TWI477936B - 利用機率分佈之反應器溫度控制方法及反應器 - Google Patents
利用機率分佈之反應器溫度控制方法及反應器 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本發明之實施例大體上係關於利用溫度測量之機率分佈之一反應器的溫度控制。
將美國專利第6,046,343號及第6,300,505號之全文以引用的方式併入本文中。
順丁烯二酐在全世界中具有重要商業利益。在醇酸樹脂及聚酯樹脂之製造中,單獨使用或與其他酸結合使用順丁烯二酐。順丁烯二酐亦係化學合成之多用途中間物。
順丁烯二酐慣常係藉由將包括一在直鏈中具有至少四個碳原子之碳氫化合物及氧氣之氣體穿過一含有包含釩及磷之混合氧化物之觸媒之觸媒床(通常為一固定觸媒床管式栓塞流反應器)製造。該使用的觸媒可進一步包括促進劑、活化劑或修飾劑,諸如鐵、鋰、鋅、鉬、鉻、鈾、鎢及其他金屬、硼及/或矽。逸出該反應器之該產物氣體通常含有順丁烯二酐和氧化副產物(諸如一氧化碳、二氧化碳、水蒸氣、丙烯酸及乙酸及其他副產物)以及當空氣用作氧分子之來源時空氣中所存在之惰性氣體。
因為該反應為高度放熱,在操作期間必須冷卻該反應器。通常,一管殼式熱交換器係用作一具有封裝在該等管中之該觸媒的反應器,該等碳氫化合物及氧氣氣體係穿過該等管。一冷卻液(經常為一熔鹽)流過該等管之外側並冷卻該等管。因為該等管之長度通常係遠大於該等管之直徑,該反應系統接近栓塞流。
然而冷卻能力在整個該反應器中大體上係一致的,反應速率隨該碳氫化合物反應物之濃度及該反應區域之該溫度而大幅變化。因為當將該等反應物氣體引入該觸媒床時,該等反應物氣體大體上係處於一相對低溫度,該反應速率在緊鄰該反應器入口之該區域中為低。然而,一旦該反應開始,隨著該反應區域溫度因該反應所釋放之熱量而增加,該反應速率進一步增加,該反應迅速進行。該反應區域溫度隨沿著該反應器管之長度之距離而持續升高,直到耗盡該碳氫化合物導致該反應速率降低,因而透過將熱量傳送至該冷卻液而降低該反應區域之溫度,且容許該反應器管之該剩餘部分操作在一較低溫差下。實務上,商業反應器係經組態使得許多管(通常為50至100+)於該管中心裝配有一插入預期最高溫度之管深度(自該頂或底管板之距離)的縱向熱電偶。在此等多個測量位置中,具有最高溫度之該位置大體上係稱作「熱點」。
若該反應器中之該溫度分佈增加,反應器性能、觸媒活性及該反應器容器之完整性可能惡化。通常,該觸媒之選擇性係隨著該反應溫度反向變化,而該反應之速率係隨著該反應溫度直接變化。較高反應區域溫度導致較低觸媒選擇性並促成代替順丁烯二酐之該碳氫化合物進料完全氧化成二氧化碳及水。隨著該反應器中該溫度分佈之增加,該反應所消耗的該碳氫化合物進料之量增加,但該觸媒之該降低的選擇性可導致一順丁烯二酐之較低產量。此外,使該觸媒床曝露於過高溫度可降低該觸媒活性並導致該等反應器管之過高腐蝕速率。此該觸媒活性之降低大體上降低該操作之生產率並亦可降低該觸媒在一既定溫度下之該選擇性。因該碳氫化合物進料轉換至二氧化碳及水所釋放的較高反應熱進一步惡化此問題。一該等反應器管之過高腐蝕速率將導致個別管或該整個反應器過早故障。
通常,該觸媒床溫度係在50至100+支管處經由每一位置之單一熱電偶持續監測。若該「熱點」係高於該指定溫度上限,則該觸媒床之大部分係藉由降低該限制反應物(亦即空氣或丁烷)之該供給速率而保持在一溫度上限以下。
本發明之實施例大體上係關於利用溫度測量之機率分佈之一反應器的溫度控制。在一實施例中,一種控制一化學反應之溫度之方法包含將一反應物流注入一反應器中並穿過一該反應器之觸媒床。該反應物流包含碳氫化合物及氧氣。將該反應物流注入該觸媒床中導致一放熱化學反應。該方法進一步包含一冷卻劑循環穿過該反應器,因而自該觸媒床移除熱量。該方法進一步包含量測該觸媒床中複數個位置處之溫度。該方法進一步包含利用一使用該等溫度測量產生的機率分佈計算一大於一預定最高溫度限制之該觸媒床之分率。
