TW201833305A - Nanocapsules comprising a liquid-crystalline medium - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to nanocapsules which comprise a mesogenic medium, a polymeric shell and one or more additives, to their use in electro-optical devices, and to methods for preparing the nanocapsules.

Description

Nano capsule containing liquid crystal medium

The present invention relates to a nanocapsule, which includes a mesogen, a polymeric shell, and one or more additives as described below, its use in an electro-optical device, and a method for preparing a nanocapsule.

Liquid crystal (LC) media are widely used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), specifically, electro-optic displays with active matrix or passive matrix addressing to display information. As is known from the prior art, in the case of active matrix displays, individual pixels are usually addressed by integrated non-linear active elements such as transistors, such as thin film transistors ("TFTs"), while in the case of passive matrix displays Individual pixels are usually addressed by multiplexing. TN ("Twisted Nematic") LCDs are still commonly used, however, they have the disadvantage of strong contrast and viewing angle dependence. In addition, so-called VA ("vertical alignment") displays are known to have a wider viewing angle. In addition, OCB ("optically compensated bending") displays are known based on the birefringence effect and have an LC layer with a so-called "bending" alignment. A so-called IPS ("In-Plane Switching") display is also known, which includes an LC layer between two substrates, wherein the two electrodes are placed on only one of the two substrates and preferably have a staggered, comb-shaped structure. In addition, so-called FFS ("Frequency Field Switching") displays have been provided that include two electrodes on the same substrate, one of which is structured in a comb-like manner and the other electrode is unstructured. This results in a so-called strong "fringe field", that is, a strong electric field near the edge of the electrode, and the electric field has a strong vertical component and a strong horizontal component throughout the cell. Another development is the so-called PS ("Polymer Hold") or PSA ("Polymer Hold Alignment") type display, for which the term "polymer stabilization" is also occasionally used. In these, a small amount (for example 0.3 Wt%, usually <1 wt%) one or more polymerizable compounds (preferably polymerizable monomer compounds) are added to the LC medium, and after the LC medium is filled into the display, it is usually polymerized by UV light, as appropriate At the same time, a voltage is applied to the electrodes of the display to polymerize or crosslink in situ. The polymerization is performed at a temperature (usually at room temperature) where the LC medium exhibits a liquid crystal phase. Addition of a polymerizable liquid crystal or liquid crystal compound (also known as Reactive mesogens or "RM") to LC mixtures have proven to be particularly suitable. In addition, displays based on polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films have been described, see for example US 4,688,900. Among such PDLC films, generally, LC Micron-sized droplets (mini-droplets) of the medium are randomly distributed in the polymer matrix. The LC domains in these phase separation systems have a size that can cause strong light scattering. Generally, polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) is used. ) PDLC membranes are prepared by a method in which phase separation is caused by a reaction. Alternatively, PDLC membranes can be prepared based on temperature-induced phase separation (TIPS) or solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS). In addition to PDLC membranes, so-called polymers are known Networked Liquid Crystal (PNLC) systems in which polymer networks are formed in a continuous LC phase. In addition, micron-sized encapsulated LC materials (microcapsules) have been described for use in displays, where the microcapsules are borrowed It is prepared by forming an aqueous emulsion of an LC material with an immiscible binder such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) serving as an encapsulation medium, see for example US 4,435,047. WO 2013/110564 A1 describes a polymer precursor using at least partially dissolving polymer A method for the microencapsulation of electro-optic fluids by the polymerization and cross-linking of substances. In addition to the above-mentioned display types, LCDs have recently been proposed that include a layer containing nanocapsules, where the nanocapsules contain liquid crystal molecules. For example, US 2014 / 0184984 A1 describes the configuration of an LCD device configured in a layer containing such nanocapsules in a so-called cushioning material. US 2012/0113363 A1 describes another LCD device having a nanometer configured therein. Kang and Kim describe Optics Express, 2013, Vol. 21, pages 15719-15727 for optically isotropic nano-encapsulated LCs in displays based on Kerr effect and in-plane switching. A mixture of column-type LC to a non-ionic polymerization surfactant and PVA (which acts as a shell-forming polymer and a water-soluble emulsifier) dissolved in an aqueous solution to form a nanoemulsion, and the nanoemulsion is heated to a cloud point and Agitation was used to phase-separate PVA around LC nanodroplets, and a polymeric shell was crosslinked with a cross-linking agent such as a dialdehyde to prepare nanocapsules having an average diameter of about 110 nm. In addition, a coating solution containing the prepared LC nanocapsules, hydrophilic PVA as a binder, and ethylene glycol as a plasticizer is described. In WO 2009/085082 A1, porous nano particles made of a cross-linked polymer are described, which can be used to absorb LC substances like sponges and can be used as a phase retardation film in LCDs. Related art requires nanocapsules with electro-optical and physical properties that are modified and tunable as needed, specifically for use in electro-optical devices. In addition, there is a need for an improved and simplified method that provides easy manufacturing of these nanocapsules. In addition, there is a need for a composition that can be used in the method.

