TW201807165A - Composition for nanoencapsulation and nanocapsules comprising a liquid-crystalline medium - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to compositions for nanoencapsulation which comprise the mesogenic medium as set forth in claim 1, one or more polymerizable compounds and one or more surfactants, to nanocapsules containing the mesogenic medium and to their use in electro-optical devices.

Description

Nanocapsule-containing composition and nanocapsule containing liquid crystal medium

The present invention relates to a composition for nanocapsule encapsulation, which comprises a mesogen, one or more polymerizable compounds and one or more surfactants as described below; and a nanocapsule containing the mesogen. ; About its preparation method and its use in photovoltaic devices.

Liquid crystal (LC) media are widely used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), especially in optoelectronic displays with active matrix or passive matrix addressing to display information. In the case of active matrix displays, individual pixels are usually addressed by integrated non-linear active elements such as transistors (such as thin film transistors (TFTs)), while in the case of passive matrix displays, individual pixels are usually Method addressing, as known from the prior art. TN ("Twisted Nematic") LCDs are still commonly used, however, these have the disadvantage of strong viewing angle dependence of contrast. In addition, a so-called VA ("vertical alignment") display is known, which has a wide viewing angle. In addition, OCB ("optically compensated bending") displays are known, which are based on the birefringence effect and contain an LC layer with a so-called "bending" alignment. A so-called IPS ("In-Plane Switching") display is also known, which contains an LC layer between two substrates, where the two electrodes are arranged only on one of the two substrates and preferably have a comb that engages each other形 结构。 Shaped structure. In addition, so-called FFS ("Frequency Field Switching") displays have been provided, which contain two electrodes on the same substrate, one of which is structured in a comb shape and the other is unstructured. This produces a strong so-called "fringe field", that is, a strong electric field near the electrode edge and penetrating the cell, an electric field with both a strong vertical component and a strong horizontal component. Another development is the so-called PS ("Polymer Sustain") or PSA ("Polymer Sustaining Alignment") type display, for which the term "Polymer Stable" is also occasionally used. In such displays, a small amount (for example, 0.3% by weight, usually <1% by weight) of one or more polymerizable compounds, preferably one or more polymerizable monomer compounds is added to the LC medium, and the LC medium is filled. After entering the display, it is usually polymerized or crosslinked in situ by applying UV light polymerization to the electrodes of the display as appropriate. The polymerization is performed at a temperature where the LC medium exhibits a liquid crystal phase, usually at room temperature. The addition of a polymerizable mesogen or a liquid crystal compound (also known as a reactive mesogen or "RM") to an LC mixture has proven to be particularly suitable. In addition, displays based on polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films have been described, for example, see US 4,688,900. In these PDLC membranes, micron-scale LC medium droplets (droplets) are usually randomly distributed in the polymer matrix. The LC domains in these phase separation systems are of a size that can cause strong light scattering. PDLC membranes are usually prepared using a polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) method, in which a phase separation system is induced by a reaction. Alternatively, PDLC membranes can be prepared based on temperature-induced phase separation (TIPS) or solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS). In addition to PDLC films, so-called polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) systems are also known, in which polymer networks are formed in a continuous LC phase. In addition, micron-sized encapsulated LC materials (microcapsules) for use in displays have been described, where microcapsules form an LC by using an immiscible adhesive such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as an encapsulation medium Aqueous emulsions of materials are prepared, for example, see US 4,435,047. WO 2013/110564 A1 describes a method for microencapsulating photovoltaic fluids by polymerizing and crosslinking at least partially dissolved polymer precursors. In addition to the above display types, LCDs including layers containing nanocapsules have recently been proposed, where nanocapsules contain liquid crystal molecules. For example, US 2014/0184984 A1 describes the configuration of an LCD device configured with a layer containing these nanocapsules in a so-called cushioning material. US 2012/0113363 A1 describes another LCD device with a nanocapsule configured therein. Kang and Kim in Opticals Express, 2013, Volume 21, pages 15719-15727 describe an optically isotropic nano-encapsulated LC for use in displays based on the Kerr effect and in-plane switching. Nanocapsules with an average diameter of about 110 nm are prepared by adding nematic LC to a non-ionic polymeric surfactant and PVA dissolved in an aqueous solution (which is used as a shell-forming polymer and a water-soluble emulsifier) ) To form a nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion is heated to the cloud point and stirred to separate the PVA phase around the LC nanodroplets, and the polymeric shell is crosslinked with a crosslinking agent (such as a dialdehyde). In addition, a coating solution containing the prepared LC nanocapsules, hydrophilic PVA as a binder, and ethylene glycol as a plasticizer is explained. WO 2009/085082 A1 describes porous nano particles made from cross-linked polymers, which can act as sponges to absorb LC substances. These porous nano particles have the potential to act as phase retardation films in LCDs application. There is a need in the industry for nanocapsules with improved optoelectronic and physical properties, especially for use in optoelectronic devices. In addition, there is a need in the industry to provide an improved and simple process for making such nanocapsules. In addition, there is a need in the industry for compositions that can be used in this process.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide improved compositions which have advantageous properties during encapsulation, while further providing advantageous properties in the resulting nanocapsules, and to provide improved nanocapsules containing a mesogen. Another object is to provide an improved method for preparing nanocapsules containing a mesogen. In particular, the object of the present invention is to provide a composition and a nanocapsule so that the mesogen in the nanocapsule has a suitably high De and high resistance, and a suitably high value of Dn and photoelectric parameters. Provides relatively low rotational viscosity and favorable reliability. In addition, the object of the present invention is that the liquid crystal precursor medium contained in the nanocapsules exhibits a wide and stable LC, especially a nematic phase range, a low melting point, a relatively high clarification point, and a suitably high voltage retention rate. Another object of the present invention is to provide stable and reliable nanocapsules and composite systems including nanocapsules and adhesives, which can be used in light modulation elements and optoelectronic devices, and particularly have a suitably low threshold voltage, which is advantageous and fast Response time, improved low temperature behavior and improved operating properties at low temperature, minimum temperature dependence of photoelectric parameters (such as threshold voltage) and high contrast. In addition, the object of the present invention is to provide nanocapsules and composite systems in light modulation elements and optoelectronic devices, which light modulation elements and optoelectronic devices have a favorable wide viewing angle range and are substantially insensitive to external forces (such as touch). . Those skilled in the art will immediately understand other objects of the present invention from the following detailed description. These objectives are solved by the subject matter defined in the independent claims, while the preferred embodiments are set out in the respective subsidiary claims and further explained below. In particular, the present invention provides the following items including main aspects, preferred embodiments, and specific features, which individually and in combination help to solve the above objectives and ultimately provide additional advantages. A first aspect of the present invention provides a composition for nano-encapsulation, wherein the composition comprises (i) a mesogen, which comprises one or more compounds of formula I RAY-A'-R 'I wherein R and R 'Indicates independently of each other a group selected from the group consisting of: F, CF ₃ , OCF ₃ , CN and a straight or branched chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or having 2 to 15 carbon atoms Unbranched or branched alkenyl, unsubstituted, mono-substituted by CN or CF ₃ or mono- or poly-substituted by halogen, preferably F, and one or more of the CH ₂ groups in each case The following can be replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO-, or -C≡C- independently of each other in such a way that the oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other, A and A 'Independently of one another represents a group selected from -Cyc-, -Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Cyc -Phe-, -Cyc-Phe-Cyc-, -Cyc-Phe-Phe-, -Phe-Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-Phe- and their respective mirror images, where Cyc is trans-1,4 - cyclohexylene, in which one or two non-adjacent CH ₂ O group can be replaced and wherein based Phe 1,4-phenylene, in which one or two non-adjacent CH Groups may be replaced by N and which may be substituted by one or two F, and Y represents a single _{bond, -COO -, - CH 2 CH} 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CH 2 O -, - CF 2 O-, -CH = CH-, -CF = CF-, or -C≡C-, (ii) one or more polymerizable compounds, and (iii) one or more surfactants. It has surprisingly been found that by providing a composition according to the invention, which comprises a combination of components (i), (ii) and (iii) as described above, it can be improved and surprisingly simple Nanocapsules containing a liquid crystal precursor are prepared during the manufacturing process, and the compositions exhibit advantageous properties during the manufacturing process. In addition, these compositions allow obtaining nanocapsules that provide significant benefits in terms of their physical and chemical properties, especially their optoelectronic properties and their suitability in light modulation elements and optoelectronic devices. Another aspect of the present invention relates to nanocapsules, each of which includes a polymeric shell and a core containing a mesogen, which comprises one or more compounds of formula I as described above. It has surprisingly been found that stable and reliable nanocapsules can be provided that contain a liquid crystal precursor medium with favorable optoelectronic properties and appropriate reliability. It has been recognized that nanocapsules according to the present invention can be obtained by a process based on in situ polymerization and especially based on PIPS in a nanoemulsion or can be obtained separately therefrom. Therefore, it is unexpectedly possible to provide a light modulation material including LC nano-sized droplets (nano droplets) encapsulated by a polymer shell as a core, wherein the nano capsules as a whole and the original liquid crystal medium contained therein have proper And even improved properties. Therefore, discrete amounts of LC materials can be confined to nanometer volumes, which are stably contained and can be individually addressed and can be installed or dispersed in different environments. The LC material encapsulated by the polymeric shell nano can be easily applied to and supported from a single substrate, which can be flexible and its layer or film thickness can be changed or individually changed. The LC medium surrounded (ie, encapsulated) by the polymer wall can be operated in at least two states. However, nano droplets each only provide a relatively small volume of LC. As a result, it is currently possible to better and advantageously provide LC groups with appropriately large Dn while also exhibiting good transmission and good reliability, including particularly suitable voltage retention (VHR) and thermal and UV stability, and relatively small rotational viscosity. Serving. In addition, the LC component may advantageously have an appropriate and reasonably high value of the dielectric anisotropy De to obtain a relatively small threshold voltage in the application of photovoltaic devices. In addition, it is advantageously recognized that in nanocapsules, the interface area between the LC core and the polymeric shell is relatively large compared to the nanovolume provided, and therefore the polymeric shell component and the LC core component need to be particularly considered Their individual properties and their interrelationships. In the nanocapsules according to the present invention, the interaction between the polymer and the LC component can be advantageously and appropriately set and adjusted. The main reason for this is that the nanocapsules for nanoencapsulation of the present invention are provided The composition and the control and adaptability of the provided manufacturing process. For example, interfacial interactions can help or prevent the formation of any alignment or orientation in LC nanodroplets. Considering the small size of the nanocapsules (which may be a sub-wavelength of visible light and even smaller than λ / 4 of visible light), the capsule may advantageously be only a very weak visible light scatterer. In addition, in the absence of an electric field and depending on the interface interaction, in one case the LC medium can form a disordered phase with little or no orientation in the nanoscale volume, especially an isotropic phase, which can provide ( For example) Excellent perspective behavior. In addition, having an isotropic phase inherently in an unpowered or non-addressed state can be advantageous in device applications, especially when using a polarizer, since an excellent dark state can be achieved. In contrast to the occurrence of, for example, a radial or bipolar orientation, it is believed that in some cases this orientation may not occur or at least be limited due to the small volume provided in the nanocapsules. Alternatively, and it is better in a specific embodiment, it can be configured, in particular, interfacial interaction can be used to induce or affect the orientation and orientation in the LC medium, for example, by setting or adjusting the anchoring strength with the capsule wall. In this case, a uniform planar radial or bipolar alignment can be produced. When these nanocapsules, which individually and individually have LC orientation or alignment, are randomly dispersed, optical isotropy is generally observed. Spherical or quasi-spherical geometry, together with the curvature, sets constraints or boundary conditions for the nematic configuration and the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules, which may further depend on the anchoring of the LC on the capsule surface, the elastic properties of the capsule, and the body and surface energy As well as size. The photoelectric response in turn depends on the LC ordering and orientation in the nanocapsules. In addition, any possible absence or existence of the orientation and orientation of the encapsulated LC medium is independent of the substrate, so that it is not necessary to provide an alignment layer on the substrate. In particular, when the LC in the capsule has a radial configuration and the particle size is below the wavelength of light, the nanocapsules are essentially optically isotropic. This makes it possible to achieve an excellent dark state when using two crossed polarizers. When using electric field switching, especially in-plane switching, an axial configuration that is optically anisotropic can be obtained, in which induced birefringence causes light transmission. In another aspect of the present invention, a method for preparing a nanocapsule is provided, comprising the steps of (a) providing an aqueous mixture comprising a composition according to the present invention, (b) agitating, preferably mechanically agitating, the provided An aqueous mixture to obtain nano droplets comprising a composition according to the invention and especially a mesogen in a water phase, and (c) after step (b), one or more polymerizable compounds according to the invention Polymerize to obtain nanocapsules, each of which includes a