TW201841830A - 應用於單壁碳奈米管之可分解均四氮雜苯基高分子 - Google Patents

應用於單壁碳奈米管之可分解均四氮雜苯基高分子 Download PDF

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TW201841830A
TW201841830A TW107100730A TW107100730A TW201841830A TW 201841830 A TW201841830 A TW 201841830A TW 107100730 A TW107100730 A TW 107100730A TW 107100730 A TW107100730 A TW 107100730A TW 201841830 A TW201841830 A TW 201841830A
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polymer
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carbon nanotube
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朝 李
江福 丁
派翠克 羅倫 露西恩 麥倫芬
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加拿大國家研究院
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Abstract

一種用以純化以一共軛高分子萃取之半導體單壁碳奈米管的方法,其中,該方法包含在一預先處理過之半導體單壁碳奈米管分散液中,以一均四氮雜苯基高分子交換該共軛高分子,其中,該預先處理過之半導體單壁碳奈米管分散液包含與該半導體單壁碳奈米管結合之該共軛高分子。該方法可以使用於製造薄膜電晶體及化學感測器。此外,在此所揭露之方法係使用一均四氮雜苯基高分子以純化半導體單壁碳奈米管。

Description

應用於單壁碳奈米管之可分解均四氮雜苯基高分子
本發明係與碳奈米管之應用有關;特別是指使用均四氮雜苯基高分子於單壁碳奈米管之應用。
作為新興材料,單壁碳奈米管(Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, SWCNTs)因其特別之電、光學及機械特性已於近期吸引大量的研究興趣。在不同應用上,未加工之單壁碳奈米管材料需被純化及濃化,因其含有金屬導體(Metallic, m)及半導體(Semiconducting, sc)單壁碳奈米管、非晶碳、觸媒及其他雜質。例如,在邏輯電路及其他電子元件之場效電晶體(Field Effect Transistors, FET)中,半導體單壁碳奈米管可以被使用作為主動通道材料。在不同純化方法之中,高分子萃取(Polymer Extraction, PE)方法相較下係一低成本且可放大之方法,在此方法下取得之半導體單壁碳奈米管材料亦表現相當高純度之水準。
最近,共軛高分子萃取(Conjugated Polymer Extraction, CPE)方法已經發展於純化單壁碳奈米管未加工之材料。相較於其他以界面活性劑為主之方法,例如密度梯度超速離心(Density Gradient Ultra-Centrifugation, DGU)、凝膠層析(Gel Chromatography)及二相分離(Biphasic Separation),共軛高分子萃取係簡單、可放大及具成本效益,這樣的加工特性為工業應用上所高度喜好。更重要地,所取得之分散狀產品係具有相當高奈米管含量(例如,高達約20%至50%)之一有機溶劑為主之分散物。此對於應用單壁碳奈米管材料於元件製造及功能上皆可產生額外的效益。
然而,關於共軛高分子萃取方法的問題之一為在純化或元件製造後難以去除仍然存在半導體單壁碳奈米管上之共軛高分子。在其他方法中,係使用界面活性劑以分散溶液中之奈米管。雖然這些小分子與半導體單壁碳奈米管間具有微弱的交互作用,而可容易地藉由一簡單之沖洗步驟從半導體單壁碳奈米管之表面去除,但因需要大量的界面活性劑,在許多情況下並不適用。與小分子界面活性劑相較,小分子界面活性劑需佔整體重量百分比為95%或更高,而共軛高分子萃取方法的優點為,其僅需要相當低重量比之高分子型分散劑(例如,高分子/奈米管重量比低於2),就足以形成一穩定之分散,特別是當共軛高分子被使用於及/或高濃度時。
共軛高分子與半導體單壁碳奈米管間具有更加強烈之吸附交互作用,且可螺旋型地纏繞半導體單壁碳奈米管。再者,在非極性有機媒介中,共軛高分子與半導體單壁碳奈米管表面間之π-π堆疊交互作用比起在極性溶劑中更強。即使經過溶劑沖洗後,然而,分散液中之高分子含量仍可超過約50%之重量。此將降低在一化敏電阻器或電晶體中,使用半導體單壁碳奈米管之一感測器之敏感度。
解決此問題的一個方法是在共軛高分子萃取方法中使用具有特殊化學成分之高分子。這些高分子可以為以配位基與金屬離子間交互作用為主之金屬配位高分子,或氫鍵鍵結之超分子高分子。這些鍵結可以容易地藉由酸處理破壞,這樣高分子將降解為小單元。某些高分子可能包含可降解之單元,像是二矽烷(Disilane)、可光裂解鄰硝基苯乙醚(Photocleavable o-Nitrobenzylether)及亞胺鍵(Imine Bonds)。其他高分子可能含有特殊的單元,像是偶氮苯(Azobenzene)或可折疊的寡聚合物,所以這些高分子的結構可以藉由外在的刺激所改變,像是熱異構化或使用不同的溶劑。
雖然前述可降解之高分子可以被使用於半導體單壁碳奈米管之純化及/或分散,仍然存在某些主要的缺點。例如,在降解後高分子僅能部分地去除;大多數的降解係在溶液中發生;在高分子降解之後,半導體單壁碳奈米管將會在溶液中形成束狀而無法容易地使用於元件製造;上述高分子皆未出現在製造後的元件表面上降解後,能如預期地將半導體單壁碳奈米管自元件表面去除。
因此,需要可形成穩定之半導體單壁碳奈米管分散液之高分子,該高分子可容易地自半導體單壁碳奈米管去除,無論是在溶液中或是元件製造後,而不用將半導體單壁碳奈米管自元件表面去除。
下列文件(在此全部併入參考文獻)揭露可降解及/或可去除之其他種類之高分子,使用於共軛高分子萃取方法以純化碳奈米管(Carbon Nanotube, CNT): Pochorovski I等人發表於Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137, 4328-4331; Toshimitsu F等人發表於Nature Communications, 2014, 5:5041,9頁; Umeyama T等人發表於Chemical Communications, 2010, 46, 5969-5971; Lei T等人發表於Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2016, 138, 802-805; Lemasson F等人發表於Chemical Communications, 2011, 47, 7428-7430; Wang H等人發表於Nano Today, 2015, 10, 737-758。
