TW202244118A - 發泡及相關產品用的分支聚酯的製程 - Google Patents
發泡及相關產品用的分支聚酯的製程 Download PDFInfo
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- TW202244118A TW202244118A TW111104334A TW111104334A TW202244118A TW 202244118 A TW202244118 A TW 202244118A TW 111104334 A TW111104334 A TW 111104334A TW 111104334 A TW111104334 A TW 111104334A TW 202244118 A TW202244118 A TW 202244118A
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- butylene
- poly
- acid
- terephthalate
- polyester
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種特別合適於發泡用途的可生物降解分支聚酯。
Description
本發明係關於一種特別合適於發泡用途的可生物降解聚酯之製備的製程;及關於其產品。
擠製及射出成型係發泡工業廣泛使用的工業製程。
特別是,擠製指為在高溫及高黏度下將一熔體泵過一呈現出想要的形狀及尺寸之噴嘴,而射出成型則指為將一熔融聚合物注射進一模型中。藉由這些工業製程獲得的發泡物件特別合適用於電子件的保護性包裝部門及運動用品部門中。
為了獲得具有合適於使用在上述部門的性質之發泡物件,傳統上已使用諸如乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)及發脹聚乙烯(XPE)材料。但是,就環境衝擊來說,這些材料之使用具有限制,因為它們並非可生物降解或可再循環;同時就發泡製程的複雜性來說,使用具有合適於使用在上述部門的性質之可生物降解材料(諸如PLA或未分支的PBTA)具有限制,該發泡製程需要使用化學添加劑來交聯。
因此,對開發出不僅在發泡製程中提供類似於習知材料的性能,而且不需要使用化學添加劑進行交聯及亦可生物降解之新型材料特別有興趣。
因此,本發明的第一目標係一種獲得用於發泡之可生物降解的分支聚酯之方法。根據本發明之方法包含:(i)一酯化/轉酯化步驟,此係於該聚酯的二醇及二羧酸系組分、及至少一種包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物、及一酯化/轉酯化觸媒存在下,其中該多官能基化合物之濃度相對於該二羧酸系組分的總莫耳數係以0.2-0.7莫耳%存在,其中該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級及該羥基官能基的至少進一步二個係一級或二級,其前提為若存在的話該二級羥基不與另一二級羥基呈鄰位;及(ii)一聚縮步驟,此係於聚縮觸媒存在下。
在該酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)中,構成該聚酯的二羧酸、其酯或其鹽、脂肪族二醇、多官能基化合物及任何其它共單體可分別地進行進料,因此在該反應器中混合。任擇地,在該酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)中,構成該聚酯的二羧酸、其酯或鹽、脂肪族二醇、多官能基化合物及任何其它共單體可在送至該反應器前,較佳為在溫度低於70℃下進行預混合。亦可能的是,預混合該等組分的某些,及隨後例如在該酯化/轉酯化反應期間改變其組成物。
在該聚酯之二羧酸系組分包含衍生自數種不論是脂肪族或芳香族二羧酸的重覆單元之情況中,亦可能的是,藉由較佳為在溫度低於70℃下,將該二羧酸、二醇及任何其它共單體的剩餘部分加入至在步驟(i)中的酯化/轉酯化反應器,讓這些之某些與脂肪族二醇預混合。
該酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)較佳為在該脂肪族二醇與該二羧酸、其酯及其鹽間以一莫耳比率進行進料,其中該比率較佳為位於1至2.5間,較佳為在1.05至1.9間。
有利的是,在根據本發明之方法中的酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)係於酯化/轉酯化觸媒存在下,在溫度200-250℃,較佳為220-240℃及壓力0.7-1.5巴下進行。
在該酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)中的觸媒亦可有利地使用作為該聚縮步驟(ii)之觸媒的組分,其依次可直接進料至該酯化/轉酯化反應器,或其亦可首先溶解在二羧酸、其酯或鹽及/或脂肪族二醇之一或多種的液份中,以便易於分散在該反應混合物中並使其更均勻。
在該酯化/轉酯化步驟中的觸媒係選自於下列當中:有機金屬錫化合物,例如,錫酸(stannoic acid)衍生物;鈦化合物,例如,鈦酸酯,諸如鄰-鈦酸四丁酯或鄰-鈦酸四(異丙基)酯、或鈦酸二異丙基三乙醇胺酯;鋯化合物,例如,鋯酸酯,諸如鄰鋯酸四丁酯或鄰鋯酸四(異丙基)酯;銻或鋁之化合物,例如,Al-三異丙基;鎂化合物、及鋅化合物、及其混合物。
在較佳的具體實例中,該用於酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)的鈦系觸媒係一有利地選自於具有通式Ti(OR)4的化合物之鈦酸酯,其中R係一包含一或多個碳、氧、磷及/或氫原子的配位基。
數個R配位基可存在於相同鈦原子上,但是較佳的是,該等配位基係相同以易於製備該鈦酸酯。
此外,該2或更多個R配位基可衍生自單一化合物及除了鍵結至鈦外,其可化學地鍵結在一起(所謂的多牙配位基,諸如三乙醇胺、檸檬酸、羥乙酸、蘋果酸、琥珀酸、乙烷二胺)。
R有利地係選自於H、三乙醇胺、檸檬酸、羥乙酸、蘋果酸、琥珀酸、3-側氧丁酸、乙烷二胺;及線性或分支C1-C12烷基殘基,諸如乙基、丙基、正丁基、戊基、異丙基、異丁基、異戊基、己基、乙基己基。在較佳的具體實例中,R係選自於C1-C12烷基殘基,較佳為C1-C8,更佳為正丁基。
該鈦酸酯之製備係自文獻中知曉。這些典型係藉由於鹼諸如氨存在下,讓四氯化鈦與式ROH的前驅物醇反應;或藉由其它鈦酸酯之轉酯化來製備。
可使用在根據本發明之方法中的鈦酸酯之商業實施例包括Tyzor® TPT(鈦酸四異丙酯)、Tyzor® TnBT(鈦酸四正丁酯)及Tyzor® TE(鈦酸二異丙基三乙醇胺基酯)。
若該鋯系酯化/轉酯化觸媒係與該鈦系觸媒一起使用時,有利的是,此鋯酸酯將係一選自於具有通式Zr(OR)
4的化合物,其中R係一包含一或多個碳、氧、磷及/或氫原子的配位基。
如在鈦酸酯的情況中,數個不同但是較佳為相同的R配位基可存在於相同鋯原子上,以易於製備該鋯酸酯。
此外,該2或更多個R配位基可衍生自單一化合物或除了鍵結至鋯外,其可化學地鍵結在一起(所謂的多牙配位基,諸如三乙醇胺、檸檬酸、羥乙酸、蘋果酸、琥珀酸、乙烷二胺)。R有利地係選自於H、三乙醇胺、檸檬酸、羥乙酸、蘋果酸、琥珀酸、3-側氧丁酸、乙烷二胺;及線性或分支C1-C12烷基殘基,諸如乙基、丙基、正丁基、戊基、異丙基、異丁基、異戊基、己基或乙基己基。在較佳的具體實例中,R係選自於C1-C12,較佳為C1-C8烷基殘基,更佳為正丁基。
該鋯酸酯之製備係在文獻中知曉,及類似於上述對鈦酸酯的描述。