polymeric shell and a core containing a mesogen as described above and below. Optionally, after the nanocapsules are obtained, the aqueous phase can be depleted, removed or exchanged, where, for example, centrifugation or filtration methods can be used. Although the preparation of nanocapsules according to the present invention is not limited thereto and it can also be prepared by other methods, such as by encapsulation with a preformed polymer or by a solute co-diffusion method, it is advantageous in the present invention It is recognized that nanocapsules containing LC media can be advantageously prepared by a process using in situ polymerization, and which is based in particular on polymerization-induced phase separation. In addition, it has been recognized that instead of providing ready-made polymers to encapsulate the LC media, encapsulation of the liquid crystal precursor media on the nanometer scale can advantageously begin in situ from the polymer precursor. Therefore, the use of preformed polymers and the emulsifiers specifically provided with them can be advantageously avoided. In this regard, the use of established pre-made polymers can make the formation and stabilization of nanoemulsions difficult, and in addition, it can limit the adjustability of the entire process. In the process according to the present invention, the one or more polymerizable compounds are at least partially soluble or individually at least partially dissolved in the phase containing the mesogen, preferably the one or more polymerizable compounds and the mesogen are sufficient Mixing, especially homogeneous mixing, where this mixture is subjected to nanophase separation at a later stage by means of PIPS (ie, polymerization-induced phase separation). The temperature can be set and adjusted to favorably affect solubility. To set and influence solubility, dissolution and / or mixing, organic solvents may be added to the composition as appropriate and preferably, which may further advantageously affect phase separation during polymerization. It is advantageously observed that the LC media provided as described above and below are useful for encapsulation processes, especially polymerization and conditions associated therewith (e.g. exposure to heat or UV light (e.g. from wavelengths in the range 300 nm to 380 nm) UV lamp)) is suitably stable. Considering that it is not necessary to perform polymerization between the glass substrates, the selection of the wavelength is advantageously not limited by the UV cutoff of the glass, but can be set, for example, considering the material properties and the stability of the composition. Light including both UV and visible spectrum can also be used, for example by using lamps with a wavelength range of 300 nm to 600 nm. This process is based on a combination of nano-dispersion and PIPS, and it offers significant advantages in providing controlled and adaptable manufacturing methods. The nanocapsules obtained by this process or separately obtainable from this process show suitable and adjustable particle sizes, while giving favorable high particle size uniformity (ie, favorable low polydispersity) and thus favorable homogeneous product properties. It was surprisingly found that setting an appropriate capsule nanometer size while also observing and achieving low polydispersity can have a beneficial effect on operating voltage. Considering the controllability and adaptability of the manufacturing process, it is advantageous to set and tune the photoelectric parameters of the obtained nanocapsules and especially the LC medium contained therein. It has been recognized that various ingredients, or possibly missing ingredients, especially LC materials, one or more polymerizable compounds, and dispersion media and the respective miscibility, solubility, and compatibility of the forming and formed polymers play an important role , Especially mixed free energy and mixed interaction energy and mixed entropy. In addition, it should be noted that the encapsulation process is based on the polymerization reaction, that is, the specific dynamic process is the basis of capsule formation. In particular, it is currently generally observed that one or more polymerizable compounds used for encapsulation have a proper miscibility with the LC medium, and the formed capsule shell polymer exhibits a suitably low solubility with the LC material. In the process according to the invention, the polymerization conversion or completion can be surprisingly high and the amount of residual unreacted polymerizable compound is advantageously low. This ensures that the properties and performance of the LC medium in the formed capsules are not affected or are only minimally affected by residual reactive monomers. In addition, it has been found that prior to polymerization, the provision of a surfactant can advantageously promote the formation and subsequent stabilization, especially ionic and / or steric stabilization, of discrete nanodroplets in a dispersion medium, especially an aqueous dispersion medium. Contains an LC medium and one or more polymerizable compounds. Mechanical agitation, especially high-shear mixing, can appropriately produce or further effect dispersions, especially emulsions and homogenization, and similarly promote nano-droplet formation. Therefore, both mechanical agitation and the provision of surfactants can play an advantageous role in obtaining nano droplets and thus nano-grade capsules, especially nano capsules with substantially uniform particle size distribution or individually low polydispersity. The small and uniform size of the nanocapsules can be beneficial in obtaining fast and uniform switching in response to the applied electric field, preferably giving low millisecond or even sub-millisecond response times. In addition, the properties of phase separation and the formed polymeric shells, especially their stability and immiscibility with the LC component, can be facilitated by cross-linking the polymer chains that are being formed or formed individually, as appropriate and preferably The land is affected. However, without this cross-linking, the capsule properties can also be good enough. Another aspect of the invention relates to a composite system comprising a nanocapsule according to the invention and one or more adhesives. It has been found that the combination of nanocapsules with one or more adhesive materials, in particular in view of the coating or printing and film formation on the substrate, can appropriately influence and increase the processability and applicability of the light modulating material. One or more adhesives can be used as both dispersants and adhesives or binding agents, and in addition can provide proper physical and mechanical stability while maintaining or even promoting flexibility. In addition, the density or concentration of the capsule can be advantageously adjusted by changing the amount of the provided adhesive. Since the nano particles or capsules as prepared can be concentrated (e.g., by centrifugation, filtration or drying) and redispersed, the particles in the film or layer can be set or adjusted independently of the concentration as obtained from the original production process Density or proportion. Another aspect of the present invention provides a photovoltaic device comprising a nanocapsule according to the present invention or a composite system according to the present invention. By providing a nano-encapsulated LC medium according to the present invention, optionally combined with a binder material, several significant advantages can be obtained in photovoltaic devices. These advantages include, for example, good mechanical stability, flexibility and insensitivity to externally applied forces or individual pressures (e.g. from contact), as well as regarding switching speed, transmission, dark state, viewing angle behavior and threshold Other advantageous properties of voltage. Other advantages are that flexible substrates can be used and the possibility of changing the thickness of the film or layer and the tolerance of film thickness deviations or variances. In this regard, the light modulation material may be applied to the substrate using a simple dropping, coating, or printing method. In addition, it is not necessary to provide an alignment layer (such as a conventional polyimide (PI) alignment layer) on the substrate and / or rub the surface of the substrate. When the two electrodes in the device are provided on the same substrate (such as in the case of IPS or FFS), a single substrate may be sufficient to provide functionality and stability or separate support, so that providing the opposite substrate is only optional. However, this opposing substrate may still be beneficial in, for example, providing other optical elements or physical or chemical protection.

Without limiting the present invention, the present invention will be described by detailed descriptions of aspects, embodiments, and specific features, and specific embodiments will be described in more detail below. The term "liquid crystal (LC)" refers to a material or medium having a liquid crystal mesophase in some temperature ranges (thermotropic LC) or in some solution concentration ranges (lyotropic LC). It contains a mesogen compound. The terms "liquid crystal compound" and "liquid crystal compound" mean containing one or more rod-shaped (rod-shaped or plate-shaped / bar-shaped) or disc-shaped (disc-shaped) mesogen groups (i.e. Phase acting ability). The LC compound or material containing the mesogen group and the mesogen compound or material itself need not necessarily exhibit a liquid crystal phase. It may also show liquid crystal phase behavior only in mixtures with other compounds. This includes low molecular weight non-reactive liquid crystal compounds, reactive or polymerizable liquid crystal compounds, and liquid crystal polymers. Rod-like mesogens usually include a mesogen core composed of one or more aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic groups connected directly to each other or via a linking group, optionally including attachment to the end of the mesogen The end groups and optionally include one or more side groups attached to the long sides of the mesogen core, where the end groups and side groups are usually selected from, for example, carbon or hydrocarbon groups, polar groups (such as halogen , Nitro, hydroxyl, etc.) or polymerizable groups. For the sake of brevity, the term "liquid crystal" material or medium is used for both the liquid crystal material or medium and the liquid crystal raw material or medium, and vice versa, the term "liquidogen" is used for the mesogen of the material. The term "non- mesogen compound or material" means a compound or material that does not contain a mesogen group as defined above. As used herein, the term "polymer" is understood to mean a molecule that encompasses the backbone of one or more different types of repeating units (the smallest building blocks of a molecule), and includes the commonly known terms "oligomer", " Copolymers, "" homopolymers, "and the like. It should also be understood that the term polymer includes, in addition to the polymer itself, residues from initiators, catalysts, and other elements that accompany the polymer synthesis, where such residues should be understood as not being covalently incorporated therein. In addition, these residues and other elements, although usually removed during the post-polymerization purification process, are usually mixed or blended with the polymer such that they are usually polymerized when the polymer is transferred between containers or between solvents or dispersion media. Keep things together. The term "(meth) acrylic polymer" as used in the present invention includes polymers obtained from acrylic monomers, polymers obtainable from methacrylic monomers, and correspondences obtainable from mixtures of these monomers. Copolymer. The term "polymerization" means a chemical process of forming a polymer by bonding together a plurality of polymerizable groups or polymer precursors (polymerizable compounds) containing such polymerizable groups. A polymerizable compound having one polymerizable group is also referred to as a "single-reactive" compound, a compound having two polymerizable groups is also referred to as a "di-reactive" compound, and a compound having two or more polymerizable groups Also known as a "multi-reactive" compound. Compounds without polymerizable groups are also referred to as "non-reactive" or "non-polymerizable" compounds. The terms "film" and "layer" include rigid or flexible, self-supporting or free-standing films or layers with more or less pronounced mechanical stability, and coatings or layers on a supporting substrate or between two substrates. Visible light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 745 nm. Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of about 200 nm to 400 nm. In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a composition for nanoencapsulation (ie, to form a nanocapsule), wherein the formed capsule shell of each capsule contains a LC medium in a nanoscale volume. The composition comprises components (i), (ii) and (iii) as defined above. In particular, among others, a mesogen is provided which comprises one or more compounds of formula I. Surprisingly, it has been found that a composition as provided according to the present invention allows the production of favorable nanocapsules containing a liquid crystal precursor medium in an advantageous process, in particular a process using in situ polymerization, particularly a process based on PIPS, wherein the composition is in the process Has favorable performance. In addition, these compositions allow obtaining nanocapsules that provide significant benefits in terms of their physical and chemical properties, especially with regard to their optoelectronic properties and their suitability in photovoltaic devices. Therefore, the composition of the present invention can be used for preparing nanocapsules. The composition may be provided by appropriately mixing or blending the components. In a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention accounts for the following amount of LC medium based on the overall composition: 5 to 95% by weight, more preferably 15 to 75% by weight, especially 25 to 65% by weight %. In a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention further comprises one or more organic solvents. It has been found that the provision of organic solvents can provide additional benefits in the process used to prepare the nanocapsules of the present invention. In particular, one or more organic solvents may help set or adjust the solubility of the components or the miscibility separately. Solvents can be used as appropriate co-solvents, where the solvent capabilities of other organic ingredients can be enhanced or affected. In addition, the (or other) organic solvent may have a beneficial effect during phase separation induced by the polymerization of one or more polymerizable compounds. The provision of such (or other) organic solvents can help to obtain improved separation of the LC material from the prepared polymer components, and it can further affect, especially reduce, the anchoring energy at the interface. In this regard, an organic solvent can be used as an organic solvent standard. The (etc.) solvent may be selected from, for example, aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols (including fluorinated alcohols, glycols or esters thereof), ethers, esters, Lactones, ketones and the like are more preferably selected from diols and n-alkanes. Binary, ternary or higher mixtures of the above solvents can also be used. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent is selected from one or more of the following: cyclohexane, tetrafluorofluorohexane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, Perfluorohexadecane, 1,5-dimethyltetralin, 3-phenoxytoluene, heptadecan 2-isopropoxyethanol, octyldodecanol, perfluorooctanol, pentafluorooctane Alcohol, pentafluorooctanol, 1,2-ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentanediol (especially 1,4-pentanediol ), Hexanediol (especially 1,6-hexanediol), heptanediol, octanediol, hydroxy-2-pentanone, triethanolamine, methyl octoate, ethyl acetate, trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetate Esters and butyl acetate. Particularly preferably, the organic solvent used comprises hexadecane, methyl octoate, ethyl acetate or 1,4-pentanediol, especially hexadecane, methyl octoate, ethyl acetate or 1,4-pentanediol. alcohol. In another embodiment, a combination comprising hexadecane and 1,4-pentanediol is used. The (etc.) organic solvent, especially hexadecane, is preferably added in an amount based on the entire composition: 0.1% to 35% by weight, more preferably 1% to 25% by weight, especially 3% to 17% by weight. %. Organic solvents can enhance solubility or dissolve or dilute other organic components individually and can help adjust viscosity. In the embodiment, an organic solvent is used as a hydrophobic agent. Adding it to the dispersed phase of a nanoemulsion or miniemulsion can affect, especially increase, the osmotic pressure in the nanodroplets. This can contribute to stabilization of "oil-in-water" emulsions by inhibiting Ostwald ripening. The preferred organic solvent used as a hydrophobic agent is less soluble in water than liquid crystals, and it is soluble in liquid crystals. In the composition according to the invention, one or more polymerizable compounds are provided as a polymeric shell or wall precursor containing or individually surrounding the LC medium. The polymerizable compound has at least one polymerizable group. The polymerizable group is preferably selected from CH₂ = CW¹ -COO-,,, CH₂ = CW² -(O)_k1 -, CH₃ -CH = CH-O-, (CH₂ = CH)₂ CH-OCO-, (CH₂ = CH-CH₂ )₂ CH-OCO-, (CH₂ = CH)₂ CH-O-, (CH₂ = CH-CH₂ )₂ N-, HO-CW² W³ -, HS-CW² W³ -, HW² N-, HO-CW² W³ -NH-, CH₂ = CW¹ -CO-NH-, CH₂ = CH- (COO)_k1 -Phe- (O)_k2 -, Phe-CH = CH-, HOOC-, OCN-, where W¹ H, Cl, CN, phenyl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, especially H, Cl or CH₃ , W² And W³ Each independently is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 C atoms, especially H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, Phe is 1,4-phenylene and k₁ And k₂ Each is independently 0 or 1. One or more polymerizable compounds are selected so that they have appropriate and sufficient solubility in the LC component or phase. In addition, it needs to be susceptible to polymerization conditions and the environment. In particular, the (etc.) polymerizable compound may undergo appropriate polymerization with a high conversion such that the amount of residual unreacted polymerizable compound after the reaction is advantageously low. This can provide benefits in the stability and performance of LC media. In addition, the polymerizable component is selected such that the polymer formed therefrom is phase-separated appropriately or the polymer formed therefrom is phase-separated separately to constitute a polymeric capsule shell. In particular, it is advantageous to avoid or individually minimize the solubility of the LC component in the shell polymer and the swelling or gelation of the formed polymer shell, where the amount of LC medium and the amount in the formed capsule Medium remains substantially constant. It is therefore advantageous to minimize or avoid the preferential solubility of any LC compound of the LC material in the wall. By providing a suitably tough polymer shell, swelling or even rupture of nanocapsules and undesired leakage of LC material from the capsules can be advantageously minimized or even completely avoided. The polymerization or curing time depends in particular on the reactivity and amount of the polymerizable material, the thickness of the capsule shells that have been formed, the type and amount of the polymerization initiator (if present), and the reaction temperature and / or the power of the radiation (such as UV lamps). Polymerization or curing time and conditions can be selected to obtain, for example, a fast process for polymerization or to obtain, for example, a slower process in which the completeness of polymer conversion and isolation can be beneficially affected. Therefore, it may be preferable to have a shorter polymerization and curing time, for example, less than 5 minutes, and a longer polymerization time may be better in alternative embodiments, for example, more than 1 hour or even at least 3 hours. In the examples, a non- mesogen polymerizable compound, that is, a compound containing no mesogen group is used. However, it exhibits sufficient and appropriate solubility or miscibility with the LC component individually. In a preferred embodiment, an organic solvent is additionally provided. In another aspect, a polymerizable mesogen or a liquid crystal compound (also known as a reactive mesogen (RM)) is used. These compounds contain mesogen groups and one or more polymerizable groups (ie, functional groups suitable for polymerization). Optionally, in the examples, the polymerizable compound according to the present invention contains only reactive mesogens, that is, all reactive single-system mesogens. Alternatively, the RM may be provided in combination with one or more non-liquidomer polymerizable compounds. RM can be mono-reactive or di-reactive or multi-reactive. RM can exhibit favorable solubility or miscibility with the LC medium individually. However, it is further possible to design polymers from which they are formed or individually formed from them to exhibit proper phase separation behavior. It is preferred that the polymerizable mesogen comprises at least one polymerizable group as a terminal group and the mesogen as a core group. It is further preferred that a spacer group and / or a spacer group be included between the polymerizable group and the mesogen. Linking group. In the examples, bis [4 [3 (propenyloxy) propyloxy] benzoic acid 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene ester (RM 257, Merck KGaA) was used. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the lateral substituents of the mesogen group may also be a polymerizable group. In another embodiment, the use of mesogen polymerizable compounds is avoided. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more polymerizable compounds are selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, dichloroethylene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide, and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylic acid Ester, ethyl ester, n- or third butyl ester, cyclohexyl ester, 2-ethylhexyl ester, phenyloxyethyl ester, hydroxyethyl ester, hydroxypropyl ester, 2-5 C-alkoxy Methyl ethyl ester or methyl ester, ethyl ester, n- or third butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl ester, 2-ethylhexyl ester, phenyloxyethyl ester, hydroxyethyl ester, hydroxy Propyl ester, 2-5 C-alkoxyethyl ester, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl acrylate, vinyl succinate, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylcarbazole, benzene Ethylene, divinylbenzene, ethylene diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol acrylate, bisphenol A diacrylate and bisphenol A dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane diacrylate, triethylene glycol Methylolpropane triacrylate, neopentyl alcohol triacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tripropylene glycol triacrylate New pentaerythritol tri acrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, methacrylic twenty-three propane tetraacrylate or di-pentaerythritol pentaacrylate new or di-pentaerythritol hexaacrylate new. Thiol-enes are also preferred, such as the commercial product Norland 65 (Norland Products). It is also possible to use silane-based or siloxane-based reactive monomers. The polymerizable or reactive group is preferably selected from the group consisting of vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, oxetanyl or epoxy groups, particularly preferably acrylic Ester group or methacrylate group. Preferably, the one or more polymerizable compounds are selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, fluoroacrylates, and vinyl acetate, wherein the composition more preferably further comprises one or more direactive and / or trireactive The polymeric compound is preferably selected from the group consisting of diacrylate, dimethacrylate, triacrylate, and trimethacrylate. In a preferred embodiment, one or more of the polymerizable compounds is fluorinated, and particularly preferably the acrylate compound and the methacrylate compound are fluorinated acrylate and fluorinated methacrylate. In an embodiment, one or more polymerizable compounds (ii) as described above comprise a polymerizable group selected from one, two or more acrylate, methacrylate and vinyl acetate groups, wherein These compounds are preferably non- mesogen compounds. In a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises one or more monoacrylates, which are preferably added in an amount of from 0.1% to 75% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% to 5% by weight, based on the overall composition. 50% by weight, in particular 2.5% to 25% by weight. Particularly preferred mono-reactive compounds are selected from methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, third butyl acrylate, pentyl acrylate, and hexyl acrylate Ester, nonyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy-ethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl acrylate, hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate Ester, 1,1-dihydroperfluoropropyl acrylate, perfluorodecyl acrylate, pentafluoropropyl acrylate, heptafluorobutyl acrylate, 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate Ester, 3-ginsyl (trimethylsiloxy) silyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate and glycidyl acrylate. Additionally or alternatively vinyl acetate may be added. In another preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention optionally contains one or more monomethacrylates in addition to the above monoacrylate, which is preferably added in the following amount based on the overall composition: 0.1% by weight To 75% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 50% by weight, especially 2.5% to 25% by weight. Particularly preferred mono-reactive compounds are selected from methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, Tributyl ester, amyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid 2-hydroxy-butyl ester, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate, hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate, 1,1-dihydroperfluoropropyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid Fluorodecyl ester, pentafluoropropyl methacrylate, heptafluorobutyl methacrylate, 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate, 3-ginsyl methacrylate (trimethyl (Siloxy) silyl propyl, stearyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, adamantyl methacrylate, and isoamyl methacrylate. It is particularly preferred to add at least one crosslinking agent (ie, a polymerizable compound containing two or more polymerizable groups) to the composition. Cross-linking the polymeric shells in the prepared particles can provide additional benefits, especially in terms of further improving stability and containment and conditioning or individually reducing susceptibility to swelling, especially swelling caused by solvents. In this regard, di-reactive and multi-reactive compounds can be used to form their own polymer networks and / or cross-link polymer chains formed from substantially self-polymerizing mono-reactive compounds. Conventional crosslinking agents known in the art can be used. It is particularly preferred to additionally provide a di-reactive or multi-reactive acrylate and / or methacrylate, which is preferably added in an amount based on the entire composition: 0.1% to 75% by weight, more preferably 0.5% by weight To 50% by weight, in particular from 2.5 to 25% by weight. Particularly preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of ethylene diacrylate, propyl diacrylate, butyl diacrylate, pentyl diacrylate, hexyl diacrylate, glycol diacrylate, glyceryl diacrylate , Neopentaerythritol tetraacrylate, diethyl methacrylate (also known as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), dipropyl methacrylate, dibutyl methacrylate, di D-amyl methacrylate, D-hexyl dimethacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, glycol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, trimethylpropane trimethacrylate and neopentyl Alcohol triacrylate. The ratio of mono-reactive monomers to di-reactive or multi-reactive monomers can be advantageously set and adjusted to influence the polymer composition and properties of the shell. The composition according to the invention comprises one or more surfactants. In embodiments, the (or other) surfactant may be prepared or provided separately in the initial step and then added to other components. In particular, the surfactant (s) may be prepared or provided as an aqueous mixture or composition, which is then added to other components comprising a mesogen as described above and below and one or more polymerizable compounds. Particularly preferably, one or more surfactants are provided as an aqueous surfactant. The (etc.) surfactant can be used to reduce surface or interfacial tension and promote emulsification and dispersion. Conventional surfactants known in the art can be used, including anionic surfactants, such as sulfates (such as sodium lauryl sulfate), sulfonates, phosphates, and carboxylate surfactants; cationic surfactants, such as secondary or Tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium salt surfactants; zwitterionic surfactants, such as betaine, sulfobetaine, and phospholipid surfactants; and nonionic surfactants, such as long-chain alcohols and phenols, ethers, esters, or Amidine nonionic surfactant. In a preferred embodiment according to the invention, a non-ionic surfactant is used. The use of non-ionic surfactants can provide benefits during the process of preparing nanocapsules, especially in terms of dispersion formation and stabilization, and in PIPS. It is further recognized that in cases where surfactants (such as residual surfactants) are included in the formed nanocapsules, it may be advantageous to avoid charged surfactants. Therefore, in terms of the stability, reliability, and optoelectronic properties and performance of nanocapsules, it is also beneficial to use nonionic surfactants and avoid ionic surfactants in composite systems and optoelectronic devices. Particularly preferred are polyethoxylated nonionic surfactants. Preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, polyoxypropylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, glucoside alkyl ether surfactants, polyoxyethylene glycol octyl Phenol ether surfactants (e.g. Triton X-100), polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl phenol ether surfactants, glyceryl alkyl ester surfactants, polyoxyethylene glycol desorbitan alkyl ester surfactants ( For example, polysorbate), sorbitan alkyl ester surfactant, cocoamide monoethanolamine, cocoamine diethanolamine, and dodecyldimethylamine oxide. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the surfactant used is selected from polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, including commercially available Brij^® Reagent. The most preferred is a surfactant containing triclosan (ethylene glycol) monododecyl ether, and more preferably composed thereof. In a preferred embodiment, a commercially available Brij is used^® L23 (Sigma-Aldrich), which is also known as Brij 35 or polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether. Preferably, the surfactant is provided in the composition in an amount based on the overall composition: less than 25% by weight, more preferably less than 20% by weight and especially less than 15% by weight. According to a preferred embodiment, when the surfactant is provided as a prepared aqueous mixture, the amount of water is not considered to account for the entire composition in terms of weight, ie, water is excluded for this purpose. In the process of preparing nanocapsules according to the present invention, polymeric surfactants or surface-active polymers or block copolymers can also be used. In certain embodiments, however, the use of such polymeric surfactants or surface-active polymers is avoided. According to aspects of the present invention, a polymerizable surfactant, that is, a surfactant containing one or more polymerizable groups can be used. This polymerizable surfactant can be used alone (i.e., as the sole surfactant provided) or in combination with a non-polymerizable surfactant. In the examples, a polymerizable surfactant is additionally provided and combined with a non-polymerizable surfactant. This optional provision of polymerizable surfactants can provide combined benefits that can help with proper droplet formation and stabilization and stabilize the formation of polymeric capsule shells. Therefore, these compounds function as both a surfactant and a polymerizable compound. Particularly preferred are polymerizable nonionic surfactants, especially nonionic surfactants which additionally have one or more acrylate and / or methacrylate groups. This embodiment including the use of a polymerizable surfactant may have the advantage that the template properties at the amphiphilic interface may be particularly well maintained during polymerization. In addition, the polymerizable surfactant can not only participate in the polymerization reaction, but can also be advantageously incorporated as a building unit into the polymer shell and better at the crust surface, so that it can favorably influence interfacial interactions. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a polysiloxane polyether acrylate, more preferably a crosslinkable polysiloxane polyether acrylate, is used as the polymerizable surfactant. Poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate may also be added. In a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention is provided as an aqueous mixture, and more preferably, the composition comprising components (i), (ii) and (iii) is dispersed in an aqueous phase. In this regard, the surfactant (s) provided can advantageously help to form and stabilize dispersions, especially emulsions, and promote homogenization. Where an aqueous mixture is provided, the amount of water is not considered to constitute the entire composition in terms of weight, i.e. water is excluded for this purpose. Preferably, the water is provided as purified water, especially deionized water. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention is provided as nano droplets dispersed in an aqueous phase. The composition may contain other compounds, such as one or more polychromic dyes (especially one or more dichroic dyes), one or more chiral compounds, and / or other conventional and suitable additives. The polychromatic dye is preferably a dichroic dye and may be selected from, for example, an azo dye and a thiadiazole dye. Appropriate chiral compounds are, for example, standard chiral dopants such as R- or S-811, R- or S-1011, R- or S-2011, R- or S-3011, R- or S-4011 , R- or S-5011 or CB 15 (all available from Merck KGaA, DaRMtadt, Germany); sorbitol as described in WO 98/00428; hydrogenated benzoin as described in GB 2,328,207; as in WO 02/94805 Chiral binaphthol as described in; chiral binaphthol acetal as described in WO 02/34739; chiral TADDOL as described in WO 02/06265; or as in WO 02/06196 or WO 02 / Chiral compounds with fluorinated linking groups as described in 06195. In addition, a substance may be added to change the dependence of the photoelectric parameters of the LC material on the dielectric anisotropy, optical anisotropy, viscosity, and / or temperature. The mesogen according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula I as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium is composed of 2 to 25, preferably 3 to 20 compounds, at least one of which is a compound of formula I. The medium preferably comprises one or more, more preferably two or more and most preferably three or more compounds of formula I according to the invention. The medium preferably comprises a low molecular weight liquid crystal compound selected from a nematic or a nematic substance, such as from a known category selected from the group consisting of oxazobenzene, benzylidene-aniline, biphenyl, bitriphenyl, benzoic acid Phenyl or cyclohexyl benzoate, phenyl or cyclohexyl ester of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, phenyl or cyclohexyl ester of cyclohexylbenzoate, phenyl or cyclohexyl ester of cyclohexylcyclohexane , Cyclohexylphenyl ester of benzoic acid, cyclohexylphenyl ester of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and cyclohexylphenyl ester of cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, phenylcyclohexane, cyclohexylbiphenyl, phenylcyclohexyl ring Hexane, cyclohexylcyclohexane, cyclohexylcyclohexene, cyclohexylcyclohexylcyclohexene, 1,4-dicyclohexylbenzene, 4,4'-bicyclohexylbiphenyl, phenylpyrimidine or cyclohexylpyrimidine, benzene Pyridine or cyclohexylpyridine, phenylpyrazine or cyclohexylpyrazine, phenyldioxane or cyclohexyldioxane, phenyl-1,3-dithiane or cyclohexyl-1,3-dithiane , 1,2-diphenyl-ethane, 1,2-dicyclohexylethane, 1-phenyl-2-cyclohexylethane, 1-cyclohexyl-2- (4-phenylcyclohexyl)- Ethane, 1-cyclohexyl-2-bin -Ethane, 1-phenyl2-cyclohexyl-phenylethane, optionally halogenated stilbene, benzylphenyl ether, diphenylacetylene, substituted cinnamic acid and other types of nematic or nematic State matter. Of these compounds, 1,4-phenylene can also be monofluorinated or difluorinated laterally. Liquid crystal mixtures are preferably based on achiral compounds of this type. In a preferred embodiment, the LC host mixture is a nematic LC mixture, which preferably does not have a chiral LC phase. A suitable LC mixture may have positive dielectric anisotropy. These mixtures are described, for example, in JP 07-181 439 (A), EP 0 667 555, EP 0 673 986, DE 195 09 410, DE 195 28 106, DE 195 28 107, WO 96/23 851, WO 96 / 28 521 and WO2012 / 079676. In another embodiment, the LC medium has negative dielectric anisotropy. Such media are described in, for example, EP 1 378 557 A1. In a particularly preferred embodiment, one or more compounds of formula I are selected from one or more compounds of formulas Ia, Ib and Ic,Where R¹ , R² , R³ , R⁴ And R⁵ Independent of each other means a straight or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a straight or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted, CN or CF₃ Mono- or substituted by halogen, preferably F mono- or poly-substituted, and one or more of CH₂ The radicals can in each case be independent of each other in a manner such that the oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO- or -C≡C -Alternative, X¹ F, CF₃ OCF₃ Or CN, L¹ , L² , L³ And L⁴ It is independently H or F, i is 1 or 2, and j and k are 0 or 1 independently. The composition according to the invention as set forth above can be used in the method for preparing nanocapsules according to the invention and offers certain advantages. Surprisingly, it has been found that, in accordance with the present invention, an efficient and controlled process can be finally implemented on the nanoscale to produce nanoscale containers that are typically spherical or spheroidal encapsulated LC materials. The process utilizes dispersions, especially nanoemulsions (also known as miniemulsions), in which the nanoscale phase containing the LC material and one or more reactive polymerizable compounds is dispersed in a suitable dispersion medium. In particular, the dispersed phase exhibits poor solubility in a dispersion medium, which means that it exhibits low solubility or even is practically insoluble in a dispersion medium forming a continuous phase. Advantageously, water, water-based or aqueous solutions or mixtures are used to form a continuous or external phase. By means of dispersion, individual nanodroplets are decoupled from one another such that each droplet constitutes a separate nanoscale reaction volume for subsequent polymerization. The process conveniently utilizes in-situ polymerization. In particular, polymerization is combined with phase separation. In this regard, the size given by the nanodroplets sets the length scale or volume of these transitions or causes individual separation of polymerization-induced nanophase separations. In addition, the droplet interface can be used as a template for an encapsulated polymeric shell. The polymer chains or networks that are formed or started to form in the nano-droplets can be isolated or driven to accumulate at the interface with the water phase, where polymerization can take place and terminate to form a closed, encapsulated layer. In this regard, the polymeric shell that is being formed or has been formed separately is substantially immiscible in both the aqueous phase and the LC medium. Therefore, in the aspect of the present invention, polymerization may occur, promote, and / or continue at the interface between the aqueous phase and the phase containing the LC medium. In this regard, the interface can serve as a diffusion barrier and as a reaction site. In addition, the characteristics of the positively formed and formed interface of the capsule, especially the structure and building unit of the polymer, can affect material properties, especially LC alignment, by means of, for example, vertical anchoring, anchoring energy, and switching behavior in response to an electric field. In one embodiment, the anchoring energy or intensity is reduced to favorably affect the photoelectric switching, where, for example, the polymer surface morphology and polarity can be appropriately set and adjusted. In particular, the combined elements of the process can advantageously result in the preparation of a large number of individually, dispersed, or individually dispersible liquid nanocapsules, each of which has a polymeric shell and a core containing an LC material. In the first step of the process, an aqueous mixture is prepared or provided, which comprises a composition according to the invention. In embodiments, a surfactant solution or mixture, preferably in water, can be prepared and added to other components of the composition. The provided aqueous mixture is then agitated, especially mechanically, to obtain nano droplets comprising one or more polymerizable compounds and the LC medium according to the invention dispersed in the aqueous phase. Stirring or mixing can be performed using high shear mixing. For example, a high-performance dispersion device using the rotor-stator principle, such as the commercially available Turrax (IKA), can be used. Optionally, this high-shear mixing can be replaced by sonication. It is also possible to combine sonication and high-shear mixing, preferably sonication is performed before high-shear mixing. The combination of agitation and the provision of surfactants as set forth above may be advantageous to allow proper formation and stabilization of dispersions, especially emulsions. The use of a high-pressure homogenizer (other than the mixing described above, as appropriate and preferably) can be used by setting or adjusting and individually reducing the droplet size and also by narrowing the droplet size distribution (i.e., improving particle size) The uniformity of the diameter) further favorably affects the preparation of nanodispersions, especially nanoemulsions. This is particularly preferred when the high-pressure homogenization is repeated, especially several times (for example, three, four, or five times). For example, a commercially available Microfluidics machine can be used. The dispersed nano droplets are then subjected to a polymerization step. In particular, one or more polymerizable compounds contained in the nano droplets or individually mixed therewith are polymerized. This polymerization caused the formation of PIPS and nanocapsules with a core-shell structure as explained above and below. The nanocapsules obtained or separately obtainable are usually spherical, substantially spherical or quasi-spherical. In this regard, some asymmetrical shapes or small deformations can be beneficial, for example in terms of operating voltage. Polymerization in emulsion droplets and at the interface of each droplet can be performed using conventional methods. The polymerization can be carried out in one or more steps. In particular, the polymerization of one or more polymerizable compounds in nano droplets is preferably achieved by exposure to heat or actinic radiation, where exposure to actinic radiation means the use of light (such as UV light, visible light or (IR light), X-rays or gamma rays, or high-energy particles such as ions or electrons. In a preferred embodiment, radical polymerization is performed. The polymerization can be carried out at an appropriate temperature. In the examples, the polymerization is performed at a temperature below the clearing point of the mesogen mixture. However, in alternative embodiments, the polymerization may also be performed at or above the clarification point. In an embodiment, the polymerization is performed by heating the emulsion, that is, by thermal polymerization, for example, by thermally polymerizing one or more acrylate and / or methacrylate compounds. The most preferred is the thermally initiated free radical polymerization of reactive polymerizable precursors, resulting in nano-encapsulation of the LC material. In another embodiment, the polymerization is performed by light irradiation, that is, light, preferably UV light. As a source of actinic radiation, for example, a single UV lamp or a set of UV lamps can be used. When high lamp power is used, curing time can be shortened. Another possible source of optical radiation is laser, such as, for example, UV laser, visible laser or IR laser. Appropriate and customary thermal or photo-initiators can be added to the composition to facilitate the reaction, such as azo compounds or organic peroxides (such as Luperox-type initiators). In addition, suitable conditions for polymerization and appropriate types and amounts of initiators are known in the art and are described in the literature. For example, when polymerized by means of UV light, a photoinitiator can be used, which decomposes under UV radiation to produce free radicals or ions that initiate the polymerization reaction. For polymeric acrylate or methacrylate groups, a free radical photoinitiator is preferably used. To polymerize vinyl, epoxide or oxetanyl groups, cationic photoinitiators are preferably used. It is also possible to use thermal polymerization initiators, which decompose on heating to produce free radicals or ions that initiate polymerization. Typical free radical photoinitiators are, for example, commercially available Irgacure® or Darocure® (Ciba Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland). A typical cationic photoinitiator is, for example, UVI 6974 (Union Carbide). In the examples, an initiator is used which is well soluble in the nano droplets but insoluble in water or at least substantially insoluble in water. For example, in the process of preparing nanocapsules, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) can be used, which is further included in the composition according to the present invention in specific embodiments. Alternatively or additionally, a water-soluble starter may be provided, such as 2,2 &apos; -azobis (2-methylpropylamidamine) dihydrochloride (AIBA). In the examples, non-ionic initiators, especially non-ionic photo-initiators are particularly preferably used. Other additives can also be added. In particular, the polymerizable material may additionally include one or more additives, such as catalysts, sensitizers, stabilizers, inhibitors, and chain transfer agents. For example, the polymerizable material may also include one or more stabilizers or inhibitors to prevent unwanted spontaneous polymerization, such as, for example, the commercially available Irganox® (Ciba Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland). By adding one or more chain transfer agents to the polymerizable material, the properties of the polymers obtained or separately obtainable can be adjusted. By using a chain transfer agent, the length of the free polymer chain in the polymer and / or the length of the polymer chain between the two crosslinks can be adjusted, where as the amount of the chain transfer agent increases, the polymer in the polymer Chain length usually decreases. The polymerization is preferably performed under an inert gas atmosphere (such as nitrogen or argon), and more preferably under a heated nitrogen atmosphere. But it can also polymerize in air. Furthermore, preferably, the polymerization is carried out in the presence of an organic solvent as explained above. The use of an organic solvent, such as hexadecane, can be advantageous in terms of adjusting the solubility of one or more reactive compounds with the LC material and stabilizing nano-droplets, and it can also be beneficial in affecting phase separation. Preferably, however, the amount of the organic solvent, if used, is generally limited to less than 25% by weight, more preferably less than 20% by weight, and especially less than 15% by weight based on the overall composition. The formed polymer shell suitably exhibits low solubility with respect to both the LC material and water, ie is substantially insoluble. Furthermore, during the manufacturing process, the coagulation or individual aggregation of the resulting nanocapsules can be suitably and advantageously restricted or even avoided. Also preferably, the polymer that is being formed in the shell or the polymer that has been formed separately is crosslinked. This cross-linking can provide benefits in forming a stable polymeric shell and giving proper containment and barrier functionality while maintaining sufficient mechanical flexibility. Therefore, the process according to the present invention provides the encapsulation and limitation of the mesogen, while maintaining the optoelectronic properties and especially the electrical reactivity of the LC material. In particular, the composition and process conditions are provided so that the stability of the LC material is maintained. Therefore, LC can exhibit favorable characteristics in the formed nanocapsules, such as a suitably high De, a suitably high Dn, a high favorable clarification point, and a low melting point. In particular, the provided LC materials may exhibit appropriate and favorable stability in the polymerization, for example, with regard to exposure to heat or UV light. In the process, it is advantageous to use water or an aqueous solution as the dispersion medium. In this regard, however, it was also observed that the provided composition and the resulting nanocapsules showed proper stability and chemical resistance to the presence of water (for example with regard to hydrolysis). In embodiments, the amount of water can be reduced or even substantially minimized by providing or adding a polar medium, preferably a non-aqueous polar medium containing, for example, formamide or ethylene glycol. As a result, properly dispersed stable nanocapsules are produced during the manufacturing