TW202225252A - 可光圖案化之有機半導體(osc)聚合物與其形成及應用方法 - Google Patents
可光圖案化之有機半導體(osc)聚合物與其形成及應用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/124—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom in the ring
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
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Abstract
一種方法包括:使至少一個予體基團與至少一個受保護受體基團反應以形成複數個含保護基之OSC聚合物;自該複數個含保護基之OSC聚合物移除該保護基以形成H鍵結位置;及熔合一第一OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置與一第二OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置以形成共軛OSC聚合物之間的π-π相互作用。
Description
本申請案根據專利法主張於2020年10月16日申請之中國專利申請案第202011108416.7號之優先權權益,該中國專利申請案之內容係依據且以全文引用之方式併入本文中。
本揭露內容係關於作為基於有機薄膜電晶體(organic thin-film transistor,OTFT)之電子裝置及感測器之半傳導層的光可圖案化之有機半導體(OSC)聚合物。
有機薄膜電晶體(organic thin-film transistor,OTFT)作為習知矽基技術之替代已獲得廣泛關注,習知矽基技術需要高溫及高真空沉積製程以及複雜的光微影圖案化方法。半傳導(即,有機半導體,OSC)層為OTFT之一種重要組件,其可有效地影響裝置之效能。
無機TFT裝置陣列之製造中的傳統技術經常依靠光微影術作為圖案化製程。然而,光微影術通常涉及圖案轉印或光阻劑移除期間之粗糙氧氣(O
2)電漿及侵蝕性顯影溶劑,該等溶劑可嚴重地損害OSC層且引起裝置效能之顯著退化。
本揭露內容呈現經改良的光可圖案化之有機半導體聚合物及其作為有機薄膜電晶體之OSC層的用途。
在一些實施例中,一種方法包含:使至少一個予體基團與至少一個受保護受體基團反應以形成複數個含保護基之OSC聚合物;自該複數個含保護基之OSC聚合物移除該保護基以形成H鍵結位置;及熔合一第一OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置與一第二OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置以形成共軛OSC聚合物之間的π-π相互作用。
在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該移除步驟係藉由熱退火、UV輻照或其一組合而進行。
在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該至少一個予體基團為四噻吩并苯(tetrathienoacene,FT4)。在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該至少一個予體基團選自方案4中之化合物中的至少一者。
在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該至少一個受保護之受體基團選自二酮吡咯并吡咯(diketopyrrolopyrrole,DPP)、靛藍、異靛藍或其組合中的至少一者。在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該至少一個受保護之受體基團選自方案2中之化合物中的至少一者。
在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該保護基選自以下各者中的至少一者:第三丁氧羰基(t-Boc)、硝基苄酯(nitrobenzyl ester,NBE)、鄰硝苄基(ortho-nitrobenzyl,ONB)、酯、醚、蒼耳烷(xanthane)、四氫哌喃基(THP)、矽基、酮、縮酮、鹵素、安息香、香豆素、苯并喹啉酮、苯并香豆素、7-硝基吲哚啉、對羥苯甲醯甲基或其組合。
在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該反應步驟包含:使至少一個予體基團與至少一個受保護之受體基團及至少一個不受保護之受體基團反應以形成複數個含保護基之雜交OSC聚合物。在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該至少一個不受保護之受體基團選自二酮吡咯并吡咯(diketopyrrolopyrrole,DPP)、靛藍、異靛藍或其組合中的至少一者。在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該至少一個不受保護之受體基團選自方案2中之化合物中的至少一者。
在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,移除該保護基之該步驟包含:使該複數個含保護基之OSC聚合物溶解於一溶劑中以形成一混合物;及將該混合物安置至一基板上以形成一膜。在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,移除該保護基之該步驟進一步包含:在一範圍在100℃至500℃內之一溫度下對該膜進行熱退火。在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,移除該保護基之該步驟進一步包含:使該膜曝露於一能量在10 mJ/cm
2至2000 mJ/cm
2之一範圍內的UV光。在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該UV光具有在400 mJ/cm
2至1600 mJ/cm
2之一範圍內的一能量。
在一些實施例中,一種電子裝置包含共軛OSC聚合物,該等共軛OSC聚合物經組態而以10個十億分點(parts-per-billion,ppb)之一偵測位準感測氮基氣體。在可與其他態樣或實施例中之任一者組合的一個態樣中,該氮基氣體包含以下各者中的至少一者:氨(NH
3)、一氧化氮(NO)、三乙胺(Et
3N)、哌啶((CH
2)
5NH)、1,4-二胺丁烷(NH
2(CH
2)
4NH
2)或其組合。在一些實施例中,一種電子裝置包含共軛OSC聚合物,該等共軛OSC聚合物經組態以感測氣體,其中該氣體包含以下各者中的至少一者:丙酮、一氧化碳(CO)、硫化氫(H
2S)、二氯甲烷(CH
2Cl
2)、乙醇(CH
3CH
2OH)、乙酸乙酯(C
4H
8O
2)、己烷、氯化氫(HCl)或其組合。
現在將詳細地參考在附圖中圖示之例示性實施例。只要可能,相同參考數字將貫穿圖式使用以指代相同或類似部分。圖式中之組件未必按比例,重點改為放在說明例示性實施例之原理。應理解,本申請案不限於在描述中闡述或在圖中圖示之細節或方法。亦應理解,術語僅用於描述目的且不應解釋為限制性的。
另外,本說明書中所闡述之任何實例為說明性的,而非限制性的,且僅闡述所主張發明之許多可能實施例中的一些。本領域中通常遇到且對熟習此項技術者可顯而易見的多種條件及參數之其他合適修改及調適在揭露內容之精神及範疇內。
定義
術語「桂皮酸鹽/酯」係指桂皮酸之鹽或酯,其為具有化學式C
6H
5CH=CHCOOH之有機化合物。桂皮酸及桂皮酸鹽/酯兩者被分類為不飽和羧酸。桂皮酸鹽/酯可作為順式及反式異構物兩者出現。
