TWI489636B - 具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池及其製造方法 - Google Patents
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Description
本發明係關於一種太陽能電池及其製造方法,特別是指一種具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池及其製造方法。
近年來,由於石油危機與地球暖化等議題受到全人類的關注,在現有的能源科技發展中,主要都是以節能減碳與再生能源等技術作為研究的方向,而在再生能源的方面,最具有代表性的技術就是太陽能電池。
一般來說,太陽能電池的基本構造不外乎是在半導體中摻雜不同的元素來形成P型半導體與N型半導體,然後利用光電效應來吸收光線並產生電流。其中,為了將太陽能電池吸收光線所產生的電流導引出,通常會利用兩電極耦接於P型半導體與N型半導體,以形成迴路而將電流導引出。而為降低電流傳遞過程中發生的歐姆功率損失(ohmic power loss=I2
R),一般都需要厚度較厚的金屬以降低電極阻抗(R)。
請參閱第一圖,第一圖係為習知之太陽能電池示意圖。如圖所示,一太陽能電池PA100包含一太陽能電池基板PA1、複數個絕緣層PA2以及複數個電極PA3。太陽能電池基板PA1具有複數個半導體摻雜區
PA11,而這些半導體摻雜區PA11是以交錯的方式摻雜有P型掺質與N型掺質,以使這些半導體摻雜區PA11形成交錯排列的P型半導體與N型半導體。絕緣層PA2係彼此相間地形成於太陽能電池基板PA1上,且上述複數個半導體摻雜區PA11係自多個絕緣層PA2之間露出。而複數個電極PA3則是形成於絕緣層PA2所露出之半導體摻雜區PA11上;其中,電極PA3一般是由銀漿所構成的至少一層的金屬導電漿層,或者是在半導體摻雜區PA11上濺鍍或蒸鍍一層薄的純金屬層後(此層亦稱為電鍍種子層),再以電鍍的方式於上述濺鍍或蒸鍍所形成的純金屬種子層之上形成另一較厚的純金屬層(此法即一般習知seed and growth)。
承上所述,在半導體摻雜區PA11上形成金屬導電漿層的製程主要是以印刷等塗佈方式完成,雖然其製程較為簡單且容易製作厚度較厚的金屬,但由於金屬導電漿層主要是由金屬粉粒與高分子材料所組成,因此,金屬導電漿層與半導體摻雜區PA11之間的接觸電阻會很大,導致由金屬導電漿層所構成的電極PA3會因接觸電阻過大而影響到電流的導出;另外,當電極PA3是由純金屬材料所構成時,雖然純金屬材料與半導體摻雜區PA11之間的接觸電阻較小,但採用此法仍需要以電鍍方式製備超過30um的純金屬層,其製程耗時複雜且增加生產的成本。
緣此,本案發明人認為實有必要開發出一種具有
金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池及其製造方法,使其可有效的降低製造成本與材料成本。
綜觀以上所述,由於在習知技術中,太陽能電池的電極主要是由金屬漿或純金屬所構成,然而,當電極是由金屬漿所構成時,雖然製程步驟較簡單且容易製作厚度較厚的金屬,但會因為金屬漿與半導體摻雜區之間的接觸電阻過大而損耗太陽能電池所產生的電力,而當電極是由純金屬製成時,雖然可以有效的降低電極與半導體摻雜區之間的接觸電阻,但由於所使用的電鍍製程繁瑣耗時,因而增加了整個太陽能電池的製造成本。
為了解決上述問題,本案發明人日前已研發出一種具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池及其製造方法,其是在半導體摻雜區上形成一接觸金屬層,然後再將金屬導電漿層形成於接觸金屬層上。
本發明為解決習知技術之問題所採用之必要技術手段係提供一種具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池之製造方法,係應用於一太陽能電池基板,而太陽能電池之製造方法首先是製備太陽能電池基板,太陽能電池基板具有複數個半導體摻雜區;然後在半導體摻雜區上形