process. In an optional and preferred subsequent step, the aqueous phase may be removed or the amount of water may be individually reduced or depleted, or the aqueous phase may be exchanged for another dispersion medium. In embodiments, liquid nanocapsules that are dispersed or individually dispersible, such as by filtration or centrifugation, are substantially or completely separated from the aqueous phase. Conventional filtration (such as membrane filtration), dialysis, cross-flow filtration, and especially a combination of cross-flow filtration and dialysis, and / or centrifugation techniques can be used. Filtration and / or centrifugation may provide other benefits by, for example, removing excess or undesired or even residual surfactant. Therefore, for example, by removing contaminants, impurities or unwanted ions, not only can the concentration of nanocapsules be provided, but also purification can be provided. Preferably and advantageously, the amount of surface charge of the capsule is kept to a minimum. Based on mechanical stability, nanocapsules can be relatively easily subjected to separation techniques. Nanocapsules can also be dried, where drying means removing the dispersion medium but leaving the LC material contained inside the capsule. Conventional techniques can be used, such as air drying, critical point drying and freeze drying, especially freeze drying. Advantageously, the process according to the invention provides a large number of individual nanocapsules that are dispersible and even redispersible. Therefore, it can be further easily and flexibly used and applied to various environments. Due to its stable storage, it is also possible to have a particularly long storage life before being used in various applications. However, immediate further processing is also a good option. In this regard, the capsules are suitably stable during processing, especially for coating applications. The process as described above provides a convenient method of producing nanocapsules in a controlled and adaptable manner. In particular, the particle size of the capsule can be appropriately adjusted while keeping the polydispersity low, for example, by adjusting the amount of the surfactant in the composition. Surprisingly, it has been found that an appropriately set uniform capsule size can be particularly advantageous in view of reducing the operating voltage in optoelectronic applications. In embodiments, the surfactant provided in the composition may be incorporated at least partially into the polymeric capsule shell, and especially at the interface with the LC in the interior of the capsule. These surfactant molecules incorporated at the interface can favorably affect optoelectronic performance and reduce operating voltage, especially by setting or adjusting interface properties and interactions. In one case, the surfactant can favorably affect the alignment of the LC molecules, such as promoting vertical alignment to produce a radial configuration. Additionally or alternatively, surfactant molecules can affect the morphology and physicochemical properties of the internal polymer surface, resulting in reduced anchoring strength. Therefore, the surfactant provided in the composition not only facilitates the advantageous process according to the invention, but it also provides benefits in the nanocapsules obtained. In another aspect of the present invention, a favorable nanocapsule according to the present invention is provided. In particular, these nanocapsules constitute a nanocontainer filled with an LC material with a polymeric shell that is optionally and preferably crosslinked. Capsules are individual and separate, that is, discrete and dispersible particles with a core-shell structure. Capsules can be used individually or collectively as light modulation materials. It can be applied to various environments depending on the dispersion medium and can be re-dispersed in different media. For example, it can be dispersed in water or an aqueous phase, dried, and dispersed in a binder, preferably a polymer binder. Nanocapsules are also called nano particles. In particular, the nano-particles comprise nano-grade LC material surrounded by a polymer shell. These nano-encapsulated liquid crystals may be additionally embedded in the polymeric binder as appropriate. In alternative situations where phase separation is less pronounced or less complete, a polymer network can be formed in the interior of the droplets such that a capsule exhibiting a sponge-like or porous interior is obtained in which the LC material fills the voids. In this case, the LC material fills the holes in the sponge-like structure or network, and the shell encapsulates the LC material. In another alternative scenario, the separation between the LC material and the polymer may be intermediate, where the interface or boundary between the interior of the LC and the wall is only less visible and shows a gradient behavior. However, it is preferable to obtain an efficient and complete separation of the shell polymer from the LC material, especially given a shell with a smooth internal surface. Optionally, the contained mesogen may further contain one or more chiral dopants and / or one or more polychromic dyes and / or other conventional additives. Advantageously, the nanocapsules according to the invention are obtained or obtainable from the polymerization of the composition according to the invention, and in particular from the highly efficient and controlled processes described herein. Surprisingly, in nanocapsules, shell polymers can be provided, in particular, by polymerizing one or more of the precursor compounds set forth above, which is well matched to the LC components and compatible with LC properties. Preferably, the electrical impedance of the capsule polymer is at least equal to and better than the electrical impedance of the LC material. In addition, shell polymers can be advantageous in terms of dispersibility and avoiding unwanted aggregation. In addition, shell polymers can be combined with adhesives and function well with adhesives, for example in film-forming composite systems and especially in optoelectronic applications. The capsule according to the present invention, in which the liquid crystal is encapsulated by the shell material component, is characterized in that it is nano-sized. The better are nanocapsules with an average size of not more than 400 nm. Preferably, as determined by dynamic light scattering analysis, the average size of the nanocapsules is no more than 400 nm, more preferably no more than 250 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a well-known technique that can be used to determine the size and size distribution of particles in a sub-micron region. For example, a commercially available Zetasizer (Malvern) can be used for DLS analysis. Even better, the average size of the nanocapsules is less than 200 nm, especially not more than 150 nm, as measured preferably by DLS. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the average nanocapsule size is lower than the wavelength of visible light, especially smaller than λ / 4 of visible light. It has been found to be advantageous that a nanocapsule according to the invention in at least one state, in particular with an appropriate LC orientation or configuration, can be a very weak visible light scatterer, ie it does not or does not substantially scatter visible light. In this case, the capsule can be used to modulate the phase shift (ie, phase delay) between the two polarization components of light, while at the same time not showing or substantially showing undesired scattering of light. For optoelectronic applications, polymer encapsulated mesogens preferably exhibit the following limited sizes: 15 nm to 400 nm, more preferably 50 nm to 250 nm and especially 75 nm to 150 nm. If the size of the capsule becomes extremely small, especially close to the molecular size of the LC molecules, considering that the amount of encapsulated LC material decreases and the mobility of the LC molecules becomes more restricted, the functionality of the capsule may become less efficient. The thickness of the polymeric shell or individual ground wall selected to form discrete individual structures enables it to effectively contain and stably limit the contained LC medium, while allowing for relative flexibility and still achieving the excellent electrical reactivity of LC materials. Considering the capacitance and optoelectronic performance, the case should preferably be as thin as possible while still providing sufficient containment strength. Therefore, a typical capsule shell or wall thickness is less than 100 nm. Preferably, the thickness of the polymeric shell is less than 50 nm, more preferably less than 25 nm and especially less than 15 nm. In a preferred embodiment, the thickness of the polymeric shell is 1 nm to 15 nm, more preferably 3 nm to 10 nm and especially 5 nm to 8 nm. Microscopy techniques, especially SEM and TEM, can be used to observe the size, structure and morphology of nanocapsules. Wall thickness can be determined, for example, by TEM on a freeze fractured sample. Alternatively, neutron scattering techniques can be used. In addition, for example, AFM, NMR, elliptical polarization, and sum frequency generation techniques can be used to study the nanocapsule structure. Nanocapsules according to the present invention generally have a spherical or spheroidal shape, in which a hollow spherical or spheroidal shell is filled or individually contains an LC medium according to the present invention. Preferably, the nanocapsules are substantially free of surfactants, so that preferably even residual surfactants are kept to a minimum or even completely avoided. Accordingly, nanocapsules that are substantially free of surfactant are provided in aspects. Accordingly, the present invention provides a plurality of discrete spheres or quasi-spheroids or particles of LC, each of which is encapsulated by a polymeric shell nanometer and which can be individually and collectively operated in at least two states in an optoelectronic device. The LC component provides beneficial chemical, physical and optoelectronic properties as explained above, such as good reliability and stability and lower rotational viscosity. In a preferred embodiment, the LC medium according to the present invention has a birefringence of Dn 0.15, more preferably 0.20, and most preferably 0.25. It is even better when the LC medium according to the invention additionally has a dielectric anisotropy of De³10. Surprisingly, by appropriately providing and setting the birefringence and the dielectric anisotropy according to the present invention, even a small nano-volume LC is sufficient to efficiently and efficiently modulate light, where only a medium electric field or separately only a medium The driving voltage can be used to achieve or individually change the orientation of the LC molecules in the nanocapsule. In addition, another advantage of the present invention is that a substantially uniform capsule size can be obtained, that is, low polydispersity is achieved. This uniformity can advantageously provide the uniform optoelectronic performance of the capsule in device applications. Furthermore, the capsules obtained from the controlled and adaptable process according to the invention or individually obtainable therefrom can be adjusted and adjusted with regard to the size of the capsules, which in turn allows the optoelectronic properties to be adjusted as desired, especially based on the Kerr effect. In another aspect of the present invention, a composite system comprising a nanocapsule according to the present invention and one or more adhesives is provided. It has been found that discrete nanocapsules can be mixed with an adhesive material, wherein the mixed nanocapsules substantially maintain, preferably completely maintain, their integrity in the composite, while being combined, held, or installed in the adhesive. In this regard, the adhesive material may be the same material as the polymeric shell material or a different material. Therefore, according to the present invention, nanocapsules can be dispersed in an adhesive made from the same material as or different from the nanocapsule shell. Preferably, the adhesive is a different or at least modified material. Binders can be useful because they can disperse nanocapsules, where the amount or concentration of the capsules can be set and adjusted. Surprisingly, by providing capsules and appropriate adhesives independently, not only can the amount of capsules in the composition complex be adjusted, but very high or very low capsules can also be obtained if desired. Generally, nanocapsules are contained in the composite at a ratio of about 2% to about 95% by weight. Preferably, the composite contains nanocapsules in the range of 10% to 85% by weight, more preferably 30% to 70% by weight. In the preferred embodiment, the amount of the binder and the nanocapsule used is about the same. In addition, the adhesive material can improve or affect the coatability or printability of the capsules and the film-forming ability and performance. Preferably, the adhesive can provide mechanical support while maintaining an appropriate degree of flexibility, and it can be used as a substrate. In addition, the adhesive exhibits appropriate and sufficient transparency. In embodiments, the binder may be selected from, for example, inorganic glass monoliths or other inorganic materials as set forth in, for example, US 4,814,211. However, the adhesive is preferably a polymeric material. Suitable materials may be synthetic resins, such as epoxy resins and polyurethanes, which are, for example, heat-curable. In addition, vinyl compounds and acrylates, especially polyvinyl acrylate and polyvinyl acetate can be used. In addition, polymethyl methacrylate, polyurea, polyurethane, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, and melamine urea formaldehyde can be used or added. It is also possible to use thiol-ene based systems, such as the commercial product Norland Optical Adhesive 65 (Norland Products). Particularly preferred are water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, gelatin, alginate, casein, gum arabic Or latex-like emulsion. In terms of setting individual hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, for example, a binder may be selected. In a preferred embodiment, the adhesive, especially the dry adhesive, absorbs little or no water. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the one or more adhesives comprise polyvinyl alcohol, which includes partially and fully hydrolyzed PVA. Advantageously, water solubility and hydrophilicity can be adjusted by changing the degree of hydrolysis. Therefore, water absorption can be controlled or reduced. The properties of PVA, such as mechanical strength or viscosity, can be advantageously set by, for example, adjusting the molecular weight, degree of hydrolysis of PVA, or by chemical modification. Adhesive properties can also be beneficially affected by crosslinking the adhesive. Therefore, especially when PVA is provided as a binder, in embodiments, the binder is preferably cross-linked by a cross-linking agent such as dialdehyde (eg, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and glyoxal). This crosslinking can, for example, advantageously reduce any tendency to undesired crack formation. The composite may further include conventional additives such as stabilizers, antioxidants, free radical scavengers, and / or plasticizers. For adhesives, especially PVA, ethylene glycol can be used as the preferred plasticizer. Glycerin can also be added to adhesives, especially PVA-based adhesives. These additives added to the adhesive, especially to PVA, can also be used to favorably influence or adjust other material properties, such as operating voltage or permittivity. In addition, in order to favorably influence the film forming properties, a film forming agent (for example, polyacrylic acid) and an antifoaming agent may be added. These reagents can be used to improve film formation and substrate wettability. Optionally, degassing and / or filtering of the coating composition may be performed to further improve the membrane properties. Likewise, setting and adjusting the viscosity of the adhesive can have a beneficial effect on the film being formed or separately formed. Binders can be provided as liquids or pastes, wherein a carrier medium or solvent (e.g. water, aqueous or organic solvent) can be e.g. from the composite, for example, during or after film formation, especially by evaporation at elevated temperatures. The mixture was removed. The adhesive is preferably well mixed and combined with the nanocapsules, while further avoiding the aggregation of the capsules, so that, for example, light leakage can be avoided or minimized, which in turn makes it possible to have an excellent dark state. In addition, the binder can be selected so that high density nanocapsules can be provided in the composite, such as in a film formed from the composite. In addition, in the composite, the structural and mechanical advantages of the adhesive can be combined with the favorable optoelectronic properties of the LC capsule. Nanocapsules according to the invention can be applied to a wide variety of different environments, in particular by (re) dispersing them. It can be advantageously dispersed in the adhesive or separately mixed with the adhesive. The adhesive can not only improve the film formation behavior but also the film properties. Among them, the adhesive can hold the capsule relative to the substrate. Generally, the capsules are randomly distributed or individually oriented randomly in the adhesive. The composite containing the binder material and its own nanocapsules may be suitably applied or laminated to the substrate. For example, the composite or nanocapsules can be applied to a substrate by conventional coating techniques, such as spin coating, blade coating, or drip coating. Alternatively, it may be applied to a substrate by conventional and known printing methods such as inkjet printing. Capsules or complexes can also be dissolved in a suitable solvent. This solution is then applied or printed onto a substrate by, for example, spin coating or printing or other known techniques, and the solvent is evaporated off. In many cases, the mixture is appropriately heated to promote evaporation of the solvent. As solvents, for example, water, aqueous mixtures or standard organic solvents can be used. Preferably, the material applied to the substrate is a composite (ie, it also contains an adhesive). Generally, a film with a thickness of less than 25 µm, preferably less than 15 µm, is formed. In a preferred embodiment, the thickness of the film made from the composite is 0.5 μm to 10 μm, preferably 1 μm to 7 μm, especially 2 μm to 5 μm. As the substrate, for example, glass, silicon, quartz flakes, or plastic film can be used. The second substrate can also be placed on top of the applied, preferably coated or printed material. Isotropic or birefringent substrates can be used. Optical coatings can also be applied, especially with optical adhesives. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate may be a flexible material. In view of the flexibility provided by the composite, a flexible system or device can be obtained as a whole. Suitable and preferred plastic substrates are, for example, polyester (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN)), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polycarbonate ( PC) or triacetyl cellulose (TAC) film, more preferably PET or TAC film. As the birefringent substrate, for example, a uniaxially stretched plastic film can be used. PET films are available, for example, under the brand name Melinex^® Commercially available from DuPont Teijin Films. The substrate can be transparent and transmissive or reflective. For optoelectronic addressability, the substrate may exhibit one or more electrodes. In a typical embodiment, a glass substrate having an ITO electrode is provided. In terms of compatibility and in view of individual applications, the electrical and optical properties of LC materials, polymeric capsule shells and adhesives are advantageously and better matched or aligned. The composites according to the present invention can provide appropriate and advantageous optoelectronic behavior and properties. In addition, excellent physical and chemical stability can be obtained by, for example, better and advantageous reduction of water absorption. In particular, good stability and resistance to thermal or mechanical stresses can be achieved while still providing proper mechanical flexibility. Preferably, the adhesive and preferably the polymer shell have a relatively large impedance in view of the electrical reactivity of the LC and an appropriate dielectric constant close to the LC material to limit the charge at the interface. It was observed that the dielectric constant of the adhesive was high enough to ensure that the electric field was effectively applied to the LC medium in the capsule. It is preferred to minimize any charge or ion content in these materials to keep the conductivity extremely low. In this regard, it has been found that the properties of the provided adhesive, preferably PVA, can be improved by purification, especially by removing or reducing the amount of impurities and charged contaminants. For example, the binder, especially PVA, can be dissolved in and washed with deionized water or alcohol, and it can be processed by dialysis or soxhlet purification. In addition, considering the best performance in the respective application, the refractive index of the LC material, the polymeric capsule shell and the adhesive are advantageously and better matched or aligned. In particular, the refractive index of the LC material is compatible with the refractive index of the adhesive. In particular, the very refractive index of LC (n_e ), LC ordinary refractive index (n_o ) Or LC average refractive index (n_avg ) Set or adjust the refractive index of the adhesive and possibly the refractive index of the capsule polymer. In particular, the refractive index of the adhesive and the shell polymer can be compared with the n of the LC material._e , N_o Or n_avg Close match. In an embodiment, the nanocapsules are dispersed in a binder, wherein the capsules in the binder exhibit a random orientation relative to each other. Regardless of the non-existence or existence of the orientation or orientation of the LC material in each individual capsule, this random orientation of the capsules relative to each other can result in the LC material as a whole giving the observed average refractive index (n_avg ). Considering the nanometer size of the capsule and its beneficial potential as a very weak light scatterer, the application of an electric field (where the electric field forces the LC material (re) alignment) to tune the phase of transmitted or reflected light in this embodiment Shift or delay, but do not change the apparent scattering (if present). In this case, and especially when the size of the capsule is significantly smaller than the wavelength of light, the refractive index of the adhesive and preferably the polymeric capsule shell may, for example, be appropriate and advantageous relative to the n of the LC material_avg Make adjustments or matches. Therefore, nanocapsules can be used as high-efficiency nanoscale phase modulators. Considering the nanometer size of the capsule and the absence of an electric field, it can substantially suppress, and preferably completely suppress, light scattering, especially for those smaller than 400 nm. In addition, scattering and refraction can be controlled by matching or adjusting the refractive index of the LC material and one or more polymeric materials. When the capsule and the respective LC directors are randomly positioned in the adhesive, in an embodiment, for normal incident light, the phase shift may be independent of polarization. In another embodiment, the capsule is aligned or oriented in an adhesive. Especially in terms of tuning optoelectronic properties and functionality, the composite system according to the present invention advantageously allows high adaptability and allows setting and adjusting several degrees of freedom. For example, while being able to independently change the density of nano-grade LC materials in the film, the layer or film thickness can be set, debugged, or changed. In addition, the size of the nanocapsules (that is, the amount of LC material in each individual capsule) ) Can be set in advance and can therefore also be adjusted. In addition, the LC medium can be selected to have specific properties, such as suitably high De and Dn values. In the preferred embodiment, the amount of LC in the composition, nanocapsules, and composites is appropriately maximized to achieve favorable high optoelectronic performance. According to the present invention, the composite can be advantageously provided with relative ease of production and high processability, which can make good transmittance, low operating voltage, improved VHR, and good dark state possible. Surprisingly, a robust, effective and efficient system is available, which is suitable for a single substrate without any alignment layer or surface friction and which can exhibit deviations in layer thickness or external forces (such as touch) and exhibit relatively poor light leakage Sensitivity. In addition, a wide viewing angle can be obtained without providing an alignment layer or an additional retardation layer. Preferably and advantageously, the nanocapsules and composite systems provided exhibit sufficient processability to keep aggregation to a minimum during concentration and filtration of the capsules, mixing with the binder, film formation, and optional drying of the film. Nanocapsules and composites according to the present invention can be used in displays and other optical and optoelectronic applications. In particular, nanocapsules containing LC media, which are preferably mixed with binders, are suitable for the efficient control and modulation of light. It can be used, for example, in filters, tunable polarizers, and lenses and phase plates. As a phase modulator, it can be used in photonic devices, optical communication and information processing, and three-dimensional displays. Another use is in switchable smart windows or privacy windows. Therefore, the present invention advantageously provides a light modulation element and a photoelectric modulator. The elements and modulators include nanocapsules according to the present invention, wherein preferably the capsules are mixed and dispersed in an adhesive. Furthermore, optoelectronic devices, in particular optoelectronic displays, are provided which advantageously make use of nanocapsules and / or composite systems as explained above and below. In the device, a plurality of nanocapsules are provided. Many of the mesogen compounds or mixtures thereof described above and below are commercially available. All such compounds are known or can be prepared by methods known per se, such as in the literature (for example in standard works such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie [methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart) As stated in the text, it is carried out under reaction conditions known and suitable for such reactions. Variations known per se can also be used here, but are not mentioned in more detail here. The medium according to the invention is prepared in a manner customary per se. In general, it is preferred that the components dissolve with each other at elevated temperatures. With appropriate additives, the liquid crystal phase of the present invention can be adjusted in such a way that it can be used in liquid crystal display elements. Additives of this type are known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in the literature (H. Kelker / R. Hatz, Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1980). For example, polychromic dyes can be added to produce colored guest-host systems or substances can be added to adjust the dielectric anisotropy, viscosity, and / or nematic phase alignment. According to the invention, the term "alkyl" preferably encompasses straight-chain and branched-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, especially the straight-chain groups methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, Hexyl and heptyl. Groups having 2 to 5 carbon atoms are generally preferred. An alkoxy group may be straight or branched, and it is preferably straight and has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbon atoms, and is therefore preferably methoxy, ethoxy Radical, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy or heptyloxy. According to the invention, the term "alkenyl" preferably encompasses straight-chain and branched alkenyl groups, especially straight-chain groups, having 2 to 7 carbon atoms. Eudenyl C₂ -C₇ -1E-alkenyl, C₄ -C₇ -3E-alkenyl, C₅ -C₇ -4E-alkenyl, C₆ -C₇ -5E-alkenyl and C₇ -6E-alkenyl, especially C₂ -C₇ -1E-alkenyl, C₄ -C₇ -3E-alkenyl and C₅ -C₇ -4E-alkenyl. Examples of preferred alkenyl are vinyl, 1E-propenyl, 1E-butenyl, 1E-pentenyl, 1E-hexenyl, 1E-heptenyl, 3-butenyl, 3E-pentenyl , 3E-hexenyl, 3E-heptenyl, 4-pentenyl, 4Z-hexenyl, 4E-hexenyl, 4Z-heptenyl, 5-hexenyl and 6-heptenyl. Groups having up to 5 carbon atoms are generally preferred. Fluorinated alkyl or alkoxy preferably contains CF₃ OCF₃ CFH₂ , OCFH₂ CF₂ H, OCF₂ H, C₂ F₅ , OC₂ F₅ CFHCF₃ CFHCF₂ H, CFHCFH₂ , CH₂ CF₃ , CH₂ CF₂ H, CH₂ CFH₂ CF₂ CF₂ H, CF₂ CFH₂ , OCFHCF₃ , OCFHCF₂ H, OCFHCFH₂ , OCH₂ CF₃ , OCH₂ CF₂ H, OCH₂ CFH₂ OCF₂ CF₂ H, OCF₂ CFH₂ , C₃ F₇ Or OC₃ F₇ , Especially CF₃ OCF₃ CF₂ H, OCF₂ H, C₂ F₅ , OC₂ F₅ CFHCF₃ CFHCF₂ H, CFHCFH₂ CF₂ CF₂ H, CF₂ CFH₂ , OCFHCF₃ , OCFHCF₂ H, OCFHCFH₂ OCF₂ CF₂ H, OCF₂ CFH₂ , C₃ F₇ Or OC₃ F₇ , Especially good OCF₃ Or OCF₂ H. In the preferred embodiment, fluoroalkyl encompasses straight-chain groups with terminal fluorine, i.e., fluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-fluorobutyl, 5-fluoropentyl, 6- Fluorohexyl and 7-fluoroheptyl. However, other positions of fluorine are not excluded. The oxaalkyl group preferably covers formula C_n H_{2n + 1} -O- (CH₂ )_m Is a straight-chain group in which n and m are each independently 1 to 6. Preferably, n = 1 and m is 1 to 6. The oxaalkyl group is preferably a linear 2-oxopropyl (= methoxymethyl), 2-(= ethoxymethyl) or 3-oxobutyl (= 2-methoxyethyl) ); -, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-oxaoctyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-oxanonyl, or 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-oxadecyl. Halogen is preferably F or Cl, especially F. If one of the groups mentioned above is one of the CH₂ An alkyl group in which the group has been replaced by -CH = CH-, this group may be straight or branched. It is preferably straight-chain and has 2 to 10 carbon atoms. It is therefore especially vinyl, prop-1- or prop-2-enyl, but-1-,-2- or but-3-enyl, pent-1-,-2-,-3- or pentyl 4-alkenyl, hex-1-,-2-,-3-,-4- or hex-5-alkenyl, hept-1-,-2-,-3-,-4-,-5- Or hept-6-alkenyl, oct-1-,-2-,-3-,-4-,-5-,-6- or oct-7-alkenyl, non-1-,-2-,-3 -,-4-,-5-,-6-,-7- or non-8-alkenyl, dec-1-,-2-,-3-,-4-,-5-,-6-, -7-, -8- or dec-9-alkenyl. If one of the groups mentioned above is one of the CH₂ The groups have been replaced by -O- and an alkyl group has been replaced by -CO-, these groups are preferably adjacent. Therefore, these groups contain fluorenyl-CO-O- or oxycarbonyl-O-CO-. These groups are preferably straight-chain and have 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Therefore, it is especially ethoxyl, propionyloxy, butyryloxy, pentamyloxy, hexamethyleneoxy, ethynylmethyl, propionyloxymethyl, butyloxymethyl , Pentamyloxymethyl, 2-acetamyloxyethyl, 2-propamyloxyethyl, 2-butamyloxyethyl, 3-acetamyloxypropyl, 3-propamyloxy Propyl, 4-ethoxycarbonylbutyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl , Propoxycarbonylmethyl, butoxycarbonylmethyl, 2- (methoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 2- (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 2- (propoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 3- (Methoxycarbonyl) propyl, 3- (ethoxycarbonyl) propyl or 4- (methoxycarbonyl) -butyl. If one of the groups mentioned above is one of the CH₂ The group has been replaced by unsubstituted or substituted -CH = CH- and adjacent to CH₂ An alkyl group in which a group has been replaced by CO, CO-O or O-CO, then this group may be straight or branched. It is preferably straight-chain and has 4 to 13 carbon atoms. Therefore, it is especially acrylfluorenyloxymethyl, 2-acrylfluorenyloxyethyl, 3-acrylfluorenyloxypropyl, 4-acrylfluorenyloxybutyl, 5-propenyloxybutyl Amyl, 6-propenylfluorenyloxyhexyl, 7-propenylfluorenyloxyheptyl, 8-propenylfluorenyloxyoctyl, 9-propenylfluorenyloxynonyl, 10-propenylfluorenyloxydecyl Methyl, methacrylfluorenyloxymethyl, 2-methacrylfluorenyloxyethyl, 3-methacrylfluorenyloxypropyl, 4-methacrylfluorenyloxybutyl, 5- Methacrylfluorenyloxypentyl, 6-methacrylfluorenyloxyhexyl, 7-methacrylfluorenyloxyheptyl, 8-methacrylfluorenyloxyoctyl, or 9-methylpropylene Fluorenyloxynonyl. If one of the groups mentioned above is by CN or CF₃ Mono-substituted alkyl or alkenyl, this group is preferably straight-chain. By CN or CF₃ Replacement is at any position. If one of the groups mentioned above is an alkyl or alkenyl group which is at least monosubstituted by halogen, this group is preferably a straight chain and the halogen is preferably F or Cl, more preferably F. In the case of multiple substitutions, the halogen is preferably F. The resulting groups also include perfluorinated groups. In the case of a single substitution, the fluorine or chlorine substituent may be at any desired position, but is preferably at the omega position. Compounds containing branched groups may occasionally be important due to better solubility in some conventional liquid crystal base materials. However, if it is optically active, it is particularly suitable as a chiral dopant. Branched groups of this type usually contain no more than one chain branch. Preferred branched groups are isopropyl, 2-butyl (= 1-methylpropyl), isobutyl (= 2-methylpropyl), 