TWI428128B - 含有西洛施大唑(cilostazol)之環糊精包絡化合物為有效成分之青光眼治療劑 - Google Patents
含有西洛施大唑(cilostazol)之環糊精包絡化合物為有效成分之青光眼治療劑 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI428128B TWI428128B TW097129186A TW97129186A TWI428128B TW I428128 B TWI428128 B TW I428128B TW 097129186 A TW097129186 A TW 097129186A TW 97129186 A TW97129186 A TW 97129186A TW I428128 B TWI428128 B TW I428128B
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- Prior art keywords
- cyclodextrin
- ophthalmic
- glaucoma
- cilostazol
- clz
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Description
本發明係有關治療青光眼之藥劑。更具體而言,本發明係有關治療青光眼之眼用藥劑,其包含式(1)之喹諾酮(carbostyril)衍生物或其鹽:
[式中,A為低碳數伸烷基,R為環烷基,該喹諾酮骨架之3-位與4-位間的鍵結為單鍵或雙鍵];以及環糊精。
在日本,青光眼是失明的主要成因之一,因此在眼科領域青光眼為一項嚴重的問題。根據先前的研究,估計青光眼的患者在40歲或更年長的人中佔3.56%。然而,近來大規模的研究揭示:甚至有更多的人正罹患青光眼(參見日本眼科學會(Japanese Ophthalmological Society)網站)。青光眼被認為是眼內壓上升超過正常值,因而使視神經受損而造成視野縮小的疾病,其中,視野縮小是失明的主要成因之一。
近來,正常眼壓性青光眼(normal tension glaucoma)亦逐漸成為嚴重的問題。正常眼壓性青光眼是症狀與青光眼相同,但眼內壓在正常範圍內(通常為21 mmHg或更低)的疾病。而且,逐漸清楚的是,正常眼壓性青光眼的盛行
率佔所有青光眼之一大部分。
因此,儘管青光眼是包括失明風險因子的嚴重疾病,但青光眼(尤其是正常眼壓性青光眼)的成因仍未十分清楚,且其類別亦複雜。於是,期望開發治療青光眼之新穎藥劑,其相較於現有藥劑(如β-阻斷劑、前列腺素藥物、及α-促效劑)而言更為有用;尤其期望該新穎藥劑具有與現有藥劑不同的機制,或其中該新穎藥劑的有效成分具有不同的結構類型。
式(1)之喹諾酮衍生物或其鹽以及其製備方法係揭示於JP-63-20235-B。已知喹諾酮衍生物(1)具有血小板凝集抑制作用、磷酸二酯酶(PDE)抑制作用、抗潰瘍作用、降血壓作用及消炎作用,而有用於作為抗血栓劑、改善腦循環的藥物、消炎劑、抗潰瘍藥物、抗高血壓藥物、抗氣喘藥物、磷酸二酯酶抑制劑等。
此外,Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
(Vol.14,No.3,239-245(1998))揭示靜脈注射西洛施大唑(其為上述喹諾酮衍生物之一)可作用於視神經,因此指出喹諾酮衍生物可能有用於治療青光眼,但未進行任何實驗評估。
此外,JP-2003-63965-A揭示注射用之西洛施大唑水性調配物,由於喹諾酮衍生物難溶於水,故該水性調配物包括環糊精以提高西洛施大唑對水的溶解度,因而使西洛施大唑可製成其注射用調配物。
因此,如上所述,青光眼的成因仍未被充分瞭解,且其類別亦複雜。於是,期望開發更有用的治療青光眼之藥劑,尤其是不屬於現有治療青光眼之藥劑類型的新穎藥劑。
