TWI422525B - 可交聯之富勒烯衍生物及其反式結構有機太陽能電池 - Google Patents
可交聯之富勒烯衍生物及其反式結構有機太陽能電池 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI422525B TWI422525B TW99130938A TW99130938A TWI422525B TW I422525 B TWI422525 B TW I422525B TW 99130938 A TW99130938 A TW 99130938A TW 99130938 A TW99130938 A TW 99130938A TW I422525 B TWI422525 B TW I422525B
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- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical class C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 71
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 66
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 32
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- AHHWIHXENZJRFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxetane Chemical compound C1COC1 AHHWIHXENZJRFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- -1 methyl (6,6)-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester Chemical compound 0.000 description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- MCEWYIDBDVPMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N [60]pcbm Chemical compound C123C(C4=C5C6=C7C8=C9C%10=C%11C%12=C%13C%14=C%15C%16=C%17C%18=C(C=%19C=%20C%18=C%18C%16=C%13C%13=C%11C9=C9C7=C(C=%20C9=C%13%18)C(C7=%19)=C96)C6=C%11C%17=C%15C%13=C%15C%14=C%12C%12=C%10C%10=C85)=C9C7=C6C2=C%11C%13=C2C%15=C%12C%10=C4C23C1(CCCC(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 MCEWYIDBDVPMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- LLCSWKVOHICRDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diyne Chemical group C#CC#C LLCSWKVOHICRDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoxazole Chemical compound C=1C=NOC=1 CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000301 poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 3
- YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N zafuleptine Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(C(C)C)NCC1=CC=C(F)C=C1 YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RRZIJNVZMJUGTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)ethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)=C(F)F RRZIJNVZMJUGTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RVCKCEDKBVEEHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobenzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl RVCKCEDKBVEEHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NGYYFWGABVVEPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(hydroxymethyl)benzene-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1 NGYYFWGABVVEPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920004890 Triton X-100 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000013504 Triton X-100 Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- UMIVXZPTRXBADB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzocyclobutene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCC2=C1 UMIVXZPTRXBADB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000840 electrochemical analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- ZRZHXNCATOYMJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(chloromethyl)-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClCC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 ZRZHXNCATOYMJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZSFNTBGCTUQFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C12=C3C(C4=C5C=6C7=C8C9=C(C%10=6)C6=C%11C=%12C%13=C%14C%11=C9C9=C8C8=C%11C%15=C%16C=%17C(C=%18C%19=C4C7=C8C%15=%18)=C4C7=C8C%15=C%18C%20=C(C=%178)C%16=C8C%11=C9C%14=C8C%20=C%13C%18=C8C9=%12)=C%19C4=C2C7=C2C%15=C8C=4C2=C1C12C3=C5C%10=C3C6=C9C=4C32C1(CCCC(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C5C=6C7=C8C9=C(C%10=6)C6=C%11C=%12C%13=C%14C%11=C9C9=C8C8=C%11C%15=C%16C=%17C(C=%18C%19=C4C7=C8C%15=%18)=C4C7=C8C%15=C%18C%20=C(C=%178)C%16=C8C%11=C9C%14=C8C%20=C%13C%18=C8C9=%12)=C%19C4=C2C7=C2C%15=C8C=4C2=C1C12C3=C5C%10=C3C6=C9C=4C32C1(CCCC(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 AZSFNTBGCTUQFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SPJOZZSIXXJYBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fenson Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SPJOZZSIXXJYBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004847 absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RNQKDQAVIXDKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum gallium Chemical compound [Al].[Ga] RNQKDQAVIXDKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010945 base-catalyzed hydrolysis reactiony Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- BEQNOZDXPONEMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium;oxotin Chemical compound [Cd].[Sn]=O BEQNOZDXPONEMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000412 dendrimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000736 dendritic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- JAONJTDQXUSBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dizinc;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Zn+2].[Zn+2] JAONJTDQXUSBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl butyrate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OCC OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003566 oxetanyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D305/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D305/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
- C07D305/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D305/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring atoms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- C07C69/612—Esters of carboxylic acids having a carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom and having a six-membered aromatic ring in the acid moiety
- C07C69/616—Esters of carboxylic acids having a carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom and having a six-membered aromatic ring in the acid moiety polycyclic
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- C07D209/56—Ring systems containing three or more rings
- C07D209/58—[b]- or [c]-condensed
- C07D209/70—[b]- or [c]-condensed containing carbocyclic rings other than six-membered