可使用在根據本發明之方法中的鋯酸酯之商業實施例包括Tyzor® NBZ(鋯酸四正丁酯)、Tyzor NPZ(鋯酸四正丙酯)、IG-NBZ(鋯酸四正丁酯)、Tytan TNBZ(鋯酸四正丁酯)、Tytan TNPZ(鋯酸四正丙酯)。
關於上述在酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)中提及的有機金屬觸媒型式,在根據本發明之方法的酯化/轉酯化步驟期間,它們存在的金屬濃度較佳為相對於理論上可將進料至該反應器的二羧酸全部轉換而獲得之聚酯量係在12至120 ppm間。
在較佳的具體實例中,該用於酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)之觸媒係一鈦酸酯,更佳為鈦酸二異丙基三乙醇胺酯,較佳為使用金屬濃度相對於理論上可將進料至該反應器的二羧酸全部轉換而獲得之聚酯量係呈12-120 ppm。
較佳的是,在根據本發明之方法中的酯化/轉酯化步驟之反應時間係在4至8小時間。
在該酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)結束時,獲得一具有Mn低於5000、固有黏度0.05-0.15分升/克及酸性少於150毫當量/公斤,較佳為少於100毫當量/公斤的寡聚物產物。
該Mn值係使用氯仿作為溶離劑,以0.5毫升/分鐘,在合適的管柱(例如,呈串列連接的PL-凝膠管柱(300x7.5毫米,5微米-混合床C及E)及PLgel Guard前置管柱(50x7.5毫米,5微米))上及一折射率偵測器進行測量。該測定係使用通用校準,使用PS標準品進行。
該固有黏度係根據ISO 1628-2015,在氯仿中,於25℃下,使用濃度2克/升測量。
該酸性係藉由電位滴定法測量。將精確稱重的樣品量溶解在60毫升氯仿中,將25毫升的2-丙醇加入至該透明溶液,及在滴定前立即加入1毫升水。使用0.025 N的KOH在乙醇中之溶液,使用非水性溶液用電極(例如,Solvotrode Metrohm)來進行該滴定。該溶劑混合物係使用與空白測定相同的方式進行滴定。
該酸性值係以毫當量/公斤的聚合物表示出,其係推導自下列方程式:
其中:
Veq=藉由樣品滴定所獲得的當量體積,以毫升表示出
V0=藉由空白滴定所獲得的當量體積,以毫升表示出
滴定濃度=滴定劑溶液的當量濃度
P樣品=樣品重量,以公斤計。
在根據本發明的方法之較佳具體實例中,該觸媒係與在該酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)結束時所獲得的寡聚物產物一起進料至該聚縮步驟(ii)。
在根據本發明的方法中之聚縮步驟(ii)有利地係於聚縮觸媒存在下,在溫度200-270℃,較佳為230-260℃,及壓力低於10毫巴,較佳為低於3毫巴及大於0.5毫巴下進行。
在根據本發明的方法中之聚縮步驟(ii)係於較佳為以選自於鈦、鋯或其混合物的金屬為主之觸媒存在下進行,其中與理論上可將進料至該反應器的二羧酸全部轉換而獲得之聚酯量比較,該金屬的總量係80-500 ppm。若存在的話,該鋯的總量應該係使得Ti/(Ti+Zr)比率係保持在0.01-0.70之範圍內。
在較佳的具體實例中,該用於聚縮步驟(ii)之鈦系觸媒有利地係一選自於具有通式Ti(OR)
4的化合物之鈦酸酯,其中R係一包含一或多個碳、氧、磷及/或氫原子的配位基。
數個R配位基可存在於相同鈦原子上,但是較佳的是,該等配位基係相同以易於製備該鈦酸酯。
此外,該2或更多個R配位基可衍生自單一化合物及除了鍵結至鈦外,其可化學地鍵結在一起(所謂的多牙配位基,諸如三乙醇胺、檸檬酸、羥乙酸、蘋果酸、琥珀酸、乙烷二胺)。
R有利地係選自於H、三乙醇胺、檸檬酸、羥乙酸、蘋果酸、琥珀酸、3-側氧丁酸、乙烷二胺;及線性或分支C1-C12烷基殘基,諸如乙基、丙基、正丁基、戊基、異丙基、異丁基、異戊基、己基、乙基己基。在較佳的具體實例中,R係選自於C1-C12烷基殘基,較佳為C1-C8,更佳為正丁基。
該鈦酸酯之製備係自文獻中知曉。這些典型係藉由下列製備:於鹼諸如氨存在下,讓四氯化鈦與式ROH的前驅物醇反應;或藉由其它鈦酸酯的轉酯化。
可使用在根據本發明之方法中的鈦酸酯之商業實施例包括Tyzor® TPT(鈦酸四異丙酯)、Tyzor® TnBT(鈦酸四正丁酯)及Tyzor® TE(鈦酸二異丙基三乙醇胺基酯)。
若該鋯系聚縮觸媒係與該鈦系觸媒一起使用時,其有利地將係一選自於具有通式Zr(OR)
4的化合物之鋯酸酯,其中R係一包含一或多個碳、氧、磷及/或氫原子的配位基。
如在鈦酸酯的情況中般,數個不同但是較佳為相同的R配位基可存在於相同鋯原子上,以易於製備該鋯酸酯。
此外,該2或更多個R配位基可衍生自單一化合物或除了鍵結至鋯外,其可化學地鍵結在一起(所謂的多牙配位基,諸如三乙醇胺、檸檬酸、羥乙酸、蘋果酸、琥珀酸、乙烷二胺)。R有利地係選自於H、三乙醇胺、檸檬酸、羥乙酸、蘋果酸、琥珀酸、3-側氧丁酸、乙烷二胺;及線性或分支C1-C12烷基殘基,諸如乙基、丙基、正丁基、戊基、異丙基、異丁基、異戊基、己基或乙基己基。在較佳的具體實例中,R係選自於C1-C12,較佳為C1-C8烷基殘基,更佳為正丁基。
該鋯酸酯之製備係在文獻中知曉,及係類似於上述對鈦酸酯所描述者。
可使用在根據本發明的方法中之鋯酸酯的商業實施例包括Tyzor® NBZ(鋯酸四正丁酯)、Tyzor NPZ(鋯酸四正丙酯)、IG-NBZ(鋯酸四正丁酯)、Tytan TNBZ(鋯酸四正丁酯)、Tytan TNPZ(鋯酸四正丙酯)。
在根據本發明的方法之較佳具體實例中,當在該酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)中使用一包括鈦及/或鋯化合物的觸媒時,此觸媒不與該步驟(i)之產物分離及係與其一起進料至該聚縮步驟(ii)及有利地使用作為聚縮觸媒或作為其組分,且可透過將合適量的鈦及鋯化合物加入至該聚縮步驟(ii)來調整鈦與鋯間之莫耳比率。
可能的是,該用於聚縮步驟(ii)的觸媒係與用於酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)者相同。
更佳的是,在該酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)及該聚縮步驟(ii)中所使用的觸媒係鈦化合物。
該聚縮步驟(ii)有利地係藉由將該步驟(i)的產物進料至該聚縮反應器,及於觸媒存在下,在溫度220-260℃下及壓力於0.5毫巴至350毫巴間反應而進行。
較佳的是,在根據本發明的方法中之聚縮步驟的反應時間係在4至8小時間。
在根據本發明的方法中之聚縮步驟(ii)可於屬於磷酸鹽家族或有機亞磷酸鹽的含磷化合物存在下進行。
在聚縮步驟(ii)結束時獲得根據本發明之聚酯,其具有Mn在20000至70000間,較佳為在30000至50000間;固有黏度在0.3至1.1分升/克間,較佳為在0.6至1.0分升/克間;及酸性少於100毫當量/公斤,較佳為少於60毫當量/公斤。
此方法不需要額外的反應性擠製階段來引起分支。
在較佳的具體實例中,根據本發明之方法由下列組成:(i)一酯化/轉酯化步驟,此係於聚酯的二醇及二羧酸系組分、及至少一種包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物、及酯化觸媒存在下,其中該多官能基化合物相對於該二羧酸系組分的總莫耳數係以0.2-0.7莫耳%之濃度存在,其中該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級及該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級或二級,只要它們不呈鄰位或孿位;及(ii)一聚縮步驟,此係於聚縮觸媒存在下。