術語「查耳酮」係指形成多種重要的生物化合物之中央核心的芳酮及烯酮,統稱為查耳酮(chalcone)或查耳酮(chalconoid)。查耳酮之實例包括亞苄基苯乙酮、苯基桂皮酮、亞苄基苯乙酮、β-苯基丙烯醯苯、γ-側氧-α,γ-二苯基-α-丙烯及α-苯基-β-苯甲醯基乙烯。
術語「香豆素」(即,2H-苯并哌喃-2-酮)係指具有化學式C
9H
6O
2之芳香族有機化學化合物。該化合物為兩個鄰近氫原子被內酯類似鏈-O-替換的苯分子,從而形成與苯環共用兩個碳之第二六員雜環。該化合物可屬於苯并哌喃酮化學品類且被視為內酯。
術語「芳基烯」係指直接鍵結至芳族基團之烯基團。
術語「烷基」係指具有1至40個碳原子之單自由基的分枝或未分枝飽和烴鏈。此術語藉由諸如以下各者之基團來例示:甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、異丁基、第三丁基、戊基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基、正癸基或四癸基及類似基團。烷基可為經取代或未取代的。
術語「經取代烷基」係指:(1)具有1、2、3、4或5個取代基、通常1至3個取代基的如上文定義之烷基,該等取代基選自由以下各者組成之群組:烯基、炔基、烷氧基、芳烷基、醛、環烷基、環烯基、醯基、醯胺基、醯基鹵化物、醯氧、胺基、胺基羰基、烷氧基羰基胺基、疊氮基、氰基、鹵素、羥基、酮基、硫羰基、羧基、羧烷基、芳基硫醇基、酯、雜芳硫基、雜環基硫基、羥基、硫醇基、烷硫基、芳基、芳氧基、雜芳基、胺基磺醯基、胺基羰基胺基、雜芳氧基、雜環基、雜環氧基、羥基胺基、烷氧基胺基、硝基、-SO-烷基、-SO-芳基、-SO-雜芳基、-SO
2-烷基、-SO
2-芳基及-SO
2-雜芳基、硫代烷基、乙烯醚。除非定義另有約束,所有取代基可視情況進一步由選自以下各者之1、2或3個取代基取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2;或(2)如上文定義的由獨立選自氧、硫及NR
a之1至10個原子中斷的烷基,其中R
a選自氫、烷基、環烷基、烯基、環烯基、炔基、芳基、雜芳基及雜環基。所有取代基可視情況由以下各者進一步取代:烷基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基或-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基,且n為0、1或2;或(3)如上文定義的烷基,其具有如上文定義的1、2、3、4或5個取代基且亦由如上文定義的1至10個原子中斷。舉例而言,烷基可為烷基羥基基團,其中烷基之氫原子中的任一者用羥基基團來取代。
如本文中定義之術語「烷基」亦包括環烷基。如本文中所使用之術語「環烷基」為非芳族的碳基環(即,碳環),其由至少三個碳原子且在一些實施例中由三至20個碳原子組成,具有單個循環環或多個縮合環。單環環烷基之實例包括但不限於環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環辛基及類似基團。多環環烷基之實例包括但不限於金剛烷基、雙環[2.2.1]庚烷、1,3,3-三甲基雙環[2.2.1]庚-2-基、(2,3,3-三甲基雙環[2.2.1]庚-2-基)或例如茚烷的芳基所熔合至之碳環基團及類似基團。術語環烷基亦包括雜環烷基,其中環之碳原子中的至少一者由雜原子取代,雜原子諸如但不限於氮、氧、硫或磷。
術語「未取代烷基」在本文中定義為僅由碳及氫組成之烷基。
術語「醯基」表示基團-C(O)R
CO,其中R
CO為氫、可選取代之烷基、可選取代之環烷基、可選取代之雜環基、可選取代之芳基及可選取代之雜芳基。
如本文中所使用之術語「芳基」為任何碳基的芳族基團(即,芳族碳環),諸如具有單環(例如,苯基)或多環(例如,聯苯)或多個縮合(稠)環(例如,萘基或蒽基)。此等基團可包括但不限於苯、萘、苯基等。
術語「芳基」亦包括「雜芳基」,意味著自在至少一個環內具有1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14或15個碳原子及選自氧、氮、硫及磷之1、2、3或4個雜原子之芳環基團(即,完全不飽和)衍生的自由基。換言之,雜芳基為由至少三個碳原子組成之芳環,其具有併入芳族基團之環內的至少一個雜原子。此類雜芳基可具有單環(例如,吡啶基或呋喃基)或多個縮合環(例如,吲哚嗪基、苯并噻唑基或苯并噻吩基)。雜芳基之實例包括但不限於[1,2,4]噁二唑、[1,3,4]噁二唑、[1,2,4]噻二唑、[1,3,4]噻二唑、吡咯、咪唑、吡唑、吡啶、吡嗪、嘧啶、噠嗪、吲哚嗪、異吲哚、吲哚、吲唑、嘌呤、喹嗪、異喹啉、喹啉、酞嗪、萘基吡啶、喹喔啉、喹唑啉、噌啉、喋啶、咔唑、咔啉、啡啶、吖啶、啡啉、異噻唑、吩嗪、異噁唑、酚噁嗪、酚噻嗪、咪唑啶、咪唑咻、三唑、噁唑、噻唑、萘啶及類似物,以及含氮雜芳基化合物之N-氧化物及N-烷氧基衍生物,例如吡啶-N-氧化物衍生物。
除非針對雜芳基取代基之定義另有約束,否則此類雜芳基可視情況由1至5個驅取代基、通常1至3個取代基取代,該等取代基選自由以下各者組成之群組:烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、環烷基、環烯基、醯基、醯胺基、醯氧基、胺基、胺基羰基、烷氧基羰基胺基、疊氮基、氰基、鹵素、羥基、酮基、硫羰基、羧基、羧烷基、芳硫基、雜芳硫基、雜環基硫基、硫醇基、烷硫基、芳基、芳氧基、雜芳基、胺基磺醯基、胺基羰基胺基、雜芳氧基、雜環基、雜環氧基、羥基胺基、烷氧基胺基、硝基、-SO-烷基、-SO-芳基、-SO-雜芳基、-SO
2-烷基、SO
2-芳基及-SO
2-雜芳基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1至3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
芳基可為經取代或未取代的。除非針對芳基取代基之定義另有約束,否則此類芳基可視情況由1至5個取代基、通常1至3個取代基取代,該等取代基選自由以下各者組成之群組:烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、醛、環烷基、環烯基、醯基、醯胺基、醯氧基、胺基、胺基羰基、烷氧基羰基胺基、疊氮基、氰基、酯、鹵素、羥基、酮基、硫羰基、羧基、羧烷基、芳硫基、雜芳硫基、雜環基硫基、硫醇基、烷硫基、芳基、芳氧基、雜芳基、胺基磺醯基、胺基羰基胺基、雜芳氧基、雜環基、雜環氧基、羥基胺基、烷氧基胺基、硝基、-SO-烷基、-SO-芳基、-SO-雜芳基、-SO
2-烷基、SO
2-芳基及-SO
2-雜芳基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1至3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。在一些實施例中,術語「芳基」限於經取代或未取代的具有三至30個碳原子之芳基及雜芳基環。
如本文中所使用之術語「芳烷基」為具有共價附接至芳基的如本文中定義之烷基或伸烷基之芳基。芳烷基之一實例為苄基。「可選取代之芳烷基」係指共價聯結至可選取代之烷基或伸烷基的可選取代之芳基。此類芳烷基由苄基、苯基乙基、3-(4-甲氧苯基)丙基及類似基團來例示。。
術語「雜芳烷基」係指共價聯結至伸烷基之雜芳基,其中雜芳基及伸烷基在本文中定義。「可選取代之雜芳烷基」係指共價聯結至可選取代之伸烷基的可選取代之雜芳基。此類雜芳烷基由3-吡啶基甲基、喹啉-8-基乙基、4-甲氧噻唑-2-基丙基及類似基團來例示。
術語「烯基」係指一般具有2至40個碳原子、更一般2至10個碳原子且甚至更一般2至6個碳原子且具有1至6個、一般1個雙鍵(乙烯基)的分枝或未分枝不飽和烴基團之單自由基。典型烯基包括乙烯基(ethenyl)或乙烯基(vinyl) (-CH=CH
2)、1-丙烯或丙烯基(-CH
2CH=CH
