TWI567118B - 複合材料 - Google Patents
複合材料 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI567118B TWI567118B TW102113833A TW102113833A TWI567118B TW I567118 B TWI567118 B TW I567118B TW 102113833 A TW102113833 A TW 102113833A TW 102113833 A TW102113833 A TW 102113833A TW I567118 B TWI567118 B TW I567118B
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- conductive
- composite
- resin matrix
- particles
- polymeric
- Prior art date
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 138
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 141
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 141
- 239000011246 composite particle Substances 0.000 claims description 117
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 90
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 79
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- -1 ether oxime Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 13
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
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- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M cyanate Chemical compound [O-]C#N XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002079 double walled nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002135 nanosheet Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001652 poly(etherketoneketone) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CMLFRMDBDNHMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-1,2-benzoxazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CNOC2=C1 CMLFRMDBDNHMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000106 Liquid crystal polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004977 Liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs) Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002110 nanocone Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002072 nanorope Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylamine Chemical compound CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims 2
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- XKJCHHZQLQNZHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalimide Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1 XKJCHHZQLQNZHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol Chemical class C1=CC(O)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglycidyl ether Chemical compound C1OC1COCC1CO1 GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KUBDPQJOLOUJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane;4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound ClCC1CO1.C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KUBDPQJOLOUJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- KGSFMPRFQVLGTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-triphenylethylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 KGSFMPRFQVLGTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RDIGYBZNNOGMHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-amino-2,4,5-tris(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC(CC2OC2)=C(CC2OC2)C(N)=C1CC1CO1 RDIGYBZNNOGMHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AQCLQMIIOAXRBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-amino-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3,6-di(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-2,6-dimethylaniline Chemical compound C=1C(C)=C(N)C(C)=CC=1C=1C(C(C)C)=CC=C(C(C)C)C=1C1=CC(C)=C(N)C(C)=C1 AQCLQMIIOAXRBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RZVWLPZIPNEVCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-aminophenyl)-3,6-di(propan-2-yl)phenyl]aniline Chemical compound C=1C=C(N)C=CC=1C=1C(C(C)C)=CC=C(C(C)C)C=1C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 RZVWLPZIPNEVCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXXSQMDHHYTRKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-amino-2,3,5-tris(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)phenol Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(CC2OC2)=C(CC2OC2)C(N)=C1CC1CO1 CXXSQMDHHYTRKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KNDQHSIWLOJIGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 826-62-0 Chemical compound C1C2C3C(=O)OC(=O)C3C1C=C2 KNDQHSIWLOJIGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
在航太工業中,因為飛行器框架中之大量主要及次要結構由複合材料製成,故複合物之使用變得越來越重要。飛行器設計中複合物之優點包括高強度重量比、極佳疲勞持久性、耐腐蝕性及可撓性,從而使零件及對於扣件及接合件之需要明顯減少。然而,由於樹脂基質之介電性質,故將此等材料用於新式飛行器之主要及次要結構存在特定挑戰。儘管將碳纖維用作複合材料中之強化纖維可由於其石墨性質而沿其縱向方向傳遞某種程度之導電性,但複合材料中基質樹脂之介電特性會降低複合材料及結構之整體導電性。飛行器主要結構需要導電性增加之複合物以滿足對雷擊保護、潛在放電、電接地及電磁屏蔽之嚴格要求。
樹脂及複合物之導電性可藉由在樹脂基質中或複合結構之層間區域中併入不同傳導性粒子或聚合物來改良。該等目前先進之材料方案可用於改良複合物之z向導電性,而非其機械效能。「z向」係指與複合結構中強化纖維之排列平面正交之方向或穿過複合結構之厚度的軸。
本發明係關於可提供厚度方向之高傳導性以及改良之分層及抗衝擊特性的纖維增強複合材料。根據本發明之一個實施例,纖維增強複合材料包括:
i)至少一個用可固化樹脂基質浸漬之強化纖維結構層;及ii)至少一種與強化纖維相鄰或接近之導電複合粒子。
導電複合粒子為由至少一種分散於聚合材料中之導電材料構成的微米級粒子。因此,各傳導性複合粒子具有傳導性組分及聚合組分。在樹脂基質固化之前,導電複合粒子之聚合組分最初為固相且實質上不溶於可固化樹脂基質中,但在樹脂基質固化週期期間其能夠進行至少部分相轉變成為流體相。結構層之可固化樹脂基質可為可硬化組合物,在樹脂基質固化週期期間傳導性複合粒子之聚合組分至少部分可溶於該可硬化組合物中。
亦揭示一種製造層間區域具有傳導性複合粒子之多層複合結構之方法。
本發明之另一態樣係針對特性類似於傳導性複合粒子之傳導性聚合纖維及非編織結構。
20‧‧‧傳導性複合粒子
21‧‧‧層間區域
22‧‧‧層間區域
23‧‧‧可固化複合物層
24‧‧‧可固化複合物層
25‧‧‧可固化複合物層
31‧‧‧傳導性材料
32‧‧‧聚合材料
33‧‧‧擠壓機
34‧‧‧Alpine低溫研磨系統
圖1示意性描述本發明之一個實施例的導電複合粒子。
圖2說明產生導電複合粒子之例示性方法。
圖3A示意性說明固化之前層間區域中含有導電粒子之複合結構。
圖3B示意性說明固化之後圖2A中所述之複合結構。
圖4為展示根據本發明之一個實例製造之微米級傳導性複合粒子的掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)影像。
圖5A及圖5B為兩張展示基於在層間區域中併入銅/聚醯胺複合粒子之固化複合結構之橫截面圖的顯微照片。
圖6為展示基於在層間區域中併入傳導性銅/PES粒子之固化複合結構之橫截面的顯微照片。
近來已開發「第三代韌化複合材料」以用於航太應用中之主要結構。該等材料之抗衝擊性藉由在纖維增強層片之間穿插聚合物插入層來改良。層間聚合物粒子、纖維或膜之存在由於材料之介電性質可明顯降低纖維增強複合材料之「z向」導電性。因此,需要改良「第三代材料」之複合物z向導電性以確保可接受水準之潛在放電及電接地而避免複合組分之潛在災難性故障或雷擊事件後與燃料蒸氣燃燒及後續燃料槽爆炸有關之事故。
基於樹脂之複合物的導電性可藉由向樹脂基質中或在多層複合材料及結構之層間區域中併入不同傳導性粒子或聚合物來改良。可以高負載(通常大於50重量%)使用金屬填充劑以降低樹脂電阻率,但此方法通常產生明顯重量增加及實質機械特性降低。共軛傳導性聚合物可以相對低負載改良樹脂系統導電性,但其危害用於航太應用之結構樹脂系統及預浸物之熱機械效能。亦可使用諸如碳黑、碳奈米管、碳奈米纖維之基於碳之添加劑來改變樹脂系統之組成,但其存在加工能力及分散困難,從而限制其在先進複合結構中之使用。
近來提出一系列具有傳導性塗層之層間粒子作為在兩個相鄰層之間產生電橋之方案。然而,該等傳導性粒子通常僅可提供高導電性或抗衝擊特性,而非兩者。
本發明提供一種多功能方案,其包括具有一或多個用可固化樹脂基質浸漬之強化纖維結構層及具有韌化能力之導電複合粒子的複合材料。此外,當該等傳導性複合粒子用於多層複合結構之層間區域時,其能夠在多層複合結構中之結構纖維層之間產生電橋。本發明之方案不僅改良複合結構之z向導電性,而且改良機械特性,諸如層間斷裂韌性及抗衝擊性。術語「傳導性複合粒子」自此處起用以表示「導電複合粒子」。傳導性複合粒子為由至少一種分散於至少一種聚合材料中之導電材料構成的微米級粒子。因此,各導電複合粒子具有
導電組分及聚合組分。
當複數種複合材料以多層組態堆疊(亦即鋪疊)且固化時,傳導性複合粒子之聚合組分溶解於結構層之樹脂基質中,從而釋放傳導性組分,由此又在纖維層之間產生受控之層間區域及傳導性橋。此材料方案可同時改良多層複合結構之抗衝擊性及分層強度,同時散開或驅散複合結構較大區域上之電流,諸如藉由雷擊產生之電流,從而降低對局部產生災難性破壞之可能。此外,傳導性複合粒子可潛在地為減輕或消除雷擊直接作用且尤其第三代複合結構中之邊緣輝光現象之有效方案。最後,導電複合粒子可在複合物電磁效能方面提供其他益處。基於高傳導性及/或磁性填充劑之複合粒子可用作定製複合結構之電磁干擾(EMI)屏蔽效能、電容率及磁導率特性之靈活工具。
圖1示意性描述本發明之一個實施例的傳導性複合粒子。儘管圖1展示球形粒子,但應瞭解本發明之導電複合粒子為可具有任何適合形狀之離散三維結構,包括(但不限於)球形、扁球體、橢球體、立方體、多面體、桿形、圓盤形及其類似形狀。此外,粒子可具有嚴格定義之幾何形狀或形狀可能不規則。
傳導性複合粒子之平均粒度(d50)小於150μm,較佳在10-90μm之範圍內,更佳在10-60μm之範圍內。d50表示粒度分佈之中值,或者為使50%粒子具有此粒度值或低於此粒度值之分佈值。
傳導性複合粒子之傳導性組分可包括導電率大於1×103S/m之金屬材料、非金屬傳導性材料及其組合。適合金屬材料包括任何已知金屬,包括(但不限於)銀、金、鉑、鈀、鎳、銅、鉛、錫、鋁、鈦、其合金及混合物。金屬材料之導電率較佳大於1×107S/m,更佳大於3×107S/m。適合非金屬傳導性材料包括(但不限於)基於碳或石墨之材料。