在這些文件中所揭露之一些高分子包含含氮雜環,但並無揭露四氮雜苯基高分子(Tetrazine-Based Polymers)。
此外,美國專利公開號US2008/287638及US2013/0253120(兩者均併入參考文獻)揭露可能含有與碳奈米管相關之一四氮雜苯基群之共軛高分子種類。
特別的是,美國專利公開號US2013/0253120揭露之聚烯烴(Polyolefins),其可能為四氮雜苯基官能化聚烯烴,以修飾奈米粒子(包含碳奈米管)。然而,此文件並未揭露使用均四氮雜苯基高分子(s-Tetrazine Polymers)之種類於共軛高分子萃取方法,亦未揭露這些高分子之可降解性。
美國專利公開號US2008/287638揭露一種類之「黏性」超分子高分子,其含有一共軛或電活性片段(例如,茀基)及一「黏性」片段,與碳奈米管之側壁非共價結合,該黏性片段可能含有一四氮雜苯基。然而,此文件並未揭露均四氮雜苯基高分子之特別種類,更不用說任何含有一四氮雜苯基之特別的高分子。該文件亦無揭露在一共軛高分子萃取方法中使用這些高分子,以純化半導體單壁碳奈米管。再者,亦無討論這些高分子之可降解性。
已知四氮雜苯基與碳奈米管作用以形成共價鍵,並因此破壞碳奈米管架構中之碳碳雙鍵。例如,Broza G.發表於Chemistry & Chemical Technology, 2010, Volume 4, No. 1, 35-45,揭露四氮雜苯基已知可形成共價鍵,因此破壞碳奈米管架構中之碳碳雙鍵。
美國專利證書號US8673183、Li Z等人發表於Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2010, 132, 13160-13161及Li Z等人發表於Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 212, 2260-2267(全部均併入參考文獻),均揭露使用均四氮雜苯基高分子之種類於電子元件,但並非使用於與碳奈米管相關,且特別並非使用於共軛高分子萃取方法以純化碳奈米管。
利用奈米管進行元件製造之一領域係化學感測器。Ellis等人發表於ChemPlusChem, 2016, 81, 1248-1265,提供合成方法之一回顧,該些方法係用於官能化以碳奈米管為主之氣體感測器,特別是那些以生物相關之呼吸標誌為目標之感測器。
此外,J. F. Fennell Jr.等人發表於Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2016, 55, 1266-1281,係討論奈米線(Nanowires, NWs)之使用於化學感測器發展。
T. Zhang等人發表於Nanotechnology, 2008, 19, 332001, 14pp回顧以碳奈米管為主之不同型式的奈米感測器發展之進展,並聚焦於改善感測效果(敏感度、選擇度及反應時間)所使用之工具,透過以不同方法(共價及非共價)及不同材料(高分子及金屬)合理官能化之碳奈米管。
M. Meyyappan發表於Small, 2016, Volume 12, No. 16, 2118-2129回顧使用碳奈米管於氣體及蒸汽感測。
雖然已廣泛揭露可能含有一四氮雜苯基群之共軛高分子可與碳奈米管結合使用,亦已知四氮雜苯基可與碳奈米管反應以形成共價鍵,然而先前技術並無包含可與碳奈米管結合使用之含有一四氮雜苯基高分子之例子。
所以不會預期四氮雜苯基高分子與碳奈米管結合使用,而不是與碳奈米管反應。此外,先前技術並未指出含有四氮雜苯基之高分子可使用於共軛高分子萃取方法以純化碳奈米管,更不用說有指出均四氮雜苯基高分子之特殊種類。
現在已經發現均四氮雜苯基高分子可使用於半導體單壁碳奈米管之純化、分散及元件製造。既然均四氮雜苯基單元在溶液中或在元件表面上均可以容易地藉由光照射或熱處理分解,分解後的小分子可以在溶液中清洗掉或在固體狀態中在真空下經雷射照射而蒸發。此可使感測器對氣體具有更高的敏感度,像是氨氣或二氧化氮。
首先描述應用於單壁碳奈米管之可分解均四氮雜苯基高分子之一般型式,然後將以實施例的方式詳述該些高分子之實施。這些實施例係要說明製造一化學感測器之一方法,該化學感測器可於兆分之一(ppt)至十億分之一(ppb)之範圍檢測一或複數個化學物質;即含有半導體單壁碳奈米管(Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, sc-SWCNTs)之一架構之一化學感測器,該化學感測器可於兆分之一(ppt)至十億分之一(ppb)之範圍檢測一或複數個化學物質;即一化學感測器可於兆分之一(ppt)至十億分之一(ppb)範圍檢測氨氣或二氧化氮氣體,該感測器含有半導體單壁碳奈米管之一架構。然後於決定此說明書之每一個別之申請專利範圍中,將進一步描述並定義應用於單壁碳奈米管之可分解均四氮雜苯基高分子。
根據本發明之一態樣,提供一化學感測器可於兆分之一(ppt)至十億分之一(ppb)之範圍檢測一或複數個化學物質,該感測器係由包含下列步驟之一方法所製成:應用半導體單壁碳奈米管/均四氮雜苯基共軛高分子混合物之一分散液於一基板;應用加熱及/或紫外線光(UV Light)以分解均四氮雜苯基高分子;去除分解後之產品。
根據本發明之一進一步態樣,提供製造一化學感測器之一方法,該化學感測器可於兆分之一(ppt)至十億分之一(ppb)之範圍檢測一或複數個化學物質,該方法包含下列步驟:應用半導體單壁碳奈米管/均四氮雜苯基共軛高分子混合物之一分散液於一基板;應用加熱及/或紫外線光以分解均四氮雜苯基高分子;去除分解後之產品。
上述感測器可能有一較低之檢測限制,自4 ppt至100 ppb或自3 ppt至1 ppb。此外,感測器可以檢測在一氣體或液態之一或複數個化學物質;該一或複數個化學物質可能為氨氣或二氧化氮氣體。亦有可能感測器可於十億分之一(ppb)至百萬分之一(ppm)之範圍檢測一或複數個化學物質,此感測器可能有一較低之檢測限制,自4 ppb至100 ppm或自3 ppb至1 ppm。
均四氮雜苯基高分子可能有下列結構:圖中,A可以為氧、硫、硒或碳碳雙鍵;n為1至4之整數;R1 可以為獨立的氫、氟、氰化物或一碳1至碳20直鏈或支鏈之脂肪族群;Ar為1或複數個經取代或未經取代之芳香族單元;m為5或大於5之整數。
均四氮雜苯基高分子之範例包含(但不限於)PBDTFTz:PDTSTTz:圖中,R1 及R2 為2-乙基己酯基;或R1 為2-乙基己酯基及R2 為己酯基;或R1 為己酯基及R2 為2-乙基己酯基;或R1 及R2 為己酯基;或R1 為甲基及R2 為2-乙基己酯基; 或PCPDTFTz:其中,Ar為環戊[2,1-b;3.4-b']二噻吩。