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- C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
- C07D231/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
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- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
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- H10K85/141—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aliphatic or olefinic chains, e.g. poly N-vinylcarbazol, PVC or PTFE
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- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
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- C07C2604/00—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 buckminsterfullerene or C70
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- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Description
本發明是有關於一種富勒烯衍生物，特別是有關於一種可交聯之富勒烯衍生物及其反式結構有機太陽能電池。
傳統有機太陽能電池存在穩定性不佳之問題，因此近年來發展出反式結構有機太陽能電池。反式結構有機太陽電池具有抗氧化及高穩定性之特性，且採用高功函數的金屬作為陽極，而陰極則由金屬氧化物所組成。
該類型有機太陽能電池雖具備較佳的穩定性，然而受限於無機金屬氧化層(如氧化鋅層或二氧化鈦層等)與高分子主動層之間的低電性耦合度(electronic coupling)，導致無法有效地自混摻系統中擷取電子，進而在光電轉換效率上，普遍不及傳統太陽能電池。
為克服混摻系統和金屬氧化層之間的電荷轉移效率不佳之問題，始有文獻導入單層結構的自組裝碳六十衍生物作為電子選擇層，期可增加電子擷取及增加電子轉移效率。然而，單層結構的自組裝碳六十衍生物層卻存在有未能完全覆蓋在金屬氧化層上之問題，以及於後續製程上仍存在去吸附(desorption)的隱憂。
於其他文獻中，更嘗試以奈米管柱填充富勒烯碳六十衍生物層作為電子選擇層，以克服電子擷取效率不佳
之缺點。然而，基於濕式製程有無法避免的層與層間之互溶(solvent erosion)問題，故在欲建構高效率多層結構之有機太陽能電池上，仍是現階段無法突破的瓶頸。
有鑑於上述習知技藝之問題，本發明之目的就是在提供一種可交聯之富勒烯衍生物及其反式結構有機太陽能電池，以達到提升反式結構有機太陽能電池的光電轉換效率之目的。
根據本發明之目的，提出一種可交聯之富勒烯衍生物，其包含一富勒烯本體、一橋接官能基及一可交聯官能基。橋接官能基係接合於富勒烯本體與可交聯官能基之間。其中富勒烯本體可包含碳六十或碳七十之富勒烯，而橋接官能基包含一環烷類(cyclic hydrocarbon)或一雜環(heterocyclic ring)基團。環烷類或雜環基團可包含三元環、四元環或五元環，其雜環基團更可包括吡唑(pyrazolo)、吡咯烷(pyrrolidine)或異噁唑(isoxazole)。
本發明之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物中之可交聯官能基包含熱交聯官能基及光交聯官能基。熱交聯官能基可為苯乙烯基(styryl group)、乙烯基(vinyl group)、苯環丁烯基(benzocyclobutene)、三氟乙烯醚(1,2,2-trifluorovinyl ether)或丁二炔(diacetylene)。光交聯官能基則可為環氧丙烷(oxetane)。
此外，本發明更提出一種反式結構有機太陽能電
池，其包含可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜。此可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜其係利用上述之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物所製得，並設置於一金屬氧化層與一主動層之間。
承上所述，依本發明之一種可交聯之富勒烯衍生物及其反式結構有機太陽能電池，其可具有一或多個下述優點：
(1)本發明之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物，因其在進行交聯反應後呈現非晶性，並具有近150℃的高玻璃轉移溫度(glass transition temperature)，因此具有高熱穩定性，不易因後續熱處理產生微米尺度之團簇(cluster)。
(2)因本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池含有可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜，其作為反式結構有機太陽能電池的電子選擇層，不但可有效地提升電子擷取能力，並可扮演電洞阻擋層(hole blocking layer,HBL)，以降低電子電洞在主動層及金屬氧化層介面的耗損，提升光電轉換效率。
(3)因本發明之富勒烯衍生物所構成的富勒烯衍生物薄膜具有熱點鈍化(hot spot passivation)之特性，故可降低漏電流之產生。
(4)本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池中的富勒烯衍生物薄膜可與主動層電子予體(electron donor)形成額外的異質接面(heterojunction)，以增加激子拆解效率。
(5)本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池中的富勒烯衍生物薄膜可提供混摻主動層(bulk heterojunction active
layer)電子受體([6,6]-苯基-碳六十一-丁酸甲基酯([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester,PCBM))之成核點，誘導主動層產生更有效之縱向梯度微相分離(lateral microphase separation)型態，並能同時提升電子予體結晶度。