成一接觸金屬層;接著在接觸金屬層上形成金屬導電漿層;其中,接觸金屬層與金屬導電漿層之堆疊係形成複數個金屬堆疊電極。
由上述必要技術手段所衍生之一附屬技術手段為,在接觸金屬層上形成金屬導電漿層之後,更在金屬導電漿層上形成金屬導電漿接著層。在太陽能電池模組中,太陽能電池透過匯流帶以電焊的方式形成電池串接,上述之金屬導電漿接著層可以提高匯流帶與太陽能電池間的連接附著力。
由上述必要技術手段所衍生之一附屬技術手段為,在將接觸金屬層形成於半導體摻雜區上之前,更先在半導體摻雜區上形成複數個絕緣層,而半導體摻雜區更分別於絕緣層與絕緣層之間曝露出。
本發明為解決習知技術之問題所採用之必要技術手段更提供一種具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池,包含一太陽能電池基板以及複數個金屬堆疊電極。太陽能電池基板係具有複數個半導體摻雜區。金屬堆疊電極係分別設置於半導體摻雜區上,且金屬堆疊電極各包含一接觸金屬層以及金屬導電漿層,接觸金屬層係設置於半導體摻雜區上,金屬導電漿層係設置於接觸金屬層上。
由上述必要技術手段所衍生之一附屬技術手段為,半導體摻雜區上更設有複數個絕緣層,且半導體摻雜區係分別自絕緣層之間曝露出。
由上述必要技術手段所衍生之一附屬技術手段為,太陽能電池更包含金屬導電漿接著層,其係設置於金屬
導電漿層上。較佳者,金屬導電漿接著層至少包含錫粉、溶劑(solvent)以及樹脂(resin);較佳者,金屬導電漿接著層更進一步的包含有銀或鉍等金屬;此外,金屬導電漿接著層之厚度係介於2~10μm。
由上述必要技術手段所衍生之一附屬技術手段為,接觸金屬層之組成成分為純鋁、鋁矽合金、鋁釹合金、純鈦、鈦鎢合金或鎳釩合金。
由上述必要技術手段所衍生之一附屬技術手段為,接觸金屬層之厚度係介於5~200nm。
由上述必要技術手段所衍生之一附屬技術手段為,金屬導電漿層至少包含導電金屬微粒(Metal powder)、玻璃介質(glass frit)、黏合劑(binder)、溶劑(solvent)以及樹脂(resin)。
由上述必要技術手段所衍生之一附屬技術手段為,金屬導電漿層之厚度係介於10~100μm。
從以上述可知,相較於習知技術所述之太陽能電池,由於在本發明所提供之一種具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池及其製造方法中,是利用接觸金屬層形成於半導體摻雜區上,然後再將金屬導電漿層形成於接觸金屬層上;藉由接觸金屬層與半導體摻雜區的接觸,可以有效的降低接觸金屬層與半導體摻雜區之間的接觸電阻,然後再以較厚的金屬導電漿層作為主要的電流傳導層。因此,可以有效的降低接觸電阻及傳導電阻所造成
的損耗。同時,由於接觸金屬層所需要的厚度很薄,可以有效的減少材料的使用量;而較厚的金屬導電漿層則採用低成本的網印方式,因此更能有效的降低太陽能電池的製造成本。
本發明所採用的具體實施例,將藉由以下之實施例及圖式作進一步之說明。
請參閱第二圖至第五圖,第二圖至第五圖係顯示在本發明具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池製造方法中,代表不同製造步驟之示意圖。如圖所示,首先是製備一太陽能電池基板1,而太陽能電池基板1具有複數個半導體摻雜區11;在實際運用上,半導體摻雜區11是交錯地摻雜有P型掺質與N型掺質,而P型掺質例如是IIIA族的元素,N型掺質例如是VIA族的元素。此外,本實施例所提供之太陽能電池基板1是一種背接觸式太陽能電池基板,而半導體摻雜區11是位於太陽能電池基板1之背光面,相較於背光面之另一面則是入光面,此為通常知識,故不再多加贅言。
再來,將複數個絕緣層2間隔地形成於太陽能電池基板1的半導體摻雜區11上,並使半導體摻雜區11自多個絕緣層2之間露出。在實際運用上,絕緣層2例如是由氧化矽、氮化矽、高分子聚合物(Polyimide)或其組合所構成,然而並不限於此。