分解後之產品可能藉由沖洗、蒸發、昇華或前述任何組合所去除。
此外,共軛高分子可能含有一聚茀基(Polyfluorene)或一聚噻吩(Polythiophene)。此外,共軛高分子可能含有一3-烷基-經取代聚噻吩(3-Alkyl-Substituted Polythiophene);一9,9-雙C10-36-烷基-經取代聚茀基(9,9-diC10-36-Alkyl-Substituted Polyfluorene);一9,9-雙C10-18-烷基-經取代聚茀基(9,9-diC10-18-Alkyl-Substituted Polyfluorene);一3-C10-18-烷基-經取代聚噻吩(3-C10-18-Alkyl-Substituted Polythiophene);9,9-雙C10-18-烷基-經取代茀基(9,9-diC10-18-Alkyl-Substituted Fluorene)與一或複數個共單體(co-Monomer)單元之一共聚合物(Copolymer),該共單體含有一或複數個噻吩、雙噻吩、伸苯基(Phenylene)、聯吡啶(Bipyridine)、咔唑(Carbazole)、蒽(Anthracene)、萘(Naphthalene)或苯并噻二唑(Benzothiadiazole);3-C10-18-烷基-經取代噻吩(3-C10-18-Alkyl-Substituted Thiophene)與一或複數個共單體單元之一共聚合物;該共單體含有一或複數個茀基、雙噻吩、伸苯基、聯吡啶、咔唑、蒽、萘或苯并噻二唑。可能使用於此方法之共軛高分子之一例為聚(9,9-二-正-十二烷茀基)(Poly(9,9-di-n-Dodecylfluorene, PFDD)。
在此方法中,共軛高分子與半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比可能有一最大值5或一最大值2,亦可能係於1至5之範圍間。再者,均四氮雜苯基高分子與半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比可能有一最大值8或一最大值4,亦可能係於1至4之範圍間。
根據本發明之另一態樣,提供化學感測器可於ppt至ppb範圍檢測氨氣或二氧化氮氣體,該感測器含有半導體單壁碳奈米管之一架構。
前述化學感測器可能有一較低之檢測限制,自4 ppt至100 ppb或自3 ppt至1 ppb。再者,感測器可能有一較低之檢測限制,自4 ppb至100 ppm或自3 ppb至1 ppm。亦有可能感測器可於ppb至ppm之範圍檢測氨氣或二氧化氮氣體,此感測器可能有一較低之檢測限制,自4 ppb至100 ppm或自3 ppb至1 ppm。
無論此說明書參考之數值範圍為何,除非有其他指示,均欲包含其子範圍。象徵一或另一變化式之特徵:以均四氮雜苯基高分子純化半導體單壁碳奈米管之方法;使用均四氮雜苯基高分子以純化半導體單壁碳奈米管;使用均四氮雜苯基高分子製造薄膜電晶體之方法,除非有其他指示,這些特徵欲應用至所有其他變化式,只要這些特徵係適合或相容於該其他變化式。
在下列詳細說明期間,進一步之特性將被敘述或變得更明顯。
下列均四氮雜苯基高分子(s-Tetrazine Based Polymers)可使用於單壁碳奈米管之純化、分散及元件製造: 圖中,每個A可以為氧、硫、硒或碳碳雙鍵;每個n為1至4之整數;每個R1 可以為獨立的氫、氟、氰化物或一碳1至碳20直鏈或支鏈之脂肪族群;Ar為1或複數個經取代或未經取代之芳香族單元;m為5或大於5之整數。
均四氮雜苯基高分子之範例包含聚[2,,6-(4,4'-雙(2-乙基己酯基)二噻吩并[3,2-b:2',3'-d]矽羅)-交替-5,5'-(3,6-雙[4-(2-乙基己酯基)噻吩基-2-基]-s-四氮雜苯基)](Poly[2,,6-(4,4'-bis(2-Ethylhexyl)Dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]Silole)-alt- 5,5'-(3,6-bis[4-(2Ethylhexyl)Thienyl-2-yl]-s-Tetrazine)]),亦可識別為縮寫PDTSTTz:PDTSTTz之合成、特性分析及光伏應用揭露於J. Ding等人發表於Chemical Communications, 2010, 45, 8668-8670,該文章之內容在此併入參考文獻。
均四氮雜苯基高分子之另一種類包含下列5種高分子,揭露於Z. Li等人發表於Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23, 1977-1984,該文章之內容在此併入參考文獻:P1: R1 為2-乙基己酯基, R2 為2-乙基己酯基 P2: R1 為2-乙基己酯基, R2 為己酯基 P3: R1 為己酯基, R2 為2-乙基己酯基 P4: R1 為己酯基, R2 為己酯基 P5: R1 為甲基, R2 為2-乙基己酯基 特別的是,P4,亦已知為PCPDTTTz,可使用於生產效能太陽能電池,揭露於Z. Li等人發表於Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2010, 132, 13160-13161,該文章之內容在此併入參考文獻。
另一例包含PCPDTTTz,其合成、特性分析及光伏特性揭露於Z. Li等人發表於Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 212, 2260-2267,該文章之內容在此併入參考文獻:PCPDTFTz: Ar為環戊[2,1-b;3.4-b']二噻吩
在一實施例中,下列均四氮雜苯基高分子(PBDTFTz)包含可替換之雙呋喃-s-四氮雜苯基(Bisfuran-s-Tetrazine)及苯并[1,2-b:4,b-b'] 二噻吩(Benzo[1,2-b:4,b-b']Dithiophene)單元,可使用於單壁碳奈米管之純化、分散及元件製造: 均四氮雜苯基高分子之可分解性
示差掃描熱分析儀(Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC)之曲線顯示均四氮雜苯基高分子在約攝氏250度下可被熱分解。
如圖1所示,其中,一PBDTFTz膜在一玻璃載玻片上於攝氏300度下加熱10秒。高分子PBDTFTz之合成揭露於Z. Li等人發表於Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 212, 2260。在熱分解後,寬紫外線吸收帶(Broad UV Absorption Bands)在511 nm及552 nm隨著在約380 nm之新波峰出現而下降。圖中實線表示產品在甲苯溶液中熱分解後之紫外線光譜。插圖表示溶液或膜在分解前(左)及分解後(右)的照片,照片中,最初高分子膜/溶液之紫色衰退為黃色。熱降解後之分解後產品經由膠體滲透層析儀確認分子量出現急遽地下降。