當傳導性材料為金屬時,傳導性組分之含量以傳導性複合粒子之總重量計在1重量%至90重量%之範圍內,較佳在30重量%至85重量%之範圍內,且更佳在50重量%-80重量%之範圍內。當傳導性材料基於非金屬或碳時,傳導性組分之含量以傳導性複合粒子之總重量計在1重量%至75重量%之範圍內,較佳在1重量%至25重量%之範圍內。
傳導性複合粒子之聚合組分可包括一或多種在室溫(亦即20℃-25℃)下或在不足以使樹脂基質完全固化之條件下最初為固相且實質上不溶於可固化樹脂基質(亦即主體樹脂基質)但在主體樹脂基質固化週期期間能夠進行至少部分相轉變成為流體相的聚合物。在固化週期期間,聚合組分在與樹脂基質接觸時溶解於樹脂基質中。換言之,聚合組分為在室溫下或在不足以使樹脂基質完全固化之條件下(例如在預浸物製造期間)於可固化樹脂基質中不具有溶解性(或可忽略之溶解性)的材料,但在樹脂基質固化週期期間其溶解性為實質溶解(亦即大於50%溶解)或全體溶解度(亦即完全溶解)。
如本文所用之術語「固化(cure)」或「固化(curing)」係指藉由經化學添加劑、紫外輻射、微波輻射、電子束、γ幅射或其他適合熱輻射或非熱輻射引起聚合物鏈交聯來使樹脂基質硬化。
如本文所討論,聚合組分之聚合物在主體可固化樹脂基質中之溶解特性可藉由若干已知方法來測定,包括光學顯微法、光譜法及其類似方法。
對於可溶於一種材料之另一種材料,其溶解度參數差(△δ)應儘可能小。聚合物之溶解度參數可藉由基於Van Krevelen所述之基團貢獻法(group contribution method)之計算(參見D.W.Van Krevelen,Properties of Polymers,修訂版第3版,Elsevier Scientific Publishing,Amsterdam,1990,第7章,第189-224頁)來測定。
聚合物之溶解度參數亦可使用漢森溶解度參數(Hansen Solubility
Parameters,HSP)作為預測一種材料是否溶解於另一種材料中形成溶液的方式來測定。漢森參數係基於「相似相溶」之概念,其中在分子以類似方式鍵結於自身時,將一種分子定義為「類似於」另一種分子。
傳導性複合粒子之聚合組分的適合聚合物可選自官能化或未官能化熱塑性樹脂單獨或與熱固性樹脂組合之均聚物或共聚物。適合熱塑性材料可包括例如單獨或組合形式之以下中之任一者:聚胺基甲酸酯、聚酮、聚醯胺、聚鄰苯二甲醯胺、聚苯乙烯、聚丁二烯、聚丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸系物、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚醚碸(PES)、聚醚醚碸(PEES)、聚碸、聚酯、液晶聚合物、聚醯亞胺、聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)、聚醚酮酮(PEKK)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚芳基醚、聚芳基硫化物、聚苯、聚伸苯醚(PPO)、聚環氧乙烷(PEO)、聚環氧丙烷。適合聚合物亦可包括彈性體(包括嵌段彈性體)或熱塑性聚合物與彈性聚合物之組合。
聚合組分較佳係選自可與適合熱可固性基質混溶、具有高模數及玻璃轉移溫度(Tg)且具有韌性之官能化熱塑性聚合物。一般而言,Tg為至少150℃、較佳大於200℃之熱塑性聚合物為適合的。
熱塑性聚合物之數目平均分子量可在2000至60,000之範圍內。其較佳高於9000,例如11,000至25,000。主體熱固性樹脂中存在此等熱塑性聚合物藉由在交聯熱固性區域之間提供堅韌熱塑性區域而增加固化之熱固性樹脂之韌性。官能化熱塑性聚合物較佳含有與熱固性樹脂組合物中之官能基進行化學反應形成共價、離子或氫鍵之側位或鏈封端官能基。該等官能基可藉由單體反應或藉由隨後將產物聚合物在分離之前或之後進行轉化而獲得。熱塑性聚合物之官能基較佳具有下式:-A-Y。
其中A為二價烴基、較佳芳族基,且Y為提供活性氫、尤其OH、NH2、NHR'或SH(其中R'為含有至多8個碳原子之烴基)之基團,或為提供其他交聯反應性、尤其環氧基、(甲基)丙烯酸酯基、氰酸酯基、異氰酸酯基、伸乙醯基、伸乙基乙烯基、烯丙基、苯并噁嗪、酸酐、噁唑啉、順丁烯二醯亞胺及含有一定飽和度之單體的基團。
傳導性複合粒子之聚合組分適於進行完全或部分相轉變,例如可完全溶解或可部分溶解。「部分溶解」意謂一部分聚合物組分溶解於基質中,而另一部分仍保持其原始或初始形式。部分溶解可藉由確保預固化時間及溫度不足以完全溶解或藉由提供與一或多種不溶性聚合物之摻合物或共聚物形式(例如無規或嵌段共聚物形式)或與有機或無機化合物之摻合物形式或有機或無機化合物之衍生物形式的聚合物組分來實現。
在另一實施例中,聚合組分可包含熱塑性物及一或多種熱固性樹脂及熱固性樹脂之視情況選用之一或多種固化劑及/或催化劑之混合物。適合熱固性材料可包括(但不限於)環氧樹脂,即一種加成聚合樹脂,尤其雙順丁烯二醯亞胺樹脂、丙烯酸系物、不飽和聚酯、乙烯基酯樹脂、氰酸酯樹脂、經異氰酸酯改質之環氧樹脂、酚系樹脂、苯并噁嗪樹脂、甲醛縮合樹脂(諸如與尿素、三聚氰胺或苯酚縮合)、聚酯、丙烯酸系物、其反應產物及組合。
本發明之傳導性複合粒子可根據單步或多步製程來製造。在一個實施例中,粒子藉由兩步方法來製造,該兩步製程依序包括將傳導性組分分散於聚合材料中之初始高剪切力混配步驟及粒度減小步驟。圖2中說明製造傳導性複合粒子之例示性方法。將傳導性材料31及聚合材料32在擠壓機33中混配以形成丸粒。應瞭解「傳導性材料」可包括一或多種傳導性材料,且「聚合材料」可包括一或多種聚合物。在
該實施例中,可將聚合材料及傳導性材料同時或依序饋入擠壓機中以較佳形成傳導性材料及聚合物之均勻實體摻合物。引入擠壓機中之起始聚合材料32可為非晶相或為熔融物形式。
製造粒子之起始傳導性材料可選自已知金屬,包括(但不限於)銀、金、鉑、鈀、鎳、銅、鉛、錫、鋁、鈦、其合金及混合物。此外,起始傳導性材料可具有任何適合形狀及形態,諸如單獨或組合形式的薄片狀、粉末、纖維、球形、樹枝狀、圓盤或具有微米或奈米尺寸之任何其他三維形狀。起始傳導性材料較佳具有高比表面積及低表觀密度。傳導性組分之表觀密度(AD)較佳小於2.0g/cm3,且比表面積(SSA)較佳高於0.1m2/g。適合金屬材料之實例為低密度525鎳薄片(AD=0.65g/cm3,購自Novamet Specialty Products Corp.USA)、CAP 9銀粉(SSA=3.0m2/g,購自Johnson Matthey,UK)、FS34銀薄片(SSA=1.2m2/g,購自Johnson Matthey,UK)及CH-L7銅粒(AD=0.6-0.7g/cm3,SSA=0.23m2/g,購自GGP Metalpowder AG,Germany)。
製造粒子之起始傳導性材料亦可選自有或無傳導性塗層之基於碳或石墨之材料,諸如短切碳纖維、石墨薄片、石墨奈米片、碳黑、單壁碳奈米管(SWCNT)、雙壁碳奈米管(DWCNT)、多壁碳奈米管(MWCNT)、碳奈米纖維、碳奈米球、碳奈米棒、富勒烯、碳奈米繩、碳奈米帶、碳奈米原纖維、碳奈米針、碳奈米薄片、石墨烯、碳奈米錐、碳奈米卷(卷樣形狀)以及其相應氮化硼產物。此等「奈米」結構係指直徑或最小尺寸小於1微米之結構。
起始傳導性材料亦可係選自經塗佈產品。經塗佈產品包括具有可具傳導性或不具傳導性之有機或無機核心及一或多個傳導性殼體的核-殼結構。適合金屬塗佈產品包括(但不限於)金屬塗佈石墨薄片、金屬塗佈聚合物、金屬塗佈纖維、金屬塗佈陶瓷、金屬塗佈玻璃、金屬塗佈空心玻璃球、碳塗佈玻璃、碳塗佈聚合物、碳塗佈纖維、碳塗佈
陶瓷。