本發明人已深入地研究治療青光眼的新穎藥劑,並發現藉由將上式(1)之喹諾酮衍生物,尤其是6-[4-(1-環己基-1H-四唑-5-基)丁氧基]-3,4-二氫喹諾酮(西洛施大唑)或其鹽溶解於環糊精所製得之包絡化合物(clathrate compound)係有用於治療青光眼。如上所述,喹諾酮衍生物係微溶於水且因此不適合用作眼用藥物,但藉由將喹諾酮衍生物溶解於環糊精中已可獲得包含喹諾酮衍生物的眼用藥物。再者,該等眼用藥物出乎意料地具有治療青光眼的作用,故可預期將該等眼用藥物用作治療青光眼的新型眼用藥劑。此外,JP-2003-63965-A係揭示將環糊精用於注射藥物中,但並未揭示將其用於眼用藥物中;另外,Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
(Vol.14,No.3,239-245(1998))暗示西洛施大唑(其為喹諾酮衍生物)可能有用於治療青光眼,但並未揭示任何具體藥理實驗或任何實際可行的例示性配方。
本發明人已發現對罹患青光眼的模型兔子經眼投予藉由將6-[4-(1-環己基-1H-四唑-5-基)丁氧基]-3,4-二氫喹諾酮(西洛施大唑)或其鹽溶解於環糊精所製得之包絡化合物可顯現出增進治療青光眼的作用,該藥劑為第一個實際使用喹諾酮衍生物的治療青光眼之藥劑,因而完成本發明。
本發明提供治療青光眼之眼用藥劑,其包含下列通式
之喹諾酮衍生物或其鹽:
[式中,A為低碳數伸烷基,R為環烷基,該喹諾酮骨架之3-位與4-位間的鍵結為單鍵或雙鍵];以及環糊精。
本發明亦提供治療青光眼之眼用藥劑,其包含6-[4-(1-環己基-1H-四唑-5-基)丁氧基]-3,4-二氫喹諾酮(西洛施大唑)或其鹽;以及環糊精。
本發明亦提供上述治療青光眼之眼用藥劑,其中,該環糊精為2-羥基丙基-β-環糊精。
本發明提供眼用組成物,其包含喹諾酮衍生物(1)或其鹽;以及環糊精。較佳的喹諾酮衍生物為西洛施大唑,而較佳的環糊精為2-羥基丙基-β-環糊精。
本發明提供治療青光眼之組成物,其包含喹諾酮衍生物(1)或其鹽;以及環糊精。
本發明提供上述治療青光眼之眼用藥劑及組成物,該眼用藥劑及組成物為懸浮液。
本發明提供上述喹諾酮衍生物(1)以及上述環糊精之用途,係用於製備治療青光眼之藥劑。
本發明提供治療青光眼之方法,其包含對有該等治療需求的患者投予有效量的上述喹諾酮衍生物(1)或其鹽、以
及上述環糊精。
本發明提供治療青光眼之方法,其包含投予藉由將6-[4-(1-環己基-1H-四唑-5-基)丁氧基]-3,4-二氫喹諾酮(西洛施大唑)或其鹽溶解於環糊精所製得之眼用藥物。上述「溶解」意指完全溶解或適用於眼用藥物而不會有任何問題的溶解狀態。因此,若其懸浮液適用於眼用藥物而不會有任何問題,則該懸浮液為可用的。
本發明提供治療青光眼之藥劑,其包含上述藉由將喹諾酮化合物溶解於環糊精所製得之包絡化合物作為有效成分。本文中,包絡化合物意指一般認為經由氫鍵或其他手段而將上述喹諾酮衍生物納入環糊精中以形成包絡複合物(clathrate complex)之化合物。
上式(1)中,環烷基包括C3
-C8
環烷基,如環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環庚基、及環辛基。較佳的環烷基為環己基。低碳數伸烷基包括C1
-C6
伸烷基,如亞甲基、伸乙基、伸丙基、伸丁基、及伸戊基,其中,較佳者為伸丁基。
較佳的喹諾酮衍生物為6-[4-(1-環己基-1H-四唑-5-基)丁氧基]-3,4-二氫喹諾酮,其以西洛施大唑的商品名上市作為抗血小板劑。
喹諾酮衍生物(1)可藉由將其以醫藥上可接受之酸處理而輕易地轉化為其鹽。該酸包括,例如:無機酸,如鹽酸、硫酸、磷酸、及氫溴酸;及有機酸,如草酸、順丁烯
二酸、反丁烯二酸、蘋果酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、及苯甲酸。
此等喹諾酮衍生物(1)及其鹽與其製備方法係揭示於例如JP-63-20235-B。
本發明之環糊精包括揭示於JP-2003-63965-A之環糊精。最佳者為2-羥基丙基-β-環糊精(HP-β-CD),尤其是喹諾酮衍生物(1)或其鹽(尤其是西洛施大唑)溶解於其中而成的包絡化合物,由於進行眼部治療時顯著降低眼內壓且不具有副作用(例如,溶血作用),故可用作治療青光眼之藥劑。