產品包含90%的雙氰基化合物(1):該產品有較PBDTFTz更短之共軛長度,所以吸收光譜藍移(Blue Shifted)且包含已分解之波峰。分解圖圖示如下:
再者,均四氮雜苯基高分子對強烈的紫外線光敏感。如圖2所示,PBDTFTz之一溶液在甲苯溶液中經紫外線光照射10或20分鐘後,寬紫外線吸收帶在511 nm及552 nm下降。隨著熱分解,最初高分子溶液之紫色衰退為黃色。光降解後之分解後產品經由膠體滲透層析儀確認降解後產品主要有90%為如上圖所示之雙氰基化合物。以均四氮雜苯基高分子取代PFDD
均四氮雜苯基高分子與單壁碳奈米管間之交互作用力相當強,但不足以強到可使單壁碳奈米管之結構分裂。其他高分子,像是聚茀基種類(PFDD)之高分子,可以容易地藉由將PFDD分散液加入均四氮雜苯基高分子溶液之方式加以取代。
在一實施例中,一簡單之高分子交換程序可以被使用於以一簡單之高分子交換,將單壁碳奈米管上之聚(9,9-二-正-十二烷茀基)(Poly(9,9-di-n- Dodecylfluorene, PFDD)以PBDTFTz取代。
高分子PBDTFTz之合成揭露於Z. Li等人發表於Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 212, 2260。高純度之PFDD/半導體單壁碳奈米管溶液之製備揭露於J. Ding等人發表於Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 2328,其高分子/奈米管之一比例為1.3及奈米管濃度為165 mg/L。將3 g甲苯加入1 g、濃度為0.87 mg/mL之一PBDTFTz溶液,並將混合物以超音波共振混合30分鐘。然後溶液在孔隙大小為200 nm之一鐵氟龍濾膜上過濾並以10 ml甲苯清洗。然後將濾餅分散於4 g之甲苯中並標記為經過第一次交換之產品。重複此方法以取得經第二次高分子交換之產品。高分子/奈米管比例及溶液濃度可以容易地藉由過濾、稀釋或高分子之添加調整。最後取得PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管分散液之奈米管濃度為25.5 mg/L及高分子/奈米管比例為4/1。另亦製備一相似之PFDD/單壁碳奈米管分散液。
圖3為前述高分子/單壁碳奈米管分散液在甲苯中之一紫外線吸收光譜:點線為原始的PFDD/單壁碳奈米管,實線為以PBDTFTz為第一次高分子交換後,虛線為以PBDTFTz為第二次高分子交換後。在第一次高分子交換中,於超音波共振混合、過濾及沖洗後,在單壁碳奈米管表面上超過一半之PFDD被PBDTFTz所取代。在第二次配位基交換後,在380 nm之PFDD波峰於紫外線吸收光譜中完全消失,表示PFDD完全被PBDTFTz取代,PBDTFTz之吸收波峰係位於511 nm及552 nm。同時,單壁碳奈米管在1500至1900 nm之S11帶及在700至1100 nm之S22帶之形狀及解析度並未改變,表示形成一穩定之PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管分散液。另亦發現分散液中PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管之比例可以降低至約2.6/1,甚至在經過稀釋及沖洗步驟後,即證實PBDTFTz與單壁碳奈米管間之交互作用比PFDD與單壁碳奈米管間更強,PFDD/單壁碳奈米管之比例在相似條件下可以降低至約1.2/1。乾淨的 單壁碳奈米管架構
如上述之討論,均四氮雜苯基高分子可以藉由光照射或加熱分解。在分解之後的小分子可以在溶液中清洗掉,或可以在真空下經雷射照射或加熱而蒸發,假如是在固體狀態下。在此方法中,可以得到電子元件應用所喜好之乾淨的單壁碳奈米管架構,像是薄膜電晶體(Thin Film Transistors, TFTs)或感測器。以下將參照圖4進一步討論之。使用PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管分散液製備薄膜電晶體
PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管分散液可以使用於製備電子元件。
利用可分解之均四氮雜苯基高分子製造具有增強型電極之單壁碳奈米管薄膜電晶體,係總結於圖4中。PFDD(20)及PFDD/單壁碳奈米管(10)之一分散液經過一高分子交換,以一均四氮雜苯基高分子(25)取代PFDD,導致均四氮雜苯基高分子/單壁碳奈米管結合使用之一複合物(15)。當PFDD(20)被去除後,將剩下之分散液應用於一基板(30)。在加熱及/或紫外線光處理後,均四氮雜苯基高分子分解,將分解後之產品去除後,留下乾淨的單壁碳奈米管架構(35)。
以雷射進行臨場電晶體特性分析,顯示PBDTFTz之可分解性及所形成小分子化合物之蒸發。由具有不同通道長度之元件的電阻進一步研究顯示,因為去除纏繞之高分子,奈米管間之接觸急遽地改善。此完全暴露之奈米管架構對於感測器之應用特別地具有吸引力,並可導致接觸改善。
薄膜電晶體元件之製造係使用一預先製備好、具有230 nm厚熱氧化層之元件。晶片有具4x4薄膜電晶體元件之預圖案化金電極,該些薄膜電晶體元件之通道長度分別為20、10、5、2.5 μm,及通道寬度皆為2000μm。晶片先在攝氏60度於一5%清潔劑(Hellmanex Solution)中浸泡20分鐘,然後以水及異丙醇沖洗,再以氮氣吹乾。然後將0.1 ml之高分子/奈米管分散液分布在晶片表面上,將晶片浸泡於甲苯蒸氣下10分鐘。然後以5 ml甲苯沖洗晶片並以氮氣吹乾後,在空氣中於攝氏140度退火10分鐘。
作為一例,上述製備之PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管分散液係使用於在一新鮮乾淨且預圖案化之二氧化矽基板上製備薄膜電晶體,根據Z. Li, J. Ding等人發表於Organic Electronics, 2015, 26, 15所揭露之一做法。所製備之薄膜電晶體元件有一底電極及共同底部閘極結構。為了進行比較,以一PFDD/單壁碳奈米管分散液製備之元件亦在相同濃度及高分子/奈米管比例下製造。
PBDTFTz在單壁碳奈米管架構上之降解係以共振拉曼光譜儀(Resonance Raman Spectroscopy)監測並表示於圖5中。在514 nm雷射照射下,來自於PBDTFTz之拉曼位移(Raman Shift)在1430及1530 cm-1 之強度逐漸下降,然而來自單壁碳奈米管之D帶及G帶開始佔優勢。在單壁碳奈米管架構暴露於405 nm雷射下30分鐘後,所有來自於PBDTFTz之訊號均消失,僅留下單壁碳奈米管之一乾淨光譜。