在另一個較佳具體實例中,根據本發明的方法由下列組成:(i)一酯化步驟,此係於聚酯的二醇及二羧酸系組分、及至少一種包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物、及一酯化觸媒存在下,其中該多官能基化合物相對於該二羧酸系組分的總莫耳數係以0.2-0.7莫耳%之濃度存在,其中該羥基官能基之至少二個係一級及該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級或二級,只要它們不呈鄰位或孿位;及(ii)一聚縮步驟,此係於聚縮觸媒存在下。
根據本發明之方法所獲得的可生物降解分支聚酯構成本發明的第二目標,此聚酯之特徵為藉由至少一種包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物而獲得分支,其中該多官能基化合物相對於該二羧酸系組分的總莫耳數係以0.2-0.7莫耳%之濃度存在,其中該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級及該羥基官能基的至少進一步二個係一級或二級,其前提為若存在的話該二級羥基與另一個二級羥基不呈鄰位;及其特徵為黏彈性比率(RVE)係小於40000。與接受反應性擠製步驟的聚酯比較,本發明的聚酯物件之特徵為有較低的RVE及可有利地在較低溫度下加工,此促成節省能量及限制該材料的熱降解風險。
驚人地,就熔體熱穩定性、高斷裂拉伸比率及聚合度分布性(polydispersity)指數來說,根據本發明的方法所獲得之聚酯具有改良的流變性質。
自流變學的觀點來看,具有長鏈分支之聚合物的特徵為高熔體強度值及低剪切黏度值,該伸長性質係由長分支更加放大而非分子量。為了評估該熔體的品質及其在工業塗佈製程中可能的加工行為,因此需要藉由黏彈性比率RVE來考慮二者性質。此係自剪切黏度與熔體強度的商數來計算。剪切黏度係根據ASTM D3835-90「Standard Test Method for Determining Properties of Polymer Materials by means of a Capillary Rheometer」,在180℃及流動梯度γ=103.7秒
-1下,使用直徑1毫米及L/D=30的毛細管測定;而熔體強度係根據ISO 16790:2005,在180℃及γ=103.7秒
-1下,使用直徑1毫米及L/D=30的毛細管,在6毫米/平方秒的固定加速度及110毫米的拉伸長度下測量。
根據本發明的聚酯之分支係使用包含至少一種包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物之單體而獲得,其中該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級及該羥基官能基的至少進一步二個係一級或二級,其前提為若存在的話該二級羥基與另一個二級羥基不呈鄰位。
在另一個具體實例中,根據本發明之可生物降解分支聚酯的特徵為使用至少一種包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物之製備方法來獲得分支,其中該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級及該羥基官能基的至少進一步二個係一級或二級,其前提為若存在的話該二級羥基與另一個二級羥基不呈鄰位。一級羥基官能基意謂著該鍵結至羥基的碳原子僅鍵結至一個碳原子的官能基。二級羥基官能基意謂著該鍵結至羥基的碳原子係鍵結至二個碳原子的官能基。鄰位羥基官能基意謂著二個羥基鍵結至二個毗連的碳原子。
根據本發明的聚酯分支係使用包含至少一種包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物之單體而產生,其中該多官能基化合物相對於該二羧酸系組分的總莫耳數係以0.2-0.7莫耳%,較佳為0.3-0.65莫耳%之濃度存在,其中該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級及該羥基官能基的至少進一步二個係一級或二級,其前提為若存在的話該二級羥基與另一個二級羥基不呈鄰位。
在另一個具體實例中,根據本發明的可生物降解分支聚酯之特徵為該分支係藉由一使用一包含至少50莫耳%的多官能基化合物之混合物的製備方法而獲得,其中該50莫耳%係相對於至少一種包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物之多官能基化合物的總數,其中該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級及該羥基官能基的至少進一步二個係一級或二級,其前提為若存在的話該二級羥基與另一個二級羥基不呈鄰位。
該多官能基化合物係選自於多官能基分子之群組,諸如多元酸、多元醇及其混合物。
這些多元酸的實施例有:焦蜜石酸、焦蜜石酸酐、乙二胺四醋酸、呋喃-2,3,4,5-四羧酸、萘-1,4,5,8-四羧酸、萘-1,4,5,8-四羧基酐。
該多元醇的實施例有:新戊四醇、二新戊四醇、雙三羥甲基丙烷、二甘油、三甘油、四甘油及其混合物。
較佳的是,該多官能基化合物係新戊四醇。
驚人的是,就熔體的熱穩定性、斷裂拉伸比率及聚合度分布性指數來說,將根據本發明的聚酯使用在發泡製程中使得可獲得改良的性質。較佳的是,根據本發明的聚酯之熱穩定性(K)係根據ASTM D3835-90 「Standard Test Method for Determining Properties of Polymer Materials by means of a Capillary Rheometer」,在180℃及流動梯度γ=103.7秒
-1下,使用具有直徑1毫米及L/D=30的毛細管測定,其係小於1.4x10
-4及較佳為大於-0.2x10
-4,更佳為小於1.2x10
-4及大於0。較佳的是,根據本發明的聚酯之斷裂拉伸比率(BSR)係根據ISO 16790:2005,在180℃及γ=103.7秒
-1下,使用具有直徑1毫米及L/D=30的毛細管,以6毫米/平方秒的固定加速度及110毫米的拉伸長度測量,其係小於120,較佳為小於110,及較佳為大於50,更佳為大於70。
較佳的是,根據本發明的聚酯之聚合度分布性指數(D)係使用氯仿作為溶離劑,以0.5毫升/分鐘,在合適於目的之管柱(例如,呈串列連接之PL-凝膠管柱(300x7.5毫米,5微米-混合床C及E)及PLgel Guard前置管柱(50x7.5毫米5微米))上及一折射率偵測器進行測量,其係3.5-4.5。該測定係使用通用校準與PS標準品進行。用於聚合度分布性指數計算所需要的Mn及Mw指數之測定係藉由積分該藉由建立一質量等於1500作為下限的色譜圖而進行。該聚合度分布性指數(D)可獲得如為Mw/Mn比率,其中Mw係重量平均莫耳質量及Mn係數量平均莫耳質量。
本發明的進一步目標係根據本發明之方法所獲得的具有改良的流變性質之聚酯的用途,其係使用於發泡製程。將根據本發明的聚酯使用於發泡製程使得保證好的加工條件係可能的,包括就該熔體的耐熱性;熱廓線(profile),其稍微高於該聚合物的熔化溫度而不需要啟動化學交聯反應(例如,藉由過氧化物);低內縮,在熔體膜之截面區域中有限的變化(所謂的拉伸共振);和可接受的擠壓器馬達消耗來說的條件。