包絡化合物較佳係藉由將喹諾酮衍生物(1)或其鹽(尤其是西洛施大唑)懸浮於生理鹽水,然後將該懸浮液溶解於HP-β-CD中而製備。
在眼用溶液中的唑諾酮衍生物(1)及其鹽(尤其是西洛施大唑)可經微粒化(micronized),以提高其溶解度或達到其他目的,但本發明不受限於此。亦可使其尺寸達到微米級(micro-order),或更進一步達到奈米級(nano-order)。此外,包含經微粒化之喹諾酮衍生物的眼用藥物可以懸浮狀態使用,或可在過濾之後使用。
用於達成上述微粒化之方法,以乾式製法為例,包括藉由使用流體化裝置/碎裂裝置以強剪應力微粒化本發明之藥物的奈米粒化法(nano-particulation)、或衝擊式碎裂法(impact-type shredding)等。濕式製法則包括例如,藉由將本發明之藥物懸浮於水中或含有適中濃度的懸浮安定劑之溶液中,然後使用諸如攪拌研磨機、高壓均質機或
高壓剪切/攪拌裝置的裝置將所得懸浮液微粒化的奈米粒化法。微粒化之其他方法包括藉由將本發明之藥物溶解於超臨界流體(例如二氧化碳氣體、水及乙醇)中,然後在常壓將其釋放的奈米粒化法。
喹諾酮衍生物(1)及其鹽之環糊精-包絡化合物對於視網膜神經節細胞顯現出神經保護作用。根據上述發現,本發明化合物對於青光眼(其為眼部缺血性疾病)明顯地顯現出治療功效,此外,亦預期本發明化合物對於其他眼部缺血性疾病(例如,視網膜血管阻塞、糖尿病視網膜病變、缺血性視神經病變、眼部缺血性症候群)將顯現出治療功效。此處,青光眼包括所有種類的青光眼,例如,但不限於:閉角型青光眼(angle-closure glaucoma)、開角型青光眼(open-angle glaucoma)、及先天性青光眼(congenital glaucoma)。就青光眼的眼內壓而言,青光眼亦包括高眼壓性青光眼及正常眼壓性青光眼。
用於治療青光眼之本發明藥劑意指,但不限於:眼滴劑、廣泛應用於眼部之眼用溶液及眼用軟膏等。應用於眼部之調配物,例如眼用溶液及眼用軟膏,可利用供眼用調配物用的習知載劑經由習知方法來製備。習知眼用調配物的載劑可選自揭示於JP-3093661-B之物質。
本發明式(1)化合物可以散裝(bulk)或較佳地以含有習知醫藥載劑或稀釋劑的醫藥調配物形式使用。喹諾酮衍生物於調配物中之濃度為,但不限於:0.005至1%(重量/體積),較佳為0.01至0.25%(重量/體積),而在其懸浮
液的情況中,該濃度為0.1至1%(重量/體積),較佳為0.3至0.7%(重量/體積),更佳為0.5%(重量/體積)。環糊精之濃度為1至40%(重量/體積),較佳為5至30%(重量/體積)。其投予方式較佳為每次滴注數滴,一天投予1次至約10次。
將50 mg西洛施大唑(CLZ)及5 g環糊精(HP-β-CD)添加至50 mL生理鹽水,並攪拌混合物30分鐘。然而,混合物中的CLZ並未完全溶解。然後,添加額外的HP-β-CD數次,每次量為2.5g,並且攪拌,當HP-β-CD的總量達到10 g時,CLZ完全溶解。因此,製備出0.1% CLZ溶液(HP-β-CD 20%)。將50 mL生理鹽水添加至該溶液而得0.05% CLZ溶液(HP-β-CD 10%),將其過濾滅菌而得CLZ納於環糊精中而成之包絡化合物的眼用溶液。(上述濃度係以重量/體積%表示。)
將2.5 g經低取代之甲基纖維素(MC)添加至500 mL生理鹽水,然後添加25 g HP-β-CD,使混合物完全溶解,而得含有0.5% MC之5% HP-β-CD溶液。將1.5 g西洛施大唑(CLZ)添加至300 mL的該溶液,以製備其懸浮液,使
該懸浮液通過微流體化儀(microfluidizer)(M-110-E/H,MIZUHO INDUSTRIAL CO.,LTD)共四次。通過(passage)操作係在壓縮壓力(165 MPa)進行,由其外部冷卻微流體化儀的流通路徑,並以MT3300(LOW-WET)粒徑測量裝置(Nikkiso)監控每次通過中的粒徑變化。第四次通過之後,粒徑以數目平均直徑(number mean diameter,MN)計為1.156μm。將該懸浮液及該懸浮液的濾液分別稱為眼用溶液1及眼用溶液2(眼用溶液1含有0.5% CLZ,而眼用溶液2含有0.01% CLZ)。