薄膜電晶體亦同時在405 nm雷射照射下進行特性分析。圖6表示以一PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管分散液製作之薄膜電晶體,在405 nm雷射、在不同照射時間下之轉換曲線圖。汲極電壓VSD 為1V,且主動通道長度及寬度分別為20及2000 μm。箭頭表示掃描方向。
在前2分鐘,薄膜電晶體於閘極電壓Vg 為-10 V之導通電流,自70 μA逐漸上升至170 μA,然而於閘極電壓Vg 為10 V時,關閉電流更急遽上升數等級之強度,故導致非常差之電流開/關比。轉換曲線之磁滯現象亦變得更加嚴重。然而,此改變在2分鐘時到達一平線區然後慢慢地退移。
此現象可以藉由PBDTFTz之降解所解釋。根據上述之分解模式,在405 nm雷射照射下,PBDTFTz之雙氰基結構(即化合物(1))開始分解並釋放氮氣。化合物(1)在每一分子中包含二氰基群且對於單壁碳奈米管係一非常強烈之電洞摻雜劑。在PBDTFTz降解過程中,形成之化合物(1)將先黏附在奈米管上,此將導致更多電洞摻雜效應(除了來自空氣中的氧之外)且使臨界電壓朝著一正方向位移。更長時間之雷射照射將進一步蒸發形成之化合物(1),然後此電洞摻雜效應將緩和下來。
既然所得到之薄膜電晶體總是表示一低的電流開/關比,此暗示化合物(1)可能並未藉由簡單之雷射照射完全自奈米管表面去除。然而,此分解反應可在一較高之溫度下被促進;化合物(1)在攝氏300度之真空下可以被完全去除。由PFDD/單壁碳奈米管製備之薄膜電晶體亦在雷射照射下進行特性分析,但僅觀察到導通電流輕微地下降,此可推論為由於所有測量皆於環境條件下進行時,在雷射光下,氧之電洞摻雜量下降之關係。以PFDD/單壁碳奈米管為主及以PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管為主之架構比較
一般來說,由PFDD/單壁碳奈米管製備之薄膜電晶體有較高之電流及遷移率,雖然其掃描式電子顯微鏡圖與PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管之掃描式電子顯微鏡圖相比顯示相當小之奈米管密度,如圖7A及7B所示。高分子/單壁碳奈米管之重量比為4:1,而單壁碳奈米管之濃度為25.5 mg/L。圖中右下角之標尺為1 μm。
進一步檢驗顯示在PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管架構中一更高程度之束狀及彎曲之奈米管結構,此可能限制奈米管間之接觸。
圖8A至8F表示以PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管(a, c及e)或PFDD/單壁碳奈米管(b, d及f)分散液所製備之薄膜電晶體間,在不同通道長度下之特性比較圖。特別的是,圖8(a)及(b)測量遷移性;圖8(c)及(d)測量電流開/關比;圖8(e)及(f)測量以PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管(a, c及e)或PFDD/單壁碳奈米管(b, d及f)分散液所製備之薄膜電晶體間在不同通道長度下之電阻。通道寬度為2000 μm。高分子/奈米管重量比為4/1且單壁碳奈米管之濃度為25.5 mg/L。
圖8表示由PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管製備之不同通道長度之薄膜電晶體在分解前及分解後更詳細之特性分析。對於PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管薄膜電晶體,在去除PBDTFTz後,遷移率幾乎加倍,因為奈米管間較佳的接觸,然而在加熱及真空處理後,來自PFDD/單壁碳奈米管之遷移率卻因為下降之電洞摻雜程度(來自氧及水氣)而輕微地下降。在分解後,PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管薄膜電晶體之電流開/關比輕微地下降,因為上升之關閉電流。片電阻(Sheet Resistance, RS )及接觸電阻(Contact Resistance, RC )可以自不同通道長度元件之數據取得。
對於PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管薄膜電晶體,在降解後,RS 自0.481下降至0.296 MΩ,而RC 自0.960更急遽下降至0.242 KΩμm。有趣的是去除奈米管上之絕緣高分子層對於RC 之影響較RS 更多。此亦顯示在一架構內部將奈米管表面之絕緣高分子層去除之重要性。
對於PFDD/單壁碳奈米管薄膜電晶體,在相似處理後,相反地,RS 自0.117上升至0.164 MΩ,而RC 幾乎沒有改變,此可推論為在真空及熱處理後下降之電洞摻雜程度之關係。
將分散液自奈米管表面之完全去除及其去除容易度不僅改善電晶體之元件表現,亦有益於元件之敏感度。在感測器應用上特別需要此種完全暴露之奈米管表面。
在前述薄膜電晶體元件特性分析中:電流-電壓特性曲線(I-V Curves)係於環境條件下在一探針台上收集,而遷移率係基於一平行板模型(Parallel Plate Model),計算自線性區中之源極/汲極電流對電壓之轉換曲線(Isd - Vg Transfer curve)。因為高的通道寬度/長度比(大於100),由奈米管之定義的通道範圍外所引起的貢獻可以被忽略。為了在雷射照射下為薄膜電晶體測試,係使用一405 nm雷射二極體控制器且雷射光束係反射於主動通道,如圖5所示。
拉曼光譜係使用一InVia拉曼顯微鏡(Renishaw, Inc.)在完成之元件上所獲得,使用514 nm雷射激發源及100倍放大物鏡。掃描式電子顯微鏡圖係使用熱場效型高解析場發射型掃描式電子顯微鏡(Hitachi SU-5000)在1 kV操作下取得(在二氧化矽/矽基板上之電荷對比成像模式)。紫外線吸收光譜係在一紫外線-可見光-近紅外光分光光譜儀(UV-Vis NIR Spectrophotometer, Cary 5000, Varian)上取得,波長範圍自300至2100 nm。
為了做感測器測試,將上面有高分子/單壁碳奈米管架構之晶片放入裝設有一Ossila晶片及電路板之一箱體內(容量約20 mL)。元件通道長度及寬度分別為30 μm及1 mm。輸入氨氣之濃度係以二個流量控制器控制:一為1 slm乾燥之空氣/氮氣之一恆定流動及另一為5 ppm氨氣於氮氣中之10、20、40、80及160 sccm之10秒氣體脈衝。以半導體單壁碳奈米管架構為主之化學感測器
雖然去除高分子可使電晶體之表現小幅度增加,暴露之奈米管表面為許多應用提供一喜好之平台,包含小分子之化學感測。於此描述之新型化學及其生產裸露之高純度半導體單壁碳奈米管薄膜之能力可使各種各樣之元件有最適化表現,特別是:以對準之單壁碳奈米管為主之高效能電晶體、光伏及光電元件,以及最重要的能夠感測十億分之一(ppb)之感測器,該感測器可應用於環境及健康上監測之應用。