根據本發明之聚酯的特徵為該剪切黏度係根據ASTM D3835-90「Standard test method for determining the properties of polymer materials by means of a capillary rheometer」,在180℃及與流動梯度γ=103.7秒
-1下,使用具有直徑1毫米及L/D=30的毛細管測定,其係小於500巴斯卡‧秒,較佳為400巴斯卡‧秒,更佳為小於350巴斯卡‧秒,及較佳為大於100巴斯卡‧秒;及該熔體強度係根據ISO 16790:2005,在180℃及γ=103.7秒
-1下,使用直徑1毫米及L/D=30的毛細管,在6 毫米/平方秒的固定加速度及110毫米的拉伸長度下測量,其係大於0.007牛頓,較佳為大於0.008牛頓,及較佳為小於0.09牛頓,更佳為小於0.02牛頓。根據本發明之聚酯的特徵為黏度對熔體強度比率,黏彈性比率(RVE)係小於40000,較佳為小於30000,更佳為小於27000,甚至更佳為小於25000及較佳為大於10000。此RVE值使得根據本發明的聚酯特別合適於使用在常見藉由射出成型法及/或擠製法的發泡設備中。
在較佳的具體實例中,根據本發明之用於發泡的可生物降解分支聚酯之特徵為該剪切黏度係500巴斯卡‧秒至100巴斯卡‧秒,較佳為400巴斯卡‧秒至120,更佳為350巴斯卡‧秒至150;該熔體強度係0.09牛頓至0.007牛頓,較佳為0.02牛頓至0.008牛頓;該黏彈性比率RVE係40000至10000,較佳為30000至12000,更佳為27000至13000,甚至更佳為25000至15000。
根據本發明的聚酯之流變性質係使得其保證有好的發泡能力且使用已知用於可生物降解塑膠的技術諸如擠製或射出成型法。
在許多優點當中,與使用除了上述描述的那些外之多官能基化合物的分支聚酯比較,根據本發明之可生物降解分支聚酯具有顏色改良。在顏色上的效應有利地係根據L*a*b*色空間,使用Konica Minolta CR410色度計來測定。該測量係在具有直徑50毫米的圓形區域上,標準觀測器在2°處及光源C下進行。根據本發明之聚酯的特徵為L*值大於70,更佳為大於75,甚至更佳為大於80;a*值小於20,較佳為小於10,甚至更佳為小於5;及b*值小於30,較佳為小於20,甚至更佳為小於15。
根據本發明之可生物降解分支聚酯有利地係選自於脂肪族及脂肪族-芳香族可生物降解型聚酯。在較佳的具體實例中,根據本發明之聚酯係脂肪族-芳香族聚酯。
就所關心的脂肪族-芳香族聚酯來說,它們具有主要由多官能基芳香族酸所組成的芳香族部分、由脂肪族二酸及脂肪族二醇及其混合物所組成的脂肪族部分。就所關心的脂肪族-芳香族聚酯來說,根據本發明之二羧酸系組分主要包含多官能基芳香族酸及脂肪族二酸,及該二醇組分主要包含脂肪族二醇。
該脂肪族聚酯係自脂肪族二酸及脂肪族二醇及其混合物獲得。就所關心的脂肪族聚酯來說,根據本發明之二羧酸系組分主要包含脂肪族二酸,及該二醇組分主要包含脂肪族二醇。
多官能基芳香族酸意謂著酞酸型式的二羧酸芳香族化合物,較佳為對酞酸或異酞酸,更佳為對酞酸;及雜環二羧酸芳香族化合物,較佳為2,5-呋喃二羧酸、2,4-呋喃二羧酸、2,3-呋喃二羧酸、3,4-呋喃二羧酸、其酯、鹽及混合物。
脂肪族二酸意謂著具有碳原子數目C2至C24,較佳為C4-C13,更佳為C4-C11的脂肪族二羧酸;其C1-C24,更佳為C1-C4烷基酯、其鹽及其混合物。較佳的是,該脂肪族二羧酸係選自於:琥珀酸、2-甲基琥珀酸、2-乙基琥珀酸、戊二酸、2-甲基戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、十一烷二酸、十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸及其C1-C24烷基酯。較佳的是,該脂肪族二羧酸係選自於由下列所組成之群組:琥珀酸、己二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、十一烷二酸、十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸及其混合物。
根據本發明的脂肪族或脂肪族-芳香族聚酯之二羧酸系組分可包含最高5%的不飽和脂肪族二羧酸,較佳為選自於伊康酸、反丁烯二酸、4-亞甲基-庚二酸、3,4-雙(亞甲基)壬二酸、5-亞甲基-壬二酸;其C1-C24,較佳為C1-C4烷基酯、其鹽及其混合物。在本發明的較佳具體實例中,該不飽和脂肪族二羧酸包括一包含至少50莫耳%,較佳為多於60莫耳%,更佳為多於65莫耳%的伊康酸及/或其C1-C24,較佳為C1-C4酯之混合物。更佳的是,該不飽和脂肪族二羧酸包含伊康酸。
在根據本發明的脂肪族或脂肪族-芳香族聚酯中,二醇經了解意謂著承載二個羥基的化合物,較佳為選自於1,2-乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,7-庚二醇、1,8-辛二醇、1,9-壬二醇、1,10-癸二醇、1,11-十一烷二醇、1,12-十二烷二醇、1,13-十三烷二醇、1,4-環己二甲醇、新戊二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、二脫水山梨糖醇、二脫水甘露醇、二脫水艾杜糖醇、環已二醇、1,4-雙(羥甲基)環己烷、二伸烷基二醇;及分子量100-4000的聚伸烷基二醇,諸如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇及其混合物。較佳的是,該二醇組分包含至少50莫耳%之一或多種選自於1,2-乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇的二醇。在本發明的較佳具體實例中,該飽和脂肪族二醇係1,4-丁二醇。
有利的是,該二醇可自可再生來源、第一或第二代糖獲得。
根據本發明的脂肪族或脂肪族-芳香族聚酯之二醇組分可包含最高5%的不飽和脂肪族二醇,較佳為選自於順2-丁烯-1,4-二醇、反2-丁烯-1,4-二醇、2-丁炔-1,4-二醇、順2-戊烯-1,5-二醇、反2-戊烯-1,5-二醇、2-戊炔-1,5-二醇、順2-己烯-1,6-二醇、反2-己烯-1,6-二醇、2‑己炔-1,6-二醇、順3-己炔-1,6-二醇、反3-己烯-1,6-二醇、3-己炔-1,6-二醇。
根據本發明的脂肪族或脂肪族-芳香族聚酯可有利地進一步包含衍生自至少一種羥基酸的重覆單元,其量相對於該二羧酸系組分的總莫耳係0-49%,較佳為0-30莫耳%。
方便的羥基酸之實施例有羥乙酸、乙交酯、羥丁酸、羥己酸、羥戊酸、7-羥庚酸、8-hydroxyproic酸、9-羥壬酸、乳酸或乳酸交酯。該羥基酸可就其本身或如為預聚物/寡聚物插入該鏈中,或它們亦可事先與二酸二醇反應。
根據本發明的脂肪族-芳香族聚酯之特徵為其芳香族酸含量相對於該總二羧酸系組分係在30至70莫耳%間,較佳為在40至60莫耳%間。