(6)本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池中的富勒烯衍生物薄膜係為抗溶蝕性及堅固之薄膜，使其能對抗後續製程中塗佈溶劑的溶蝕，並同時達到以全濕式製程製作太陽能電池的目的，且有效降低製作成本低。
本發明將藉由下述之較佳實施例及其配合之圖式，做進一步之詳細說明。需注意的是，以下所揭露之各實施例為便於解釋本案技術特徵，並非用以限制其可實施之態樣。
本發明之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物包含富勒烯本體、橋接官能基及可交聯官能基。橋接官能基係接合於富勒烯本體與可交聯官能基之間。其中富勒烯本體可包含碳六十或碳七十之富勒烯，而橋接官能基包含一環烷類(cyclic hydrocarbon)或一雜環(heterocyclic ring)基團。環烷類或雜環基團可包含三元環、四元環或五元環，而雜環基團可包含三元雜環、四元雜環或五元雜環。又，雜環基團更可包括吡唑(pyrazolo)、吡咯烷(pyrrolidine)或異噁唑(isoxazole)。
本發明之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物中的可交聯官能基包括熱交聯官能基及光交聯官能基。熱交聯官能基可為苯乙烯基(styryl group)、乙烯基(vinyl group)、苯環丁烯基(benzocyclobutene)、三氟乙烯醚(1,2,2-trifluorovinyl ether)或丁二炔(diacetylene)等。而光交聯官能基可為環氧丙烷(oxetane)。
又，本發明之富勒烯衍生物更可包含一間隔基團(spacer)，此間隔基團接合於橋接官能基與可交聯官能基之間。間隔基團可為苯基或丁酸酯(butyric ester)。
於一實施例中，當可交聯官能基為熱交聯官能基時，本發明之富勒烯衍生物之結構則可如下所式(1)至式(6)所示(不以此為限)：
其中式(1)至式(6)之名稱分別為[6,6]-苯基-碳六十一-丁酸樹枝狀苯乙烯酯([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric styryl
dendron ester,PC61BSD)、[6,6]-苯基-碳七十一-丁酸樹枝狀苯乙烯酯([6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric styryl dendron ester,PC71BSD)、[6,6]-苯基-碳六十一-丁酸苯乙烯([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric styrene,PCBS)、吡咯烷樹枝狀苯乙烯富勒烯(pyrrolidine styryl dendron fullerene,POSDF)、異噁唑樹枝狀苯乙烯富勒烯(isoxazolo styryl dendron fullerene,ISDF)、及吡唑樹枝狀苯乙烯富勒烯(pyrazolo styryl dendron fullerene,PASDF)。
其中，上述式(1)至式(3)之橋接官能基皆為三元環，式(4)至式(6)之橋接官能基則分別為吡咯、異噁唑及吡唑。此外，式(1)至式(6)之可交聯官能基皆為苯乙烯基，且為樹枝狀分布。
此外，當可交聯官能基為光交聯官能基時，本發明之富勒烯衍生物之結構則可如下所式(7)至式(14)所示(不以此為限)：
其中，式(7)至式(14)之名稱分別為[60]-異噁唑環-樹枝狀環氧丙烷富勒烯([60]-isoxazolo oxetane dendron fullerene,[60]-IODF)、[60]-吡唑-樹枝狀環氧丙烷富勒烯([60]-pyrazolo oxetane dendron fullerene,[60]-PAODF)、[60]-吡咯烷-樹枝狀環氧丙烷富勒烯([60]-pyrrolidine oxetane dendron fullerene,[60]-POODF)、[70]-異噁唑環-
樹枝狀環氧丙烷富勒烯([70]-isoxazolo oxetane dendron fullerene,[70]-IODF)、[70]-吡唑-樹枝狀環氧丙烷富勒烯([70]-pyrazolo oxetane dendron fullerene,[70]-PAODF)、[70]-吡咯烷-樹枝狀環氧丙烷富勒烯([70]-pyrrolidine oxetane dendron fullerene,[70]-POODF)、[6,6]-苯基-碳六十一-丁酸樹枝狀環氧丙烷酯([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butylic oxetane dendron ester,PC61BOD)、及[6,6]-苯基-碳七十一-丁酸樹枝狀環氧丙烷酯([6,6]-phenyl-C71-butylic oxetane dendron ester,PC71BOD)。
於一合成實施例中，本發明係以上述式(1)及(2)為例，其合成步驟如下所示：
首先，水解[6,6]-苯基-碳六十一-丁酸甲基酯([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester,PCBM，式(18))，以得到[6,6]-苯基-碳六十一-丁酸
([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid,PCBA，式(19))。接著，於碳酸鉀(K2CO3)與碘化鉀(KI)的催化下，3,5-二羥基苯甲醇(式(15))與4-氯甲基苯乙烯(式(16))合成為含苯乙烯基之樹枝狀基團(式(17))。接續，PCBA(式(19))以酯化反應嫁接含苯乙烯基之樹枝狀基團，而形成本發明之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物PC61BSD(式(1))。其中，藉由加熱(160℃，30分鐘)本發明之PC61BSD，使其進行熱交聯，進而得到如式(20)所示的可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜。
其中，式(2)PC71BSD之製作方式中，僅係利用[6,6]-苯基-碳七十一-丁酸甲酯([6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester,PC71BM)水解為[6,6]-苯基-碳七十一-丁酸([6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid,PC71BA)，而接續之步驟皆與上述相同，因此不再贅述。而以光交聯官能基製作可交聯之富勒烯衍生物時，係將為式(17)替換為環氧丙烷(oxetane)，後續步驟在此亦不再贅述。
