上初級繞組位於該多個層之各者上。
  8. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其中該第一電晶體係一MOSFET。
  9. 如請求項8之變壓器總成,其中該第一端子係該MOSFET之一汲極,該第二端子係該MOSFET之一源極,且該第三端子係該MOSFET之一閘極。
  10. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其中該變壓器進一步包含一磁心。
  11. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其中:由該第一電晶體產生之熱量由該第一通孔及該第二通孔耗散;且該第一電晶體未連接至除該第一通孔及該第二通孔之外之一散熱器。
  12. 如請求項1之變壓器總成,其中:該基板進一步包含一第二電晶體;且該第一電晶體及該第二電晶體係同步整流器。
  13. 一種轉換器(converter)總成,其包括:一主基板(host substrate),其包含一初級側(primary-side)電路;及如請求項1之變壓器總成,其連接至該主基板;其中該初級側電路連接至該變壓器之該等初級繞組。
  14. 如請求項13之轉換器總成,其中該第一通孔及該第二通孔直接在該第一電晶體下方向下延伸。
  15. 如請求項13之轉換器總成,其進一步包括一匯流條,該匯流條位於與其上定位該第一電晶體之該基板之一第一表面對置之該基板之一第二表面上且連接至該第二通孔。
  16. 如請求項13之轉換器總成,其中該等次級繞組包含焊接至該基 板之輸出端子。
  17. 如請求項16之轉換器總成,其中該等輸出端子焊接至該基板上之焊墊。
  18. 如請求項13之轉換器總成,其中該初級側電路包含連接至一輸入電壓之第一初級側電晶體及第二初級側電晶體。
  19. 如請求項13之轉換器總成,其中:該基板進一步包含一第二電晶體;且該第一電晶體及該第二電晶體係同步整流器。
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