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved nanocapsule comprising a mesogen and an advantageous feature. Another object is to provide an improved method for preparing nanocapsules comprising a mesogen, wherein the composition and materials used in the preparation allow advantageous properties during encapsulation, while further providing the resulting nano Benefits in capsules. In particular, one objective is to provide nanocapsules that allow a reduction in operating voltage in electro-optical applications and to provide methods and improved compositions that contribute to obtaining such nanocapsules, wherein, in addition, at the same time, beneficial properties can be obtained, Such as excellent dark state, favorable low hysteresis and suitability for film formation. Another objective is to provide nanocapsules so that the mesogens contained in such nanocapsules have a suitably high De and a high resistivity, a suitably high Dn, and favorable electro-optical parameter values. In addition, at the same time, in particular, provide a relatively low Rotary viscosity and favorable reliability. In addition, a goal is that the liquid crystalline original medium contained in the nanocapsules exhibits a wide and stable LC, specifically nematic, phase range, low melting point and relatively high clarification point, and suitable high voltage retention ratio. Another goal is to provide stable and reliable nanocapsules and composite systems containing nanocapsules and adhesives, which can be used in light modulation elements and electro-optical devices, in particular with suitable low threshold voltages, advantageously fast Response time, improved low temperature behavior and improved operating properties at low temperatures, minimum temperature dependence of electro-optical parameters such as, for example, a threshold voltage, and high contrast. In addition, one objective is to provide nanocapsules and composite systems for use in light modulating elements and electro-optic devices that have a favorable wide viewing angle range and are substantially insensitive to forces such as from touch. Those skilled in the art will immediately recognize other objects of the present invention from the following detailed description. These objectives are solved by the subject matter defined in the independent claims, and the preferred embodiments are set out in each subsidiary and further described below. In particular, the present invention provides the following items, including main aspects, preferred embodiments, and specific features, which individually and in combination help to solve the above-mentioned objectives and finally provide other advantages. A first aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing a nanocapsule, wherein the method includes (a) providing a composition comprising (i) a mesogen, comprising one or more compounds of formula I Wherein R and R 'independently represent each other selected from the group consisting of F, CF ₃ , OCF ₃ , CN and a straight or branched chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a straight group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms Chain or branched alkenyl radicals which are unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF ₃ or mono- or poly-substituted by halogen and in which one or more CH ₂ radicals can be independent of one another in each case Is replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO-, or -C≡C- so that oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other, and A and A 'are independently represented by each other Selected from -Cyc-, -Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Cyc-Phe-, -Cyc-Phe-Cyc -, -Cyc-Phe-Phe-, -Phe-Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-Phe- and their respective mirror-image groups, where Cyc is trans-1,4-cyclohexyl, one of which Two non-adjacent CH ₂ groups may be replaced by O, and Phe is 1,4-phenylene, one or two non-adjacent CH groups may be replaced by N and one or two F may be substituted, And Y represents a single bond, -COO-, -CH ₂ CH _2- , -CF ₂ CF _2- , -CH ₂ O-, -CF ₂ O-, -CH = CH-, -CF = CF-, or -C ≡C-, and (ii) one or more polymerizable compounds, (b) using a surfactant, dispersing the composition as nano droplets in the water phase, (c) polymerizing the one or more polymerizable compounds to obtain a core containing a polymeric shell and a core containing the mesogen Nanocapsules, wherein, in addition, one or more additives are added to the composition or the respective nanodroplets before the polymer and / or are added to the resulting nanocapsules. It has surprisingly been found that by providing a method according to the invention, which comprises a combination of the above steps (a) to (c), in addition, one or more additives are additionally added to or contained in the nanodroplets before polymerization and / Or adding it to the obtained nanocapsules, nanocapsules containing a liquid crystal precursor medium can be prepared according to an improved and surprisingly simple method. The nanocapsules obtainable by this method exhibit advantageous properties in terms of their physical and chemical properties, specifically in terms of their electro-optical properties and their suitability in optical modulation elements and electro-optical devices. This (or other) additive may be added to the composition or nano droplets before the polymerization step is performed. Alternatively or in addition, after the polymerization is performed and the nanocapsules are formed, the (etc.) additive may be added. According to one embodiment, after the polymerization according to step (c), in step (d), the one or more additives are added to the resulting nanocapsule. In one embodiment, two or more surfactants are used in step (b), that is, in the case where the additional additive is a surfactant. For example, two surfactants can be preferably used to adjust the droplet size and the interfacial properties of the droplets and the formed capsule. Before, during, or after the nano-droplet dispersion is formed according to step (b), one or more other additives