接著，利用碳13核磁共振光譜(13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,13C-NMR)及氫核磁共振光譜(1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,1H-NMR)進行結構判定(本實施例係以PC61BSD為例)，其結果如第1及2圖所示。圖中顯示，藉由上述之合成方法確實可得到本發明之PC61BSD。
此外，為了判定本發明之PC61BSD之熱性質，可以玻璃移轉溫度(Glass Transition temperature,Tg)作為判定標準，並利用差示掃描熱卡計(Differential scanning
calorimeter,DSC)進行量測，其結果如第3圖所示。圖中，曲線a(第一次升溫掃描)顯示本發明之PC61BSD於溫度約150℃下進行熱交聯反應，並由其第二次升溫掃描(曲線b)可偵測到PC61BSD具有玻璃移轉溫度約140℃，進而可判定其為非晶性。因此，基於高玻璃移轉溫度，可知本發明之PC61BSD具有極高之熱穩定性。
再者，利用傅立葉紅外線光譜儀分析本發明之PC61BSD是否可於固態下進行熱交聯反應，其結果如第4圖所示。圖中，本發明之PC61BSD於進行熱處理前，其曲線(a)在1622cm-1處具有碳-碳雙鍵(C=C,alkene)振動伸縮(stretching)的特徵峰(如箭頭所標註)。然而，再經由熱處理後所得之曲線(b)卻不見有此特徵峰。因此由此結果可判定本發明之PC61BSD可以固態進行熱交聯，使形成PC61BSD薄膜。
因本發明之PC61BSD繼承PCBM之電化學性質，即兩者之最低未填滿分子軌域(LUMO)相當接近，如第5圖所示(曲線(a)為本發明之PC61BSD，而曲線(b)係指PCBM之電化學測試曲線)。故可將本發明之PC61BSD薄膜應用於太陽能電池上。
一般而言，非交聯薄膜之抗溶劑性通常不如網狀交聯高分子薄膜，透過使用紫外光-可見光吸收光譜證明本發明之PC61BSD交聯薄膜可有效抵抗有機溶劑，其結果如第6圖所示。圖中，本發明之PC61BSD若未經由熱處理使其進行交聯反應，便直接以溶劑浸洗，所得之曲線
(a)具有很低的吸收度，表示未經熱處理的PC61BSD易受溶劑的溶蝕洗去。但於熱處理後，再以溶劑浸洗所測得的曲線(b)和熱處理後但未經溶劑浸洗所測得的曲線(c)幾乎相同。因此，證明了本發明之PC61BSD藉由熱交聯所形成的薄膜具有抗溶劑溶蝕的特性，並利於應用於以全濕式製程製作有機太陽能電池的製程上。
以上證實結果雖皆以本發明之PC61BSD作為解釋，需注意的是，本發明其他化合物亦有相同於PC61BSD之結果，故並非用以限制其可實施之態樣。
請參閱第7圖，其係本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池之一實施例結構示意圖。圖中，本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池由下至上包含透明導電層10、金屬氧化物層20、可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜30、主動層40、電洞選擇層50及金屬電極層60。於本實施例中，可藉由溶膠凝膠法(sol-gel process)及高溫鍛燒(sintering)形成可見光高透光度之金屬氧化薄膜(例如可由氧化鈦(TiOx)或氧化鋅(ZnO)所組成)，其與透明導電層10作為陰極。金屬電極層60(例如銀)則可作為反式結構有機太陽能電池的陽極。可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜30可擷取並傳遞電子至透明導電層。主動層40則可吸收入射光光子的能量，以產生激子。一電洞選擇層50則擷取並傳遞電洞至金屬電極層60。
可交聯之富勒烯衍生物加熱後可形成一可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜30。此可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜30
(約2~20nm)經由旋轉塗佈覆蓋於金屬氧化物層20之表面，接著加熱(約140~200℃)進行交聯，進而完成可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜30。
其中，透明導電層可為銦錫氧化物、銦鋅氧化物、鋁鋅氧化物、鎵鋅氧化物、鋁鎵鋅氧化物、鎘錫氧化物、氧化鋅或二氧化鋯。主動層可為塊體異質(bulk heterojunction,BHJ)摻混層，且此塊體異質摻混層為一高分子摻混層，例如可由聚3-己基噻吩(poly(3-hexylthiophene),P3HT)與PCBM所組成。電洞選擇層則可以聚(3,4-二氧乙基噻吩)(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene),PEDOT)與聚乙烯苯磺酸(poly(styrenesulfonate),PSS)之混合物層作為電洞選擇層。
而本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池之一實施例製作方法詳述如下。首先，在銦錫氧化物透明玻璃上，將氧化鋅的凝膠溶液旋轉塗佈於銦錫氧化物透明玻璃上，並於150℃~250℃下進行軟烤。接著於空氣下以350℃~600℃的高溫鍛燒，使其形成氧化鋅的透明薄膜。其中，氧化鋅的凝膠溶液是透過溶膠凝膠法製備，其是藉由二水合醋酸鋅(Zinc acetate)與單乙醇胺(Monoethanolamine)於無水級甲醇或無水級乙醇中進行鹼催化水解而形成。在此反應中二水合醋酸鋅：單乙醇胺的體積比範圍為1：0.8至1：1.2，且二水合醋酸鋅於無水級甲醇或無水級乙醇中的濃度為0.4M至1.2M。
接著，將本發明之PC61BSD經由旋轉塗佈覆蓋於氧化鋅透明薄膜上。爾後，將PC61BSD加熱至可進行熱交聯之溫度(約140℃~200℃)，使其在固態下進行交聯。此外，亦可藉由多次重覆塗佈本發明之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物後，再行加熱使其交聯，使形成具有多層結構的可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜。
再者，進行接觸角測試，以證明本發明之PC61BSD薄膜確實覆蓋氧化鋅薄膜表面。其結果顯示，其表面之接觸角約為95°明顯的較未完成本發明之薄膜時之氧化鋅表面接觸角44°來得大，因此證明了PC61BSD薄膜確實覆蓋於氧化鋅薄膜表面。此外，經原子力顯微鏡(Atomic Force Microscpoic,AFM)測試後，可知本發明之PC61BSD薄膜有效的修飾氧化鋅層表面，降低表面粗糙度，因此利於提升整體反式結構有機太陽電池的效能。
當製作完PC61BSD薄膜後，將高分子P3HT與PCBM的摻混物旋轉塗佈覆蓋於PC61BSD的交聯薄膜上，以形成一塊體異質摻混層。並將此塊體異質摻混層作為此反式太陽能電池的主動層，用以吸收入射光光子能量，以產生激子(電子電洞對)。