在另一實施例中,一化學反應器包含一具有一入口及一出口(每一者穿過該反應器之一壁地形成)之管狀殼。該反應器進一步包含配置在該殼中且由一導熱材料製成並含有觸媒之三支或多支管。該反應器進一步包含第一及第二管板,每一管板係固定至該等管之每一者並耦合至該殼,因而將該等管之孔自該反應器之一腔室隔離。該反應器進一步包含耦合至該殼的第一及第二頭部,每一頭部皆具有穿過該反應器之一壁地形成之一入口及一出口。該反應器進一步包含兩個或多個溫度感測器,每一溫度感測器係經配置穿過該殼進入各別管之該等孔並與該觸媒通信。該反應器進一步一與該等溫度感測器通信並經組態以執行一操作之控制器。該操作包含輸入來自該等溫度感測器之溫度測量,及利用一使用該等溫度測量產生的機率分佈計算一大於一預定最高溫度限制之該觸媒之分率。
因此,可詳細瞭解本發明之該等上文列舉特徵之方式及本發明之一更特別描述(簡短概述於上)可藉由參考若干實施例而顯示出,一些該等實施例係繪示在附屬圖式中。然而,應注意該等附屬圖式僅繪示本發明之若干典型實施例且因此不認為限制本發明之範圍(因為本發明容許其他等效實施例)。
圖1係根據本發明一實施例之反應器1之橫截面。該反應器1可包含一管狀殼3、垂直定向管5、具有一氣體入口9之較低頭部7及具有一氣體出口13之較高頭部11。該反應器1之管5可固定在較低管板15及較高管板17中且可由導熱材料製成,使得該反應器可以管殼式熱交換器形式運作。該等管5可僅經觸媒19填充或經觸媒與一溫度感測器20填充。該觸媒19可為固體粒子(諸如珠粒或丸粒),且可由一經選擇以有利於一化學反應之材料(諸如釩磷氧化物(VPO))製成。該等觸媒柱可共同稱為該反應器1之觸媒床。一氣體反應物流HC+O2
可經由該入口9注入該反應器1中。該反應物流HC+O2
可包含第一反應物(諸如氫或諸如直鏈上具有至少四個碳原子之碳氫化合物(諸如正丁烷或苯)之碳氫化合物)及第二反應物(諸如具有一實質氧濃度之氣體(諸如空氣))。
隨著該反應物流流過該觸媒床,可發生一放熱反應,藉此產生一氣體產物流。該產物流可包含一所需產物(諸如順丁烯二酐)及副產物(諸如惰性氣體、水、乙酸、丙烯酸、一氧化碳及二氧化碳)。該產物流可經由該出口13逸出該反應器且可經進一步處理以自該等副產物中分離出該所需產物。或者,可反轉該反應物/產物流之流動。或者,該所需產物可為鄰苯二甲酐(PA)、丙烯醛、甲硫醇、丙烯酸、丁二醇、甲醇、環氧乙烷、乙二醇、甲醛、氫化植物油或脂肪、或氯乙烯單體。
為移除源自該放熱反應之熱能量,可將一冷卻劑注入穿過該殼所形成的入口21。該冷卻劑可沿著該等管5之外部表面循環,藉此移除熱能量。該冷卻劑可在一出口23處離開該反應器,其中該冷卻劑可在裝配有一流控制閥27之外部熱交換器26中冷卻並經由一外部泵再循環。或者,可反轉冷卻劑流。該冷卻劑可為液體(諸如熔鹽或熔融無機鹽)。該冷卻劑之平均或入口溫度可控制在一預先設定溫度以保持一穩定平均觸媒床溫度。
為監測該觸媒床溫度,可配置複數個穿過該等頭部7、11中之一者所形成之各別開口的溫度感測器20a、20b。該等溫度感測器20a、20b可為熱電偶、電阻式溫度偵測器(RTD)、熱敏電阻器或光纖。該等溫度感測器20a、20b可延伸進入各別選擇管5以在各種縱向高度感測該等管中之溫度。該等溫度感測器亦可輻射地及切向地分散整個反應器1。商業反應器可為相當大的且具有大量管5(諸如一千、一萬、二萬、三萬或更多管)。為保持經濟可行性,可部署相對於管數目為一比率之許多溫度感測器,諸如一溫度感測器對每一百、二百、三百、四百或五百支管。單一溫度感測器可含有若干元件,使得可在單一管內監測超於一深度。該等溫度感測器可不對稱地集中在各種縱向高度。舉例而言,在一順丁烯二酐反應器中,大部分反應可發生在該反應器之較低高度處且一對應較大集中性之溫度感測器可延伸至此等高度。
該等溫度感測器20a、20b之每一者可與一控制器25電或光通信。該控制器25可為一基於電腦之微處理器且可位於一控制室內(未顯示)。該控制器可包含一對操作人員顯示溫度測量之視訊螢幕。