may also be added, that is, in addition to the surfactant. For example, agents that affect wettability, solubility, viscosity, or osmotic pressure can be used. In particular, in addition, the hydrophobic agent or the hydrophobic agent may be preferably added before, during, or after step (b). In a preferred embodiment, the one or more additives added in step (d) are one or more surfactants. The additive (preferably a surfactant) added may be selected such that they match or are suitable for the surfactant in step (b), or the like may even be the same. However, it is also possible, and in many cases it is preferred, that in step (d), the additives are more freely selected and used, preferably a surfactant, that is, in general, independent of that used in step (b) Of surfactants. It has surprisingly been found that by using a surfactant according to step (b), combined with the use of additives added before polymerization or added according to step (d) and in some cases even before and after polymerization, can provide permission Nano capsules with favorable electro-optical performance and reduced operating voltage. The combined use of additives and surfactants as described above can simultaneously provide other benefits, in particular, it can help achieve excellent dark states, high contrast ratios, advantageously low hysteresis, and suitability for film formation . The amount of the additives added before polymerization or in step (d), respectively, relative to the composition as provided in step (a) is preferably 5 wt% or less, more preferably 2.5 wt% or less, And even more preferably 1% by weight or less. In one embodiment, the amount of the additive relative to the composition as provided in step (a) is particularly preferably set in the range of 0.05% to 1% by weight, and even more preferably in the range of 0.1% to 1% by weight Within range. Another aspect of the present invention relates to nanocapsules, each of which comprises a polymeric shell, a core containing a liquid crystal precursor medium, and one or more additives, the liquid crystal precursor medium comprising one or more compounds of formula I as described above and below . It should be recognized that modified nanocapsules, specifically reduced operating voltages in electro-optical applications, and other beneficial properties as described above and below are obtained or can be obtained by implementing the method according to the invention . In this regard, a decrease in the operating voltage can then advantageously lead to a reduction in the electro-optical switching temperature dependence. In one embodiment, the one or more additives are contained in a polymeric shell. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more additives may be contained in a core comprising a mesogen. Particularly preferably, the additive or at least a portion thereof is at or near the interface between the shell and the core. Preferably, the additive can act as a surfactant. Preferably, the nanocapsules contain additives in an amount of 5% by weight or less, more preferably 2.5% by weight or less, and even more preferably 1% by weight or less based on the total capsule composition. In one embodiment, the amount of the additive based on the total capsule composition is particularly preferably set in a range of 0.05% to 1% by weight, and even more preferably in a range of 0.1% to 1% by weight. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a nanocapsule according to the present invention, wherein the method includes the following steps: (i) providing a nanocapsule, each of which comprises a polymeric shell and a core comprising a liquid crystal precursor medium, The mesogen comprises one or more compounds of formula I as described above and below, and (ii) adding one or more additives to the provided nanocapsules. In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a composite system, wherein the method comprises-providing nanocapsules, each of which comprises a polymeric shell, including a core of a mesogen as described above and below, And if necessary, one or more additives are selected,-one or more adhesives are added to the nanocapsules, and-one or more additives are added at the same time or after the one or more adhesives are added. It has been found that the combination of nanocapsules and adhesive materials can appropriately affect and increase the processability and applicability of light modulation materials, specifically in terms of coating, drip coating or printing and film formation on substrates. The one or more adhesives can act as dispersants and adhesives or adhesives, and in addition provide suitable physical and mechanical stability while maintaining or even increasing flexibility. In addition, the density or concentration of the capsule can be advantageously adjusted by changing the amount of provided adhesive or cushioning material. By having the possibility of, for example, nano-particles or capsules prepared by centrifugation, filtration or drying and concentration, and redispersing them, the density or proportion of particles in the film or layer can be set or adjusted, and by the initial process The concentration obtained is irrelevant. In addition, it has surprisingly been found that when one or more additives, preferably one or more surfactants are added during the preparation of the composite system as described above, the properties of the nanocapsules in the composite system and the composite system as a whole can be significantly improved . In particular, therefore, a system can be obtained which exhibits a reduced operating voltage while additionally providing suitable or advantageous properties such as excellent dark conditions, advantageously low hysteresis, and improved performance during film formation. These improvements are achievable when the provided nanocapsules already contain one or more additives, preferably surfactants. In this case, the nanocapsules can be prepared, for example, by the method described above, and during the preparation of the composite system, one or more additives are additionally added. The