TW201904918A - Ammunition single-base propellant powder composition and ammunition with such composition - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composition for single-base propelling powder for ammunition consisting of nitrocellulose as an explosive base, an inert plasticizer component, at least one nitrocellulose stabilizer component, and optionally a flash-reducer component and traces of one or more solvents and water. The aforementioned inert plasticizing component is dibutyl sebacate (DBS). Preferably, the dibutyl sebacate is present with a content between 2% and 7% by weight.

Description

Composition of ammunition single-base propulsion powder and ammunition provided with such composition

The present invention relates to a composition of a single base propellant powder for ammunition and ammunition provided with a composition of such a propellant powder.

In particular, the composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention can be used in artillery ammunition, particularly in ammunition having a caliber comprised between 40 mm and 155 mm.

In general, civilian and military ammunition consists of a combination of projectiles and propulsion charges. In turn, the propulsion charge consists of a so-called propulsion powder and an ignition system.

The main element of the propellant charge is the propellant powder.

The propulsion powder is classified according to the number of active ingredients of the composition, that is, in other words, based on the number of explosive bases. "Active ingredient" or "explosive group" is intended to mean a compound capable of producing propulsion energy.

Depending on the number of explosive bases, conventional propulsion powders are divided into four types:

-Monobasic, in which the active component (single or main) is nitrocellulose;

-Double base, in addition to nitrocellulose, as the active component there are also nitroesters, usually nitroglycerin;

-A tri-base in which the active components are nitrocellulose, nitroester and nitramine (e.g. nitroguanidine); and

-Poly, in which the active components are usually the following four: nitrocellulose, nitroester and two nitroamines, usually nitroguanidine and cyclotrimethylentrinitroamine (RDX).

Generally, nitrocellulose with a high nitrogen content (referred to as gunpowder cotton) and nitrocellulose with a medium nitrogen content (referred to as collodion) are commonly used in the production of propulsion powders, which are usually obtained from cotton pieces or from other plant forms Obtained, that is, so-called woody nitrocellulose.

In the composition of the propulsion powder, in addition to the active component, other components exhibiting specific functions are listed as follows:-plasticizer, which realizes the usability of nitrocellulose;-stabilizer, which is suitable for ensuring Promote powder safety and stability over time. In some cases, the flame suppressant component may also be included directly in the propulsion powder in order to reduce the so-called muzzle flame of the barrel nozzle of the weapon system.

The plasticizer used in the single-base propulsion powder is composed of an inert substance, and in other families, nitroesters also serve as nitrocellulose plasticizers in addition to the active component.

Currently, plasticizers used in single-base propellant powders are dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP).

Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is classified as a carcinogenic compound. Like all chemical compounds, it has been screened by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). It has been banned from production and use since August 21, 2015. Derogation possibility (Commission Regulation (Europe) No. 125/2012).

Furthermore, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was reviewed and classified as harmful to pregnant women and fetuses (Commission Regulation (Europe) No. 143/2011 and related errata). However, in this case, the date on which its use was terminated, or February 21, 2015, was postponed to February 21, 2027. Derogations are temporary and valid until the DBP is replaced / eliminated.

In the ammunition field, due to the occupational safety and environmental impact of the chemicals used, it is necessary to start the self-propelled powder to eliminate or replace two substances, dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). R & D projects without affecting their usability and performance.

So far, there is no known single ammunition propellant that does not contain dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and at the same time guarantees usability and performance similar to propulsion powders containing these two substances. Composition of powder. "Usability" is intended to mean the ability of the composition to undergo a gelation process that coagulates nitrocellulose into a colloidal (gel) without liquid separation, and the material is used to uniformly mix itself with stability over time Sexual ability. However, effectiveness depends on the energy expressed in the caloric value of the final composition of the propelling powder.

In addition to the composition, the geometry of the particles formed by advancing the powder contributes to ballistic performance. Generally speaking, propulsion powder particles are defined by typical sizes (various in each case): the number of longitudinal through holes, the diameter of the holes, the outer diameter, and the length. The holes are symmetrical and reproducible for ballistic performance.