2)、異丙烯基(-C(CH
3)=CH
2)、雙環[2.2.1]庚烯及類似基團。當烯基附接至氮時,雙鍵不可在氮的端部。
術語「經取代烯基」係指具有1、2、3、4或5個取代基且通常1、2或3個取代基的如上文定義之烯基,該等取代基選自由以下各者組成之群組:烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、環烷基、環烯基、醯基、醯胺基、醯氧基、胺基、胺基羰基、烷氧基羰基胺基、疊氮基、氰基、鹵素、羥基、酮基、硫羰基、羧基、羧烷基、芳硫基、雜芳硫基、雜環基硫基、硫醇基、烷硫基、芳基、芳氧基、雜芳基、胺基磺醯基、胺基羰基胺基、雜芳氧基、雜環基、雜環氧基、羥基胺基、烷氧基胺基、硝基、-SO-烷基、-SO-芳基、-SO-雜芳基、-SO
2-烷基、SO
2-芳基及-SO
2-雜芳基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1、2或3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
術語「環烯基」係指3至20個碳原子之碳環基團,其具有在環結構中具有至少一個雙鍵之單一循環環或多個縮合環。
術語「炔基」係指一般具有2至40個碳原子、更一般2至10個碳原子且甚至更一般2至6個碳原子且至少具有乙炔(三鍵)不飽和之1個且一般1至6個位置的不飽和烴之單自由基。典型炔基包括乙炔基、(-C≡CH)、炔丙基(或丙-1-炔-3-基,-CH
2C≡CH)及類似基團。當炔基附接至氮時,三鍵不可在氮的端部。
術語「經取代炔基」係指具有1、2、3、4或5個取代基且通常1、2或3個取代基的如上文定義之炔基,該等取代基選自由以下各者組成之群組:烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、環烷基、環烯基、醯基、醯胺基、醯氧基、胺基、胺基羰基、烷氧基羰基胺基、疊氮基、氰基、鹵素、羥基、酮基、硫羰基、羧基、羧烷基、芳硫基、雜芳硫基、雜環基硫基、硫醇基、烷硫基、芳基、芳氧基、雜芳基、胺基磺醯基、胺基羰基胺基、雜芳氧基、雜環基、雜環氧基、羥基胺基、烷氧基胺基、硝基、-SO-烷基、-SO-芳基、-SO-雜芳基、-SO
2-烷基、SO
2-芳基及-SO
2-雜芳基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1、2或3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
術語「伸烷基」係定義為具有1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19或20個碳原子、一般1至10個碳原子、更一般1、2、3、4、5或6個碳原子的分枝或未分枝飽和烴鏈之雙自由基。此術語藉由諸如以下各者之基團來例示:亞甲基(-CH
2-)、伸乙基(-CH
2CH
2-)、伸丙基異構物(例如,-CH
2CH
2CH
2-及-CH(CH
3)CH
2-)及類似基團。
術語「經取代伸烷基」係指:(1)具有1、2、3、4或5個取代基的如上文定義之伸烷基,該等取代基選自由以下各者組成之群組:烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、環烷基、環烯基、醯基、醯胺基、醯氧基、胺基、胺基羰基、烷氧基羰基胺基、疊氮基、氰基、鹵素、羥基、酮基、硫羰基、羧基、羧烷基、芳硫基、雜芳硫基、雜環基硫基、硫醇基、烷硫基、芳基、芳氧基、雜芳基、胺基磺醯基、胺基羰基胺基、雜芳氧基、雜環基、雜環氧基、羥基胺基、烷氧基胺基、硝基、-SO-烷基、-SO-芳基、-SO-雜芳基、-SO
2-烷基、-SO
2-芳基及-SO
2-雜芳基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1、2或3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2;或(2)由獨立地選自氧、硫及NR
a-之1至20個原子中斷的如上文定義之伸烷基,其中R
a選自氫、可選取代之烷基、環烷基、環烯基、芳基、雜芳基及雜環基或選自羰基、羧基酯、羧基醯胺及磺醯基的基團;或(3)具有如上文定義之1、2、3、4或5個取代基且亦由如上文定義之1至20個原子中斷的如上文定義之伸烷基。經取代伸烷基之實例為氯亞甲基(-CH(Cl)-)、胺基伸乙基(-CH(NH
2)CH
2-)、甲基胺基伸乙基(-CH(NHMe)CH
2-)、2-羧基伸丙基異構物(-CH
2CH(CO
2H)CH
2-)、乙氧乙基(-CH
2CH
2O-CH
2CH
2-)、乙基甲基胺基乙基(-CH
2CH
2N(CH
3)CH
2CH
2-)及類似基團。
術語「烷氧基」係指基團R-O-,其中R為可選取代之烷基或可選取代之環烷基,或R為基團-Y-Z,其中Y為可選取代之伸烷基且Z為可選取代之烯基、可選取代之炔基;或可選取代之環烯基,其中烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基及環烯基如本文中所定義。典型烷氧基為可選取代之烷基-O-且作為例子包括甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、異丙氧基、正丁氧基、第三丁氧基、二級-丁氧基、正戊氧基、正己氧基、1,2-二甲基丁氧基、三氟甲氧基及類似基團。
術語「烷硫基」係指基團R
S-S-,其中R
S如針對烷氧基所定義。
術語「胺基羰基」係指基團-C(O)NR
NR
N,其中每一R
N獨立地為氫、烷基、芳基、雜芳基、雜環基,或其中兩個R
N基團結合以形成雜環基團(例如,嗎啉基)。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1至3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
術語「醯胺基」係指基團-NR
NCOC(O)R,其中每一R
NCO獨立地為氫、烷基、芳基、雜芳基或雜環基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1至3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
術語「醯氧基」係指基團-O(O)C-烷基、-O(O)C-環烷基、-O(O)C-芳基、-O(O)C-雜芳基及-O(O)C-雜環基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由以下各者進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
術語「芳氧基」係指基團芳基-O-,其中芳基如上文所定義且包括亦如上文定義的可選取代之芳基。
術語「雜芳氧基」係指基團雜芳基-O-。
術語「胺基」係指基團-NH
2。
術語「經取代胺基」係指基團-NR
wR
w,其中每一R
w獨立地選自由以下各者組成之群組:氫、烷基、環烷基、羧烷基(例如,苄氧羰基)、芳基、雜芳基及雜環基,條件為:兩個R
w基團不為氫或基團-Y-Z,其中Y為可選取代之伸烷基且Z為烯基、環烯基或炔基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1至3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
術語「羧基」係指基團-C(O)OH。術語「羧基烷基」係指基團-C(O)O-烷基或-C(O)O-環烷基,其中烷基及環烷基如本文中所定義且可視情況由以下各者進一步取代:烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