此外,將100 mg西洛施大唑及20 g HP-β-CD添加至100 mL純水,攪拌混合物直到西洛施大唑完全溶解,以製備0.1% CLZ溶液(20% HP-β-CD)。將溶液於-80℃冰凍,然後使其冷凍乾燥。將10 mL生理鹽水添加至1.005 g冷凍乾燥物,將溶液過濾滅菌以製備0.05% CLZ對照組眼用溶液。另外,以生理鹽水稀釋對照組溶液,使CLZ之濃度減半,以製備0.025% CLZ對照組眼用溶液。(上述濃度係以重量/體積%表示。)
將HP-β-CD粉末添加至西洛施大唑懸浮液(0.5%,懸浮於生理鹽水中),使HP-β-CD之最終濃度成為5至20%,並使混合物完全溶解(該步驟係稱為「溶解方法(1)」)。相反地,將西洛施大唑粉末(最終濃度:0.5%)添加至HP-β-CD溶液(5至20%,溶解於生理鹽水中),並使混合物完全溶解(該步驟係稱為「溶解方法(2)」)。於陰暗下,將上述
兩種溶液於25℃攪拌24小時,然後以膜濾器(孔徑:0.2μm)過濾,並比較該等溶液之溶解度。儘管該兩種溶液具有相同的組成,但如第1圖所示,相較於得自溶解方法(2)之西洛施大唑的溶解度,得自溶解方法(1)之西洛施大唑的溶解度傾向於增加得更多(亦即,較高度地形成包絡化合物(superior clathration))。實際上,得自溶解方法(1)之溶液需要10分鐘的攪拌以達到第1圖所示之溶解曲線形態。然而,經攪拌10分鐘的得自溶解方法(2)之溶液則顯現出低溶解度,其僅為第1圖所示之溶解度的五分之一或更低。(上述濃度係以重量/體積%表示。)
以大約80%:20%之比例混合CLZ與賦形劑,而得nano-CLZ粉末。將HP-β-CD粉末添加至nano-CLZ懸浮液(0.5% CLZ懸浮液,其係藉由將120 mg nano-CLZ粉末懸浮於20 mL純水而製備)並使混合物溶解,使HP-β-CD之最終濃度將成為5至20%(溶解方法(1));另一方面,將nano-CLZ粉末添加至HP-β-CD溶液(其係藉由將HP-β-CD溶解於純水而使HP-β-CD之最終濃度將成為5至20%而製備),並使混合物溶解(CLZ之最終濃度為0.5%)(溶解方法(2))。於陰暗下,將上述兩種溶液於25℃攪拌24小時,然後以膜濾器(孔徑:0.2μm)過濾,並比較該等溶液之溶解度。
儘管該兩種溶液具有相同的組成,但如第2圖所示,
相較於得自溶解方法(2)之西洛施大唑的溶解度,得自溶解方法(1)之西洛施大唑的溶解度傾向於增加得更多(亦即,較高度地形成包絡化合物(superior clathration))。實際上,得自溶解方法(1)之溶液需要30分鐘的攪拌以達到第2圖所示之溶解曲線形態。然而,經攪拌30分鐘的得自溶解方法(2)之溶液則顯現出低溶解度,其僅為第2圖所示之溶解度的一半或更低。(上述濃度係以重量/體積%表示。)
以純化水製備的nano-CLZ懸浮液之粒徑係利用藉由動態雷射光散射之粒徑測量裝置:Sub-micron Particle Analyzer Model N4 SD(Coulter)予以測量,結果顯示如下。
nano-CLZ懸浮液:251±20 nm
濾液(膜濾器,孔徑:0.2μm):181±47 nm
測量降低眼內壓的作用。將倍諾喜(Benoxil)眼用溶液滴在雄性大白鼠的雙眼以進行麻醉。對其中一個眼睛投予50μL含有0.05%西洛施大唑(CLZ)納於環糊精中而成之包絡化合物的眼用溶液。對另一個眼睛滴入50μL的10% HP-β-CD溶液以作為對照組溶液。20分鐘之後,在30秒內將5%葡萄糖溶液注射至雄性大白鼠的耳靜脈(15 mL/kg),以暫時提高眼內壓。在投予之前20分鐘至投予之後60分鐘,以固定時間間隔測量各眼睛的眼內壓。結果顯示於第3圖。第3圖顯示相較於對照組的眼睛,投予CLZ眼用藥物的眼睛之眼內壓整體而言較低。第4圖顯示在測量期間之
眼內壓-時間曲線下面積(AUC),其明顯指出相較於對照組的眼睛,投予CLZ眼用藥物的眼睛之眼內壓較低。(上述濃度係以重量/體積%表示。)
