TWI414505B - 天花板構造 - Google Patents

天花板構造 Download PDF

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TWI414505B
TWI414505B TW96105049A TW96105049A TWI414505B TW I414505 B TWI414505 B TW I414505B TW 96105049 A TW96105049 A TW 96105049A TW 96105049 A TW96105049 A TW 96105049A TW I414505 B TWI414505 B TW I414505B
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ceiling
gypsum
holes
cut
porous
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TW200740711A (en
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Mirza A Baig
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Usg Interiors Llc
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/04Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like
    • E04B9/045Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like being laminated
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28BSHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B11/00Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
    • B28B11/12Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for removing parts of the articles by cutting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B13/00Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
    • B32B13/02Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material with fibres or particles being present as additives in the layer
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/001Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation characterised by provisions for heat or sound insulation
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/04Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/04Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like
    • E04B9/0457Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like having closed internal cavities
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/04Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like
    • E04B9/0464Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like having irregularities on the faces, e.g. holes, grooves
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249924Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249924Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
    • Y10T428/249932Fiber embedded in a layer derived from a water-settable material [e.g., cement, gypsum, etc.]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)

Description

天花板構造
本發明係關於懸吊式天花板之改良,且詳言之,係關於用於此天花板之結構體之複合材料與機械修改的新穎組合。
習知懸吊式天花板通常重量相對較輕,或更準確地說,具有相對較低之密度。此輕重量對於製造、運輸、處理及安裝係有利的。然而,低密度習知天花板常常具有相對較軟及易碎之缺點,使得其易於在運輸、處理及安裝中損壞。最終,在使用中,先前技術之天花板常常在暫時移動其以進入天花板之上方的空間或氣室(plenum)時損壞,或在意外地由在其下方移動之物件碰撞或撞擊時損壞。某些先前技術之天花板之另一問題為自天花板平面下垂之傾向,尤其係在潮濕條件中。更耐用、抗下垂之產品構造之製造成本常常較高,且因此必須以高價銷售。一直需要一種具有比先前技術之天花板構造之常見抗損壞及抗下垂特性更大的抗損壞及抗下垂特性之節省成本的天花板。
本發明提供一種可相對便宜地製造且具有堅固特性以使其相對抗損壞之天花板構造。已發現實體地修改由天然材料所構成的複合板可滿足經濟性及耐用性之需要。
複合材料包含石膏與纖維素纖維之均質混合物。由此等材料形成之結構板(通常在業界中已知的類似氈合之過程中製成)可根據本發明藉由在最終成為天花板之房間側或房間面之板的側面中產生許多孔來加以修改。
該等孔有利於減小板材料之有效密度,及增加由天花板表現出的噪音降低係數(NRC)。纖維素纖維在整個板上均質分佈且隨機定向,且用以製造具有輕易且完全超出天花板應用之要求的高斷裂模數(MOR)值及特別高的抗下垂能力之板。此外,板之複合物性質產生隔音效果,從而減少反射及透射的噪音。組成纖維用以將石膏之微粒實體地聯鎖於適當位置中,使得有效地消除在運輸、處理及使用期間此等微粒自孔(如所揭示,其在板中被機械地切割成)的內部粉化或撒落的潛在可能。類似地,在石膏基質中之纖維素纖維之嵌入產生一種可容易且乾淨地切割出之產品,而無過多的碎屑,且不存在顯著的鬆散纖維末端。
本文揭示了本發明的天花板之若干變體。在基本構造中,密度減小及聲音吸收孔為盲孔,其係藉由合適的鑽孔操作自(例如)天花板之一側(該側在最終安裝完成時,朝向房間或空間內部)切割出。作為一修改,可將裝飾用多孔織物層壓於天花板之房間側的孔上,以有效地隱蔽該等孔而使其不可見及增強該等孔之聲音吸收功能。
在本發明之另一變體中,藉由合適的衝床或其他工具切割該板而得到貫穿(亦即延伸穿過)該板之厚度之孔。
在不允許經由穿孔的天花板之自由聲音傳輸之應用中,板的背側層壓有合適的無孔腹板,例如重的紙料(heavy paper stock)。可在天花板的可見或房間側用層壓至房間側之多孔織物隱藏該等沖孔。在鑽孔或沖孔構造中,孔可具有均一尺寸及間距,或具有不同尺寸及/或可隨機地間隔開。
已發現用於形成本發明之天花板之結構核心或結構體之尤其合適的板構造為在美國專利第5,320,677號中揭示之板構造,該專利之揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。此板包含在獨特的板形成過程中受到組合的相對便宜的天然材料。諸如此專利中揭示之主要由石膏及纖維素纖維製成的天花板體組合物展現高抗下垂特徵,且除了在鑽出、機器加工出或以其它方式切割出孔的情況下具有前述低撒落效能外,該天花板體組合物可容易且整潔地經修整而具有邊緣凸紋(edge relief)或細節而無碎屑、磨損或其類似者。此外,該天花板強度特別高,使其在普通環境中具有高的抗損壞能力。
圖1及圖2說明根據本發明之一形式之天花板10。在平面圖中,天花板10為矩形,按照慣例,所示之單元為正方形且應瞭解天花板可自所示形狀伸長。更具體而言,天花板10一般被標稱地製成為大致2英尺×2英尺、2英尺×4英尺、4英尺×4英尺、2-1/2英尺×5英尺、5英尺×5英尺、及1英尺×6英尺之平面尺寸。所揭示之天花板或核心之不尋常的強度允許了相對較大面板的使用,而無不適當的破裂風險。與平面尺寸相比,天花板10相對較薄,具有(例如)標稱上為1/2英吋或更小之厚度。天花板10較佳係切割自較大的預成型板,其理想厚度對應於天花板之厚度。
天花板10之特徵為包括大體上在天花板之整個房間側面12上分佈的複數個孔11。孔11為盲孔,因為其並未完全延伸穿過天花板10之厚度。孔11經形成為足夠短,以在天花板背面(亦即與房間面12相對之側面14)處留下與天花板10之厚度相比較佳地相對較薄之壁13。在圖1及圖2之所示實例中,孔11呈規則圖案,且具有一致的尺寸,例如3/8英吋之直徑。孔11用於增加板之噪音降低係數(NRC),同時減小天花板10之重量及有效淨密度。
根據本發明,天花板10為主要包含石膏及纖維素纖維之天然材料的複合物。在先前技術中,先前已以各種形式、比例及方法組合此等材料,以製造用於建築目的之板,儘管此等先前技術之產品顯然尚未在商業上被考慮用於天花板應用。用於製造本懸吊式天花板之預成型坯之較佳複合材料在前述美國專利第5,320,677號中有揭示。基於石膏之材料通常展現低抗張強度,且因此具有非常有限的內聚性,從而使其相對較脆或易碎。石膏亦相對較重或較緻密。此等特徵部分地解釋了通常不考慮將基於石膏之材料應用於懸吊式天花板之原因。在另一方面,纖維素纖維石膏複合材料可展現相對較高的抗張強度與重量比。此外,纖維素纖維石膏複合物展現相對較高的耐火性,其對天花板應用係非常有益的。更進一步地,已發現適當地製成之纖維素纖維/石膏複合物可具有優越的抗下垂能力,抗下垂能力為天花板產品中之非常重要的特徵。以纖維素纖維對相應的石膏補充物之重量計,纖維素纖維對石膏之比率在約8%至約30%之間,且較佳地在8%至15%之間。纖維素纖維與石膏較佳地構成成品板之乾燥固體的約至少90%(且更佳為至少95%),自該成品板製造下文中所述之天花板10或結構板。用於促進天花板或板之製漿/氈合過程,或用於增強其特性之添加物(諸如加速劑、延遲劑、重量減輕填充物及其類似者)可構成天花板或板之重量的餘量。該複合板之特徵為纖維素纖維在整個石膏基質中均質地且隨機地定向。