術語「經取代環烷基」或「經取代環烯基」係指具有1、2、3、4或5個取代基且通常1、2或3個取代基之環烷基或環烯基,該等取代基選自由以下各者組成之群組:烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、環烷基、環烯基、醯基、醯胺基、醯氧基、胺基、胺基羰基、烷氧基羰基胺基、疊氮基、氰基、鹵素、羥基、酮基、硫羰基、羧基、羧烷基、芳硫基、雜芳硫基、雜環基硫基、硫醇基、烷硫基、芳基、芳氧基、雜芳基、胺基磺醯基、胺基羰基胺基、雜芳氧基、雜環基、雜環氧基、羥基胺基、烷氧基胺基、硝基、-SO-烷基、-SO-芳基、-SO-雜芳基、-SO
2-烷基、SO
2-芳基及-SO
2-雜芳基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1、2或3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
術語「共軛基團」係定義為線性、分枝或環狀基團或其組合,其中基團內的原子之p軌域經由電子之非定域化作用而連接且其中該結構可描述為含有交替之單鍵及雙鍵或三鍵且可進一步含有孤電子對、自由基或三價碳陽離子。共軛環狀基團可包含芳族基團及非芳族基團兩者,且可包含諸如二酮吡咯并吡咯之多環或雜環基團。理想地,共軛基團以繼續該等基團連接之噻吩部分之間的共軛之方式結合。在一些實施例中,「共軛基團」限於具有三至30個碳原子之共軛基團。
術語「鹵素」、「鹵」或「鹵化物」可指代可互換且係指氟、溴、氯及碘。
術語「雜環基」係指單自由基飽和或部分不飽和之基團,該基團具有單環或多個縮合環,在環內具有1至40個碳原子及選自氮、硫、磷及/或氧的1至10個雜原子、通常1、2、3或4個雜原子。雜環基團可具有單環或多個縮合環,且包括四氫呋喃基、嗎啉基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、二氫吡啶基及類似基團。
除非針對雜環基取代基之定義另有約束,否則此類雜環基可視情況由1、2、3、4或5個且通常1、2或3個取代基取代,該等取代基選自由以下各者組成之群組:烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、環烷基、環烯基、醯基、醯胺基、醯氧基、胺基、胺基羰基、烷氧基羰基胺基、疊氮基、氰基、鹵素、羥基、酮基、硫羰基、羧基、羧烷基、芳硫基、雜芳硫基、雜環基硫基、硫醇基、烷硫基、芳基、芳氧基、雜芳基、胺基磺醯基、胺基羰基胺基、雜芳氧基、雜環基、雜環氧基、羥基胺基、烷氧基胺基、硝基、-SO-烷基、-SO-芳基、-SO-雜芳基、-SO
2-烷基、-SO
2-芳基及-SO
2-雜芳基。除非定義另有約束,否則所有取代基可視情況由選自以下各者之1至3個取代基進一步取代:烷基、羧基、羧烷基、胺基羰基、羥基、烷氧基、鹵素、CF
3、胺基、經取代胺基、氰基及-S(O)
nR
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基且n為0、1或2。
術語「硫醇基」係指基團-SH。術語「經取代烷硫基」係指基團-S-經取代之烷基。術語「芳基硫醇基」係指基團芳基-S-,其中芳基如上文所定義。術語「雜芳基硫醇基」係指基團-S-雜芳基,其中雜芳基如上文所定義,從而包括亦如上文定義的可選取代之雜芳基。
術語「亞碸」係指基團-S(O)R
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基。術語「經取代亞碸」係指基團-S(O)R
SO,其中R
SO為經取代烷基、經取代芳基或經取代雜芳基,如本文中所定義。術語「碸」係指基團-S(O)
2R
SO,其中R
SO為烷基、芳基或雜芳基。術語「經取代碸」係指基團-S(O)
2R
SO,其中R
SO為經取代烷基、經取代芳基或經取代雜芳基,如本文中所定義。
術語「酮基」係指基團-C(O)-。術語「硫羰基」係指基團-C(S)-。
如本文中所使用,術語「室溫」為20℃至25℃。
揭示可用於揭示的方法及組合物、可結合揭示的方法及組合物使用且可在製備揭示的方法及組合物時使用或為揭示的方法及組合物之產物的化合物、組合物及組份。在本文中揭示此等及其他材料,且將理解,當揭示此等材料之組合、子集、相互作用作用、群組等時,儘管對此等化合物之每一各種個別及總體組合及排列的特定參考可能未明確揭示,但在本文中特別地考慮且描述每一者。因此,若揭示一類分子A、B及C以及一類分子D、E及F,且揭示組合分子之一實例A至D,則即使每一分子未個別地列舉,亦個別地且總體地考慮每一分子。因此,在此實例中,組合A至E、A至F、B至D、B至E、B至F、CD、C至E及C至F中之每一者將特別地考慮且應被視為自以下各者之揭示而揭示:A、B及C;D、E及F;及實例組合A至D。同樣地,亦特別地考慮且揭示此等分子之任何子集或組合。因此,例如,A至E、B至F及C至E之子組被特別地考慮且應被視為自以下各者之揭示而揭示:A、B及C;D、E及F;及實例組合A至D。此概念適用於本揭露內容之所有態樣,包括但不限於製造及使用揭示的組合物之方法中的步驟。因此,若存在可執行之多種額外步驟,則將理解,可關於揭示的方法之任何特定實施例或實施例之組合執行此等額外步驟中之每一者,且每一此組合被特別地考慮且應考慮揭示。
除非特別地規定相反,否則組份之重量百分比係基於包括該組份之配方或組合物之總重量。
作為功能材料之有機半導體可用於包括例如以下各者之多種應用中:印刷電子設備,有機電晶體,包括有機薄膜電晶體(organic thin-film transistor,OTFT)及有機場效電晶體(organic field-effect transistor,OFET)、有機發光二極體(organic lightemitting diode,OLED)、有機積體電路、有機太陽能電池及拋棄式感測器。有機電晶體可用於包括以下各者之許多應用中:智慧卡、保全標籤及平面顯示器之背板。與諸如矽之無機對應物相比,有機半導體可實質上降低成本。自溶液沉積OSC可實現快速的大面積製造路線,諸如各種印刷方法及卷對卷製程。
有機薄膜電晶體特別有趣,因為該等電晶體之製造製程與習知矽基技術相比不太複雜。舉例而言,OTFT通常依靠低溫沉積及溶液處理,當與半傳導共軛聚合物一起使用時,低溫沉積及溶液處理可達成有價值之技術屬性,諸如與簡寫印刷技術之相容性、整體低成本製造方法及可撓性塑膠基板。OTFT之其他潛在應用包括可撓電子紙、感測器、記憶體裝置(例如,射頻識別卡(radio frequency identification card,RFID))、用於供應鏈管理之可遙控智慧標籤、大面積可撓式顯示器及智慧卡。
溶液處理之共軛聚合物由於其低成本、大面積及可撓材料優點已經引起電子裝置製造(例如,聚合物發光二極體(polymeric light-emitting diode,PLED)、聚合物太陽能電池(polymer solar cell,PSC)、感測器、記憶體裝置等)且確切地有機薄膜電晶體(organic thin film transistor,OTFT)的強烈興趣。
經常地,此等電子應用需要對OSC共軛聚合物材料及閘極絕緣材料進行圖案化以防止鄰近裝置之間的不需要的高截止電流及串擾。光微影術為用於無機半導體裝置之最常見技術。然而,在OTFT之製造中,蝕刻製程期間的與來自光阻劑顯影及電漿氣氛之侵蝕性溶劑接觸可明顯地損害有機半傳導薄膜及閘極絕緣薄膜,以及半導體-介電質界面。在此等圖案化步驟後,裝置效能可受到負面影響。
在顯影UV可圖案化之OSC材料時的先前嘗試已遭受當比例增大至大面積裝置陣列時的不良裝置至裝置再現性,或平衡OSC聚合物之UV圖案化效率與OTFT裝置效能方面的困難。
與先前的基於交聯之溶液相比,本申請案描述一種製程,藉由該製程,(A)使一予體基團與一受保護之受體基團反應以形成一含保護基之OSC聚合物;(B)藉由熱退火或UV輻照自該OSC聚合物移除該保護基以形成H鍵結位置;及(C)熔合一第一OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置與一第二OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置以形成共軛OSC聚合物之間的π-π相互作用。