如上文討論,若該等熱電偶之任何一者(諸如該「熱點」)偵測一超出一預定最高溫度限制之溫度,則先前技術控制方案指示補救動作。由於與該「熱點」溫度相關聯的高變化性,有時當縮減反應物供料速率(及產量)時,該床溫度分佈中已無實際改變。相反地,其他時候當該床溫度分佈已改變而導致一該床之較高分率高於該最高限制時,且該最高溫度無偵測到此改變。該最高床溫度為該真實床溫度分佈及高於一指定上限之該床之該真實分率之極不可靠的指示。
為克服此等缺點,該控制器25可利用一機率分佈分析源自該等溫度感測器20a、20b之該等溫度測量(Tc
)而非簡單測定最高值,藉此可更精確地消除該觸媒床之溫度分佈。該機率分佈可基於該反應區域中之該等觸媒床溫度(Tc
)之每一者與鄰近該入口之該觸媒床溫度(θ)間之差異(ΔT)可為對數常態分佈之原理。此原理已藉由一順丁烯二酐反應器之統計分析驗證。一額外的溫度感測器可用於獲得鄰近該入口之該觸媒床溫度(θ)或該冷卻劑之該控制溫度可用作該觸媒床溫度之方便近似值。使N(Tc
>Tmx
)表示超出該最高溫度限制(Tmx
)之熱電偶數目且N(Tc
)表示熱電偶之總數目。該控制器可利用該溫度差異(ΔT)之該對數常態機率分佈(LNPDF)計算一大於一最高溫度限制(Tmx
)之該反應器床之分率。接著該反應器床之該經計算的分率可與一預定最高分率比較以更精確地評估該反應器是否操作在可接受限制內。若不是,接著執行該補救動作。
舉例而言,該控制器可經程式化以執行一操作。該操作可包含輸入源自該觸媒床內之每一溫度感測器20a、20b之溫度測量(Tc
)。該操作可進一步包含自每一溫度測量(Tc
)減去該冷卻劑控制溫度(如一近似值θ)以獲得一溫度差異(ΔT=Tc
-θ),及自該最高溫度限制(Tmx
)減去該冷卻劑控制溫度(如一近似值θ)以獲得一最高溫度差異(ΔTmx
=Tmx
-θ)。該操作可進一步包含計算每一溫度差異之自然對數(1n(ΔT))。該操作可進一步包含計算每一溫度差異之自然對數(1n(ΔT))之平均數(μ(1n(ΔT)))及標準偏差(σ(1n(ΔT)))。該操作可進一步包含利用每一溫度差異之自然對數之經計算的平均數及標準偏差而產生一對數常態機率密度函數(LNPDF)。該操作可進一步包含估算一該對數常態機率密度函數之積分(亦即,利用一疊代數近似值)。該積分可由第一限制(諸如該最高溫度限制差異)積分至第二限制(諸如無限大)以獲得大於該最高溫度限制之該觸媒床之該分率:
該控制器接著可將超出該指定最高溫度之該床之該分率與一預定最高分率比較。若該經計算的分率大於該最高分率,則該控制器可自動執行補救動作,諸如減少該反應物流之流速。或者,若該經計算的分率近似於或等於該最高分率,則該控制器可執行補救動作。或者,該控制器可為接著可執行補救動作之一操作人員提供指示(諸如一聲音及/或視覺警報)。若該經計算的分率小於該最高分率,接著該程序可持續不變或尤其若該經計算的分率實質上係小於該最高分率,甚至可增加該反應物流之流速。每隔一段時間(諸如每五秒、一秒、二分之一秒、十分之一秒、百分之一秒或千分之一秒)該控制器可重複該操作。或者,該PDF可為一具有大於零且非一(諸如十)之任何底數之對數。
該最高溫度限制可依據該等特定反應物及/或在該反應器中使用的觸媒而定。舉例而言,對於一順丁烯二酐反應器之最高溫度限制可自約300℃至約550℃或至約500℃。該最高分率亦可依據該等特定反應物、在該反應器中使用的觸媒及/或該觸媒壽命而定。舉例而言,在使用具有三至四年壽命之觸媒之順丁烯二酐反應器中,在該最高溫度限制或高於該最高溫度限制之該觸媒床之該最高分率在前半段壽命期間可自零變化至百分之三,且接著在後半段壽命期間可增加至百分之三至百分之四。
圖2繪示下列三個溫度控制方案之比較:先前技術熱點方案、一理想方案、及根據本發明之一實施例之方案200。藉由一順丁烯二酐反應器之蒙地卡羅(Monte Carlo)模擬產生此等曲線,該順丁烯二酐反應器在該觸媒床中具有31,000至35,000支管及108個熱電偶且具有一500℃之最高溫度限制及百分之一之最高分率。
在該理想控制方案中,沒有誤差,使得當大於500℃之該床之該真實百分數小於百分之一時,該控制方案偵測具有絕對確定性之可接受條件。相反地,當大於500℃之該床之該真實百分數大於百分之一時,該理想控制方案偵測具有絕對確定性之不可接受條件。因此該理想控制方案為一階梯函數。