非金屬傳導性材料之實例為NC7000多壁碳奈米管(購自Nanocyl,Belgium)、微米3775石墨薄片(SSA=23.7m2/g,購自Asbury Graphite Mills,Inc.,USA)、微米4012合成石墨薄片(SSA=1.5m2/g,購自Asbury Graphite Mills,Inc.,USA)。經塗佈產品之實例為來自Novamet Specialty Products Corp.,USA之鎳塗佈石墨薄片(AD=1.7g/cm3-1.9g/cm3)。
應針對所添加之傳導性材料之類型及量控制擠壓機內之溫度以達到擠壓機內組合物之最佳流變性。在一較佳實施例中,溫度概況在約90℃至約350℃之範圍內。可沿擠壓機之長度使用可變溫度概況。添加劑、稀釋劑、分散劑、顏料或穩定劑可視情況添加至聚合物/傳導性物摻合物中以改良穩定性、加工能力及傳導性材料在聚合材料中之分散。
擠壓機可視填充劑類型及含量及聚合物流變性能而定裝備有具有習知低或高剪切/混合概況或其組合之螺桿。在一個實施例中,可使用一系列習知低剪切混合螺桿部分以獲得令人滿意之分散水準。在一較佳實施例中,擠壓機裝備有高剪切概況之螺桿,其具有與無規混合單元結合之習知混合區段以在桶中產生剪切力與壓力之間的最佳平衡而使分散水準達最佳,且該等製程條件可藉由使用裝備有LD比率為40至1之24mm共旋轉雙螺桿系統之Prism TS24HC擠壓機實現。可使用具有不同饋料螺桿以適合不同材料(傳導性材料或聚合物丸粒)之兩種不同饋料系統。可利用約200-300RPM之螺桿速度及多個加熱區內之特定溫度概況以對於既定摻合物獲得60%-95%之最大扭矩。應瞭解可使用其他方法使用熟習此項技術之人士已知之如下習知技術將傳導性材料分散於聚合材料中,諸如:機械混合、音波處理、高剪切混合、轉子定子混合及溶膠-凝膠技術。
產生複合粒子之製程亦可包括粒度減小/微磨步驟。微磨可根據此項技術中已知之習知技術來進行,例如旋轉衝擊研磨、rotoplex研磨(亦即用由Hosokawa Micron Co.,Ltd.製造之Rotoplex研磨機研磨)、旋轉分級機研磨、球磨研磨、用倒轉針磨機(例如購自Hosokawa Micron Ltd之Alpine Contraplex)超細研磨、流化床對向噴射研磨、旋流噴射研磨、低溫研磨。在一個較佳實施例中,接著使來自擠壓機33(圖2)之丸粒經受裝備有不同旋轉研磨介質之Alpine低溫研磨系統34研磨產生平均粒度(d50)小於150μm或在一些實施例中小於60μm之微米級粒子粉末。
低溫研磨為一種尺寸減小製程,其中在低溫液體(通常為液體氮或液體氬)中或在低溫溫度下使聚合物變脆且隨後進行研磨。已證明低溫研磨法為產生具有精細且受控之粒度分佈的粉末同時降低由組分揮發或過熱所引起之熱損傷之風險的具成本有效性及能量有效性之方法。通常開發特定系列之使用螺柱、攪拌器、搖擺式攪拌器及板式攪拌盤之步驟以獲得展現所需平均粒度分佈(d50)之微米級微粒。
本發明之傳導性複合粒子可用作纖維增強聚合物層(例如預浸物層片)之間的層間粒子。因此,本文中之主體樹脂系統為纖維增強聚合物層或預浸物層片之樹脂基質。
主體樹脂基質可為可硬化/熱可固性組合物,其中在固化週期期間傳導性複合粒子之聚合組分至少部分可溶,其中相轉變成為流體相藉由將聚合組分溶解於樹脂基質中而發生。最初,在混合期間或在預浸物製造製程期間,在傳導性複合粒子與主體樹脂基質接觸或分散於主體樹脂基質中時,複合粒子為固相且不溶於主體樹脂基質中。在複合材料/樹脂基質之固化週期期間,各複合粒子之聚合組分實質上或完全溶解於主體樹脂基質中,從而釋放傳導性組分作為複合物層間區
域中之獨特自由流動結構。應瞭解,在一些情況下,在固化之後聚合組分可能不會完全溶解(但實質上溶解),因此傳導性組分可能附著於少量殘餘不溶解聚合材料。在一些實施例中,在主體樹脂基質固化週期期間聚合組分與主體樹脂基質之間發生相分離。
在固化期間可溶解複合粒子之聚合組分的主體樹脂基質(或樹脂系統)可含有一或多種未固化熱固性樹脂,其包括(但不限於)環氧樹脂、雙順丁烯二醯亞胺、乙烯基酯樹脂、氰酸酯樹脂、經異氰酸酯改質之環氧樹脂、酚系樹脂、苯并噁嗪、甲醛縮合樹脂(諸如與尿素、三聚氰胺或苯酚縮合)、聚酯、丙烯酸系物及其組合。在一個實施例中,主體樹脂基質為在樹脂基質固化期間可溶解傳導性複合粒子中至少50%聚合組分的熱固性組合物。
適合環氧樹脂包括芳族二胺、芳族單一級胺、胺基酚、多元酚、多元醇、聚羧酸之聚縮水甘油基衍生物。適合環氧樹脂之實例包括雙酚(諸如雙酚A、雙酚F、雙酚S及雙酚K)之聚縮水甘油醚;及基於甲酚及苯酚之酚醛清漆之聚縮水甘油醚。
特定實例為4,4'-二胺基二苯基甲烷之四縮水甘油基衍生物(TGDDM)、間苯二酚二縮水甘油醚、三縮水甘油基-對胺基酚、三縮水甘油基-間胺基酚、溴雙酚F二縮水甘油醚、二胺基二苯基甲烷之四縮水甘油基衍生物、三羥苯基甲烷三縮水甘油醚、苯酚-甲醛酚醛清漆之聚縮水甘油醚、鄰甲酚酚醛清漆之聚縮水甘油醚或四苯基乙烷之四縮水甘油醚。
適用於主體樹脂基質之市售環氧樹脂包括N,N,N',N'-四縮水甘油基二胺基二苯基甲烷(例如來自Huntsman之MY 9663、MY 720及MY 721);N,N,N',N'-四縮水甘油基-雙(4-胺基苯基)-1,4-二異丙基苯(例如來自Momentive之EPON 1071);N,N,N',N'-四縮水甘油基-雙(4-胺基-3,5-二甲基苯基)-1,4-二異丙基苯(例如來自Momentive之EPON 1072);
對胺基酚之三縮水甘油醚(例如來自Hunstman之MY 0510);間胺基酚之三縮水甘油醚(例如來自Hunstman之MY 0610);基於雙酚A之材料的二縮水甘油醚,諸如2,2-雙(4,4'-二羥基苯基)丙烷(例如來自Dow之DER 661或來自Momentive之EPON 828)及較佳25℃下之黏度為8-20Pa.s之酚醛清漆樹脂;苯酚酚醛清漆樹脂之縮水甘油醚(例如來自Dow之DEN 431或DEN 438);基於二環戊二烯之酚系酚醛清漆(例如來自Huntsman之Tactix 556);1,2-鄰苯二甲酸二縮水甘油酯(例如GLY CEL A-100);二羥基二苯基甲烷(雙酚F)之二縮水甘油基衍生物(例如來自Huntsman之PY 306)。其他環氧樹脂包括環脂族物,諸如3',4'-環氧環己基-3,4-環氧環己烷甲酸酯(例如來自Huntsman之CY 179)。
一般而言,主體樹脂基質含有一或多種熱固性樹脂以及其他添加劑,諸如固化劑、固化催化劑、共單體、流變控制劑、增黏劑、無機或有機填充劑、彈性韌化劑、韌化核-殼粒子、穩定劑、抑制劑、顏料、染料、阻燃劑、反應性稀釋劑、可溶性或微粒熱塑性物及熟習此項技術者熟知用於在固化之前或之後改變樹脂基質特性的其他添加劑。
將固化劑及/或催化劑添加於主體樹脂基質中為視情況選用的,但必要時使用該等物質可提高固化速率及/或降低固化溫度。固化劑宜選自已知固化劑,例如芳族或脂族胺或胍衍生物。芳族胺固化劑為較佳,較佳為每個分子具有至少兩個胺基之芳族胺且尤其較佳為二胺基二苯碸,例如其中胺基在碸基之間位或對位。特定實例為3,3'-二胺基二苯碸(DDS)及4-,4'-二胺基二苯碸;亞甲基二苯胺;雙(4-胺基-3,5-二甲基苯基)-1,4-二異丙基苯;雙(4-胺基苯基)-1,4-二異丙基苯;4,4'-亞甲基雙(2,6-二乙基)-苯胺(來自Lonza之MDEA);4,4'亞甲基雙(3-氯,2,6-二乙基)-苯胺(來自Lonza之MCDEA);4,4'-亞甲基雙(2,6-二異丙基)-苯胺(來自Lonza之M-DIPA);3,5-二乙基甲苯-2,4/2,6-二胺(來自
Lonza之D-ETDA 80);4,4'-亞甲基雙(2-異丙基-6-甲基)-苯胺(來自Lonza之M-MIPA);4-氯苯基-N,N-二甲基-脲(例如Monuron);3,4-二氯苯基-N,N-二甲基-脲(例如DiuronTM)及雙氰胺(例如來自Pacific Anchor Chemical之Amicure TM CG 1200)。
雙酚增鏈劑(諸如雙酚S或二苯硫醚二酚)亦適用作環氧樹脂之固化劑。實例為3,3'-DDS及4-,4'-DDS。
適合固化劑亦包括酸酐、尤其多羧酸酐,諸如耐地酸酐(nadic anhydride)、甲基耐地酸酐、鄰苯二甲酸酐、四氫鄰苯二甲酸酐、六氫鄰苯二甲酸酐、甲基四氫鄰苯二甲酸酐、內亞甲基四氫鄰苯二甲酸酐及偏苯三酸酐。