與Arough@結構相比,在成品中似乎未認識到的纖維素纖維/石膏複合物之非常理想的特性為該等複合物可以刀來切割或以其它方式進行機械加工,而不會在剩餘的切口表面產生過多殘餘的鬆散灰塵或鬆散附著之微粒或纖維。此外,纖維素纖維/石膏組合物允許孔11形成於非常接近天花板邊緣處,而無在孔與邊緣之間造成材料失效之高風險。在前述美國專利第5,320,677號中揭示的複合材料尤其適合用於實施本發明,其係在壓力下煅燒在稀釋的纖維素纖維漿料中的石膏、使石膏脫水及隨後再水合以在纖維素纖維之空隙中及附近再結晶且藉此與纖維聯鎖所產生。除了其優越的強度/重量特徵外,已發現此材料具有突出的抗下垂能力。此外,該材料尤其適合用於製造預成型板或天花板,其在定形後隨後被機械加工或以其它方式切割以形成重量減輕及吸音的孔11,以及進行任何邊緣處理,例如圖2中所示之嵌槽16。二水合物晶體及纖維素纖維之緊密結合產生乾淨的、相對光滑的切口表面,通常無鬆散的石膏微粒及/或纖維素纖維,及部分附著或懸掛的纖維。該較佳材料之此種乾淨的可切割性產生無需輔助修整操作之高品質外觀。該石膏/纖維素纖維複合物之整合均質結構之另一重要優勢為其在隨後的處理、運輸、安裝及使用期間可防止在機械加工出、鑽出或以其它方式切割出的孔11之區域中碎屑的撒落。此撒落原本會(尤其對於安裝者及最終使用者)帶來問題。形成孔11時所移除之材料可百分之百地回收為用於製造預成型板(自該預成型板製造天花板10)之原料。可在鑽出或以其它方式切割出孔11之前或之後,油漆或塗佈天花板10使之具有合適的外觀塗層。
參看圖3,在需要高於僅藉由提供孔11所可獲得之NRC的高NRC效能的情況下,可藉由在結構體22上提供多孔織物21來形成天花板20。多孔織物21可為業界已知之非編織的玻璃纖維織物。可藉由此項技術中已知且較佳地在最初施用至結構體22之合適的黏著劑而將織物21層壓至結構體22。結構體22之組份及形式可大體上與結合圖1及圖2所描述之天花板10相同。在圖3之圖示中,將結構體22描繪為無圖1及圖2之天花板10之邊緣細節16。因為結構體22之孔11為盲孔,所以空氣不會通過或透出該等孔,且空中之灰塵不會附至織物21上,所以在織物21之外表面上不會發生孔11之重影(ghosting)。若需要,可將一個以上之多孔或織物層層壓至結構體22之房間側,以增加天花板20之NRC及/或達成所要外觀。
圖4說明具有一結構核心或結構體31,及層壓至結構體背面或後面之聲音阻隔板32之懸吊式天花板30之橫截面。結構體31可由與上述圖1及圖2之天花板10之結構體相同的材料及過程形成。在結構體已定形後及在層壓阻隔板32前,在結構體31中切割出減輕重量及吸收聲音的孔33。該等孔可較佳地藉由此項技術中已知之衝床或藉由鑽頭或其他工具切割出。聲音阻隔板32為由(例如)紙(例如用於製造壁板之重紙料)製成的無孔腹板。較佳地藉由合適的黏著劑將聲音阻隔板32層壓至核心。若需要,可在結構體31與阻隔板32之間提供多孔織物或板,以增加天花板之NRC。
雖然未圖示,但圖3及圖4之天花板之修改形式若需要可具有例如在圖2中可見之嵌槽16的邊緣細節。天花板10、20或30中之任何一者皆可為了外觀目的及為了潛在的聲音吸收益處而被油漆。
天花板結構10、22及31之特徵皆為其係由較佳為在美國專利第5,320,677號中揭示之類型的纖維素石膏複合物製成,且在自氈合過程形成為硬質板或預成型坯後,該等結構被提供了有效地在天花板之朝前或朝向房間的側面上所開的複數個間隔開的孔。該等孔係藉由使用適當的鑽頭鑽削或藉由使用衝床衝壓來切割出,或以其它方式在複合板中機械加工出。如前所述,形成天花板或天花板之結構核心之隨機定向的纖維素纖維及石膏微粒之均質混合物產生耐火、尺寸穩定及顯著抗下垂的結構。本發明所提供之另一重要特徵為一旦為形成孔及任何邊緣細節而切割結構板時,此材料之防碎屑撒落的特徵。纖維素纖維與石膏微粒之緊密結合減小了此微粒撒落及其纖維或部分在任何切割孔或切割邊緣細節之邊緣處鬆散且不雅觀的潛在可能。較佳地,孔11、33之尺寸及數目足以使天花板10或結構體22、31之重量減輕至少約10%,且更佳地自此等孔之天花板或板之重量減少至少約20%。
雖然已參照其特定實施例來展示及描述本發明,但此為了說明而非限制之目的,且本文中展示及描述之皆屬於本發明之預期精神及範疇的具體實施例的其他變化及更改對於熟習此項技術者將係顯而易見的。因此,本專利之範疇及作用並不限於本文中展示及描述之特定實施例,亦不限於與本發明已推進此項技術之進步的範圍不一致的任何其他方法。
10...天花板
11...孔
12...房間側面
13...壁
14...側面
16...嵌槽
20...天花板
21...織物
22...結構體
30...天花板
31...結構核心或結構體
32...聲音阻隔板
33...聲音吸收孔
圖1為根據本發明所建構之天花板之反射平面圖;圖2為圖1之天花板之不完整橫截面圖;圖3為根據本發明所建構之天花板之一第二實施例的橫截面圖;及圖4為本發明之另一實施例之橫截面圖。
10...天花板
11...孔
12...房間側面