現參考先前技術方案及該實施例200,該實施例200比先前技術方案大體上更接近該理想方案。舉例而言,當大於500℃之該床之該真實百分數為百分之零點五時,相較於該實施例200之10%,先前技術方案將錯誤指示已超過該最高分率之該機率係約45%。因安全係數之寬大,在百分之一至百分之一點五之範圍內的例外(其中相較於該實施例200,先前技術方案享有精確度上的優勢)係不重要。該實施例200顯著降低當該床之該真實分率小於該最高分率時所發生之產量及銷售損失之風險,但先前技術方案錯誤指示其他方面。相反地,該實施例200提供更高保護以免無意識地操作該反應器使該床之過度分率高於該溫度上限。圖2假定存在108個熱電偶。隨著熱電偶數目增加,該實施例200將更接近該理想方案。
圖3繪示先前技術熱點方案與根據本發明一實施例之方案200之間之另一比較。如圖2般,藉由一順丁烯二酐反應器之蒙地卡羅法(Monte Carlo)模擬產生此等曲線,該順丁烯二酐反應器在該觸媒床中具有31,000至35,000支管及108個熱電偶且具有一500℃之最高溫度限制及百分之一之最高分率。在一大於500℃之溫度下該觸媒床之該實際分率係設定在百分之零點一。重複每一控制方案以獲得1000次觀察(或時間間隔)。相較於該實施例200為2或3次,先前技術方案錯誤地偵測一不可接受條件總共93次。相較於該實施例200為百分之零點二,對於先前技術方案,該等錯誤偵測造成在9.3%之操作時間期間產量及銷售之降低。
自本發明之一個或多個實施例可認識到額外優勢。該對數常態分佈之平均值或平均數係一該反應器中熱傳送係數之度量,且可用於比較若干反應器間之熱移除性能,藉此識別低反應器熱傳送之原因。該對數常態分佈之該標準偏差係一在既定反應器中不同管間之變化性的度量,且可用於識別若干反應器間相對於反應物流組成及流速中不同管間之變化性的差異。舉例而言,一具有一增加比率之熱電偶之順丁烯二酐反應器需要降低反應物流之流速。該反應器之初始診斷係該反應器之問題。然而,當實施本發明一實施例時,因先前技術方案與該增加比率之熱電偶一起使用而非該反應器本身,該問題經識別為錯誤警報之增加。
儘管前文係針對本發明之實施例,可設計本發明之其他及另外實施例而無背離本發明之基本範圍,且本發明之範圍係由下列請求項決定。
1...反應器
3...管狀殼
5...管
7...較低頭部
9...氣體入口
11...較高頭部
13...氣體出口
15...較低管板
17...較高管板
19...觸媒
20a...溫度感測器
20b...溫度感測器
21...入口
23...出口
25...控制器
26...外部熱交換器
27...流控制閥
圖1係根據本發明一實施例之反應器的橫截面。
圖2繪示下列三個溫度控制方案間之比較:先前技術熱點方案、一理想方案與根據本發明一實施例之方案。
圖3繪示先前技術熱點方案與根據本發明一實施例之方案間之另一比較。
1...反應器
3...管狀殼
5...管
7...較低頭部
9...氣體入口
11...較高頭部
13...氣體出口
15...較低管板
17...較高管板
19...觸媒
20a...溫度感測器
20b...溫度感測器
21...入口
23...出口
25...控制器
26...外部熱交換器
27...流控制閥
Claims (9)
- 一種控制一化學反應之一溫度之方法,其包括:將一反應物流注入一反應器並穿過該反應器之一觸媒床,該反應物流包括碳氫化合物及氧氣,藉此導致一放熱化學反應;一冷卻劑循環穿過該反應器,藉此自該觸媒床移除熱量;量測該觸媒床中複數個位置處之溫度;利用一使用該等溫度測量所產生的機率分佈計算該觸媒床大於預定最高溫度限制之分率;其中計算該分率包括:自該等溫度測量之每一者減去一鄰近該反應器之一入口之該觸媒床的溫度或該冷卻劑之一控制溫度,藉此獲得溫度差異;自該最高溫度限制減去一鄰近該反應器之一入口之該觸媒床之溫度或該冷卻劑之溫度,藉此獲得一最高溫度限制差異;計算每一溫度差異之對數,藉此獲得對數溫度差異;及利用該對數溫度差異產生該機率分佈;及將該經計算分率與一預定最高分率相比較;及若該經計算的分率超出該最高分率,則執行補救動作。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中: 計算該分率進一步包括計算該對數溫度差異之一平均數及一標準偏差;及利用該對數溫度差異之該平均數與該標準偏差產生該機率分佈。