圖3A及圖3B說明將傳導性複合粒子併入複合結構中的一實施例。參考圖3A,將複數個傳導性複合粒子20分散於可固化複合物層23、24、25之間形成的層間區域21、22中。複合粒子20各含有金屬材料與聚合材料之混合物。複合物層23、24、25各由用可固化樹脂基質(亦即未固化或未完全固化)浸漬之強化纖維構成。接著使所得層壓材料固化。如圖3B所述,當固化複合物層之堆疊時,傳導性複合粒子20之聚合組分進行部分或完全相轉變成為流體相,且完全溶解或實質上溶解於複合物層23、24、25之樹脂基質中,從而將金屬材料釋放於層間區域中。當複合物層23、24、25含有諸如碳纖維之傳導性強化纖維時,所釋放之金屬材料沿z向在強化纖維層之間形成導電橋。
「層間區域」係指多層複合結構中相鄰強化纖維層之間的區域。將各纖維層用一或多種聚合材料浸漬。該層可稱為「纖維增強聚合物層」。纖維增強聚合物層可呈預浸物形式。如本文所用之術語「預浸物」包括至少一部分體積已用樹脂基質浸漬之纖維薄片或層。用於製造航太結構之預浸物通常為單向對準之強化纖維的經樹脂浸漬薄片,通常稱為「條帶」或「單向條帶」。樹脂基質可以部分固化或
未固化狀態存在。預浸物可為完全浸漬預浸物或部分浸漬預浸物。通常,預浸物為準備模製及固化成最終複合部件之形式且通常用於製造載荷結構部件,諸如飛行器之機翼、機身、艙壁及控制表面。固化預浸物之重要特性為高強度及硬度以及重量降低。
複數個預浸物層片可以堆疊次序鋪疊以形成「預浸物疊層」。疊層內之預浸物層片可彼此以所選方向(例如0°、±45°、90°等)置放。預浸物疊層可藉由可包括(但不限於)手動鋪疊、自動鋪帶(ATL)、高級纖維鋪放(AFP)及長絲纏繞之技術製造。
複合結構或預浸物疊層之固化一般宜在至多200℃、較佳在170℃-190℃範圍內之高溫下且使用高壓以抑制逸出氣體之變形作用或抑制空隙形成、宜在至多10巴(bar)(1MPa)、較佳在3巴(0.3MPa)至7巴(0.7MPa)範圍內之壓力下進行。固化溫度較佳藉由以至多5℃/min(例如2℃/min至3℃/min)加熱獲得且維持至多9小時、較佳至多6小時(例如2小時至4小時)之所需時間。在樹脂基質中使用催化劑可允許甚至更低之固化溫度。壓力全部釋放且溫度藉由以至多5℃/min、例如至多3℃/min冷卻來降低。可在190℃至350℃範圍內之溫度及大氣壓力下採用適合加熱速率以改良樹脂基質之玻璃轉移溫度來執行後固化。
為製造高效能複合材料及預浸物,適合強化纖維之特徵大體上為具有大於100,000psi之拉伸強度及大於2,000,000psi之拉伸模數。適用於此等目的之纖維包括碳或石墨纖維、玻璃纖維及由碳化矽、氧化鋁、二氧化鈦、硼及其類似物形成之纖維以及由有機聚合物(諸如聚烯烴、聚(苯并噻唑)、聚(苯并咪唑)、聚芳酯、聚(苯并噁唑)、芳族聚醯胺、聚芳基醚及其類似物)形成之纖維,且可包括具有兩種或兩種以上該等纖維之混合物。該等纖維較佳係選自玻璃纖維、碳纖維及芳族聚醯胺纖維,諸如DuPont Company以商品名KEVLAR出售之纖
維。該等纖維可以由多個長絲組成之有裂痕、選擇性不連續及連續絲束形式、連續單向或多向條帶形式或編織、非捲曲、非編織織物形式使用。編織形成可選自平針、緞紋或斜紋編織樣式。非捲曲及多軸形式可具有多個層片及纖維方向。
傳導性複合粒子之含量以複合結構中之總樹脂含量計為0.1體積%至25體積%,且較佳在5體積%-15體積%之範圍內。在某些實施例中,傳導性複合粒子可與非傳導性層間韌化粒子組合使用。在該等實施例中,傳導性與非傳導性粒子之組合的含量以複合材料之總樹脂含量計可為至多25體積%。非傳導性層間韌化粒子可包括官能化、未官能化或交聯彈性或熱塑性粒子。用於非傳導性粒子之適合材料可選自由以下組成之群:聚醯亞胺材料(例如P84)、乳化聚(苯醚)材料(例如EPPO 16)、聚(苯醚)材料(PPO)、羧基封端之丁二烯腈(CTBN)、聚醯胺(耐綸)、聚(醚醚酮)(PEEK)。非傳導性熱塑性粒子可為交聯熱塑性粒子,例如由交聯聚醚碸(PES)、交聯聚醚醚碸(PEES)、交聯聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)、交聯聚伸苯醚(PPO)或其交聯共聚物構成之粒子。
本發明之複合材料可使用不同製程來製造。一般而言,將傳導性複合粒子併入複合材料製造中之方法可包括:(a)將至少一種傳導性材料分散於聚合材料中以形成複合摻合物;(b)視情況熱處理該複合摻合物;(c)由該複合摻合物形成微米級傳導性複合粒子;(d)視情況熱處理該等微米級傳導性複合粒子;及(e)形成複合材料堆疊,由此將該等傳導性複合粒子併入相鄰強化纖維層之間的至少一個層間區域中,其中各複合材料包括至少一個纖維增強聚合物層,其中纖維增強聚合物層由用可固化樹脂基質浸漬
之強化纖維構成。
在一個實施例中,使傳導性複合粒子沈積於預浸物層片之表面上,之後將多個預浸物層片層壓在一起以形成準備固化之層壓堆疊。複合粒子可經由以下任何習知技術沈積,諸如:噴撒、靜電沈積、分散塗佈、噴霧分佈及熟習此項技術之人士已知之任何其他技術。由於樹脂之黏性,故分佈之複合粒子黏著於預浸物之表面。當預浸物層片堆疊在一起形成層壓板時,粒子仍保留於層壓板之層間區域中。
在另一實施例中,在預浸物製造之前使特定量之傳導性複合粒子與可固化/未固化樹脂基質混合。在該實施例中,首先藉由將含粒子之樹脂混合物塗佈於剝離型紙上來製造樹脂膜。接著,藉助於熱及壓力將所得樹脂膜層壓於纖維層上以浸漬纖維,從而形成具有特定纖維面重量及樹脂含量之預浸物層片。在層壓製程中,過濾傳導性複合粒子且由於粒子之尺寸大於纖維之間的間隔故保留在纖維層以外。隨後,當兩個含有傳導性複合粒子之預浸物層彼此上下層壓時,傳導性複合粒子被置放於兩個相鄰預浸物層片之間的層間區域中。傳導性複合粒子之聚合組分在正常預浸條件下具有可忽略之溶解性或無溶解性。
在一替代性實施例中,將無傳導性複合粒子之可固化樹脂組合物塗佈於剝離型紙上以形成樹脂膜,接著使其與纖維層之一個或兩個相對表面接觸。樹脂浸漬纖維且纖維層之外表面上剩餘少量樹脂或無樹脂剩餘。隨後,使含有傳導性複合粒子之第二可固化樹脂膜與經樹脂浸漬之纖維層之外表面接觸。可使另一含有傳導性複合粒子之可固化樹脂膜與經樹脂浸漬之纖維層之相對外表面接觸而形成夾層結構。因此,富含傳導性粒子之樹脂層保留在經浸漬纖維層外且不會進一步浸漬纖維。將複數種該等結構層壓在一起形成層間區域中具有傳導性複合粒子之複合結構。
在另一實施例中,使兩個無傳導性複合粒子之可固化樹脂組合物膜與纖維層之兩個相對表面接觸。樹脂浸漬纖維且纖維層之外表面上剩餘少量樹脂或無樹脂剩餘。隨後,使兩個含有傳導性複合粒子之可固化樹脂膜與預浸漬之纖維層的相對表面接觸。將複數種該等結構層壓在一起形成層間區域中具有傳導性複合粒子之複合結構。該方法因趨向於提供由粒子產生之良序層壓物且不破壞纖維鋪放而為較佳。
藉由上述方法形成之複合材料、結構或預浸物可為長度連續或經短切之條帶、絲束預浸物或棉網形式。
根據本發明之另一態樣,如上所述用於形成傳導性複合粒子之聚合材料與傳導性材料之傳導性摻合物可用於製造傳導性聚合物纖維、非編織材料及結構(例如稀鬆布、席墊、棉網、薄紗、絨頭織物、織物、纖維預成形物及其類似物)。
傳導性聚合物纖維可藉由製造合成纖維之技術中已知之技術產生。傳導性聚合物纖維較佳藉由將聚合物/傳導性摻合物擠壓於卷軸上,之後在加熱下機械拉伸獲得。更佳將熔融形式之聚合物/傳導性摻合物拉製成基本形狀,冷卻,接著經受加熱及機械拉伸方案,由此可使聚合物鏈定向且使複合傳導性成分具有彈性且易於溶解。拉伸可包括在空氣中牽拉經擠壓成分達所需距離,例如50至500mm。在一個實施例中,將丸粒或其他可擠壓形式之聚合物/傳導性摻合物饋入具有螺模頭(或其類似物)之擠壓機中,該螺模頭具有所需數量之孔或狹槽。
纖維可製成至多20個長絲之複絲,其由熔融聚合物/傳導性摻合物拉製,冷卻且視情況視需要加撚,接著進行加熱及拉伸。
傳導性聚合物纖維可為具有紡紗股線、擠壓股線、澆鑄股線、連續股線、連續纖維、兩組分或多組分纖維、無規纖維、切段纖維、