2-methylbutyl, isopentyl ( = 3-methylbutyl), 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propylpentyl, isopropoxy, 2-methylpropoxy, 2 -Methylbutoxy, 3-methylbutoxy, 2-methylpentoxy, 3-methylpentoxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, 1-methylhexyloxy, or 1-methyl Heptyloxy. If one of the groups mentioned above is two or more of them₂ An alkyl group in which a group has been replaced by -O- and / or -CO-O-, then this group may be straight or branched. It is preferably branched and has 3 to 12 carbon atoms. Therefore, it is especially dicarboxymethyl, 2,2-biscarboxyethyl, 3,3-biscarboxypropyl, 4,4-biscarboxybutyl, 5,5-biscarboxypentyl, 6,6- Dicarboxyhexyl, 7,7-biscarboxyheptyl, 8,8-biscarboxyoctyl, 9,9-biscarboxynonyl, 10,10-biscarboxydecyl, bis (methoxycarbonyl) methyl, 2,2-bis (methoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 3,3-bis (methoxycarbonyl) propyl, 4,4-bis (methoxycarbonyl) butyl, 5,5-bis (methoxy) Carbonyl) pentyl, 6,6-bis (methoxycarbonyl) hexyl, 7,7-bis (methoxycarbonyl) heptyl, 8,8-bis (methoxycarbonyl) octyl, bis (ethyl (Oxycarbonyl) methyl, 2,2-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 3,3-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) propyl, 4,4-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) butyl or 5 , 5-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) pentyl. The LC medium according to the present invention preferably has a nematic phase range between -10 ° C and + 70 ° C. The LC medium even more preferably has a nematic phase range between -20 ° C and + 80 ° C. It is optimal when the LC medium according to the invention has a nematic phase range between -20 ° C and + 90 ° C. The LC medium according to the present invention preferably has a birefringence of Dn 0.15, more preferably 0.20, and most preferably 0.25. The LC dielectric according to the present invention preferably has a dielectric anisotropy of De³ +10, more preferably +15, and most preferably +20. The LC medium according to the present invention preferably and advantageously exhibits high reliability and high electrical resistivity (also known as specific resistivity (SR)). The SR value of the LC medium according to the present invention is preferably ³ 1 × 10¹³ W cm, excellent³ 1 × 10¹⁴ W cm. Unless otherwise stated, SR measurements were performed as described in G. Weber et al., Liquid Crystals 5, 1381 (1989). The LC medium according to the present invention also preferably and advantageously exhibits high voltage retention (VHR), see S. Matsumoto et al., Liquid Crystals 5, 1320 (1989); K. Niwa et al., Proc. SID Conference, San Francisco , June 1984, p. 304 (1984); T. Jacob and U. Finkenzeller, "Merck Liquid Crystals-Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", 1997. The VHR of the LC medium according to the present invention is preferably ³90%, very good³95%. Unless otherwise stated, VHR measurements were performed as described in T. Jacob, U. Finkenzeller, "Merck Liquid Crystals-Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", 1997. Unless expressly stated otherwise, throughout the present application, all concentrations are given in weight% and refer to the individual complete mixtures, excluding water solvents or aqueous phases as indicated above. All temperatures are given in degrees Celsius (Celsius, ° C) and all temperature differences are given in degrees Celsius. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, all physical properties and physicochemical or optoelectronic parameters are determined by commonly known methods, in particular according to "Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", Status November 1997, Merck KGaA, Germany It is given for a temperature of 20 ° C. Above and below, Dn stands for optical anisotropy, where Dn = n_e -n_o And Δe represents the dielectric anisotropy, where Δe = e_÷÷ -e_^ . The dielectric anisotropy Δe was measured at 20 ° C and 1 kHz. Optical anisotropy Dn was measured at 20 ° C and a wavelength of 589.3 nm. De and Dn values and rotational viscosity of the compounds according to the invention (γ₁ ) Are obtained by linear extrapolation from liquid crystal mixtures, which are from 5% to 10% of the individual compounds according to the invention and 90% to 95% of commercially available liquid crystal mixtures ZLI-2857 or ZLI -4792 (both mixtures are from Merck KGaA). In addition to the usual and well-known abbreviations, the following abbreviations are also used: C: crystalline phase; N: nematic phase; Sm: smectic phase; I: isotropic phase. The number between these symbols shows the transition temperature of the substance of interest. In the present invention and especially in the following examples, the structure of the mesogen compound is indicated by means of an abbreviation (also known as an acronym). Among these acronyms, the chemical formulas are abbreviated as follows using the following tables A to C. All groups C_n H_{2n + 1} , C_m H_{2m + 1} And C₁ H_{2l + 1} Or C_n H_2n-1 , C_m H_2m-1 And C_l H_2l-1 Each represents a straight-chain alkyl or alkenyl, preferably 1E-alkenyl, each of which has n, m and l C atoms, respectively. Table A shows the codes for the ring elements used in the core structure of the compounds, while Table B shows the linking groups. Table C gives the meaning of the left-hand or right-hand end group codes. The acronym is composed of a code of a ring element having an optional link group, followed by a code of a first hyphen and a left-hand end group and a second hyphen and a code of a right-hand end group. Table D shows the illustrative structures of the compounds and their respective abbreviations.table A : Ring element table B : Linking group table C : Terminal group Where n and m each represent an integer, and the three points "..." are placeholders for other abbreviations from this table. The following table shows the illustrative structure and its respective abbreviations. These structures are shown to illustrate the meaning of the abbreviation rules. In addition, they represent compounds which can be preferably used.table D : Illustrative Structure Where n, m and l preferably represent 1 to 7 independently of each other. The following table shows illustrative compounds that can be used as other stabilizers in the mesogens according to the present invention.table E Table E shows possible stabilizers that can be added to the LC medium according to the invention, where n represents an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, the terminal methyl group is not shown Out. The LC medium preferably contains 0 to 10% by weight, especially 1 ppm to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 1 ppm to 1% by weight of a stabilizer. Table F below shows illustrative compounds that can be preferably used as chiral dopants in the mesogens according to the present invention.table F In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mesogen comprises one or more compounds selected from the compounds shown in Table F. The mesogen according to the present invention preferably contains two or more, preferably four or more compounds selected from the compounds shown in Tables D to F above. The LC medium according to the present invention preferably contains three or more, more preferably five or more of the compounds shown in Table D. The following examples merely illustrate the invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way. Based on this disclosure, those skilled in the art will know the examples and their modified forms or other equivalent forms.Examples In the example, V_o Represents the capacitive threshold voltage [V] at 20 ℃, n_e Represents the extraordinary refractive index at 20 ° C and 589 nm, n_o Represents the ordinary refractive index at 20 ° C and 589 nm Dn represents the optical anisotropy at 20 ° C and 589 nm, e_÷÷ The dielectric permittivity parallel to the director at 20 ° C and 1 kHz, e_^ Indicates the dielectric permittivity perpendicular to the director at 20 ° C and 1 kHz, De indicates the dielectric anisotropy at 20 ° C and 1 kHz, and cl.p., T (N, I) indicates the clarification point [° C ], G₁ Represents the rotational viscosity [mPa × s] measured at 20 ℃, measured by the rotation method in a magnetic field, K₁ Represents the elastic constant [pN] of the "unfolded" deformation at 20 ° C, K₂ Elastic constant [pN], which represents the "torsional" deformation at 20 ° C, K₃ Represents the elastic constant [pN] of "bending" deformation at 20 ° C. Unless otherwise specified, the term "threshold voltage" of the present invention refers to the capacitive threshold₀ ) ,. In the example, the optical threshold can also be indicated as 10% relative contrast (V₁₀ ).Reference example 1 The liquid crystal mixture B-1 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the composition and properties indicated in the following table. Basic mixture B-1 Reference example 2 The liquid crystal mixture B-2 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the composition and properties indicated in the following table. Basic mixture B-2 Reference example 3 The liquid crystal mixture B-3 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the composition and properties indicated in the following table. Basic mixture B-3 Reference example 4 Liquid crystal mixture B-4 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the composition and properties indicated in the following table. Basic mixture B-4 Reference example 5 The liquid crystal mixture B-5 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the composition and properties indicated in the following table. Basic mixture B-5 Reference example 6 Liquid crystal mixture B-6 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the composition and properties indicated in the following table. Basic mixture B-6 Reference example 7 Liquid crystal mixture B-7 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the composition and properties indicated in the following table. Basic mixture B-7 Reference example 8 Liquid crystal mixture B-8 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the composition and properties indicated in the following table. Basic mixture B-8 Examples 1 Preparation of Nano Capsules The LC mixture B-1 (2.66 g), hexadecane (0.66 g) and methyl methacrylate (3.30 g) were weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (0.83 g) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 ml) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was passed through a high pressure homogenizer 4 times at 30,000 psi. The mixture was filled into a flask and fitted with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C. for 3 hours after the addition of AIBN (35 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and material size analysis was then performed on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 85 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage.30% Solid content PVA Preparation of adhesives First, PVA (Molecular Weight of PVA M_w : 31k; 88% hydrolysis) was washed in a Sauguslite device for 3 days to remove ions. Add 46.66 g of deionized water to a 150 ml bottle, add a large magnetic stir bar and place the bottle on a 50 ° C stirrer hot plate and bring it to temperature. 20.00 g of washed 31k PVA solid was weighed into a beaker. Vortex in the bottle and gradually add 31k PVA over about 5 minutes to stop dispersing the floating PVA into the mixture. Raise the hot plate to 90 ° C and continue stirring for 2-3 hours. The bottle was placed in an oven at 80 ° C for 20 hours. The mixture was filtered while still warm with a 50 μm cloth filter at an air pressure of 0.5 bar. Replace the filter with a Millipore 5 μm SVPP filter and repeat the filtration. The solids content of the filtered adhesive was measured 3 times and the average was calculated by weighing an empty DSC pan with a DSC microbalance, adding approximately 40 mg of the adhesive mixture to the DSC pan and recording the mass. The hot plate was placed on the hot plate for 1 hour and then placed on the hot plate at 110 ° C for 10 minutes. The plate was removed from the hot plate and allowed to cool, the dry plate mass was recorded and the solid content was calculated.Preparation of composite systems The obtained nanocapsule samples were first examined by microscopy for undesired coagulation or agglomeration and also after film formation. The solid content of the concentrated nanocapsule suspension was measured. The solid content of the sample was measured 3 times and the average was calculated. Samples were weighed in an empty DSC pan using a DSC microbalance. Add approximately 40 mg of sample to the DSC dish and record the mass. The plate was placed on a 60 ° C hot plate for 1 hour and then on a 110 ° C hot plate for 10 min. Remove the pan from the hot plate and allow it to cool. Record the dry pan mass and calculate the solids content. The prepared PVA was added to a concentrated nanocapsule sample in which approximately 30% of the washed 31k PVA mixture was added to a 2.5 ml vial, and then the nanocapsule was added to the vial. Deionized water was added to bring the total solids content of approximately 0.5 g of the mixture to 20%. The mixture was stirred using a vortex stirrer and the mixture was placed on a roll overnight to disperse the PVA.Preparation of film on substrate The substrate used is IPS (In-Plane Switching) glass, which has ITO-coated interdigital electrodes, where the electrode width is 4 μm and the gap is 8 μm. The substrate is placed in a shelf and a plastic box for washing. Add deionized water and place the sample in a sonic shaker for 10 minutes. Remove the substrate from water and blot dry with a paper towel to remove excess water. Repeated washing with acetone, 2-propanol (IPA), and finally water for ion chromatography. The substrate was then dried using a compressed air gun. The substrate was treated with UV-ozone for 10 minutes. A composite system containing nanocapsules and an adhesive is then coated on the substrate. Using a coater (K Control Coater, RK PrintCoat Instruments, bar coating with k rod 1, coating speed 7), 40 μL of the mixture was coated into a film. The samples were dried on a hot plate at 60 ° C for 10 minutes, under the lid to prevent draught and prevent contaminants from falling onto the film. The appearance of the film was recorded. The prepared films were stored in a dry box between measurements. The film thickness was measured by removing the film from above the electrical contacts with a razor blade. The film thickness was measured in the area of the middle electrode using a profilometer (Dektak XT surface profiler, Bruker) with a stylus force of 5 mg, a scan length of 3000 nm, and a time of 30 s. A desired film thickness of 4.0-5.5 microns was observed.Measurement of photoelectric properties Check the appearance of the film for uniformity and defects with the eyes. Weld two electrodes to glass. The voltage-transmission curve was measured using dynamic scattering mode (DSM). Images of dark and bright states of 10% and 90% transmission were also recorded using a microscope at the required voltage. The switching speed is measured at a modulation frequency of 150 Hz at 40 ° C and 25 ° C and, if appropriate, 10 Hz. The measured optical and electrical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are given in the table below. Optical parameters Examples 2 LC mixture B-1 (2.0 g), diethyl methacrylate (0.60 g), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (0.07 g), methyl methacrylate (0.15 g) and ten Hexane (0.10 g) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. This mixture was processed and studied as set out in Example 1 above. The average size of the obtained capsules was 124 nm, as determined by DLS (Zetasizer) analysis. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. Composite systems and films comprising the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared as set forth in Example 1 above. The measured optical and electrical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are given in the table below. Optical parameters Examples 3 LC mixture B-1 (2.0 g), ethylene dimethacrylate (0.66 g), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (0.08 g), methyl methacrylate (0.16 g), and 2-iso Propoxyethanol (0.10 g) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. This mixture was processed and studied as set out in Example 1 above. The average size of the obtained capsules was 204 nm, as determined by DLS (Zetasizer) analysis. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. Composite systems and films comprising the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared as set forth in Example 1 above. The measured optical and electrical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are given in the table below. Optical parameters Examples 4 LC mixture B-1 (1.0 g), hexanediol diacrylate (0.03 g), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (0.03 g), isoamyl methacrylate (0.110 g), and 2-ethyl acrylate The hexyl ester (0.250 g) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. This mixture was processed and studied as set out in Example 1 above. The average size of the obtained capsules was 114 nm, as determined by DLS (Zetasizer) analysis. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. Composite systems and films comprising the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared as set forth in Example 1 above. The measured optical and electrical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are given in the table below. Optical parameters Examples 5 LC mixture B-2 (2.0 g), ethylene dimethacrylate (0.66 g), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (0.075 g), methyl methacrylate (0.175 g) and ten Hexane (0.10 g) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. This mixture was processed and studied as set out in Example 1 above. The average size of the obtained capsules was 148 nm, as determined by DLS (Zetasizer) analysis. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. Composite systems and films comprising the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared as set forth in Example 1 above. The measured optical and electrical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are given in the table below. Optical parameters Examples 6 Weigh LC mixture B-3 (1.0 g), diethyl methacrylate (0.34 g), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (0.07 g) and hexadecane (0.25 g) to 250 ml In a high beaker. This mixture was processed and studied as set out in Example 1 above. The average size of the obtained capsules was 145 nm, as determined by DLS (Zetasizer) analysis. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. Composite systems and films comprising the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared as set forth in Example 1 above. The measured optical and electrical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are given in the table below. Optical parameters Examples 7 The LC mixture B-4 was processed as described in Example 2 above to prepare nanocapsules, composite systems with adhesives, and coated films.Examples 8 The LC mixture B-5 was processed as described in Example 2 above to prepare nanocapsules, composite systems with adhesives, and coated films.Examples 9 The LC mixture B-6 was processed as described in Example 2 above to prepare nanocapsules, composite systems with adhesives, and coated films.Examples 10 The LC mixture B-7 was processed as described in Example 2 above to prepare nanocapsules, composite systems with adhesives, and coated films.Examples 11 LC mixture B-1 (2.00 g), 1,4-pentanediol (102 mg), ethylene dimethacrylate (658 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (77 mg) and Methyl methacrylate (162 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was filled into a flask and a condenser was fitted, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 180 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 4.6 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ (That is, the gray voltage at 50% relative contrast) is 55 V. The prepared samples showed favorable performance at 24 ° C, 40 ° C and 60 ° C, exhibiting appropriate temperature dependence and stability.Examples 12 LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), 1,4-pentanediol (175 mg), ethylene dimethacrylate (300 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (40 mg) and Methyl methacrylate (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (50 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (150 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 10 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (10 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 175 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The samples especially showed favorable temperature dependence.Examples 13 LC mixture B-8 (1.99 g), hexadecane (101 mg), ethylene dimethacrylate (657 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (74 mg) and methyl methacrylate Ester (170 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (300 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 132 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 4.2 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 33 V, measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ 66 V.Examples 14 LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (175 mg), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (300 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (40 mg), and methyl methacrylate Ester (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (50 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (10 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 199 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 5.3 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 19 V, measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ 42 V.Examples 15 The LC mixture B-1 was processed as described in Example 14 above to prepare nanocapsules, a composite system with an adhesive, and a coating film in which 1,4-pentanediol was used instead of cetane.Examples 16 LC mixture B-8 was treated similarly to B-1 as set forth in Example 14 above.Examples 17 LC mixture B-8 (2.01 g), hexadecane (97 mg), ethylene dimethacrylate (645 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (166 mg), acrylic acid 1,1 , 1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropyl (23 mg) and methyl methacrylate (67 mg) were weighed into 250 ml high beakers. Brij L23 (150 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 176 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 4.2 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 48 V, measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ 82 V.Examples 18 LC mixture B-8 (0.99 g), hexadecane (251 mg), stearyl methacrylate (74 mg) and 1,1-dihydroperfluoropropyl acrylate (118 mg) were weighed In a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (301 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was subjected to a 50% amplitude ultrasonic treatment on a Branson Ultrasonic Instrument W450 for a total of 6 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (10 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 191 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1.Examples 19 LC mixture B-8 (2.01 g), 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl acrylate (117 mg), ethylene dimethacrylate (663 mg), 2-methacrylic acid 2- Hydroxyethyl ester (81 mg) and methyl methacrylate (167 mg) were weighed into 250 ml high beakers. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 191 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 5.2 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 80 V, measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ It is 132 V.Examples 20 LC mixture B-8 (2.00 g), acrylic acid 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl ester (117 mg), ethyl dimethacrylate (659 mg), methyl formate 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate (79 mg) and methyl methacrylate (170 mg) were weighed into 250 ml high beakers. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 147 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 4.9 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 77.5 V, and measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ 130 V.Examples twenty one LC mixture B-8 (2.01 g), 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate (113 mg), ethyl dimethacrylate (657 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate Ester (75 mg) and methyl methacrylate (171 mg) were weighed into 250 ml high beakers. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 188 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 5.3 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 75 V, measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ 115 V.Examples twenty two LC mixture B-8 (1.00 g), pentafluorooctanol (111 mg), n-ethyl methacrylate (340 mg) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (73 mg) were weighed to In a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (75 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (70 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 191 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 3.7 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 23 V, measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ 53 V.Examples twenty three LC mixture B-8 (1.01 g), 3-ginsyl (trimethylsiloxy) silylpropyl methacrylate (250 mg), ethyl ethyl dimethacrylate (300 mg), methyl 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate (40 mg) and methyl methacrylate (100 mg) were weighed into 250 ml high beakers. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (75 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 124 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1.Examples twenty four LC mixture B-8 (2.00 g), trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetate (100 mg), ethyl ethyl dimethacrylate (660 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (71 mg ) And methyl methacrylate (172 mg) were weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (300 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 271 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1.Examples 25 LC mixture B-8 (2.00 g), ginsyl (trimethylsiloxy) silyl methacrylate (101 mg), northyl dimethacrylate (659 mg), methacrylic acid 2 -Hydroxyethyl ester (78 mg) and methyl methacrylate (165 mg) were weighed into 250 ml high beakers. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 214 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 4.5 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 57.5 V, and measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ 95 V.Examples 26 LC mixture B-8 (1.00 g), stearyl methacrylate (101 mg), n-ethyl dimethacrylate (201 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (42 mg) And methyl methacrylate (105 mg) were weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (50 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (150 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (10 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 208 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 3.1 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 25 V, measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ 45.5 V.Examples 27 LC mixture B-8 (1.00 g), methyl octoate (73 mg), ethylene dimethacrylate (291 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (46 mg) and methyl methacrylate Ester (98 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (50 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (150 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij aqueous surfactant solution was poured directly into a beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was charged into a flask and equipped with a condenser, and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after adding 2,2'-azobis (2-methylamidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (10 mg). The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then size analysis of the material was performed by a Zetasizer instrument. The average size of the obtained capsules was 189 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A part of the obtained sample was further used as it is. The other part of the sample was concentrated before further use. This is carried out by centrifugation. The mixture was filled in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and a sample was taken for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit favorable physical and optoelectronic properties and show an appropriate switching behavior in accordance with the applied voltage. A composite system and film containing the obtained capsules and adhesives were prepared similarly to Example 1. The thickness of the prepared film was 4.3 µm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 33 V, measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ 64 V.

no

Claims (21)

A composition for nano-encapsulation, comprising (i) a mesogen, comprising one or more compounds of the formula I RAY-A'-R 'I, wherein R and R' independently of each other represent a group selected from the group consisting of Group: F, CF ₃ , OCF ₃ , CN and a straight or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a straight or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, It is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF ₃ or mono- or poly-substituted by halogen, and one or more of the CH ₂ groups can in each case be independent of each other in such a way that the oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other Substituted by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO-, or -C≡C-, A and A 'independently of each other represent a group selected from: -Cyc- , -Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Cyc-Phe-, -Cyc-Phe-Cyc-, -Cyc- Phe-Phe-, -Phe-Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-Phe- and their respective mirror images, where Cyc is trans-1,4-cyclohexyl, one or two of which are not adjacent CH ₂ groups The group may be substituted by O, and wherein Phe is 1,4-phenylene, and one or two non-adjacent CH groups may be substituted by N and it may be substituted by one or two F And Y represents a single _{bond, -COO -, - CH 2 CH} 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CH 2 O -, - CF 2 O -, - CH = CH -, - CF = CF- or -C ≡C-, (ii) one or more polymerizable compounds, and (iii) one or more surfactants. The composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more organic solvents. A composition as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more polymerizable compounds (ii) as described in claim 1 comprise a member selected from one, two or more acrylates, methacrylates and vinyl acetate Polymerizable group of an ester group. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the one or more surfactants (iii) as described in claim 1 are selected from non-ionic surfactants. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the one or more surfactants are provided as an aqueous surfactant. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the one or more compounds of formula I are selected from compounds of formulas Ia, Ib and Ic Wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ and R ⁵ independently of each other represent a straight chain having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a branched alkyl or alkoxy group or a straight chain having 2 to 15 carbon atoms Or with branched alkenyl groups, which are unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF ₃ or mono- or poly-substituted by halogen, and in which case one or more CH ₂ groups can be independent of each other in each case such that the oxygen The way that the atoms are not directly connected to each other is replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO-, or -C≡C-, X ¹ represents F, CF ₃ , OCF ₃ or CN, L ¹ , L ² , L ^3, and L ⁴ are independently H or F, i is 1 or 2, and j and k are 0 or 1 independently. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the composition is dispersed in an aqueous phase. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is provided as nano droplets dispersed in an aqueous phase. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8 for preparing nanocapsules. A nanocapsule each comprising a polymeric shell and a core containing a mesogen, the mesogen comprising one or more compounds of formula I as described in claim 1 or 6. A nanocapsule obtained by polymerizing a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 or obtainable therefrom. The nanocapsule of claim 10 or 11, wherein the mesogen is further comprised of one or more chiral dopants and / or one or more polychromic dyes. A method for preparing a nanocapsule, wherein the method comprises (a) providing an aqueous mixture comprising a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, and (b) agitating the provided aqueous mixture to obtain dispersion in an aqueous phase Nano droplets comprising a composition as claimed in any one or more of claims 1 to 6, (c) after step (b), one or more of the polymerizable as described in claim 1 or 3 The compounds are polymerized to obtain nanocapsules, each of which comprises a polymeric shell and a core containing the mesogen precursor as described in claim 1 or 6, and optionally (d) the water phase is depleted, removed or exchanged. The method of claim 13, wherein step (b) is performed using a high-pressure homogenizer. A nanocapsule obtained or obtainable from a method as claimed in claim 13 or 14. For example, the nanocapsules of any one of claims 10 to 12 and 15, wherein the average size of the nanocapsules is not greater than 400 nm, preferably not greater than 250 nm. A nanocapsule as claimed in any one of claims 10 to 12, 15 and 16, which is dry or dispersed in an aqueous phase. A composite system comprising a nanocapsule as claimed in any one of claims 10 to 12 and 15 to 17, and one or more adhesives. The composite system of claim 18, wherein the one or more adhesives comprise polyvinyl alcohol. A nanocapsule as claimed in any of claims 10 to 12 and 15 to 17 or a composite system as claimed in claims 18 or 19 for use in a light modulating element or a photovoltaic device. An optoelectronic device comprising a nanocapsule as in any one of claims 10 to 12 and 15 to 17 or a composite system as in claim 18 or 19.