Obtaining propulsion powder particles with a well-defined geometric structure is directly related to the usability of the composition. This confirms the importance of advancing the workability of the powder composition.

Therefore, in the field of ammunition, there is a strong demand for ammunition that does not contain dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and has similar usability and performance as the propulsion powder containing these two substances Composition of single-base propelling powder.

Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide usable non-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and at the same time ensure that they are equivalent to conventional monobasic propellant powders containing these two substances. The composition of the ammunition single-base propulsion powder with high performance and effectiveness can completely or partially eliminate the defects of the foregoing prior art.

Another object of the present invention is to provide ammunition that does not contain dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and can be manufactured at a production cost comparable to conventional single-base propulsion powders containing these two substances The composition of the powder was advanced with a single base.

The technical effectiveness of the present invention is clearly visible from the content of the patent application scope provided below, and its advantages will become more apparent in the detailed description with specific reference to one or more preferred and non-limiting embodiments below.

The present invention relates to a composition of a single base propellant powder for ammunition and ammunition provided with a composition of such a propellant powder.

In particular, the composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention can be used in artillery ammunition, particularly in ammunition having a caliber comprised between 40 mm and 155 mm.

According to a general embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the single-base propulsion powder is composed of the following:

-Nitrocellulose as an explosive base;

-Inert nitrocellulose plasticizer component;

-At least one nitrocellulose stabilizing component; and

-Optionally, at least one flame retardant component.

The composition of the push powder may optionally contain trace amounts of one or more solvents and water.

According to the present invention, the inert plasticizing component is composed of dibutyl sebacate (DBS). Dibutyl sebacate is present in the composition based on the total weight of nitrocellulose, nitrocellulose stabilizing component, inert plasticizer component, and flame retardant component (if present). Content between weight%.

Here and in the remainder of the description, the weight percentage (%) of the single component (including dibutyl sebacate as described above) relates to the dry portion of the composition, where "dry portion" means that the composition excludes any solvents And all components of water. The content of any solvent and water is calculated as "percent", that is, as the number of parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the total of all other components (the dry portion of the composition).

It has been surprisingly found that in the composition of the single-based propelling powder, for the function of nitrocellulose plasticizer, dibutyl sebacate, which has a content comprised between 1% and 10% by weight, can completely replace the single-based propelling powder. The conventional plasticizers used in the process, that is, dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) without compromising the workability of the composition and without compromising the advancement of the powder with The ultimate effectiveness or stability of time.

As expected, "usability" is intended to mean that the composition undergoes a gelation process whereby the nitrocellulose mass is coagulated into a colloidal (gel) without the ability to separate liquids, and the material is used to uniformly mix itself and have The ability to stabilize over time. The material thus obtained can be drawn / extruded and then subjected to a cutting process in order to give it a distinct shape. Obtaining propulsion powder particles with a well-defined geometric structure (as necessary to ensure ballistic performance as described above) is directly related to the usability of the composition. In general, as mentioned earlier, the particles of the propulsion powder are defined by typical sizes (various in each case): the number of longitudinal through holes, the diameter of the holes, the outer diameter, and the length. The holes are symmetrical and reproducible for ballistic performance. This can only be achieved if the advancing powder composition is usable in the sense specified above.

In addition, the efficiency depends on the energy expressed in the calorific value of the final composition that propels the powder.

As can be seen from the comparative example in the description, the content of dibutyl sebacate in the composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention is not higher than the dinitrotoluene (DNT) present in conventional monobasic propulsion powders. And dibutyl phthalate (DBP) by weight. This means that the replacement of these two compounds with dibutyl sebacate (according to the invention) does not require a reduction in the content of nitrocellulose in the composition by weight, and therefore does not reduce its card relative to conventionally advanced powders Value (ie, ultimately, its performance).