不連續纖維、短切纖維、鬚晶、空心纖維及長絲及其組合之單絲的紗形式。纖維可為由多個單絲或單個及多個單絲組成之紗。此外,纖維可具有更複雜之結構,諸如鞘/核、側面/側面、具有扇形組態或海島組態之橫截面,且其可由不同聚合物或其摻合物製成。傳導性聚合物纖維可含有其他有機或無機填充劑或調節劑。纖維或紗較佳包含直徑各為不超過約100μm之纖維長絲。
由傳導性聚合物纖維形成之傳導性非編織材料可呈非編織席墊、棉網、絨頭織物及薄紗形式,其可使用諸如以下之習知製造技術產生:濕式佈塗、梳理、空氣佈塗、紡黏、熔噴、瞬紡、靜電紡紗、噴水鑽孔及針刺鑽孔技術。
在紡黏法中,將導體/聚合物摻合物之丸粒饋入擠壓機中且使熔融產物穿過複數個紡絲頭而形成連續長絲。在吹製區域中藉助於空氣流冷卻長絲,藉由空氣動力拉製且接著傳輸至下游排出通道。將長絲以無規纖維之非編織棉網形式沈積於線網輸送機上。將此棉網轉移至黏合壓延機中,在該黏合壓延機中施加熱及壓力以使最終產物固化。冷卻之後,可將棉網纏繞。
在熔噴製程中,經由含有數百個小孔之沖模擠壓熔融物形式之導體/聚合物摻合物。自沖模左側及右側離開之熱空氣流使經擠壓之聚合物流快速變細以形成極細長絲。接著藉由高速空氣將長絲吹於收集器篩網上,由此形成自黏式非編織棉網。或者,可將經擠壓連續長絲短切成段,接著分散於加熱心軸上以形成非編織棉網,之後冷卻。
用於複合材料之非編織薄紗可在不需要任何紡織品編織技術之情況下藉由上述非編織製造製程產生。此薄紗可呈由隨機排列之連續或短切纖維構成之席墊或棉網形式。如在上述傳導性複合粒子之情況下,纖維之組合物包括聚合組分與傳導性組分。因此,傳導性聚合纖維之特性類似於傳導性複合粒子。非編織薄紗尤其適用於插在適合於
液體樹脂浸泡之乾燥纖維預成形物中之相鄰乾燥結構強化纖維(諸如碳纖維)層片之間且與該等層片接觸,或適用作預浸物鋪疊期間兩個相鄰預浸物層片之間的插入層。
在樹脂浸泡中,向乾燥纖維預成形物(無樹脂)中注入可固化液體樹脂組合物。當由傳導性聚合纖維構成之非編織薄紗併入該乾燥纖維預成形物中時,在樹脂浸泡期間薄紗中傳導性聚合纖維之聚合組分維持固相。接著,在經樹脂浸泡之纖維預成形物固化期間,聚合組分藉由溶解於樹脂中而進行相轉變成為流體相。
如上關於層間傳導性複合粒子所述,當由傳導性聚合纖維構成之非編織薄紗用於預浸時,在預浸物鋪疊期間薄紗中傳導性聚合纖維之聚合組分維持固相,接著在固化期間,藉由溶解於預浸物層片之樹脂基質中進行相轉變成為流體相。
在另一實施例中,傳導性聚合物纖維為適合於樹脂浸泡之結構纖維預成形物之一部分,其中結構預成形物由強化纖維與傳導性聚合物纖維之組合構成。此外,結構預成形物可根據欲製造最終複合結構之形狀而以三維組態成形。纖維係以使其實體結合之方式組合。組合以使其實體結合可藉由如紡織品技術中已知之方法實現,例如藉由縫合、針織、捲曲、鑽孔、編織、編結、過度捲繞、嚙合、混合、對準、加撚、纏繞、打結、穿線、置於相同纖維層、置於不同但相鄰纖維層及其類似方法。傳導性聚合物纖維可以對準或不對準或縫合方式或以由多個傳導性複合纖維及強化纖維構成之複絲紗形式排列於強化纖維中間。在本文中,強化纖維為由碳、玻璃、無機氧化物、芳族聚醯胺、碳化物、硼、陶瓷、金屬、經金屬塗佈纖維或其組合製成之纖維。接著向結構纖維預成形物中注入可固化液體樹脂組合物,之後固化以形成具有傳導特性之複合結構。如上關於傳導性複合粒子所述,在固化期間,傳導性聚合物纖維之聚合組分進行相同液相轉變。
本文中亦涵蓋由強化纖維與傳導性聚合物纖維之組合構成之非捲曲織物。「非捲曲」係指多個纖維層彼此上下鋪疊且藉由縫合或藉由施用黏合劑轉變成織物以使纖維保持筆直且無實質捲曲的織物。傳導性聚合物纖維可存在於一或多個非捲曲織物層中。此外,傳導性聚合物纖維可相對於強化纖維非均勻地存在以在局部給予諸如z向導電性及韌化之特性。可將該等非捲曲織物併入適合於樹脂浸泡之結構纖維預成形物中。
本發明之複合材料適用於需要賦予複合材料/結構改良傳導率之任何領域。根據本發明之一個實施例,本發明複合材料之z向傳導率比對於習知第三代碳纖維增強材料所量測之值大至少一個數量級。
本發明之複合材料適用於製造用於運輸應用(例如航太、航空、海上及陸地運載工具)之組件,且包括例如主要及次要飛行器結構(機身、機翼、艙壁等)、空間及彈道結構。本發明之複合材料亦適用於建築/建設應用。此外,本發明之複合材料、尤其預浸物及預浸物疊層尤其適用於製造載荷或抗衝擊結構。
以下實例用以說明本發明之一些較佳實施例及其測試結果,但其不應視為以任何方式限制本發明之範疇。
在以下實例中,使用以下量測方法:
z向DC電導率
固化複合材料之電導率藉助於Burster-Resistomat 2316毫歐計在電橋法中將電阻值記為所施加之電壓與電流之間的比率來量測。使用開爾文測試探頭(Kelvin test probe)在兩個樣品表面之間建立接觸。所有量測均在室溫(RT)下在標準濕度條件下根據4線量測方法進行。
量測在自根據EN 2565方法B製備之無缺陷板取出之試片上進行。表徵約2mm厚度準各向同性正方形樣品(邊長=40mm±0.1mm)。
藉由移除頂部富含樹脂之層以暴露底層碳纖維而確保與電極直接接觸來製備複合物樣品表面。接著使用市售銀漿料在相對試片表面上產生兩個電極。測試每種材料及疊層之至少5個樣品。
根據以下方程式計算DC電導率([S/m]):
其中:R為量測之電阻[Ohm];l為樣品厚度[m];S為樣品表面積[m2]。
使用在0.02μm至2000μm範圍內操作之Malvern Mastersizer 2000來量測粒度分佈。
製備基於鎳之傳導性複合粒子
在雙螺桿擠壓機(來自Sumitomo之Sumikaexel 5003P)中經由熔融混合製程將足以獲得70重量%最終濃度之量的長絲狀鎳(Ni)薄片(購自Novamet之525鎳粉)分散於官能化聚醚碸(PES)聚合物中。使用相同PES聚合物之純樣品作為對照組。使用使分散水準達最佳之高剪切力螺桿概況。該等概況包括與無規混合單元結合之習知混合區段以在擠壓機桶中產生剪切力與壓力之間的最佳平衡。所用溫度概況及製程條件報導於表1中。
使用裝備有不同旋轉研磨介質之Alpine低溫研磨系統使所得Ni/PES摻合物進行低溫研磨,產生平均粒度小於60μm之微米級粒子(亦即「微粒」)。特定言之,需要使用螺柱攪拌器、搖擺式攪拌器及板式攪拌器之多次操作來獲得目標粒度分佈。圖4展示由低溫研磨產生之微米級複合Ni/PES粒子之SEM影像。
基於鎳之傳導性微粒對複合結構之電效能的作用
經由噴撒製程將實例1之複合鎳/PES微粒分散於Cytec Engineered Materials Ltd,UK所提供之CYCOM®977-2-34%-194-IMS24K單向條帶(用基於環氧樹脂之基質浸漬之單向碳纖維)之表面上。粒子負載以條帶中之總樹脂體積計為10體積%。將複數個該等條帶彼此上下鋪疊,其中將微粒置放於相鄰條帶之間,形成1.5mm厚之準各向同性測試板。接著根據2小時固化週期在高壓釜中在180℃下固化該板。將此測試板標記為「2A」。
在固化製程期間,將粒子置放於界定層間區域之相鄰碳纖維層之間的富含樹脂之區域中。在固化週期期間複合微粒之熱塑性組分溶解於條帶之基於環氧樹脂之基質中,從而在多層板之層間區域中釋放金屬組分(作為傳導性粒子)。以此方式在相鄰碳纖維層之間產生局部傳導性架構或橋。
出於比較之目的,藉由相同方法製造標記為「參考1」之類似測試板,但用非傳導性交聯熱塑性(TP)粒子替換複合PES/鎳微粒。兩個測試板之z向傳導率值展示於表2中。
經測定與參考1板相比將複合Ni/PES微粒受控地引入板2A之層間
區域中所產生之z向傳導率改良一個以上數量級。咸信複合物體電阻率降低係由於經由複合Ni/PES微粒之受控之溶解機制產生的電橋數增加。
傳導性層間粒子負載對複合結構之機械效能的作用