在較佳的具體實例中,該脂肪族-芳香族聚酯較佳為選自於由下列所組成之群組:聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(巴西酸1,4-丁二酯(1,4-butylene brassylate)-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-巴西酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-巴西酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-巴西酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-巴西酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)。在特別佳的具體實例中,該脂肪族-芳香族聚酯係聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)或聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)。
根據本發明的多種聚酯之混合物亦形成本發明的部分。
根據本發明之可生物降解分支聚酯係實質上無凝膠。
根據本發明之可生物降解分支聚酯可根據EN13432生物降解。
根據本發明之聚酯可進一步選擇性包含該總混合物的0-5重量%,更佳為0.05-4重量%,甚至更佳為0.05-3重量%之至少一種交聯劑及/或鏈伸長劑。
該交聯劑及/或鏈伸長劑改良對水解的穩定性及係選自於承載異氰酸酯、過氧化物、碳化二醯亞胺、異氰脲酸酯、唑啉、環氧基、酐、二乙烯基醚基團及其混合物的二及/或多官能性化合物。較佳的是,該交聯劑及/或鏈伸長劑包含至少一種承載環氧基或碳化二醯亞胺基團的二及/或多官能基化合物。
較佳的是,該交聯劑及/或鏈伸長劑包含至少一種承載異氰酸酯基團的二及/或多官能基化合物。更佳的是,該交聯劑及/或鏈伸長劑包含至少25重量%的一或多種承載異氰酸酯基團之二及/或多官能基化合物。特別佳者係承載異氰酸酯基團的二及/或多官能基化合物與承載環氧基的二及/或多官能基化合物之混合物,甚至更佳為包含至少75重量%之承載異氰酸酯基團的二及/或多官能基化合物。
該承載異氰酸酯基團的二及多官能基化合物較佳為選自於對-伸苯二異氰酸酯、2,4-伸甲苯二異氰酸酯、2,6-伸甲苯二異氰酸酯、4,4-二苯基甲烷二異氰酸酯、1,3-伸苯基-4-氯二異氰酸酯、1,5-伸萘二異氰酸酯、4,4-二伸苯二異氰酸酯、3,3'-二甲基-4,4-二苯基甲烷二異氰酸酯、3-甲基-4,4'-二苯基甲烷二異氰酸酯、二苯基二異氰酸酯、2,4-環己烷二異氰酸酯、2,3-環己烷二異氰酸酯、1-甲基-2,4-環己二異氰酸酯、1-甲基-2,6-環己二異氰酸酯、雙(異氰酸酯環己基)甲烷、2,4,6-甲苯三異氰酸酯、2,4,4-二苯基醚三異氰酸酯、聚亞甲基-聚苯基-多異氰酸酯、亞甲基二苯基二異氰酸酯、三苯基甲烷三異氰酸酯、3,3'-二甲聯苯-4,4-二異氰酸酯、4,4'-亞甲基雙(異氰酸2-甲基-苯酯)、六亞甲基二異氰酸酯、1,3-伸環己二異氰酸酯、1,2-伸環己二異氰酸酯及其混合物。在較佳的具體實例中,該承載異氰酸酯基團的化合物係4,4-二苯基甲烷二異氰酸酯。
至於該承載過氧化物基團的二及多官能性化合物,這些較佳為選自於過氧化苄醯基、過氧化月桂醯基、過氧化異壬醯基、二-(三級丁基過氧基異丙基)苯、過氧化三級丁基、過氧化二基、α,α'-二(三級丁基過氧基)二異丙基苯、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(三級丁基過氧基)己烷、過氧化三級丁基基、過氧化雙三級丁基、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(三級丁基過氧基)己-3-炔、二碳酸二(4‑三級丁基環己基)過氧酯、過氧碳酸二鯨蠟酯、過氧碳酸二肉豆蔻酯、3,6,9-三乙基-3,6,9-三甲基-1,4,7-三過氧壬烷(triperoxonane)、過氧碳酸二(2-乙基己基)酯及其混合物。該較佳地在根據本發明的混合物中使用之承載碳化二醯亞胺基團的二及多官能性化合物係選自於聚(伸環辛基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(1,4-二甲基伸環己基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(伸環己基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(伸乙基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(伸丁基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(伸異丁基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(伸壬基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(伸十二烷基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(伸新戊基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(1,4-二亞甲基伸苯基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(2,2',6,6'-四異丙基二伸苯基碳化二醯亞胺)(Stabaxol® D)、聚(2,4,6-三異丙基-1,3-伸苯基碳化二醯亞胺)(Stabaxol® P-100)、聚(2,6-二異丙基-1,3-伸苯基碳化二醯亞胺)(Stabaxol® P)、聚(甲苯基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(4,4'-二苯基甲烷碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(3,3'-二甲基-4,4'-伸聯苯基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(對-伸苯基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(間-伸苯基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(3,3'-二甲基-4,4'-二苯基甲烷碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(伸萘基碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(異佛爾酮碳化二醯亞胺)、聚(異丙苯碳化二醯亞胺)、對-伸苯基雙(乙基碳化二醯亞胺)、1,6-六亞甲基雙(乙基碳化二醯亞胺)、1,8-八亞甲基雙(乙基碳化二醯亞胺)、1,10-十亞甲基雙(乙基碳化二醯亞胺)、1,12-十二亞甲基雙(乙基碳化二醯亞胺)及其混合物。
該可在根據本發明的混合物中有利地使用之承載環氧基團的二及多官能基化合物之實施例有來自環氧化的油及/或苯乙烯-縮水甘油基醚-甲基丙烯酸甲酯、縮水甘油基醚-甲基丙烯酸甲酯而具有分子量在1000至10000之範圍內及每分子具有在1至30之範圍內及較佳為5至25個環氧基數目的全部聚環氧化物,及選自於包含下列之群組的環氧化物:二甘醇二縮水甘油醚、聚乙二醇二縮水甘油醚、聚甘油聚縮水甘油基醚、1,2-環氧基丁烷、聚甘油聚縮水甘油基醚、二環氧化異戊二烯、及環脂族二環氧化物、1,4-環己烷二甲醇二縮水甘油醚、縮水甘油基2-甲基苯基醚、甘油丙氧基三縮水甘油基醚、1,4-丁二醇二縮水甘油醚、山梨糖醇聚縮水甘油基醚、甘油二縮水甘油醚、間-二甲苯二胺的四縮水甘油基醚、及雙酚A的二縮水甘油醚、及其混合物。