藉由移除保護基及實現氫鍵結,π-共軛聚合物主幹上之氫鍵位置引起密裝的聚合物鏈,從而產生不可溶之OSC聚合物。藉由含有潛藏之氫鍵結位置的OSC聚合物來實現提高的溶解度穩定性,該等氫鍵結位置可用於直接對共軛聚合物進行固定及/或圖案化。此外,暴露之氫鍵結位置可用於基於OTFT之氣體感測器中以改良選擇性及敏感度。
此外,共軛聚合物之膜沉積通常需要旋塗、噴墨印刷或刀片塗佈,所有處理需要在處理溶劑中之良好溶解度。然而,共軛聚合物之硬主幹阻礙其在有機溶劑中之可溶性,由此需要增溶側基,諸如脂族醚或酯組成物。
如本文中所呈現,用於獲得溶液處理之OSC聚合物膜的一種途徑為前驅體方法,其中增溶(即,保護)基團係首先引入作為至OSC聚合物主幹上的側鏈以確保溶解度,且接著在OSC聚合物已沉積為膜之後清除。保護基可選自以下各者中的至少一者:第三丁氧羰基(t-Boc)、硝基苄酯(nitrobenzyl ester,NBE)、鄰硝苄基(ortho-nitrobenzyl,ONB)、酯、醚、蒼耳烷、四氫哌喃基(tetrahydropyranyl,THP)、矽基、酮、縮酮、鹵素、安息香、香豆素、苯并喹啉酮、苯并香豆素、7-硝基吲哚啉、對羥苯甲醯甲基或其組合。另外,逆狄耳士-阿德爾反應亦可用於達成OSC聚合物之固定化/圖案化。
尤其針對t-Boc保護基(用於有機合成中之胺),移除t-Boc (在安置聚合物作為膜之後)涉及羧酸及醯胺基團之釋出,以形成改良膜形態、次序及密度之穩定氫鍵。由於氫鍵結位置與π-共軛聚合物主幹熔合,因此共軛OSC聚合物之間的π-π相互作用在氫鍵形成時得到強烈增強,從而產生溶解度低得多之OSC聚合物。t-Boc基團本身之釋放亦使OSC聚合物之溶解度明顯降低。因為t-Boc保護基可藉由熱退火或UV輻照自OSC聚合物移除,所以t-Boc保護基可藉由在熱退火後清除氣態異丁烯而變換成-COOH。
一旦t-Boc被清除且共軛OSC聚合物之間的π-π相互作用形成,所得膜表明對有機溶劑、含水酸及熱處理之極佳抗性。經固定化/圖案化之聚合物經常展示OTFT中的經改良裝置特性。得到的基於OTFT之感測器建置在經由附接本文中描述之保護基且隨後移除該等保護基形成的此類OSC聚合物上,顯示對氨及揮發胺之顯著敏感度及選擇性。氨及胺之偵測對於固定化之OSC聚合物可能達到10個十億分點(ppb)臨限值之位準。除氨及胺外,保護基(例如,t-Boc等)亦可用於氟化物陰離子萃取器應用、圖案化之螢光微纖維成像、顯色感測、比色陰離子感測及彩色成像中。
此外,t-Boc亦可改良極端的操作或處理條件。舉例而言,為增大聚苯胺(polyaniline,PANI)受體在有機溶劑中之溶解度,PANI利用腐蝕性溶劑(例如,強酸,諸如H
2SO
4)進行電子紡絲。然而,當與t-Boc保護基附接時,t-Boc PANI可為可溶於常見有機溶劑中。t-Boc PANI纖維之氫氯酸(HCl)處理幫助移除酸性不穩定之t-Boc基團。因此,在偵測氣態氨時成功地使用HCl摻雜之PANI纖維。PANI為一系列傳導聚合物,由於氧化還原性質及高傳導率,該等聚合物為用於感測器、致動器及電極中的吸引人之材料。
在一些實例中,上面可接枝保護基之受體包括:二酮吡咯并吡咯(diketopyrrolopyrrole,DPP)、靛藍、異靛藍或其組合(方案1),t-BOC保護基在方案1中展示,儘管此保護基可用其他類似聯結之保護基(在上文論述)替換。方案2展示可使用之受體的一些實例,其中「LG」為脫離基。
方案1
方案2
可容易合成基於本文中描述之受體及方案3及方案4之予體的一系列予體-受體類型之π-共軛共聚物。在一些實例中,予體為四噻吩并苯(tetrathienoacene,FT4) (方案3)。方案4展示可使用之予體的一些實例,其中「LG」為脫離基。
方案3
方案4
實例
本文中描述之實施例將藉由以下實例來進一步闡明。
除非另有說明,否則所有實驗操作係在通風櫥中進行。
實例
1—OSC
聚合物合成
根據一些實施例,第5圖為圖示藉由移除保護基及形成氫鍵結來形成OSC聚合物之方案。實例1之合成代表第一反應步驟(100% Boc OSC之合成程序)。
將約1:1毫莫耳比之DSnDC17FT4對DPP單體連同參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0) (Pd
2(DBA)
3) (催化劑)及三(鄰甲苯基)膦(催化劑之配位體)一起估量至3頸圓底燒瓶中。接著利用舒克來線(Schlenk line)歧管對圓底燒瓶抽真空且填充以N
2三次。接著將反應燒瓶連接至冷凝器且將氯苯(Ph-Cl,20 mL)添加至燒瓶中。穿過燒瓶之第三頸中的隔片將熱電偶插入至反應混合物中。將反應混合物內部溫度自室溫加熱至120℃。
在內部溫度達到120℃後,在油浴中將反應混合物攪拌1小時。在反應混合物仍然熱時,將反應混合物直接傾倒至攪拌著的300 mL甲醇中。使用約50 mL甲醇洗滌燒瓶。添加濃縮HCl (溶液) (4 mL)且將混合物攪拌隔夜。使用壓力減小之布氏漏斗及支管錐形燒瓶自溶液過濾聚合物。將濾出液溶液丟棄至有害廢棄物。
接著將聚合物轉移至索氏套管中且裝載至索氏萃取設備中。索氏萃取將利用丙酮(300 mL)進行24小時。丟棄丙酮溶液/懸浮液。索氏萃取將利用正己烷(300 mL)進行24小時。丟棄己烷溶液/懸浮液。將聚合物萃取至氯仿(300 mL)中,直至沒有更多材料溶解為止。藉由將氯仿溶液傾倒至具丙酮(400 mL)之攪拌燒杯中、在室溫下攪拌來沉澱聚合物。使用壓力減小之布氏漏斗及支管錐形燒瓶自溶液過濾聚合物。丟棄濾出液溶液。將聚合物在真空下乾燥。
如第5圖所示,100% t-Boc DPP最初被用於合成差不多100%的t-Boc OSC聚合物(聚合物1)。聚合物1不溶於1,2,4-三氯苯(例如,於120℃下1 mg/mL,參見下文的表1)及氯苯中。
用於移除保護基之一種機制(第5圖中之第二反應步驟)涉及:(A)在酸性條件下,質子結合至醯胺鍵上之氮原子,從而使氮原子帶正電;(B)此後,斷開第三丁基之醯胺鍵及碳-氧鍵,從而產生第三丁基碳陽離子及胺,且同時釋放二氧化碳;及(C)對第三丁基碳陽離子去質子以形成異丁烯。關於第5圖之第三反應步驟,其中第一OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置與第二OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置熔合以形成共軛OSC聚合物之間的π-π相互作用,氫鍵本身為大的非定域π鍵。氫鍵改良OSC分子之π-π堆疊且提高該等分子之結晶度。
與本文中提供且在第5圖中例示之機制類似的機制亦可用於雜交OSC聚合物之合成中。舉例而言,第6圖利用類似之反應方案,但使用DPP單體之多種變形,在此情況下,使用t-Boc保護之DPP單體及非t-Boc保護之DPP單體(例如,BC26DPP)兩者。其他及任何數目之變形可用於達成最終OSC聚合物之所要機械及化學性質。舉例而言,多個予體及多個受體(例如,受保護受體及不受保護受體及/或其組合)可用於定製最終OSC聚合物以具有所要的溶解度特性。
實例
2—
特性化
最終OSC聚合物之分子量判定
使用具有折射率偵測器之聚合物實驗室(即,Agilent) GPC 220系統來執行凝膠滲透層析術(Gel Permeation Chromatography,GPC)分析。所使用之管柱為Resipore 300 × 7.5 mm。流動相為流動速率為1 mL/分鐘之1,2,4-三氯苯。所有樣本以1 mg/mL在1,2,4-三氯苯中製備。循環體積為100 μL。利用具有以下峰值分子量之聚苯乙烯標準品對系統進行校準,且將所有結果與該等聚苯乙烯標準品進行比較:10,110;21,810;28,770;49,170;74,800;91,800;139,400;及230,900。用於量測稠合的噻吩基聚合物之分子量的標準系統溫度為200℃。