將兩種不同負載(10體積%及20體積%)之實例2中所用相同複合Ni/PES微粒分別分散於來自Cytec Engineered Materials,UK之CYCOM®977-2-34%-194-IMS24K單向條帶之表面上。藉由鋪疊上面分散有微粒之條帶形成具有不同粒子負載之兩個測試板。評估所得測試板以確定複合微粒對熱機械特性之作用。將含有10%微粒之測試板標記為「3B」且將含有20%微粒之測試板標記為「3C」。出於比較之目的,製造不含複合Ni/PES微粒之類似測試板且標記為「參考2」。
測試板之機械效能展示於表3中。
經測定與參考2板相比將10體積%及20體積%之複合Ni/PES粒子分別引入板3B及3C中分別使模式I抗分層生長性產生60%及73%改良。亦觀察到模式II抗分層生長性同時提高10%-15%。另外,引入10%複合Ni/PES微粒使30J衝擊後之抗壓強度提高25%,同時顯著減小受損面積。
基於銀之傳導性微粒對複合結構之電效能的作用
在雙螺桿擠壓機中經由熔融混合製程將足量銀(Ag)粉末CAP9(來
自Johnson Matthey,UK)分散於市售官能化聚醚碸聚合物(來自Sumitomo之SUMIKAEXEL 5003P)中,使得以複合摻合物(聚合組分+傳導性組分)之重量計最終Ag濃度為70%。使用高剪切力螺桿概況。所用溫度概況及製程條件展示於表1中。
隨後在低溫研磨裝置中研磨由擠壓機產生之丸粒,產生平均粒度小於60μm之複合Ag/PES微粒。
如實例2中所述,將複合微粒噴撒於CYCOM®977-2-34%-194-IMS5131-24K單向條帶表面上,且將複數個所得條帶鋪疊以形成準各向同性板。接著在高壓釜中在180℃下固化該板3小時。此實例選擇以板中之總樹脂含量計10體積%之粒子負載。所得板標記為「4A」。
根據上述方法量測4A板之z向傳導率。表4展示4A板與實例2中所述之參考1板之間的z向傳導率之比較。
發現與參考1板相比引入複合Ag/PES微粒使所產生之z向傳導率改良半個以上數量級。
傳導性複合微粒之聚合組分對複合結構之電效能的作用
藉由在如實例1中所述之雙螺桿擠壓機將市售粒化銅(Cu)(來自GGP Metalpowder AG之CH-L7)分散於市售官能化聚醚碸(PES)聚合物(來自Sumitomo,UK之SUMIKAEXEL 5003P)中產生替代性傳導性複合摻合物「5A」。獲得以複合摻合物之總重量計65重量%之銅濃度。
出於比較之目的,藉由使用實例1中所述之雙螺桿擠壓機將相同含量(65重量%)之相同銅材料混配於市售聚醯胺(VESTOSINT 2159,
購自Evonik,UK)中產生傳導性複合摻合物「5B」。製程條件展示於表5中。
在兩種情況下,在低溫研磨裝置中研磨由擠壓機產生之丸粒,產生(d50)平均尺寸小於50μm之傳導性複合微粒。接著在鋪疊之前使微粒按以條帶中總樹脂含量計10體積%之粒子負載分散於977-2-34%-194-IMS24K單向條帶之表面上。如實例2中所述,將複數個該等條帶按插入堆疊次序鋪疊以形成板。接著在高壓釜中在180℃下固化該等板3小時。
如先前所述記錄z向傳導率值且結果展示於表6中。此處使用如實例2中所揭示之「參考1」板進行比較。
圖5A展示層間區域中含Cu/聚醯胺複合粒子之固化板(5B)之橫截面,且圖5B為層間區域之一部分的分解圖(暗視野)。自圖5A及圖5B可見,在固化週期期間基於聚醯胺之粒子不會有效溶解於環氧樹脂基質中,由此限制在碳纖維層之間形成電橋。因此,在層壓板之層間區域中引入複合粒子與標準非傳導性熱塑性插入板(參考1)相比不會使z向傳導率產生任何明顯改良。
相反,在固化週期期間板5A中之基於PES之粒子實質上溶解於環氧樹脂基質中,從而將銅粒子釋放至複合板之層間區域中。以此方式
在相鄰碳纖維層之間產生傳導性架構或橋。圖6展示含有10體積%之Cu/PES複合粒子之固化板5A之橫截面圖。發現由於受控之溶解機制,與非傳導性熱塑性粒子相比Cu/PES複合粒子之z向傳導率改良約一個數量級。
上述結果進一步展現選擇傳導性複合粒子之適當聚合組分對獲得上述溶解機制很關鍵,其又為複合結構提供z向傳導率改良。
傳導性粒子:非傳導性粒子比率對複合物之電效能的作用
如實例2中所述,使用實例5中所述之傳導性複合Cu/PES粒子及非傳導性熱塑性(TP)粒子以表7中所示之不同傳導性粒子:非傳導性粒子比率製造且固化4個不同板(7A至7D)。量測固化板之z向傳導率且結果展示於表7中。此處使用如實例2中所揭示之「參考1」板進行比較。
如表7所示,z向傳導率隨Cu/PES複合粒子之負載增加而呈明顯改良趨勢。
本文所揭示之範圍包括端點在內且可獨立地組合(例如「至多約25體積%,或更尤其約5體積%至約20體積%」之範圍包括端點及該等範圍之所有中間值)。
儘管本文已描述各種實施例,但由書面描述應瞭解,熟習此項技術者可對其中之要素、變化或改良進行各種組合且該等組合屬於本發明之範疇。另外,在不悖離本發明教示之基本範疇的情況下,可進
行許多修改以使特定情形或材料適應本發明教示。因此,預期本發明並不限於作為執行本發明之預期最佳模式揭示的特定實施例,而是本發明將包括屬於隨附申請專利範圍之範疇的所有實施例。
Claims (32)
- 一種可固化複合材料,其包含:i)至少一個用可固化樹脂基質浸漬之強化纖維第一結構層;及ii)至少一種與該等強化纖維相鄰或接近之電傳導性複合粒子,該傳導性複合粒子包含傳導性組分及聚合組分,其中該傳導性複合粒子之該聚合組分包含一或多種在該複合材料固化之前最初為固相且實質上不溶於該可固化樹脂基質但在該複合材料之固化週期期間能夠藉由溶解於該樹脂基質中進行至少部分相轉變成為流體相的聚合物。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中該可固化樹脂基質為熱固性組合物,其中在該複合材料固化期間該傳導性複合粒子中至少50%之該聚合組分可溶於該樹脂基質中,且其中該相轉變成為該流體相藉由將該聚合組分溶解於該樹脂基質中進行。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中各電傳導性複合粒子之該傳導性組分包含一或多種電導率大於1×103S/m之傳導性材料。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中各電傳導性複合粒子之該傳導性組分包含一或多種選自金屬材料、非金屬傳導性材料及其組合的傳導性材料。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中該電傳導性複合粒子之該傳導性組分包含一或多種選自銀、金、鉑、鈀、鎳、銅、鉛、錫、鋁、鈦、其合金及混合物之金屬材料。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中該電傳導性複合粒子之該傳導性組分包含一或多種選自碳、石墨烯、石墨及其組合的非金屬傳導性材料。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中該聚合組分包含聚醚碸。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中該傳導性複合粒子之該聚合組分包含至少一種選自由以下組成之群的熱塑性聚合物:聚胺基甲酸酯、聚酮、聚醯胺、聚鄰苯二甲醯胺、聚苯乙烯、聚丁二烯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酸系物、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚醚碸(PES)、聚醚醚碸(PEES)、聚苯碸、聚碸、聚酯、液晶聚合物、聚醯亞胺、聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)、聚醚酮酮(PEKK)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚胺基甲酸酯、聚芳基醚、聚芳基硫化物、聚苯、聚伸苯醚(PPO)、聚環氧乙烷(PEO)、聚環氧丙烷、其共聚物及組合。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中該傳導性複合粒子之該聚合組分進一步包含至少一種熱固性樹脂。