在本發明的特別佳具體實例中,該交聯劑及/或鏈伸長劑包含承載異氰酸酯基團的化合物,較佳為4,4-二苯基甲烷二異氰酸酯;及/或承載碳化二醯亞胺基團的化合物,及/或承載環氧基的化合物,較佳為苯乙烯-縮水甘油基醚-甲基丙烯酸甲酯型式。在本發明的特別佳具體實例中,該交聯劑及/或鏈伸長劑包含承載苯乙烯-縮水甘油基醚-甲基丙烯酸甲酯型式之環氧基的化合物。
亦可一起使用承載異氰酸酯、過氧基、碳化二醯亞胺、異氰脲酸酯、唑啉、環氧基、酐、二乙烯基醚基團的二及多官能基化合物與觸媒來增加該反應性基團之反應性。在聚環氧化物的情況中,較佳為使用脂肪酸鹽,甚至更佳為硬脂酸鈣及鋅。
根據本發明之可生物降解分支聚酯可與合成或天然來源的其它聚合物混合,不論其是否係可生物降解。本發明之目標亦為包含根據本發明的聚酯之組成物。
至於該合成或天然來源的可生物降解及非可生物降解聚合物,有利的是,這些係選自於由下列所組成之群組:聚羥基烷酸酯、乙烯基聚合物、來自二醇二酸的聚酯、聚醯胺、聚胺基甲酸酯、聚醚、聚脲、聚碳酸酯及其混合物。在特別佳的具體實例中,該聚合物可以最高80重量%的量與根據本發明之可生物降解型聚酯混合。
至於聚羥基烷酸酯,這些可相對於該總組成物以在30至80 w/w%間之量存在,較佳為在40至75 w/w%間,甚至更佳為在45至70 w/w%間。
該聚羥基烷酸酯較佳為選自於由下列所組成之群組:乳酸的聚酯、聚-ε-己內酯、聚羥丁酸酯、聚羥丁酸酯-戊酸酯、聚羥丁酸酯-丙酸酯、聚羥丁酸酯-己酸酯、聚羥丁酸酯-癸酸酯、聚羥丁酸酯-十二酸酯、聚羥丁酸酯-十六酸酯、聚羥丁酸酯-十八酸酯、聚3-羥丁酸酯-4-羥丁酸酯。較佳的是,根據該組成物之聚羥基烷酸酯包含至少80 w/w%的乳酸之一或多種聚酯。
在較佳的具體實例中,該乳酸聚酯係選自於由下列所組成之群組:聚L-乳酸、聚D-乳酸、聚D-L乳酸立體複合物、包含多於50莫耳%的該乳酸聚酯之共聚物、或其混合物。
特別佳者係包括至少95重量%之衍生自L-乳酸或D-乳酸或其組合的重覆單元之乳酸聚酯,其分子量Mw大於50000及具有剪切黏度在50至700巴斯卡‧秒間,較佳為在80至500巴斯卡‧秒間(根據ASTM D3835標準,在T=190℃,剪切速率=1000秒
-1,D=1毫米,L/D=10下測量)。
在本發明的特別佳具體實例中,該乳酸聚酯包含至少95 w/w%衍生自L-乳酸的單元、≤5 w/w%衍生自D-乳酸的重覆單元,其具有熔化溫度在135-175℃的範圍內,玻璃轉換溫度(Tg)在55-65℃的範圍內及MFR(根據標準ASTM-D1238,在190℃及2.16公斤下測量)在1-50克/10分鐘的範圍內。
具有這些性質的乳酸聚酯之商業實施例包括Ingeo™ Biopolymer商標產品4043D、3251D、6202D;Luminy®商標產品L105。
較佳的乙烯基聚合物包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、其共聚物、聚乙烯醇、聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醋酸乙烯酯及聚乙烯乙烯醇、聚苯乙烯、氯化的乙烯基聚合物、聚丙烯酸酯。
除了聚氯乙烯外,該氯化的乙烯基聚合物包括聚偏二氯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚(氯乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯)、聚(氯乙烯-乙烯)、聚(氯乙烯-丙烯)、聚(氯乙烯-苯乙烯)、聚(氯乙烯-異丁烯)和聚氯乙烯佔多於50莫耳%的共聚物。該共聚物可係無規、嵌段或交替型。
關於在根據本發明的組成物中之聚醯胺,這些較佳為選自於由下列所組成之群組:聚醯胺6及6,6、聚醯胺9及9,9、聚醯胺10及10,10、聚醯胺11及11,11、聚醯胺12及12,12及其6/9、6/10、6/11、6/12型式之組合、其摻合物及無規及嵌段共聚物二者。
較佳的是,在根據本發明的組成物中之聚碳酸酯係選自於由聚碳酸伸烷酯所組成之群組,更佳為聚碳酸乙二酯類、聚碳酸丙二酯類、聚碳酸丁二酯類、其混合物、及無規及嵌段共聚物二者。
在聚醚當中,那些較佳為選自於由下列所組成之群組:具有分子量5000至100000的聚乙二醇類、聚丙二醇類、聚丁二醇類、其共聚物及其混合物。
至於該二酸二醇聚酯,這些較佳為包含:
(a)包含下列的二羧酸系組分,相對於該總二羧酸系組分:
(a1)20-100莫耳%衍生自至少一種芳香族二羧酸的單元;
(a2)0-80莫耳%衍生自至少一種飽和脂肪族二羧酸的單元;
(a3)0-5莫耳%衍生自至少一種不飽和脂肪族二羧酸的單元;
(b)包含下列的二醇組分,相對於該總二醇組分:
(b1)95-100莫耳%衍生自至少一種飽和脂肪族二醇的單元;
(b2)0-5莫耳%衍生自至少一種不飽和脂肪族二醇的單元。
較佳的是,用於該聚酯的芳香族二羧酸a1、飽和脂肪族二羧酸a2、不飽和脂肪族二羧酸a3、飽和脂肪族二醇b1及不飽和脂肪族二醇b2係選自於上述對根據本發明之聚酯所描述的那些。
至於天然來源的聚合物,這些有利地係選自於澱粉、幾丁質、聚甲殼糖、藻酸鹽;蛋白質,諸如麩質、玉米蛋白、酪蛋白、膠原質、明膠、天然膠、纖維素(亦呈奈米纖絲)及果膠。
用語「澱粉」於此經了解意謂著全部型式的澱粉,換句話說:麵粉、原澱粉、水解澱粉、解構澱粉、糊化澱粉、塑化澱粉、熱塑性澱粉、包含複合澱粉的生物填料或其混合物。根據本發明特別合適者有澱粉類,諸如馬鈴薯、玉蜀黍、樹薯及豌豆澱粉。特別有利者有可容易解構及具有高初始分子量的澱粉,諸如馬鈴薯或玉蜀黍澱粉。該澱粉可就其本身及呈化學修改形式二者呈現,例如,如為具有取代程度在0.2至2.5間之澱粉酯、如為羥丙基化澱粉、如為以脂肪鏈修改的澱粉。
於本文中的解構澱粉參照包括在專利EP-0 118 240及EP-0 327 505中的教示,該澱粉經了解係以在偏光光學顯微鏡下實質上不顯示出所謂的「Maltese十字」及在相位對比光學顯微鏡下無所謂的「重影」之此方式處理。有利的是,該澱粉之解構係藉由一擠製製程,在溫度110-250℃,較佳為130-180℃間,壓力在0.1-7 MPa,較佳為0.3-6 MPa間進行,較佳為在該擠製期間提供一大於0.1瓩小時/公斤的比能量。
該澱粉之解構較佳為於相對於該澱粉的重量有1-40重量%之一或多種選自於水及具有2至22個碳原子之多元醇的塑化劑存在下進行。該水亦可係天然存在於該澱粉中的水。在該多元醇當中,優先選擇為包括2至6個碳原子具有1至20個羥基之多元醇、其醚、硫醚及有機及無機酯。
此多元醇的實施例有甘油、二甘油、聚甘油、新戊四醇、乙氧基化的聚甘油、乙二醇、聚乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、新戊二醇、山梨糖醇、山梨糖醇單醋酸酯、山梨糖醇二醋酸酯、山梨糖醇單乙氧化物、山梨糖醇二乙氧化物及其混合物。
在較佳的具體實例中,該澱粉係於甘油或包含甘油的塑化劑之混合物,更佳為包含在2%至90重量%間之甘油存在下解構。較佳的是,根據本發明之經解構及交聯的澱粉包含相對於該澱粉之重量在1-40 w/w%間的塑化劑。
當存在時,在根據本發明的組成物中之澱粉較佳為呈具有圓形、橢圓形或其它方面橢圓狀截面的粒子形式;具有算術平均直徑小於1微米,考慮到該粒子的主軸進行測量,及更佳為平均直徑小於0.5微米。