表1描述t-Boc保護之OSC聚合物的分子量,所指示的反應物比例來自第5圖及第6圖之機制。Mn為數目平均分子量,該分子量為樣本中之所有聚合物鏈之統計平均分子量。Mw為重量平均分子量,該分子量在判定對分子量平均值的貢獻時考慮鏈之分子量。換言之,聚合物鏈愈大,該鏈對Mw之貢獻愈大。Mw:Mn之比率為多分散性指數(polydispersity index,PDI)。因此,例如,若所有聚合物鏈完全相同,則Mn及Mw將完全相同且PDI為1;PDI愈大,分子量分佈愈寬。表1指示如下趨勢:隨著t-BOC對DPP比率減小,較高分子量形成。在一些實例中,分子量大於預定臨限值(例如,25,000)之聚合物已在氣體感測器應用中展現良好效能。
表1
聚合物 | 最終產率(% t-Boc OSC聚合物) | 反應物 | Mn | Mw | PDI |
1 | 100 | DSnDC17FT4 + 100% t-Boc DPP單體(第5圖) | -- | -- | -- |
2 | 50 | DSnDC17FT4 + 50% t-Boc DPP單體 + 50% BC26DPP單體(第6圖) | 11374 | 21029 | 1.85 |
3 | 30 | DSnDC17FT4 + 30% t-Boc DPP單體 + 70% BC26DPP單體(第6圖) | 22948 | 52130 | 2.27 |
重量損失判定(保護基移除)
在25℃至500℃之溫度範圍中在氮氣流(40 mL/min)中執行熱重分析(thermogravimetric Analysis,TGA),加熱速率為10℃/分鐘。熱裂解溫度經判定為在186℃至189℃之間,如分別針對聚合物1至3展示於第7A圖至第7C圖中。聚合物1至3在熱退火(或UV輻照)後之重量損失分別為14.42%、6.13%及3.29%。此等值很好地對應於聚合物1至3中之t-Boc基團之理論重量百分比(例如,分別為16.3%、6.7%及3.7%)。據此可推斷出聚合物1至3之重量損失由t-Boc保護基之移除引起。
t-Boc OSC聚合物之壽命判定
由於OSC溶液的固有凝聚傾向,OSC溶液之壽命在確保工業生產之均勻性及可重複性上特別重要。在此,研究含有不同比例之t-Boc的OSC聚合物之溶液壽命,其中壽命被定義為直至OSC聚合物溶液開始膠化時之持續時間。膠化為聚合物溶液之黏度逐漸增大以變成凝膠狀態之現象。將t-Boc OSC聚合物於60℃下溶解於氯苯中隔夜。溶液濃度為10 mg/mL的具有50% t-Boc之OSC聚合物在冷卻至室溫後幾乎立即膠化(參見表2)。當濃度降低至5 mg/mL時,溶液保持其結構完整性約一天及更久,隨著濃度繼續減小至3 mg/mL,儘管溶液即使在兩週後亦未膠化,但觀察到溶液黏度之顯著增大。相比之下,具有較高濃度(7 mg/mL)之30% t-Boc OSC聚合物在相同的兩週時間段內未經歷任何膠化或黏度增大。
本文中測試之聚合物包含長鏈結構,且鏈段之隨機移除導致與自身及/或其他聚合物鏈之纏結且引起結塊。尤其對於此等類型之導電聚合物,結塊現象更明顯,且歸因於此傾向,聚合物經常形成較佳結晶度,此有助於載子傳導。與原始的烷基側鏈相比,t-BOC基團過短而不能對聚合物具有高溶解度提供貢獻。舉例而言,100% t-BOC OSC聚合物含有100% t-Boc側鏈且不可溶(參見第5圖)。因此,t-Boc比率必須減小以使OSC聚合物之溶解度增大。如第6圖所示,雜交OSC聚合物具有減小之t-BOC比率,且因此,長分枝側鏈提供較佳溶解度。本文中之研究指向前驅體OSC之溶解度與移除保護基後的急劇溶解度變化之間的平衡。換言之,若OSC聚合物主幹之溶解度高,則可包括更多t-BOC而不會影響溶解度(即,t-BOC比率可為高)。在一個實例中,對於具有FT4-DPP主幹之聚合物,溶解度低,且因此需要一定濃度之長的線性/分枝烷基側鏈以提高溶解度(例如,用於FT4-DPP OSC聚合物之30%至50%比率)。
表2
聚合物 | 濃度(mg/mL) | 壽命(天) |
2 | 10 | <1 |
2 | 5 | 1 |
2 | 3 | >14;黏度顯著增大 |
3 | 7 | >14;黏度未增大 |
實例
3—OSC
聚合物之固定化及圖案化
為了理解t-Boc OSC聚合物之溶解度變化,對三種不同的固定化及圖案化方案進行測試,如第8A圖至第8C圖所示。作為對照,在第8A圖至第8C圖中之每一者中,以3 mg/mL之濃度使用聚合物2 (藉由DSnDC17FT4 + 50% t-Boc DPP單體 + 50% BC26DPP單體之間的反應形成)。所有路徑A、B及C係在空氣中進行。
路徑A:第8A圖
將聚合物2於60℃下以3 mg/mL之濃度溶解於氯苯中隔夜。此後,將OSC聚合物溶液在冷卻至室溫後旋塗在玻璃上。在沉積後,可藉由於在100℃至500℃ (例如,130℃至230℃)或100℃至250℃或250℃至500℃ (或其中的任何子範圍或值)之範圍內的溫度下熱退火歷時在10秒至1小時(例如,2分鐘至30分鐘)或2分鐘至45分鐘或15分鐘至45分鐘(或其中的任何子範圍或值)之範圍內的時間來移除來自t-Boc OSC聚合物之t-Boc保護基。使用以下操作進行溶解測試:(I)氯苯洗滌;(II)於80℃下預烘烤+氯苯洗滌;及(III)於80℃下預烘烤2分鐘+於150℃下退火15分鐘+氯苯洗滌。預烘烤用於使溶劑蒸發以得到乾燥的膜。在條件(I)及(II)下,OSC聚合物自玻璃表面沖下,從而指示80℃下之烘烤未移除保護基,此係因為OSC聚合物之溶解度無變化。在條件(III),OSC聚合物不可溶,從而指示150℃下之額外烘烤可移除保護基,此係因為溶解度在烘烤後明顯減小。路徑A表明:前驅體OSC聚合物可藉由熱處理來固定且保護基僅可藉由高溫(例如,150℃)下之退火步驟移除。對於不需要圖案化之應用,OSC聚合物之熱處理為達成固定化之容易方法。
路徑B:第8B圖
將聚合物2於60℃下以3 mg/mL濃度之溶解於氯苯中隔夜。此後,將OSC聚合物溶液在冷卻至室溫後旋塗在玻璃上。在一些實例中,將光酸產生劑(photo-acid generator,PAG)之溶液旋塗在OSC聚合物膜以形成一堆疊。OSC聚合物溶液與PAG之間不反應。在UV輻照期間,PAG釋放酸,該酸與OSC聚合物反應且使OSC聚合物中之保護基在低溫下之移除加速。舉例而言,由UV輻照產生之熱足以用酸移除保護基;額外的熱處理可為非必要的。PAG之實例展示於方案5中(CAS號)。
方案5
使用以下操作進行溶解測試:(IV)於80℃下預烘烤2分鐘+在沉積後立即對堆疊進行氯苯洗滌且不進行UV輻照;(V)於80℃下預烘烤2分鐘+在400 mJ/cm
2UV輻照後對OSC聚合物膜進行氯苯洗滌且沒有上覆的PAG層;及(VI)於80℃下預烘烤2分鐘+在UV輻照後對堆疊進行氯苯洗滌。對於條件(IV)至(VI),不存在退火步驟,此係因為釋放酸使保護基在低溫下之移除加速。
在條件(IV)及(V)下,OSC聚合物自玻璃表面沖下。對於條件(IV),此係因為PAG不釋放酸以移除保護基,因為未曝露於UV光。對於條件(V),此係因為無PAG意味著沒有酸釋放。在條件(VI)下,OSC聚合物不可溶。路徑B表明:保護基可藉由在UV曝光步驟期間自PAG釋放酸而移除且不需要退火步驟。藉由UV輻照釋放之酸促進保護基之移除。在UV輻照後,未分解之PAG可沖走,此大大減少OSC聚合物中之殘留物。
路徑C:第8C圖
將聚合物2於60℃下以3 mg/mL之濃度溶解於氯苯中隔夜且冷卻至室溫。此後,將PAG溶液與冷卻之聚合物2溶液混合,且將混合物旋塗在玻璃上,接著曝露於400 mJ/cm
2UV輻照。使用以下操作進行溶解測試:(VII)於80℃下預烘烤2分鐘+在UV輻照後對混合物進行氯苯洗滌。在高溫下沒有熱退火步驟,此係因為保護基可藉由利用UV輻照自PAG產生的釋放出之酸移除。在條件(VII)下,OSC聚合物不可溶。路徑C表明條件(VI)之替代例:OSC聚合物溶液亦可與PAG混合在一起以達成類似結果。