在陰暗下,將倍諾喜眼用溶液滴在雄性大白鼠的雙眼以進行麻醉。對右眼投予實施例1中所製備之含有0.05% CLZ納於環糊精中而成之包絡化合物的眼用溶液50μL。對左眼滴入50μL的10% HP-β-CD溶液以作為對照組溶液。在投予之前5分鐘至投予之後30分鐘,以固定時間間隔測量各眼睛的眼內壓。亦進行使用實施例2中所製備之含有0.5% CLZ之眼用溶液(眼用溶液1)之相同實驗。在該兩種實驗中,發現相較於僅投予環糊精的左眼,投予CLZ眼用藥物的右眼之眼內壓較低(關於實施例1之眼用溶液,參見第5圖;以及關於實施例2之眼用溶液,參見第6圖)。(上述濃度係以重量/體積%表示。)
將HEPES(最終濃度:10 mM)、NaCl2
(136.2 mM)、KCl(5.3 mM)、K2
HPO4
(1.0 mM)、CaCl2
.H2
O(1.7 mM)及葡萄糖(5.5 mM)依次添加至容器中並使其溶解,然後以1N NaOH將溶液的pH值調整至7.4,並利用膜濾器Minisart CE(SARTORIUS,0.2μm)過濾溶液。
藉由注射致死劑量的戊巴比妥(pentobarbital)及空
氣至其耳靜脈而將雄性荷蘭兔(Dutch rabbit)安樂死之後,小心地摘取其眼球,將留下約1至2 mm鞏膜之兔子角膜部分切下,注意不要使其受損。將角膜貼附於由丙烯酸系樹脂所製成之角膜通透性細胞。添加3.0 mL上述等張性HEPES緩衝溶液(pH 7.4)至貯液側(reservoir side)(前房液(aqueous humor)),並添加3.0 mL以上所製備之各CLZ眼用溶液(其係於35℃加熱)至供給側(donor side)(淚液(aqueous tear))。將角膜通透性細胞保存在35℃恆溫槽中。在測試開始之後15分鐘至6小時,在固定時間間隔以每次各10μL的量自貯液側進行取樣。藉由HPLC法,使用甲基苯妥英(methylphenytoin)作為內標準來測量樣本,以分析透過角膜而獲得之CLZ的量。
結果顯示於第7圖。可發現角膜通透性的提高係取決於CLZ之濃度,亦即,提高程度之順序如下:眼用溶液1(0.5%西洛施大唑)、0.1% CLZ溶液、0.05% CLZ溶液、眼用溶液2(懸浮液之濾液:0.01% CLZ)、及0.025% CLZ溶液。
第1圖顯示西洛施大唑溶解度之差異,該差異取決於西洛施大唑納於環糊精中而成的眼用包絡藥物之各溶解方法。
第2圖顯示西洛施大唑溶解度之差異,該差異取決於西洛施大唑(nano-CLZ)納於環糊精中而成的眼用包絡藥物之各溶解方法。
第3圖顯示投予/未投予CLZ眼用藥物之兔子的眼內壓(IOP)差異。
第4圖顯示依AUC法所得之投予/未投予CLZ眼用藥物之兔子的眼內壓(IOP)差異。
第5圖顯示在陰暗下投予CLZ眼用藥物或對照組的兔子間的眼內壓(IOP)差異。
第6圖顯示在陰暗下投予CLZ(nano-CLZ)眼用藥物或對照組的兔子間的眼內壓(IOP)差異。
第7圖顯示兔子的角膜通透量,該通透量係取決於隨著時程之CLZ濃度。
無元件符號
Claims (4)
- 一種治療青光眼之眼用藥劑,其係眼滴劑或眼用軟膏,且包含下列通式之喹諾酮(carbostyril)衍生物或其鹽:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之藥劑,其中,該喹諾酮衍生物為6-[4-(1-環己基-1H-四唑-5-基)丁氧基]-3,4-二氫喹諾酮或其鹽。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之藥劑,其中,該環糊精為2-羥基丙基-β-環糊精。
- 一種喹諾酮衍生物或其鹽以及環糊精之用途,係用於製備治療青光眼之藥劑,而該喹諾酮衍生物以及環糊精係申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項所記載者。
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