根據本發明之可生物降解分支聚酯亦可選擇性與一或多種選自於由下列所組成之群組的添加劑混合:塑化劑、UV安定劑、潤滑劑、成核劑、界面活性劑、抗靜電劑、顏料、增容劑、木質素、水飛薊素有機酸、抗氧化劑、防黴劑、蠟、製程助劑;及較佳為選自於由下列所組成之群組的聚合物組分:乙烯基聚合物及除了上述描述的脂肪族及/或脂肪族-芳香族聚酯外或與其相同的二醇二酸聚酯。
每種添加劑較佳為以少於該混合物的總重量之10重量%的量存在,更佳為少於5重量%,及甚至更佳為少於1重量%。
關於該塑化劑,除了較佳為使用於上述解構澱粉之製備中所描述的塑化劑外,這些係選自於由偏苯三酸酯類(諸如具有較佳為選自於由正辛醇及正癸醇所組成之群組的C4-C20單醇之偏苯三酸酯類)、及具有下列結構的脂肪族酯所組成之群組:
R1-O-C(O)-R4-C(O)-[-O-R2-O-C(O)-R5-C(O)-]m-O-R3
其中:
R1係選自於一或多個由H、C1-C24型式之線性及分支的飽和及不飽和烷基殘基、以C1-C24單羧酸而酯化的多元醇殘基所構成之基團;
R2包含-CH2-C(CH3)2-CH2-及伸烷基C2-C8-基團,及由至少50莫耳%的該-CH2-C(CH3)2-CH2-基團所組成;
R3係選自於一或多個由H、C1-C24型式之線性及分支的飽和及不飽和烷基殘基、以C1-C24單羧酸而酯化的多元醇殘基所構成之基團;
R4及R5係相同或不同,包含一或多個C2-C22,較佳為C2-C11,更佳為C4-C9烯,及包含至少50莫耳%的C7烯;
m係在1-20間之整數,較佳為2-10,更佳為3-7。
較佳的是,在該酯中,該R1及/或R3基團之至少一個包含以至少一個選自於由下列所組成之群組的C1-C24單羧酸來酯化之多元醇殘基,其量相對於該R1及/或R3基團的總量較佳為≥10莫耳%,更佳為≥20%,甚至更佳為≥25莫耳%:硬脂酸、棕櫚酸、9-硬脂酮酸、10-硬脂酮酸及其混合物。此脂肪族酯的實施例係在義大利專利申請案MI2014A000030及國際專利申請案WO 2015/104375及WO 2015/104377中有所描述。
該潤滑劑較佳為選自於脂肪酸的酯及金屬鹽,諸如例如,硬脂酸鋅、硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸鋁及硬脂酸乙醯酯。較佳的是,根據本發明的組成物相對於該組成物的總重量包含最高1重量%的潤滑劑,更佳為最高0.5重量%。
該成核劑的實施例包括糖精鈉鹽、矽酸鈣、苯甲酸鈉、鈦酸鈣、氮化硼、同排聚丙烯、低分子量PLA。
若需要的話,亦可加入顏料,例如,二氧化鈦、黏土、銅酞青、二氧化鈦、矽酸鹽、氧化及氫氧化鐵類、碳黑及氧化鎂。
關於製程助劑諸如滑動及/或離形劑,這些包括例如可生物降解脂肪酸醯胺,諸如油酸醯胺、芥酸醯胺、乙烯-雙-硬脂基醯胺;脂肪酸酯,諸如油酸甘油酯或硬脂酸甘油酯;皂化的脂肪酸,諸如硬脂酸酯;無機試劑,諸如二氧化矽類或滑石。該製程助劑的存在量較佳為少於該混合物的總重量之10重量%,更佳為少於5重量%,甚至更佳為少於2重量%。
本發明的目標亦係使用根據本發明之聚酯來製造發泡物件,較佳為藉由擠製或射出成型來獲得發泡物件。本發明的目標係使用包含根據本發明之聚酯的發泡物件,其中該物件係藉由物理發泡獲得而沒有藉由化學添加劑交聯。本發明的目標亦係提供一包含根據本發明的聚酯之發泡物件,其中該物件係藉由物理發泡獲得而沒有藉由化學添加劑交聯。該物件包括用於電子件部門的保護性包裝,諸如分隔物或薄膜;運動物件,諸如技術設備及鞋子、用於鞋部門的物件。較佳的是,根據本發明之發泡物件係使用在鞋部門。
本發明的目標係提供一種包含根據本發明之聚酯且由一或多層所組成的纖維、薄膜或薄片。有利的是,根據本發明之聚酯可使用作為在不同層間之綁繫層。
現在,本發明將以一些具體實例的實施例來進行闡明,其意欲闡明但不限制本專利申請案之保護範圍。
實施例:
分支聚酯:
(i)聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯):該合成方法係在具有幾何體積25升及配備有下列之316L不銹鋼反應器中進行:機械攪拌系統;由填充管柱及配備有凝液收集桶的殼管式冷卻器所組成之蒸餾線;配備有高沸騰減量系統、冷阱及機械真空泵的聚合反應線;及氮氣注入口。該反應器係裝載有下列:2653克(15.98莫耳)的對酞酸、2631克(18.02莫耳)的己二酸、4284克(47.6莫耳)的1,4-丁二醇、按照表1的分支劑、1.78克的鈦酸二異丙基三乙醇胺酯(Tyzor TE,等於對最後聚合物以重量計為250 ppm的觸媒及21 ppm的金屬)。在90分鐘內將溫度提高至235℃及保持在235℃下直到達成多於95%的酯化轉換,如自該系統蒸餾出的反應水之質量計算。在該酯化步驟結束時,施加第一逐步真空斜度(gradual vacuum ramp)在20分鐘內至壓力最高100毫巴以完成酯化,然後使用氮氣恢復壓力及加入聚縮觸媒鈦酸四丁酯(TnBT)與鋯酸四丁酯(NBZ)之混合物,其由2.97克TnBT(相當於417 ppm觸媒及58 ppm金屬)及7.08克NBZ(相當於994 ppm觸媒及206 ppm金屬)所組成。將該反應器的壓力在30分鐘內降低至低於3毫巴及將溫度提高至245℃並維持,直到自該攪拌馬達的消耗量估計到達想要的分子質量。在該反應結束時,使用氮氣中和真空及讓該材料以細絲形式擠製通過模具。該細絲係在水浴中冷卻、以空氣流乾燥及以刀具切粒化。
表1 | ||||||||||
實施例 | 聚酯 | 在聚酯中的分支劑 | 剪切黏度 [巴斯卡‧秒] | 熔體強度 [牛頓] | RVE | K x10 4 | BSR | D | ||
型式 | 量 [莫耳%] | 量 [克] | ||||||||
1 | i | 新戊四醇 | 0.4 | 18.5 | 336 | 0.015 | 22900 | 0.9 | 84 | 3.68 |
2 | i | 新戊四醇 | 0.5 | 23.1 | 264 | 0.016 | 16900 | 1.0 | 83 | 3.96 |
3 比較例 | i | 新戊四醇 | 0.6 | 27.7 | 265 | 0.033 | 8000 | 0.94 | 44 | 4.79 |
4 比較例 | i | 新戊四醇 | 0.15 | 6.9 | 603 | 0.0095 | 63500 | 0.98 | 44 | 2.55 |
在表1中的數據顯示出僅有於一特徵為透過使用一包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物之製備方法來獲得分支化的可生物降解分支的聚酯存在下才能獲得最理想的RVE值,其中該多官能基化合物相對於最後聚酯係以0.2-0.7莫耳%的濃度存在,其中該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級及該羥基官能基的至少進一步二個係一級或二級,其前提為若存在的話該二級羥基與另一個二級羥基不呈鄰位。
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Claims (14)
- 一種獲得用於發泡的可生物降解分支聚酯之方法,其包含(i)酯化/轉酯化步驟,此係於二醇及二羧酸系組分、及至少一種包括至少四個酸(COOH)或至少四個羥基(OH)官能基的多官能基化合物、及酯化/轉酯化觸媒存在下,其中該多官能基化合物相對於該二羧酸系組分的總莫耳數係以0.2-0.7莫耳%的濃度存在,其中該羥基官能基的至少二個係一級而該羥基官能基的至少進一步二個係一級或二級,其限制條件為若存在的話該二級羥基與另一個二級羥基不呈鄰位;及(ii)聚縮步驟,此係於聚縮觸媒存在下。