International safety regulations do not indicate specific restrictions on the use of dibutyl sebacate in terms of health and safety. In particular, dibutyl sebacate is neither classified as a carcinogenic compound nor as a compound harmful to pregnant women and fetuses.

In view of the foregoing, dibutyl sebacate is therefore a compound particularly suitable for completely replacing dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as inert plasticizers in single-base propellant powders.

In particular, it has been confirmed that, for a content of less than 1% by weight, the plasticizing action of dibutyl sebacate is not sufficient to ensure the usability of the propelling powder during the production stage, because the resulting product is extremely viscous. For content greater than 10% by weight, the plasticizing action of dibutyl sebacate is still effective, but the card value is negatively affected, thus affecting the energy efficiency of the propulsion powder. In addition, for percentages of DBS above 10% by weight, swelling can occur after extrusion.

Preferably, dibutyl sebacate is present in the composition in an amount comprised between 2% and 7% by weight. Even more preferably, dibutyl sebacate is present in the composition in a weight content between 3% and 5%. Different percentages of plasticizer affect the plasticity of the mixture during extrusion. It has been found that the preferred range as described above allows easier to obtain the correct extrusion of the composition and the subsequent extrusion size of the powder particles, without causing deformation at the output of the extruder and not after the cutting stage Cause deformation.

As emphasized above, the composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention is mono-based, wherein the explosive base (or single active component) is composed of nitrocellulose .

Preferably, the nitrocellulose is selected from the group consisting of nitrocellulose with a high nitrogen content (referred to as gunpowder cotton) and nitrocellulose with a medium nitrogen content (referred to as collodion), which is usually obtained from a cotton sheet or from other plant forms Obtained, that is, so-called woody nitrocellulose. ,

Preferably, the nitrocellulose appears to have a content comprised between 82.5% and 98% by weight. Even better, the nitrocellulose appears to have a content comprised between 89% and 94.5% by weight. In addition to advancing the nitrogen content of the powder, the energy, ie the calorific value, of the advancing powder is directly related to the nitrocellulose content.

As mentioned above, the composition includes at least one nitrocellulose stabilizing component.

Advantageously, the aforementioned nitrocellulose stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of nitramine, nitrosamine, urea, derivatives of such compounds, or mixtures thereof.

Preferably, in the nitroamine, the above nitrocellulose stabilizer may be selected from diphenylamine and n-nitrosodiphenylamine, and for its derivative, the above nitrocellulose stabilizer may be selected from 2-nitrodiphenylamine, 4 -Nitrodiphenylamine, N-nitroso-2-nitrodiphenylamine, N-nitroso-4-nitrodiphenylamine, 2,2'-dinitrodiphenylamine, 2,4-dinitro Diphenylamine, 2,4'-dinitrodiphenylamine, 4,4'-dinitrodiphenylamine, N-nitroso-2,4'-dinitrodiphenylamine, N-nitroso-4, 4'-dinitrodiphenylamine, N-nitroso-2-nitrodiphenylamine, 2,2'-dinitrodiphenylamine, 2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine, 2,4'-dinitro Diphenylamine, N-nitroso-4-nitrodiphenylamine, 2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine, 2,4'-dinitrodiphenylamine, 4,4'-dinitrodiphenylamine.

Preferably, in the nitrosamine, the nitrocellulose stabilizer may be selected from dimethylnitrosamine and n, n-diethylnitrosamine,

Preferably, in the urea, the nitrocellulose stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of ethyl-neutralizer (1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea) and diphenylurea (type I: 1, 1-diphenylurea; Type II: 1-methyl-3,3-diphenylurea), and among its derivatives, the above nitrocellulose stabilizer can be selected from 2-nitroethyl neutralizer, 4-nitroethyl neutralizer, 2,2'-dinitroethyl neutralizer, 2,4-dinitroethyl neutralizer, 2,4'-dinitroethyl neutralizer 4,4'-dinitroethyl neutralizer, N-nitroso-N-ethylaniline, 2-nitro-N-ethylaniline, 4-nitro-N-ethylaniline, 4 -Nitro-N-nitroso-N-ethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-N-ethylaniline.