- 如請求項9之複合材料,其中該傳導性複合粒子之該聚合組分進一步包含固化劑或催化劑。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中該傳導性複合粒子之該傳導性組分之重量含量以該傳導性複合粒子之總重量計為1%至90%。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中複數個電傳導性複合粒子之含量以該複合材料中之總樹脂內含物之體積計為0.1體積%至25體積%。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中存在複數個電傳導性複合粒子,且該等粒子之平均粒度小於150μm。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中存在複數個電傳導性複合粒子,且該等粒子之平均粒度在10μm至60μm之範圍內。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其進一步包含非傳導性粒子,其中與非傳導性粒子組合之該等傳導性複合粒子之含量以該複合材料中之總樹脂內含物之體積計為至多25體積%。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其中該可固化樹脂基質包含一或多種選自由以下組成之群的熱固性樹脂:環氧樹脂、雙順丁烯二醯亞胺、乙烯基酯樹脂、氰酸酯樹脂、經異氰酸酯改質之環氧樹 脂、酚系樹脂、苯并噁嗪、甲醛縮合樹脂、聚酯、丙烯酸系物及其組合。
- 如請求項1之複合材料,其進一步包含用可固化樹脂基質浸漬之強化纖維之第二結構層,其中該至少一種傳導性複合粒子位於該第一結構層及該第二結構層之強化纖維層之間。
- 一種可固化複合層壓物,其包含:用第一可固化樹脂基質浸漬之強化纖維結構層;及與該結構層之兩個相對表面中之一者接觸的第二可固化樹脂基質之層,其中該第二可固化樹脂基質包含複數個傳導性複合粒子且該第一可固化樹脂基質無任何複合傳導性粒子,且其中各傳導性複合粒子包含傳導性組分及聚合組分,該聚合組分包含一或多種在該複合層壓物固化之前最初為固相且實質上不溶於該第二可固化樹脂基質但在該複合層壓物固化週期期間能夠藉由溶解於該第二樹脂基質中進行至少部分相轉變成為流體相的聚合物。
- 如請求項18之可固化複合層壓物,其進一步包含:與該結構層之兩個相對表面中之另一者接觸的該第二可固化樹脂基質之另一層。
- 一種製造複合結構之方法,其包含:(a)將至少一種傳導性材料分散於聚合材料中以形成複合摻合物;(b)未熱處理或熱處理該摻合物;(c)由該複合摻合物形成微米級傳導性複合粒子,該等粒子之平均粒度小於150μm;且(e)形成包含至少一個用可固化樹脂基質浸漬之強化纖維層及 複數個與該等強化纖維接近之微米級傳導性複合粒子的複合材料,其中各傳導性複合粒子中之該聚合材料包含一或多種在該樹脂基質固化之前最初為固相且實質上不溶於該可固化樹脂基質但在該等複合材料固化週期期間能夠藉由溶解於該樹脂基質中進行至少部分相轉變成為流體相的聚合物。
- 如請求項20之方法,其進一步在(c)和(e)之間包含:(d)熱處理該等微米級傳導性複合粒子。
- 如請求項20或21之方法,其進一步包含:(f)固化該複合材料,其中該等傳導性複合粒子中之該聚合材料藉由在固化期間溶解於該樹脂基質中進行至少部分相轉變成為流體相,且固化之後,該等傳導性複合粒子之該傳導性材料充當相鄰強化纖維層之間的傳導性橋。
- 如請求項20或21之方法,其中欲在步驟(a)中分散之該傳導性材料為選自由以下組成之群的形式:薄片狀、粉末、樹枝狀、纖維、球形、經金屬塗佈之產物及其組合。
- 如請求項20或21之方法,其中該電傳導性複合粒子之該傳導性材料包含一或多種選自銀、金、鉑、鈀、鎳、銅、鉛、錫、鋁、鈦、其合金及混合物之金屬材料。
- 如請求項20或21之方法,其中該傳導性材料係選自由以下組成之群:有或無傳導性塗層之短切碳纖維、石墨薄片、石墨奈米片、碳黑、單壁碳奈米管(SWCNT)、雙壁碳奈米管(DWCNT)、多壁碳奈米管(MWCNT)、碳奈米纖維、碳奈米球、碳奈米棒、富勒烯、碳奈米繩、碳奈米帶、碳奈米原纖維、碳奈米針、碳奈米薄片、石墨烯、碳奈米錐、碳奈米卷(卷樣形狀)、基於氮化 硼之產物。
- 如請求項20或21之方法,其中該複合材料藉由用該可固化樹脂基質浸漬該強化纖維層形成,且在樹脂浸漬之前將該等傳導性複合粒子併入該可固化樹脂基質中,且其中在浸漬之後該等傳導性複合粒子仍保留在該強化纖維層之外表面上。
- 如請求項20或21之方法,其中該複合材料藉由以下步驟形成:使無傳導性複合粒子之可固化樹脂基質層與強化纖維層之表面接觸,之後施加熱及壓力以使該樹脂基質浸漬該等強化纖維;及隨後使含有該等傳導性複合粒子之第二樹脂基質層與該經浸漬強化纖維層之表面接觸。
- 如請求項20或21之方法,其中該複合材料藉由以下步驟形成:使兩個無傳導性複合粒子之可固化樹脂基質層與強化纖維層之相對表面接觸,之後施加熱及壓力以使該樹脂基質浸漬該等強化纖維;及隨後,使含有該等傳導性複合粒子之樹脂基質層與該等經樹脂浸漬之強化纖維的表面接觸。
- 一種可固化複合材料,其包含:至少一個用可固化樹脂基質浸漬之強化纖維結構層;及與該結構層接近之非編織薄紗,該薄紗包含隨機排列之傳導性聚合纖維,該傳導性聚合纖維各包含傳導性組分及聚合組分,其中各傳導性聚合纖維之該聚合組分包含一或多種在該可固化樹脂基質固化之前最初為固相且實質上不溶於該可固化樹脂基質但在該樹脂基質固化時能夠進行至少部分相轉變成為流體相的聚合物。
- 一種適用於樹脂浸泡之結構預成形物,該結構預成形物包含:一或多個無樹脂之強化纖維層;及至少一種包含隨機排列之傳導性聚合纖維的非編織薄紗,該傳導性聚合纖維各包含傳導性組分及聚合組分,其中各傳導性聚合纖維之該聚合組分包含一或多種最初為固相且實質上不溶於藉由樹脂浸泡引入該預成形物中之可固化樹脂組合物但在該經樹脂浸泡之預成形物之固化週期期間能夠進行至少部分相轉變成為流體相的聚合物。
- 一種適合於樹脂浸泡之結構纖維預成形物,該結構纖維預成形物包含與傳導性聚合纖維實體結合之強化纖維,其中該等傳導性聚合纖維各包含傳導性組分及聚合組分,且各傳導性聚合纖維之該聚合組分包含一或多種最初為固相且實質上不溶於在樹脂浸泡期間引入該預成形物中之可固化樹脂組合物但在該經樹脂浸泡之預成形物之固化週期期間能夠進行至少部分相轉變成為流體相的聚合物。
- 如請求項31之結構預成形物,其中該等纖維之該實體結合係選自:混合、在相同纖維層中對準、置放於不同但相鄰之纖維層中。
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WO2014011293A2 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
RU2631299C2 (ru) | 2017-09-20 |
TW201343735A (zh) | 2013-11-01 |
BR112014025708B1 (pt) | 2021-07-20 |
CN104334327B (zh) | 2016-10-12 |
JP6568922B2 (ja) | 2019-08-28 |
MY169057A (en) | 2019-02-12 |
JP2018039273A (ja) | 2018-03-15 |
JP2015518436A (ja) | 2015-07-02 |
AU2017204658A1 (en) | 2017-07-27 |
KR102146500B1 (ko) | 2020-08-21 |
MX2014012265A (es) | 2015-03-09 |
AU2013289104A1 (en) | 2014-10-02 |
CA2870921C (en) | 2021-05-18 |
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