作為一例,在氨氣感測實驗中半導體單壁碳奈米管架構顯示快速及可逆之反應,未纏繞之奈米管架構就雜訊比訊號及可計算至2.5 ppb之一檢測限制而言表現優秀,幾乎是四倍優於高分子纏繞之奈米管。
使用氣體脈衝,對半導體單壁碳奈米管架構電晶體作為對氨氣之感測器進行測試。發現在持續的暴露下,電晶體之敏感度係如此顯著而可觀察到完全之電流抑制,並在暴露於環境空氣後發生回復。經由一脈衝實驗,在乾空氣流下觀察到一可逆反應。
這些元件首先作為化敏電阻器進行測試。經常發現劇烈的電流漂移,主要可歸因於在二氧化矽/奈米管/空氣界面之水/氧之氧化還原過程,此可能與單壁碳奈米管材料之最初摻雜狀態有關,因為在元件製造過程之加工歷史中不可控制之變因。電晶體結構,具有閘極電壓作為一調諧鈕,容許一路徑朝向尋找最佳操作條件及最小化基線漂移。在這些實驗中,電晶體亦加熱至攝氏96度以促進吸附之氨氣之釋放。
圖9表示源極/汲極電流對於50至800 ppb之10秒鐘氨氣脈衝之反應。特別的是,圖片係表示源極/汲極電流(VSD為-1V)與時間之關係,伴隨在攝氏96度乾空氣中50、100、200、400及800 ppb之一系列氨氣氣體脈衝(10秒鐘)。為了清晰度這些曲線有偏移過。有趣的是,兩種架構均顯示非常快速之反應時間,此可能歸因於架構之形態主要係由具容易接近之表面之個別的奈米管所組成。可能期待由可分解之高分子製備之完全暴露之單壁碳奈米管架構。對於PFDD,僅有芳香族主鏈緊密地與奈米管表面接觸,且高分子/奈米管重量比約為1/1,表面覆蓋率仍小,因為超過60%之碳含量係位於碳鏈側。此可能解釋高分子間在PBDTFTz分解後在較低檢測限制中之差異。
使用來自於50 ppb氨氣脈衝之反應曲線,對於原始的單壁碳奈米管及PFDD/單壁碳奈米管架構之檢測限制分別可計算至2.5及9.3 ppb(考量檢測反應為雜訊之三倍)。這樣的敏感度限制將使這些單壁碳奈米管電晶體適合於醫療應用。此高敏感度可能歸因於自共軛高分子萃取方法所得到之高純度半導體單壁碳奈米管,可降低來自於金屬奈米管的不想要的電流基線。追蹤靠近臨界電壓之感測器反應以及調整閘極偏壓以使基線變得平坦可能會進一步改善敏感度,因此減輕漂移。
圖10表示源極/汲極電流對應不同氨氣濃度之變化。比較上,一原始的單壁碳奈米管架構(在PBDTFTz分解後)相比於一PFDD/單壁碳奈米管架構對氨氣脈衝呈現更強之反應。此外,在由低至高劑量之循環時,裸露之架構也有較少之磁滯現象。既然感測器之反應時常與單壁碳奈米管之表面積直接相關,即不意外發現裸露之奈米管有一更強之反應。值得注意的是,單壁碳奈米管架構係由一簡單之浸塗方法所製備,而可容易地使用印刷科技複製,像是凹版印刷、噴墨及氣溶膠噴霧。比較上,在感測器應用上其他已報告之架構,有可比較之表現的,係由直接化學氣相沉積生長方法或化敏電阻器中不純的奈米管所製備。
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經由先前對於實驗的描述,新穎特徵對於熟知此項技藝者將是明顯的。以上所述僅為本發明較佳可行實施例而已,但不做為限制之用,本發明說明書及申請專利範圍應為最廣泛之闡釋,舉凡應用本發明說明書及申請專利範圍所為之等效變化,理應包含在本發明之專利範圍內。
[本發明] 無
為能更清楚瞭解本發明,茲舉數較佳實施例為例並配合所附圖式詳細說明之,其中: 圖1為PBDTFTz膜在玻璃載玻片上於加熱前及攝氏300度加熱10秒後之紫外線吸收光譜圖。插圖表示溶液或膜在分解前(左)及分解後(右)之照片。 圖2為PBDTFTz在甲苯溶液中以紫外線光照射前及照射10或20分鐘後之紫外線吸收光譜圖。 圖3為原始之PFDD/單壁碳奈米管分散液以PBDTFTz進行高分子交換後,高分子/單壁碳奈米管分散液在甲苯中之紫外線吸收光譜圖。 圖4為將可分解均四氮雜苯基高分子應用於製備具有增強型電極之單壁碳奈米管薄膜電晶體的示意圖。 圖5為PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管膜在一矽基板上經雷射照射之拉曼光譜圖。 圖6為以一PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管分散液製作之薄膜電晶體在405 nm雷射下不同照射時間之轉換曲線圖。 圖7A及7B為以高分子(a)PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管及(b)PFDD/單壁碳奈米管分散液所製備之奈米管架構於二氧化矽基板上之掃描式電子顯微鏡圖。 圖8A-8F為以PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管(a, c及e)或PFDD/單壁碳奈米管(b, d及f)分散液所製備之薄膜電晶體間,在不同通道長度下之特性比較圖。 圖9為一電晶體在PBDTFTz/單壁碳奈米管(在高分子分解後)及PFDD/單壁碳奈米管架構下對氨氣之反應,藉由一系列氨氣氣體脈衝,對源極/汲極電流與時間之關係監測之。 圖10為源極/汲極電流對應不同氨氣濃度之變化圖。

Claims (59)

  1. 一種用以純化以一共軛高分子萃取之半導體單壁碳奈米管的方法,其中,該方法包含在一預先處理過之半導體單壁碳奈米管分散液中,以一均四氮雜苯基高分子交換該共軛高分子,其中,該預先處理過之半導體單壁碳奈米管分散液包含與該半導體單壁碳奈米管結合之該共軛高分子。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該方法更包含藉由光照射或熱處理分解該均四氮雜苯基高分子;隨後去除分解後之產品。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子有下列結構: 其中,A可以為氧、硫、硒或碳碳雙鍵;n為1至4之整數;R1 可以為獨立的氫、氟、氰化物或一碳1至碳20直鏈或支鏈之脂肪族群;Ar為1或複數個經取代或未經取代之芳香族單元;m為5或大於5之整數。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PBDTFTz:
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PDTSTTz:
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為:其中,R1 及R2 為2-乙基己酯基;或R1 為2-乙基己酯基及R2 為己酯基;或R1 為己酯基及R2 為2-乙基己酯基;或R1 及R2 為己酯基;或R1 為甲基及R2 為2-乙基己酯基。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PCPDTFTz:其中,Ar為環戊[2,1-b;3.4-b']二噻吩。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第2項的方法,其中,該分解後之產品藉由沖洗或蒸發去除。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該共軛高分子更包含一聚茀基。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該共軛高分子更包含一聚噻吩。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該共軛高分子為聚(9,9-二-正-十二烷茀基)(PFDD)。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該共軛高分子與該半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比有一最大值為2。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子與該半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比有一最大值為4。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子與該半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比介於1至4之間。
  15. 如申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中,更包含用以製造薄膜電晶體之步驟。
  16. 一種均四氮雜苯基高分子之用途,其係用以純化半導體單壁碳奈米管。
  17. 如申請專利範圍第16項的用途,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子有下列結構:其中,A可以為氧、硫、硒或碳碳雙鍵;n為1至4之整數;R1 可以為獨立的氫、氟、氰化物或一碳1至碳20直鏈或支鏈之脂肪族群;Ar為1或複數個經取代或未經取代之芳香族單元;m為5或大於5之整數。
  18. 如申請專利範圍第16項或第17項的用途,更包含用以製造薄膜電晶體。
  19. 一種製造薄膜電晶體的方法,其中,該方法包含: 在一預先處理過之半導體單壁碳奈米管分散液中,以一均四氮雜苯基高分子交換一共軛高分子,其中,該預先處理過之半導體單壁碳奈米管分散液包含與該半導體單壁碳奈米管結合之該共軛高分子,最後得到均四氮雜苯基/單壁碳奈米管結合使用之一組合物; 去除經取代之共軛高分子; 應用所得到之分散液至一基板上; 應用加熱及/或紫外線光以分解均四氮雜苯基高分子;及 去除分解後之產品。
  20. 如申請專利範圍第19項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子有下列結構:其中,A可以為氧、硫、硒或碳碳雙鍵;n為1至4之整數;R1 可以為獨立的氫、氟、氰化物或一碳1至碳20直鏈或支鏈之脂肪族群;Ar為1或複數個經取代或未經取代之芳香族單元;m為5或大於5之整數。
  21. 如申請專利範圍第20項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PBDTFTz:
  22. 如申請專利範圍第20項或第21項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為聚(9,9-二-正-十二烷茀基)(PFDD)。
  23. 一化學感測器可於兆分之一(ppt)至十億分之一(ppb)之範圍檢測一或複數個化學物質,該感測器係由包含下列步驟之一方法所製成: 應用一半導體單壁碳奈米管/均四氮雜苯基高分子混合物之一分散液至一基板; 應用加熱及/或紫外線光以分解該均四氮雜苯基高分子;及 去除分解後之產品。
  24. 如申請專利範圍第23項的化學感測器,其中,該感測器有一較低之檢測限制,自4 ppt至100 ppb。
  25. 如申請專利範圍第24項的化學感測器,其中,該感測器有一較低之檢測限制,自3 ppt至1 ppb。
  26. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第25項的化學感測器,其中,該一或複數個化學物質係在一氣態相或一液態相。
  27. 如申請專利範圍第26項的化學感測器,其中,該一或複數個化學物質為氨氣或二氧化氮氣體。
  28. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第27項的化學感測器,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子有下列結構:其中,A可以為氧、硫、硒或碳碳雙鍵;n為1至4之整數;R1 可以為獨立的氫、氟、氰化物或一碳1至碳20直鏈或支鏈之脂肪族群;Ar為1或複數個經取代或未經取代之芳香族單元;m為5或大於5之整數。
  29. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第27項的化學感測器,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PBDTFTz:
  30. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第27項的化學感測器,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PDTSTTz:
  31. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第27項的化學感測器,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為:其中,R1 及R2 為2-乙基己酯基;或R1 為2-乙基己酯基及R2 為己酯基;或R1 為己酯基及R2 為2-乙基己酯基;或R1 及R2 為己酯基;或R1 為甲基及R2 為2-乙基己酯基。
  32. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第27項的化學感測器,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PCPDTFTz:其中,Ar為環戊[2,1-b;3.4-b']二噻吩。
  33. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第32項的化學感測器,其中,該分解後之產品藉由選擇自包含沖洗、蒸發、昇華及其組合之群組中之一方法所去除。