路徑A、B及C中之每一者針對各種情況提供優點。舉例而言,若應用不需要圖案化,則路徑A(條件(III))為使OSC聚合物固定之最佳方式。若應用確實需要圖案化且不能在高退火溫度下加熱,則路徑B(條件(VI))或路徑C(條件(VII))可用。對於條件(VII),OSC聚合物及PAG必須可溶於同一種溶劑中。對於條件(VI),不同溶劑可用於在兩種不同溶劑中分開地鑄造OSC聚合物及PAG。
實例
4—t-Boc OSC
聚合物之
UV
圖案化
為了判定最佳UV輻照條件,例如,併入實例3之固定化及圖案化程序中之彼等條件,對各種UV光條件進行測試,如下文之表3中所展示。
將聚合物2於60℃下以3 mg/mL之濃度溶解於氯苯中隔夜且冷卻至室溫。此後,將PAG溶液與冷卻之聚合物2溶液混合,且將混合物旋塗在玻璃上以形成厚度在20nm至60nm之範圍內的膜。在於80℃下預烘烤1分鐘之後,使膜曝露於能量為400 mJ/cm
2、800 mJ/cm
2及1600 mJ/cm
2之365 nm UV光。在曝光後,使用氯苯洗滌持續4分鐘來進行溶解測試。
表3
樣本 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
溶液製備:將氯苯溶劑中之3 mg/mL聚合物2於60℃下攪拌隔夜;冷卻,接著添加至PAG溶液 旋塗:500 rpm,持續30秒 | ||||
預烘烤 | 80℃,持續1分鐘 | 無預烘烤 | ||
UV光(365 nm) | 400 mJ/cm 2 | 800 mJ/cm 2 | 1600 mJ/cm 2 | 1600 mJ/cm 2 |
洗滌 | 氯苯,持續4分鐘 |
第9A圖至第9D圖分別圖示實例4中的樣本1至4之t-Boc OSC聚合物的紫外線(ultraviolet,UV)圖案化之影像。如分別針對樣本1至3之第9A圖至第9C圖所示,認為圖案化隨能量增大而改良(即,視需要整形曝露於UV光之更大量膜),大面積殘留物由於預烘烤步驟下的OSC聚合物與PAG之間的熱預反應而形成,由此導致聚合物2在氯苯中之不良溶解度。基於此觀察,樣本4在無預烘烤步驟下製備且曝露於較高能量UV光—1600 mJ/cm
2。獲得較高品質之圖案化影像而沒有成問題的大面積殘留物。
實例
5—OTFT
裝置製造
習知技術:一般程序
使用OTFT裝置之應用需要對有機半傳導材料之圖案化以防止鄰近裝置之間的不需要的高截止電流及串擾。如上文所解釋,光微影術為半導體裝置製造中之常用圖案化技術。然而,光微影術通常涉及圖案轉印或光阻劑移除期間之粗糙O
2電漿及侵蝕性顯影溶劑,該等溶劑可嚴重地損害OSC層且引起OTFT裝置效能之顯著退化。換言之,共軛有機材料趨於在曝露於光時退化,且光微影術中所使用之化學品對有機薄膜電晶體可具有反效應。因此,使用光微影術對有機半導體材料進行圖案化並不實際。
第1A圖至第1E圖圖示利用光阻劑的有機半導體摻合物之傳統圖案化技術100。在第一步驟(第1A圖)中,在基板102上方沉積摻合OSC聚合物之薄膜104,繼而進行第1B圖中的在該薄膜上沉積光阻層106。可選地,可對薄膜104進行熱退火。光阻劑沉積可使用諸如旋塗的此項技術中已知之製程進行。舉例而言,將藉由將固體組份溶解於溶劑而顯現液體形式的光阻劑傾倒至基板上,接著以高速度在轉台上旋轉,從而產生所要膜。此後,所得的光阻膜可經歷塗覆後烘烤製程(即,軟烘烤或預烘烤)以在移除過量溶劑時將光阻劑乾燥。
在第1C圖之步驟中,使光阻層106經由離開光阻層106某一距離定位的稱作光罩108之主圖案曝露於UV光112,以形成光阻層106之較高交聯部分110。曝露於UV光起作用以改變光阻劑在後續顯影劑溶劑溶液中之溶解度以用於在基板上形成圖案。在顯影劑之前,光阻層可經歷曝光後烘烤。在第1D圖之步驟中,經由減法蝕刻114 (即,O
2電漿乾式蝕刻)將光阻層之圖案116轉印至薄膜104中。經圖案化之光阻層116「抵抗」蝕刻且保護被光阻劑覆蓋之材料。當蝕刻完成時,剝離光阻劑(例如,使用有機或無機溶液,及乾燥(電漿)剝離),從而將蝕刻出的所要圖案118留在薄膜層中。
然而,如上文所解釋,傳統光微影術製程之態樣,諸如圖案轉印期間之粗糙O
2電漿及侵蝕性光阻劑顯影劑溶劑及/或剝離溶劑可嚴重地損害OSC層且引起裝置效能之顯著退化。
當前技術:一般程序
第2A圖至第2C圖圖示本文中揭示之OSC聚合物之圖案化技術200。在第一步驟(第2A圖)中,在基板202上方沉積OSC聚合物之薄膜204。可選地,可對薄膜204進行熱退火。在一些實例中,沉積包含以下各者中之至少一者:旋塗;浸塗;噴塗;電沉積;彎月面塗佈;電漿沉積;及滾筒、簾及擠壓塗佈。薄膜204包含至少一種有機半導體(organic semiconductor,OSC)聚合物,且可選地包含至少一種PAG。該薄膜可如實例1 (OSC聚合物)及實例3 (固定化及圖案化)中所解釋地製備。
在一些實例中,在OSC聚合物之薄膜沉積在基板上方之後且在使薄膜曝露於UV光之前,薄膜可在範圍在50℃至200℃內的溫度(例如,80℃)下加熱範圍在10秒至10分鐘內的時間(例如,1分鐘)以移除過量溶劑。
在第二步驟(第2B圖)中,經由光罩206使薄膜204曝露於UV光208以形成薄膜204之較高交聯部分210。在一些實例中,該曝露包含使薄膜曝露於能量在以下範圍內之UV光:10 mJ/cm
2至2000 mJ/cm
2(例如,400 mJ/cm
2、800 mJ/cm
2、1600 mJ/cm
2等),或100 mJ/cm
2至1750 mJ/cm
2、400 mJ/cm
2至1600 mJ/cm
2,持續範圍在1秒至60秒或10秒至45秒或1秒至30秒或30秒至60秒內的時間。類似於第1A圖至第1E圖中所描述之光阻劑功能性,曝露於UV光起作用以改變薄膜在後續顯影劑溶劑溶液中之溶解度以用於在基板上形成圖案。
在第2C圖之步驟中,當光曝光完成時,使用預定溶劑212來剝離薄膜204的未曝露於UV光208之部分,由此將所要圖案214留在薄膜層中。換言之,使較高交聯部分210在溶劑中顯影以移除薄膜204之未圖案化區域。在一些實例中,顯影包含使薄膜之未圖案化區域曝露於包含以下各者之溶劑持續範圍在10秒至10分鐘內的時間:氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、1,3-二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、二噁烷、對二甲苯、間二甲苯、甲苯、環戊酮、環己酮、乳酸甲酯、2-丁酮、2-戊酮、3-戊酮、2-庚酮、3-庚酮、苯甲醚、均三甲苯、十氫萘、丁苯、環辛烷、四氫萘、氯仿或其組合。在一些實例中,顯影劑溶液包含氯苯、對二甲苯、二噁烷或其組合。
在一些實例中,在使經圖案化之薄膜在溶劑中顯影以移除薄膜之未圖案化區域之後,可在範圍在50℃至200℃內之溫度(例如,150℃)下將薄膜加熱持續範圍在10秒至30分鐘內的時間(例如,15分鐘)。
此後,OTFT裝置可藉由以下操作而完成:在該基板上方形成一閘極電極;在該基板上方形成一閘極介電層;在該閘極介電層上方形成圖案化之源極及汲極電極;在該閘極介電層上方形成一有機半導體作用層;及在該圖案化之有機半導體作用層上方形成一絕緣體層。(第3圖及第4圖)。
實例
6—OTFT
裝置之一般製造程序
在一些實例中,可如下所述地形成底部閘極、底部接觸OTFT裝置:將一金(Au)或銀(Ag)閘極電極圖案化至一基板上,繼而將一介電質旋塗至該基板上且進行處理以獲得一閘極介電層。在圖案化Au或Ag源極及汲極電極後,OSC層可藉由如本文中描述的材料及圖案化方法形成至範圍在10 nm至200 nm內的厚度。最後,定位一絕緣體層。所形成之OTFT裝置之一個實例展示於第3圖中。所形成之OTFT裝置之另一實例展示於第4圖中,OSC層直接形成於閘極介電層上,繼而在在閘極介電層上設置源極及汲極電極。