Claims (17)

  1. 一種具有一矩形形狀且具有大致在2英尺×2英尺及5英尺×5英尺之間的標稱尺寸的天花板,該天花板係由石膏及纖維素纖維形成,藉由將該等纖維及石膏均勻地混合於一基於水的漿料中,然後使該漿料氈合且其後以一板厚度壓製及乾燥該漿料而將該等石膏及纖維素纖維形成為一板,該乾燥的板經處理以在其一面中穿過該板之至少大半厚度形成複數個孔,該等孔之總體體積足以使該板之重量減輕至少10%,且增加該板所表現出之NRC,使其超過一具有相同組份且無孔之板原本將具有的NRC;其中係使該石膏在壓力下、在一水漿料中煅燒且其後在該纖維之空隙及縫隙中再結晶以使石膏之微粒與該等纖維素纖維緊密結合。
  2. 如請求項1之天花板,其中該等孔係自該板之一側切出,且為盲孔。
  3. 如請求項1之天花板,其中以一多孔織物覆蓋該板。
  4. 如請求項1之天花板,其中該等孔係穿過該板而形成,該板在一側面上層壓有一無孔薄片。
  5. 如請求項4之天花板,其中該板覆蓋有一多孔織物,該多孔織物係層壓在一與層壓有該無孔薄片的側面相對的側面上。
  6. 一種用於一懸掛式頂棚之大體平坦的天花板,其在俯視時具有一矩形形狀且與其平面尺寸相比在一垂直方向上相對較薄,該天花板具有由石膏及纖維素纖維之一均質 複合物形成之一結構體,該等石膏及纖維素纖維一起大體上包含該結構體之重量的至少90%,該結構體係形成於一氈合型過程中,藉此使該等纖維素纖維在該結構體中大體上隨機地均勻分佈及定向,使得該結構體在該矩形天花板輪廓之兩個方向上展現大體相同的機械特性,該結構體在其矩形形狀所跨越的區域之一主要部分上具有一均勻的厚度,具有在該結構體中切割成的複數個間隔開的孔,該等孔係位在該結構體之經調適以朝向該天花板所安裝於的一房間之內部的一側上,且分佈在該側面之大體上整個區域上,該等孔之尺寸及數目係足以使該結構體之重量減輕至少15%,且增加該結構體之NRC;其中該複合物係藉由在壓力下煅燒一漿料中之石膏,且其後當場在該等纖維素纖維之上或之中使該石膏再結晶而形成之產品。
  7. 如請求項6之天花板,其中該等孔為由於鑽至一小於該結構體之一厚度之深度所得到的盲孔。
  8. 如請求項6之天花板,其中該結構體之周邊經切割以形成一開槽的邊緣,使得形成有該等孔之面的輪廓略微小於該結構體之完整的平面輪廓,且該結構體之該周邊區域位於該面與該結構體之一相對的後面之間的一平面中。
  9. 如請求項6之天花板,其中一多孔織物層壓在該面上,該多孔織物有效地增加該天花板之NRC。
  10. 如請求項6之天花板,其中該等孔係穿過該結構體之完 整厚度而切割成。
  11. 如請求項10之天花板,其包括一層壓於該結構體之與該前側相對的側面上的無孔腹板。
  12. 如請求項11之天花板,其中該無孔腹板為一相對較重的紙料。
  13. 一種製造一天花板的方法,其包含在壓力下煅燒在一稀釋的水漿料中之石膏,其中固體的至少90%為約8%至約30%之纖維素纖維,且相應的補充物為石膏,使該漿料脫水,然後使該石膏再水合,且在該等纖維素纖維中之空隙中或附近使該石膏再水合及結晶,以形成一硬質的預成型複合板,且在已藉由該石膏之再水合及結晶而使該預成型板定形後,在該預成型板之一面中切割出複數個孔,以降低其有效重量且增加其NRC。
  14. 如請求項13之方法,其包括以一黏著至該面之多孔織物覆蓋該等孔。
  15. 如請求項13之方法,其中該等孔為由於被切割至一小於該板之厚度的深度所得之盲孔。
  16. 如請求項13之方法,其中穿過該板而切割出該等孔。
  17. 如請求項16之方法,其中該板之一側面覆蓋有一黏著至該側面之無孔腹板。
TW96105049A 2006-02-13 2007-02-12 天花板構造 TWI414505B (zh)

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US20070186493A1 (en) 2007-08-16
US8147629B2 (en) 2012-04-03
CN101400513A (zh) 2009-04-01
CN104213692B (zh) 2017-12-08
RU2435912C2 (ru) 2011-12-10
ZA200806675B (en) 2009-10-28
KR20080096535A (ko) 2008-10-30

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