PEDOT與PSS之水溶液旋轉塗佈於塊體異質摻混層上，烘乾後即形成一薄膜作為此反式結構有機太陽能電池的電洞選擇層，用以傳遞主動層所產生之電洞至陽極。其中，PEDOT與PSS之水溶液中，可加入市面上可購得之曲拉通X-100(Triton X-100)，且加入比例約為
0.5~3.0wt%，藉此可以提升旋轉塗佈此層於主動層上的效果，使其更能穩固的黏附。最後，在電洞選擇層上覆蓋一銀電極，此銀電極是利用蒸鍍銀金屬而形成。
當以上述方式製作完成本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池後，藉由和比較例相比，以驗證在導入本發明之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜作為元件的電子選擇層，確實能提升反式結構有機太陽能電池的整體性能。
其中，比較例之反式結構有機太陽能電池與本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池之差異，僅在於比較例之太陽能電池中並未含有本發明之PC61BSD薄膜。實驗的測試結果如第8圖至第10圖所示，其分別係本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池與比較例之反式結構有機太陽能電池的電流-電壓特性曲線圖、外部量子效率(external quantum efficiency,EQE)圖譜及標準化能量轉化效率(power conversion efficiency,PCE)-保存時間關係曲線圖。並請同時參閱表1，其係本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池與比較例之反式結構有機太陽能電池件的光電特性之詳細參數。
下表2係以本發明之PC61BSD薄膜導入PCPDTBT(poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b；3,4-b’]-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole))：PC71BM為主動層之反式結構有機太陽能電池，與無導入本發明之PC61BSD薄膜的反式結構有機太陽能電池的光電特性之詳細參數。
由各實驗測試結果可知，藉由導入本發明之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜，確實可以有效鈍化熱點、增加整流比，且由於具有較高的分流電阻(Rsh)，因此能有效抑制漏電流，進而提升了元件的填充係數(fill factor,FF)、開路電壓(open-circuit voltage,Voc)及光電轉換效率(photon-to-current conversion efficiency,η)。此外，由於導入之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜，使可形成額外的異質接面，因此可以誘導主動層產生縱向梯度之微相分離型態，以排除混摻系統內建電場紊亂的缺點，並藉此可
有效增加元件的短路電流(short-circuit current,J sc )及外部量子效率，其分別如第8及9圖所示。此外，由結果可知，藉由導入有本發明之PC61BSD薄膜的反式結構有機太陽能電池在未封裝的情況下，較比較例之反式結構有機太陽能電池，具備更佳的元件生命週期，如第10圖所示。
以上結果雖皆以熱交聯官能基所形成之富勒烯衍生物作舉例，光交聯官能基所形成之富勒烯衍生物亦符合以上所實驗之結果及優點。因此，藉由導入本發明之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜於反式結構有機太陽能電池中作為電子選擇層，確實可以避免後續濕式薄膜製程中的溶劑對於此具有優異的電子接受及傳遞能力之薄膜的溶蝕。
據上所述，本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池中的富勒烯衍生物薄膜可與主動層的電子予體形成額外的異質接面，可增加激子拆解能力。此外，本發明之富勒烯衍生物薄膜亦提供塊體異質混摻主動層電子受體成核點，因此可以誘導主動層產生更有效的縱向梯度微相分離並能同時提升電子予體結晶度。此外，本發明之富勒烯衍生物薄膜可有效地提升電子擷取及電洞阻擋的能力及可以鈍化熱點，以降低漏電流，而達到實現在低成本的全濕式製程下，有效的提升反式結構有機太陽能電池的光電轉換效率的目的。
以上所述僅為舉例性，而非為限制性者。任何未脫
離本發明之精神與範疇，而對其進行之等效修改或變更，均應包含於後附之申請專利範圍中。
10‧‧‧透明導電層
20‧‧‧金屬氧化物層
30‧‧‧可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜
40‧‧‧主動層
50‧‧‧電洞選擇層
60‧‧‧金屬電極層
第1圖 係為本發明之PC61BSD之13C-NMR圖譜。
第2圖 係為本發明之PC61BSD之1H-NMR圖譜。
第3圖 係為本發明之PC61BSD之熱微差分析曲線圖。
第4圖 係為本發明之PC61BSD於熱處理前後所測得的紅外線光譜圖。
第5圖 係為本發明之PC61BSD之電化學測試圖。
第6圖 係為本發明之PC61BSD之紫外光-可見光吸收光譜。
第7圖 係為本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池的結構示意圖。
第8圖 係為本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池與比較例之反式結構有機太陽能電池的電流-電壓特性曲線圖。
第9圖 係為本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池與比較例之反式結構有機太陽能電池的外部量子效率圖譜。
第10圖 係為本發明之反式結構有機太陽能電池與比較例之反式結構有機太陽能電池的標準化能量轉化效率-保存時間關係曲線圖。
10‧‧‧透明導電層
20‧‧‧金屬氧化物層
30‧‧‧可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜
40‧‧‧主動層
50‧‧‧電洞選擇層
60‧‧‧金屬電極層
Claims (2)
- 一種可交聯之富勒烯衍生物，其係由以下式1至式14所表示：
- 一種反式結構有機太陽能電池，其包括：一可交聯之富勒烯衍生物薄膜，其係利用如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可交聯之富勒烯衍生物所製得，並設置於一金屬氧化層與一主動層之間。
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| TWI511349B (zh) * | 2013-10-28 | 2015-12-01 | Univ Nat Cheng Kung | 導電性組成物及其應用 |
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