- 如請求項2之方法,其中計算該分率進一步包括計算一該對數常態機率分佈自該最高溫度限制差異至無限大之積分。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該最高分率係小於或等於百分之四。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該最高溫度限制係自約300℃至約550℃。
- 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包括每隔五秒或更少時間重複該分率計算。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中:該碳氫化合物在一直鏈上具有至少四個碳原子;該氧氣係由空氣提供;及該反應產生順丁烯二酐。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該冷卻劑為熔鹽。
- 一種化學反應器,其包括:一具有一入口及一出口之管狀殼,該入口及出口各係穿過該管狀殼之一壁地形成;一觸媒床,其係由配置在該殼中的三支或更多管所組成,該等管係由一導熱材料製成並含有觸媒;第一及第二管板,每一管板係固定至該等管之每一者 並耦合至該殼,藉此將該等管之孔自該反應器之一腔室隔離;耦合至該殼的第一及第二頭部,每一頭部皆具有穿過該管狀殼之一壁地形成之一入口及一出口;兩個或多個溫度感測器,每一溫度感測器係經配置以穿過該殼進入各別管之該等孔,並與該觸媒連通;及與該等溫度感測器連通並經組態以執行一操作之一控制器,其包括:輸入源自該等溫度感測器之溫度測量;及利用一使用該等溫度測量產生的機率分佈計算一大於一預定最高溫度限制之該觸媒之分率;其中計算該分率包括:自該等溫度測量之每一者減去一鄰近該反應器之一入口之該觸媒床的溫度或循環穿過該反應器用以自該觸媒床移除熱量之冷卻劑的一控制溫度,藉此獲得溫度差異;及自該最高溫度限制減去一鄰近該反應器之一入口之該觸媒床之溫度或該冷卻劑之溫度,藉此獲得一最高溫度限制差異;及其中計算該分率進一步包括計算每一溫度差異之對數,藉此獲得對數溫度差異;及利用該對數溫度差異產生該機率分佈。
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US10001298B1 (en) | 2014-12-08 | 2018-06-19 | National Technology & Engineering Solutions Of Sandia, Llc | Methods for operating solar-thermochemical processes |
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US10739798B2 (en) * | 2017-06-20 | 2020-08-11 | Uop Llc | Incipient temperature excursion mitigation and control |
US10746470B2 (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2020-08-18 | Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. | Method of operating a furnace |
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