  34. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第33項的化學感測器,其中,該共軛高分子更包含一聚茀基。
  35. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第33項的化學感測器,其中,該共軛高分子更包含一聚噻吩。
  36. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第33項的化學感測器,其中,該共軛高分子為聚(9,9-二-正-十二烷茀基)(PFDD)。
  37. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第36項的化學感測器,其中,該共軛高分子與該半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比有一最大值為5。
  38. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第37項的化學感測器,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子與該半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比有一最大值為8。
  39. 如任一申請專利範圍第23至第28項的化學感測器,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子與該半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比介於1至4之間。
  40. 一種製造可於兆分之一(ppt)至十億分之一(ppb)之範圍檢測一或複數個化學物質之一化學感測器的方法,其中,該方法包含: 應用一半導體單壁碳奈米管/均四氮雜苯基高分子混合物之一分散液至一基板; 應用加熱及/或紫外線光以分解該均四氮雜苯基高分子;及 去除分解後之產品。
  41. 如申請專利範圍第40項的方法,其中,該感測器有一較低之檢測限制,自4 ppt至100 ppb。
  42. 如申請專利範圍第40或第41項的方法,其中,該感測器有一較低之檢測限制,自3 ppt至1 ppb。
  43. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第42項的方法,其中,該一或複數個化學物質係在一氣態相或一液態相。
  44. 如申請專利範圍第43項的方法,其中,該一或複數個化學物質為氨氣或二氧化氮氣體。
  45. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第44項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子有下列結構:其中,A可以為氧、硫、硒或碳碳雙鍵;n為1至4之整數;R1 可以為獨立的氫、氟、氰化物或一碳1至碳20直鏈或支鏈之脂肪族群;Ar為1或複數個經取代或未經取代之芳香族單元;m為5或大於5之整數。
  46. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第44項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PBDTFTz:
  47. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第44項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PDTSTTz:
  48. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第44項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為:其中,R1 及R2 為2-乙基己酯基;或R1 為2-乙基己酯基及R2 為己酯基;或R1 為己酯基及R2 為2-乙基己酯基;或R1 及R2 為己酯基;或R1 為甲基及R2 為2-乙基己酯基。
  49. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第44項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子為PCPDTFTz:其中,Ar為環戊[2,1-b;3.4-b']二噻吩。
  50. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第44項的方法,其中,該分解後之產品藉由選擇自包含沖洗、蒸發、昇華及其組合之群組中之一方法所去除。
  51. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第50項的方法,其中,該共軛高分子更包含一聚茀基。
  52. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第50項的方法,其中,該共軛高分子更包含一聚噻吩。
  53. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第50項的方法,其中,該共軛高分子為聚(9,9-二-正-十二烷茀基)(PFDD)。
  54. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第53項的方法,其中,該共軛高分子與該半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比有一最大值為5。
  55. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第54項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子與該半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比有一最大值為8。
  56. 如任一申請專利範圍第40至第54項的方法,其中,該均四氮雜苯基高分子與該半導體單壁碳奈米管之重量比介於1至4之間。
  57. 一化學感測器可於兆分之一(ppt)至十億分之一(ppb)之範圍檢測氨氣或二氧化氮氣體,其中,該感測器包含半導體單壁碳奈米管之一架構。
  58. 如申請專利範圍第57項的化學感測器,其中,該感測器有一較低之檢測限制,自4 ppt至100 ppb。
  59. 如申請專利範圍第58項的化學感測器,其中,該感測器有一較低之檢測限制,自3 ppt至1 ppb。
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