Preferably, the at least one stabilizing component of the nitrocellulose is composed of an ethyl neutralizer (1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea). According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition includes a single nitrocellulose stabilizing component consisting of an ethyl neutralizer (1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea).

It has been experimentally confirmed that the ethyl neutralizer (1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea / EC) provides a plasticizing effect in addition to the stabilizing effect, which is useful for the final mixture Have a positive impact. In this way, it is possible to reduce the dibutyl sebacate (DBS) content by weight, so that the content of this component in the composition is more likely to fall within the preferred range of 2% to 7%, or 3 Within a particularly preferred range of% to 5%.

Preferably, the nitrocellulose stabilizing component appears to have a content comprised between 1% and 5% by weight. Even better, the stabilizing component appears to have a content between 2.5% and 3.5% by weight. In the above weight percentage, it is possible to incorporate an appropriate amount of stabilizer into the final composition in order to ensure the desired stability of the final product over time.

Advantageously, the composition optionally includes at least one flame retardant component . Preferably, if provided, the above at least one flame retardant component appears to have a content comprised between 0.5% and 2.5% by weight.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the at least one flame retardant component is composed of potassium sulfate (K ₂ SO ₄ ).

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the single-base propulsion powder has the following formulations:

-Nitrocellulose: 82.5% to 98% by weight;

-Dibutyl sebacate (DBS): 1% to 10% by weight;

-Stabilizing component (preferably ethyl stabilizer): 1% to 5% by weight;

-Flame retardant component: 0% to 2.5% by weight.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the single-base propulsion powder has the following formulations:

-Nitrocellulose: 89% to 94.5% by weight;

-Dibutyl sebacate (DBS): 3% to 5% by weight;

-Stabilizing component (preferably ethyl stabilizer): 2.5% to 3.5% by weight;

-Flame retardant component: 0% to 2.5% by weight.

As expected, the composition of the push powder may optionally contain trace amounts of one or more solvents and water. The content of any solvent and water is calculated as the content in addition to the dry part of the composition, and is converted into the number of solvent parts corresponding to all other components of the composition per 100 parts of the composition. In particular, the total content of the solvent (including water) can reach 1.5 parts by weight per 100 parts of the dry portion of the composition (nitrocellulose, plasticizer, stabilizer, and flame retardant (if present)). Examples of compositions according to the invention

Compositions of propulsion powders have been produced for different types of ammunition.

In particular, the composition of a single-base propulsion powder according to the invention for four different artillery ammunitions with reported calibers is shown below.

For some examples of the composition, a comparative example of a conventional composition of a single-base propulsion powder for the same ammunition is provided. Example 1

The first example (Example 1) relates to a composition of a single-base propulsion powder for a 40 mm L70 caliber ammunition. The composition values are provided in Table 1.

Table 2 below shows information related to conventional compositions of single-base propulsion powders for the same ammunition.

The composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention is produced using the same production line and the same production parameters as the conventional composition (M1) without any change in the finished product. The composition according to the present invention therefore has similar usability as the conventional composition.

It was found that the card value and ballistic characteristics of the composition according to the present invention are consistent with the reference (M1). These ballistic characteristics are specifically the velocity of the ammunition at the mouth and the pressure generated in the weapon. The propulsion system of the ammunition is new. Provided by advancing powder.

The composition of the propulsion powder according to the invention has undergone chemical-physical and ballistic characterization with complete success. This has proven that the composition of the propulsion powder according to the invention ensures a composition-like efficacy. Example 2

The second example (Example 2) relates to a composition of a single-base propellant powder for a 155 mm caliber ammunition, specifically, a composition of a single-base propellant powder for bottom propellant charge. The composition values are provided in Table 3.