然後,以一濺鍍或蒸鍍製程在多個絕緣層2所露出
之半導體摻雜區11上形成一接觸金屬層31,且接觸金屬層31更覆蓋部份之絕緣層2;其中,接觸金屬層31之組成成分為純鋁、鋁矽合金、鋁釹合金、純鈦、鈦鎢或鎳釩合金,但不限於此,且接觸金屬層31之厚度係介於5~200nm。
接著,以一印刷製程在接觸金屬層31上形成一金屬導電漿層32,藉以使接觸金屬層31與金屬導電漿層32之堆疊形成一金屬堆疊電極3,並進而使太陽能電池基板1轉變為一具有金屬堆疊電極3之太陽能電池100。
在實際運用上,構成金屬導電漿層32的材料係至少包含導電金屬微粒(Metal powder)、玻璃介質(glass frit)、黏合劑(binder)、溶劑(solvent)以及樹脂(resin),前述材料可形成一複合材料,但不限於此,且導電金屬微粒之組成成分例如是60~80%的鋁、銀、錫、銅或其組合,而樹脂包含了天然樹脂與合成樹脂(亦稱為聚合物)。;此外,金屬導電漿層32之厚度係介於10~100μm。
請參閱第五圖與第六圖,第六圖係顯示本發明另一較佳實施例所提供具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池之示意圖。如圖所示,一具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池100’是以上述之太陽能電池100為基礎,更以一印刷製程將一金屬導電漿接著層33形成於金屬導電漿層32上,使接觸金屬層31、金屬導電漿層32以及金屬導電漿接著層33形成一金屬堆疊電極3’。
在實際運用上,如本實施例,構成金屬導電漿接著層33的材料係至少包含錫粉或添加銀、鉍等金屬的錫
粉、溶劑(solvent)以及樹脂(resin),前述材料可形成一複合材料,但不限於此;此外,金屬導電漿接著層33之厚度係介於2~10μm。
在實際運用上,金屬導電漿層32是作為電子與電洞主要的傳輸路徑,而金屬導電漿接著層33主要是作為連結金屬導電漿層32與匯流帶(圖未示)的媒介。
綜上所述,在本發明所提供之具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池及其製造方法中,是利用濺鍍或蒸鍍的方式將一層較薄的接觸金屬層鍍在半導體摻雜區上,以降低接觸金屬層與半導體摻雜區之間的接觸電阻(約至μΩ-cm2
等級),然後再以印刷的方式將較厚的金屬導電漿層印刷在接觸金屬層上,以作為主要的電流傳輸路徑。藉由此結構,可以有效的改善在習知技術中,以單一層金屬導電漿層作為電極時,因為金屬導電漿層所含有的高分子材料而導致金屬導電漿層與半導體摻雜區之間的接觸電阻過大(約至mΩ-cm2
等級)的問題;另一方面,藉由此結構,也可以解決在另一個習知技術中,以電鍍方式製備較厚的純金屬電極時,其製程複雜耗時所導致的成本過高的問題。此外,本發明還揭示可在金屬導電漿層上形成一金屬導電漿接著層,以利用金屬導電漿接著層來提高太陽能電池與匯流帶之間的附著力,改善太陽能電池模組生產的良率。而實際運用上,本發明並不限於應用在背接觸式太陽能電池,亦可應用於其他以半導體為主之太陽能電池。
承上所述,金屬導電漿層與金屬導電漿接著層的形
成方式主要是利用印刷的方式形成,而印刷的方式則包含了噴墨印刷、鋼板印刷及網布印刷等方式。
藉由上述之本發明實施例可知,本發明確具產業上之利用價值。惟以上之實施例說明,僅為本發明之較佳實施例說明,舉凡所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者當可依據本發明之上述實施例說明而作其它種種之改良及變化。然而這些依據本發明實施例所作的種種改良及變化,當仍屬於本發明之發明精神及界定之專利範圍內。
PA100‧‧‧太陽能電池
PA1‧‧‧太陽能電池基板
PA11‧‧‧半導體摻雜區
PA2‧‧‧絕緣層
PA3‧‧‧電極
100、100’‧‧‧太陽能電池
1‧‧‧太陽能電池基板
11‧‧‧半導體摻雜區