- 如請求項1之獲得可生物降解分支聚酯的方法,其中該在酯化/轉酯化步驟(i)及聚縮步驟(ii)中所使用的觸媒係鈦化合物。
- 一種用於發泡之可生物降解分支聚酯,其特徵為經由如請求項1或2之製備方法來獲得分支,該聚酯的進一步特徵為黏彈性比率(RVE)係小於40000。
- 如請求項3之可生物降解分支聚酯,其中該多官能基化合物係選自於多元醇、多元酸及其混合物。
- 如請求項4之可生物降解分支聚酯,其中該多元醇係選自於由下列所組成之群組:新戊四醇、二新戊四醇、雙三羥甲基丙烷、二甘油、三甘油、四甘油及其混合物。
- 如請求項5之可生物降解分支聚酯,其中該多元醇係新戊四醇。
- 如請求項3之可生物降解分支聚酯,其特徵為黏彈性比率(RVE)係小於27000。
- 如請求項3之可生物降解分支聚酯,其中該聚酯係選自於可生物降解脂肪族及脂肪族-芳香族聚酯。
- 如請求項8之可生物降解分支聚酯,其中該聚酯係脂肪族-芳香族聚酯。
- 如請求項9之可生物降解分支聚酯,其中該脂肪族-芳香族聚酯的特徵為該芳香族酸含量相對於總共的該二羧酸系組分係30至70莫耳%。
- 如請求項9或10之可生物降解分支聚酯,其中該脂肪族-芳香族聚酯係選自於由下列所組成之群組:聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(巴西酸1,4-丁二酯(1,4-butylene brassylate)-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-巴西酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-巴西酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-巴西酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)、聚(壬二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-琥珀酸1,4-丁二酯-共-己二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-癸二酸1,4-丁二酯-共-巴西酸1,4-丁二酯-共-對酞酸1,4-丁二酯)。
- 一種用於發泡之可生物降解分支聚酯,其特徵為剪切黏度係500巴斯卡‧秒至100巴斯卡‧秒,熔體強度係0.09牛頓至0.007牛頓,及黏彈性比率RVE係40000至10000。
- 一種包含如請求項3之聚酯的發泡物件,其係藉由物理發泡獲得而沒有藉由化學添加劑交聯。
- 一種如請求項3的聚酯之用途,其係用於製造發泡物件,較佳為藉由擠製或射出成型來獲得該發泡物件。
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BG46154A3 (en) | 1983-02-18 | 1989-10-16 | Warner Lambert Co | Method for preparing of capsules |
GB2214918B (en) | 1988-02-03 | 1992-10-07 | Warner Lambert Co | Polymeric materials made from starch and at least one synthetic thermoplastic polymeric material |
DE4440858A1 (de) * | 1994-11-15 | 1996-05-23 | Basf Ag | Biologisch abbaubare Polymere, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie deren Verwendung zur Herstellung bioabbaubarer Formkörper |
DE4440837A1 (de) * | 1994-11-15 | 1996-05-23 | Basf Ag | Biologisch abbaubare Polymere, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie deren Verwendung zur Herstellung bioabbaubarer Formkörper |
US5661193A (en) * | 1996-05-10 | 1997-08-26 | Eastman Chemical Company | Biodegradable foamable co-polyester compositions |
US7368503B2 (en) * | 2003-12-22 | 2008-05-06 | Eastman Chemical Company | Compatibilized blends of biodegradable polymers with improved rheology |
ITMI20080507A1 (it) | 2008-03-26 | 2009-09-27 | Novamont Spa | Poliestere biodegradabile, suo processo di preparazione e prodotti comprendenti detto poliestere. |
CN102007160B (zh) * | 2008-04-15 | 2013-05-29 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 连续生产生物降解聚酯的方法 |
US9744556B2 (en) * | 2008-09-29 | 2017-08-29 | Basf Se | Method for coating paper |
US8557945B2 (en) * | 2009-05-15 | 2013-10-15 | Kingfa Science & Technology Co., Ltd | Kind of biodegradable polyester and its preparation method |
JP6653653B2 (ja) | 2014-01-13 | 2020-02-26 | ノバモント・ソシエタ・ペル・アチオニNovamont Societa Per Azioni | 脂肪族エステルおよびそれらを含むポリマー組成物 |
AU2014413947A1 (en) | 2014-12-10 | 2017-05-11 | Lotte Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. | Biodegradable polyester resin and foam obtained therefrom |
CN111100427B (zh) * | 2018-10-25 | 2023-01-24 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 结晶性能提高的脂肪族芳香族共聚酯共混物及其制备方法和应用 |
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CN117098663A (zh) | 2023-11-21 |
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