The composition of the propulsion powder according to the invention has undergone chemical-physical and ballistic characterization with complete success. This has proven that the composition according to the invention is sufficiently usable and ensures sufficient efficacy. Example 3

The third example (Example 3) relates to the composition of a single-base propulsion powder for a 100 mm caliber ammunition. The composition values are provided in Table 4.

Also in this case, the composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention has successfully undergone chemical-physical and ballistic characterization. This has proven that the composition according to the invention is sufficiently usable and ensures sufficient efficacy. Example 4

The fourth example (Example 4) relates to the composition of a single-base propulsion powder for a 76 mm L62 caliber ammunition. The composition values are provided in Table 5.

Table 6 below shows information related to conventional compositions of single-base propulsion powders for the same ammunition.

The composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention is produced using the same production line and the same production parameters as the conventional composition (M6), without any change in the finished product. The composition according to the present invention therefore has similar usability as the conventional composition.

It was found that the card value and ballistic characteristics of the composition according to the present invention are consistent with the reference (M6). These ballistic characteristics are specifically the velocity of the ammunition at the mouth and the pressure generated in the weapon. Provided by advancing powder.

The composition of the propulsion powder according to the invention has undergone chemical-physical and ballistic characterization with complete success. This has proven that the composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention ensures an effect similar to conventional compositions. Example 5

The fifth example (Example 5) relates to a composition of a single-base propulsion powder for a 155 mm caliber ammunition produced according to the present invention. In this example, the composition is free of flame retardant components. The composition values are provided in Table 7.

Table 8 below shows information related to conventional compositions of single-base propulsion powders for the same ammunition.

The composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention is produced using the same production line and the same production parameters as the conventional composition without any change in the finished product. The composition according to the present invention therefore has similar usability as the conventional composition.

It was found that the card value and ballistic characteristics of the composition according to the present invention are consistent with the reference. These ballistic characteristics are specifically the velocity of the ammunition at the mouth and the pressure generated in the weapon. The ammunition's propulsion system uses new propulsion powder. provide.

The composition of the propulsion powder according to the invention has undergone chemical-physical and ballistic characterization with complete success. This has proven that the composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention ensures an effect similar to conventional compositions.

Advantageously, the composition of the ammunition single-base propulsion powder according to the present invention can be obtained by the same production process as the conventional composition used to produce the single-base propulsion powder.

In particular, a production process with or without a solvent may be used.

Specifically, the species composition of the propulsion powder of Examples 1 to 5 and its comparative examples was produced according to a production process with a solvent.

In more detail, such propulsion powders are produced according to the following production schemes (which should be understood as only non-limiting examples):

-Step 1: dehydrating the nitrocellulose;

-Step 2: mixing nitrocellulose with other components of the composition;

-Step 3: extrusion;

-Step 4: removing the solvent;

-Step 5: drying;

-Step 6: Homogenization.

Dehydration is necessary to make nitrocellulose (NC) usable. In fact, for transportation, NC has a water content of about 30%. In order to perform the mixing stage efficiently, only the solvent capable of gelling the NC must be present. Specifically, for a single-base powder, NC was gelatinized with diethyl ether and ethanol in a 65/35 ratio. Gelatinization is a process by which partial dissolution of nitrocellulose occurs and a polymer superstructure is generated, which, when evaporated, produces a final structure that propels powder particles.

The nitrocellulose is mixed with the other components of the composition (step 1) in the presence of a solvent (specifically, water, alcohol, and ether) in order to allow the component mixture to gel and thus its workability. Gelation is exothermic, so a water cooling system is needed to control the internal temperature of the mixer.

Depending on the application, that is, depending on the type of ammunition designated for the propulsion powder, the extrusion step takes place using certain dies (step 3). The speed of the die can influence the final structure of the powder particles. The cutting speed must be properly adjusted in order to obtain powder particles of the desired length. The design of the mold used for the die casting mold is very important. It is necessary to consider the correct feeding, the stress transmitted to the mold, and the shrinkage of the powder after it is promoted. At this stage, the role of the plasticizer (DBS) is decisive, which allows the mixture to be extruded through the die-casting die bushing, so that the final particles maintain the geometric characteristics set in the design stage, and these geometric characteristics and in subsequent use Associated with its ballistic performance.