因此,如本文中所呈現,用於光可圖案化之有機半導體聚合物的經改良形成方法係針對有機電子裝置(例如,OTFT)之OSC層揭示。特別地,表明用於對OSC聚合物進行固定化及圖案化之容易方法。在主鏈上具有潛藏之氫鍵結位置的共軛OSC聚合物經合成且轉換成含實際氫鍵結位置之OSC聚合物。基於熱退火及/或UV輻照製程對OSC聚合物進行處理以移除OSC聚合物之側鏈上的保護基。藉由移除保護基且因此形成氫鍵結位置,π-共軛聚合物主幹上之氫鍵位置引起密裝的聚合物鏈,從而產生不可溶之OSC聚合物。OSC聚合物之此不可溶性質在諸如基於OTFT之氣體感測器的OTFT裝置中直接實現共軛聚合物之固定化及圖案化。
優點
所揭示之固定化/圖案化方法至少具有以下優點:(A)具有t-Boc附接之受體的稠合噻吩結構可形成予體受體OSC聚合物;(B) t-Boc可容易經由熱退火及/或UV輻照製程釋放;(C)與需要多個合成步驟的含有可交聯官能基之DPP單體相比,含可移除t-Boc基團之DPP單體係用容易獲得之原始材料有效地合成,由此使OSC聚合物之製造成本明顯降低;(D)由氫鍵結導致(來自保護基移除)的增強之π-π堆疊改良OTFT之效能;相比之下,可交聯OSC聚合物經歷畸變分子鏈包裝,此導致退火的電子裝置效能;(E)在熱退火及/或UV輻照製程移除保護基後,本文中所含之OSC聚合物(例如,第5F)包含N-H官能基;除了針對顯示應用之圖案化外,N-H鍵提供針對化學品感測器應用之額外敏感度;及(F)熱退火及/或UV輻照t-Boc基團導致異丁烯及二氧化碳消失且亦導致奈米孔在OSC薄膜內形成,後者促進化學品氣體在半傳導層內之擴散及相互作用作用,從而引起基於OTFT之氣體感測器的高敏感度及快速回應。
如本文中所用,術語「近似」、「約」、「實質上」及類似術語意欲具有與常見且為本揭露內容之標的相關之領域的一般技藝人士接受之用法協調的寬泛意義。檢視本揭露內容的熟習此項技術者應理解,此等術語意欲允許所描述及主張之特定特徵之描述而不將此等特徵之範疇限於所提供之精確數值範圍。因此,此等術語應解譯為指示所描述及主張之標的之非實質或無關緊要的修改或替代被是為在如所附申請專利範圍中列舉的本發明之範疇內。
如本文中所用,「可選」、「可選地」或類似者意欲意味著隨後描述之事件或情形能夠或不能發生,且描述包括事件或情形發生之例子及事件或情形不發生之例子。如本文中所使用之不定冠詞「一」及其對應的定冠詞「該」意味著至少一個或一或多個,除非另有規定。
本文中對元件位置(例如,「頂部」、「底部」、「之上」、「之下」等)之引用僅用以描述各種元件在圖中之定向。應注意,各種元件之定向可根據其他例示性實施例而不同,且此等變化意欲由本揭露內容涵蓋。
關於本文中的實質上任何複數及/或單數術語之使用,熟習此項技術者可自複數轉譯至單數及/或自單數轉移至複數以適合上下文及/或應用。為清楚起見,各種單數/複數排列可在本文中明確地闡述。
熟習此項技術者將瞭解,在不背離所主張標的之精神或範疇的情況下,可做出各種修改及變化。因此,所主張標的並非限制性的,除非依據附加之技術方案及其等效物。
100:傳統圖案化技術
102,202:基板
104,204:薄膜
106:光阻層
114:減法蝕刻
116,210:較高交聯部分
118,214:所要圖案
200:圖案化技術
206:光罩
208:UV光
212:預定溶劑
將自結合附圖進行之以下詳細描述更全面地理解揭露內容,在附圖中:
第1A圖至第1E圖圖示利用光阻劑的有機半導體材料之傳統圖案化技術。
根據一些實施例,第2A圖至第2C圖圖示有機半導體材料之圖案化技術。
根據一些實施例,第3圖圖示一例示性OTFT裝置。
根據一些實施例,第4圖圖示一例示性OTFT裝置。
根據一些實施例,第5圖為圖示藉由移除保護基及形成氫鍵結來形成OSC聚合物之方案。
根據一些實施例,第6圖為圖示合成具有減小比例之t-Boc DPP單體的雜交OSC聚合物之方案。
根據一些實施例,第7A圖至第7C圖圖示OSC聚合物之熱重分析(thermogravimetric analysis,TGA)。
根據一些實施例,第8A圖至第8C圖圖示t-Boc OSC聚合物之溶解度變化的替代路徑。
根據一些實施例,第9A圖至第9D圖圖示曝露於各種光能量之t-Boc OSC聚合物的紫外線(ultraviolet,UV)圖案化之影像。
國內寄存資訊(請依寄存機構、日期、號碼順序註記)
無
國外寄存資訊(請依寄存國家、機構、日期、號碼順序註記)
無
100:傳統圖案化技術
102:基板
104:薄膜
106:光阻層
114:減法蝕刻
116:較高交聯部分
1184:所要圖案
Claims (17)
- 一種方法,該方法包含以下步驟: 使至少一個予體基團與至少一個受保護之受體基團反應以形成複數個含保護基之OSC聚合物; 自該複數個含保護基之OSC聚合物移除該保護基以形成H鍵結位置;及 熔合一第一OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置與一第二OSC聚合物主幹之H鍵結位置以形成共軛OSC聚合物之間的π-π相互作用。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該移除步驟係藉由熱退火、UV輻照或其一組合而進行。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該至少一個受保護之受體基團係選自二酮吡咯并吡咯(DPP)、靛藍、異靛藍或其組合中的至少一者。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該保護基係選自以下各者中的至少一者:第三丁氧羰基(t-Boc)、硝基苄酯(NBE)、鄰硝苄基(ONB)、酯、醚、蒼耳烷、四氫哌喃基(THP)、矽基、酮、縮酮、鹵素、安息香、香豆素、苯并喹啉酮、苯并香豆素、7-硝基吲哚啉、對羥苯甲醯甲基或其組合。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該反應步驟包含以下步驟: 使至少一個予體基團與至少一個受保護之受體基團及至少一個不受保護之受體基團反應以形成複數個含保護基之雜交OSC聚合物。
- 如請求項8所述之方法,其中該至少一個不受保護之受體基團係選自二酮吡咯并吡咯(DPP)、靛藍、異靛藍或其組合中的至少一者。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中移除該保護基之該步驟包含以下步驟: 使該複數個含保護基之OSC聚合物溶解於一溶劑中以形成一混合物;及 將該混合物安置至一基板上以形成一膜。
- 如請求項11所述之方法,其中移除該保護基之該步驟進一步包含以下步驟: 於在100℃至500℃之一範圍內的一溫度下對該膜進行熱退火。
- 如請求項11所述之方法,其中移除該保護基之該步驟進一步包含以下步驟: 使該膜曝露於具有在10 mJ/cm 2至2000 mJ/cm 2之一範圍內的一能量之UV光。
- 如請求項13所述之方法,其中該UV光具有在400 mJ/cm 2至1600 mJ/cm 2之一範圍內的一能量。
- 一種電子裝置,該電子裝置包含: 共軛OSC聚合物,該等共軛OSC聚合物經組態而以10個十億分點(ppb)之一偵測位準來感測氮基氣體。
- 如請求項15所述之電子裝置,其中該氮基氣體包含以下各者中的至少一者:氨(NH 3)、一氧化氮(NO)、三乙胺(Et 3N)、哌啶((CH 2) 5NH)、1,4-二胺丁烷(NH 2(CH 2) 4NH 2)或其組合。
- 一種電子裝置,該電子裝置包含: 共軛OSC聚合物,該等共軛OSC聚合物經組態以感測氣體,其中該氣體包含以下各者中的至少一者:丙酮、一氧化碳(CO)、硫化氫(H 2S)、二氯甲烷(CH 2Cl 2)、乙醇(CH 3CH 2OH)、乙酸乙酯(C 4H 8O 2)、己烷、氯化氫(HCl)或其組合。
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