2‧‧‧絕緣層
3、3’‧‧‧金屬堆疊電極
31‧‧‧接觸金屬層
32‧‧‧金屬導電漿層
33‧‧‧金屬導電漿接著層
第一圖係為習知之太陽能電池示意圖;第二圖至第五圖係顯示在本發明具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池製造方法中,代表不同製造步驟之示意圖;以及第六圖係顯示本發明另一較佳實施例所提供具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池之示意圖。
100‧‧‧太陽能電池
1‧‧‧太陽能電池基板
11‧‧‧半導體摻雜區
2‧‧‧絕緣層
3‧‧‧金屬堆疊電極
31‧‧‧接觸金屬層
32‧‧‧金屬導電漿層
Claims (10)
- 一種具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池之製造方法,係應用於一太陽能電池基板,該製造方法包含以下步驟:(a)製備該太陽能電池基板,該太陽能電池基板具有複數個半導體摻雜區;(b)先在該些半導體摻雜區上形成複數個絕緣層,而該些半導體摻雜區更分別於該些絕緣層之間曝露出,接著更於該些半導體摻雜區上形成一接觸金屬層,該接觸金屬層係覆蓋部份之該絕緣層,且該接觸金屬層之組成成分為純鋁、鋁矽合金、鋁釹合金、純鈦、鈦鎢或鎳釩合金;以及(c)於該接觸金屬層上形成一金屬導電漿層;其中,該接觸金屬層與該金屬導電漿層之堆疊係形成複數個金屬堆疊電極。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之太陽能電池之製造方法,其中,在該步驟(c)之後包含一步驟(d),其係於該金屬導電漿層上形成金屬導電漿接著層。
- 一種具有金屬堆疊電極之太陽能電池,包含:一太陽能電池基板,係具有複數個半導體摻雜區;以及複數個金屬堆疊電極,該些金屬堆疊電極係分別設置於該些半導體摻雜區上,該些半導體摻雜區上更設有複數個絕緣層,且該些半導體摻雜區係分別自該些絕緣 層之間曝露出,且該些金屬堆疊電極各包含:一接觸金屬層,係設置於該些半導體摻雜區上,並覆蓋部份之該絕緣層,且該接觸金屬層之組成成分為純鋁、鋁矽合金、鋁釹合金、純鈦、鈦鎢或鎳釩合金;以及一金屬導電漿層,係設置於該接觸金屬層上。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之太陽能電池,其中,該些金屬堆疊電極更包含一金屬導電漿接著層,係設置於該金屬導電漿層上。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之太陽能電池,其中,該金屬導電漿接著層之厚度係介於2~10μm。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之太陽能電池,其中,該金屬導電漿接著層至少包含錫粉、溶劑(solvent)以及樹脂(resin)。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述之太陽能電池,其中,該金屬導電漿接著層進一步包含銀或鉍。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之太陽能電池,其中,該接觸金屬層之厚度係介於5~200nm。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之太陽能電池,其中,該金 屬導電漿層至少包含導電金屬微粒(Metal powder)、玻璃介質(glass frit)、黏合劑(binder)、溶劑(solvent)以及樹脂(resin)。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之太陽能電池,其中,該金屬導電漿層之厚度係介於10~100μ m。
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