Homogenization stage (stage 6)

Phases 4 and 5 are related to reducing the content of all volatile substances used in the finished product during the various production stages. This has two goals: to maintain the ballistic characteristics of the final product, and to make the product more secure after the packaging phase.

If the composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention is produced by a production process having a solvent, the composition may contain trace amounts of a solvent and water used in the production process. The total solvent and solvent content used in the manufacturing process is such that it does not interfere with chemical and performance stability over time. Specifically, the total content of the solvent (including water) can reach 1.5 parts by weight of all other components (nitrocellulose, plasticizer, stabilizer, and flame retardant (if present)) per 100 parts of the composition .

The homogenization stage (stage 6) allows powder batches starting from the production batch. At this stage, the powder particles are mixed to ensure the uniformity of the powder batch and the powder particles are enclosed in a suitable container. .

In particular, the composition of the propulsion powder according to the present invention is in the form of extruded particles having a predominantly longitudinal development direction. Preferably, such particles are provided with a plurality of longitudinal through holes.

The object of the invention is also an ammunition which is characterized by the fact that the ammunition has a propulsion powder with a composition according to the invention and in particular as previously described.

Advantageously, the above-mentioned ammunition has a caliber between 40 mm and 155 mm. Preferably, the ammunition has a caliber of 40 mm, 76 mm, 100 mm or 155 mm.

The present invention provides a number of advantages that have been described in part.

The composition of the ammunition single-base propulsion powder according to the present invention does not contain dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and at the same time ensures that Similar usability and performance.

The composition of the ammunition single-base propellant powder is free of dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and can be achieved by a process similar to that used to obtain conventional single-base propellant powder. Therefore, the production cost is comparable to a conventional single-base propulsion powder containing dinitrotoluene (DNT) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP).

The invention thus conceived thus achieves the aforementioned objects.

Obviously, in its actual implementation, it is also possible to adopt forms and configurations other than the forms and configurations described above without departing from the scope of protection of the present invention.

In addition, all the details can be replaced with technically equivalent components and dimensions, and the shapes and materials used can be of any kind as needed.

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Claims (13)

A composition of ammunition single-base propulsion powder, the composition of which is an explosive-based nitrocellulose, an inert plasticizing component, at least one nitrocellulose stabilizing component, and optionally, a flame retardant component and a trace amount of One or more solvents and water, characterized in that the inert plasticizing component is composed of dibutyl sebacate (DBS), wherein the dibutyl sebacate appears to have a concentration between 1% by weight and 10% by weight. A content between weight%. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the dibutyl sebacate appears to have a content comprised between 2% and 7% by weight. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the dibutyl sebacate appears to have a content comprised between 3% and 5% by weight. The composition according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one nitrocellulose stabilizing component is selected from the group consisting of nitrosamine, nitrosamine, urea, derivatives of these compounds, or mixtures thereof. The composition according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one nitrocellulose stabilizing component is composed of 1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea. A composition as described in one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the nitrocellulose stabilizing component appears to have a content comprised between 1% and 5% by weight. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the nitrocellulose stabilizing component appears to have a content comprised between 2.5% by weight and 3.5% by weight. The composition as described in one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the nitrocellulose appears to have a content comprised between 82.5% and 98% by weight. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the nitrocellulose appears to have a content comprised between 89% by weight and 94.5% by weight. A composition as described in one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one flame retardant component is presented to have a content comprised between 0.5% and 2.5% by weight. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the at least one flame retardant component is composed of potassium sulfate. An ammunition, characterized in that the ammunition is provided with a propulsion powder having a composition according to one or more of the preceding claims. The ammunition according to claim 12, which has a caliber between 40 mm and 155 mm, preferably a caliber of 40 mm, 76 mm, 100 mm or 155 mm.