additives added may be the same as or different from those already included in the provided nanocapsules. However, in the case where the nanocapsules provided at the beginning do not contain such additives, an advantageous composite system is also obtained. Such nanocapsules can be obtained, for example, by implementing steps (a) to (c) of the method for preparing the above nanocapsules, but at the same time omitting the addition of additives before polymerization and according to step (d). Then, only one or more additives are added to the preparation composite system, preferably a surfactant, which is an alternative way of adding only additives to the nanocapsule itself. In both cases, additives, preferably surfactants, and binders, such as PVA, can be added at the same time. This can be done, for example, by mixing additives with a binder and then adding nanocapsules to the mixture. Alternatively or additionally, one or more additives may be added at a certain stage after the binder has been added or separately mixed with the nanocapsules. Advantageously, in the case of capsule preparation, the additive may be the same as described under step (d). Preferably, the amount of the additive added according to the method is 5% by weight or less, more preferably 2.5% by weight or less, and even more preferably 1% by weight or based on the overall system composition produced. less. The amount of the additive added according to the present invention is particularly preferably set in the range of 0.05% to 1% by weight, and even more preferably in the range of 0.1% to 1% by weight based on the overall system composition produced. In another aspect, there is therefore provided a composite system comprising-nanocapsules, each comprising a polymeric shell, and a core comprising a mesogen as described above and below,-one or more binders, and- One or more additives. Advantageously, a composite combination comprising nanocapsules, one or more adhesives and one or more additives (preferably one or more surfactants) according to the present invention may be obtained by implementing the method described above. In one embodiment, the one or more additives are contained (specifically incorporated) in a nanocapsule. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more additives may be included in a binder. Particularly preferably, the additive is contained in a capsule and an adhesive. Preferably, the additive can act as a surfactant. Preferably, the composite system comprises additives in an amount of 5% by weight or less, more preferably 2.5% by weight or less, and even more preferably 1% by weight or less based on the total composition. In one embodiment, based on the overall composition, the amount of the additive is particularly preferably set in the range of 0.05% to 1% by weight, and even more preferably in the range of 0.1% to 1% by weight. The nanocapsule and composite system according to the present invention are particularly suitable for use in a light modulating element or an electro-optical device. In particular, it has surprisingly been found to use one or more of the present invention in nanocapsules comprising a polymeric shell and a core comprising a mesogen, or in a complex comprising such nanocapsules and one or more binders. Additives can beneficially reduce operating voltage. At the same time, other suitable product properties can be obtained. Another aspect of the present invention provides an electro-optical device including a nanocapsule according to the present invention or a composite system according to the present invention. In another aspect, a method for reducing a switching voltage in an electro-optical device is provided, in which one or more additives are contained in a nanoparticle including a polymeric shell or a core of a liquid crystal precursor medium as described above and below Capsules or in a composite comprising the nanocapsules and one or more binders, and wherein the resulting nanocapsules or composites are contained in the device. The device comprises a nanocapsule according to the present invention or a composite system according to the present invention. By providing the nanoencapsulated LC medium according to the present invention in an electro-optical device, as required, in combination with a binder material, several significant advantages are obtained. These include, for example, good mechanical stability, flexibility, and insensitivity to forces such as external forces or corresponding pressure from touch, as well as switching speed, transmittance, dark state, viewing angle behavior, and threshold voltage Related other advantageous properties are, in particular, reduced operating voltage and reduced hysteresis. Other advantages are the possible use of flexible substrates and the possibility of changing the thickness of the film or layer and the tolerance of deviations or changes in film thickness. In this regard, simple drip coating, coating, lamination, or printing methods can be used to apply a light modulation material to a substrate. In addition, it is necessary to provide an alignment layer (such as a polyimide (PI) alignment layer conventionally used) on a substrate and / or rub the surface of the substrate. When two electrodes in a device are provided on the same substrate, such as in terms of IPS or FFS, a single substrate may be sufficient to provide functionality and stability or corresponding support, so providing the opposite substrate is only optional. However, the opposing substrate may still be beneficial, for example, in terms of providing other optical elements or physical or chemical protection. Considering the encapsulation, and possibly its inclusion in the adhesive material, it may no longer be necessary to seal the layer containing the LC material to ensure adequate sealing of the material and prevent leakage of material from the layer.

Without limiting the present invention, the present invention will be described in the following through detailed descriptions of aspects, embodiments, and specific features, and specific embodiments will be described in more detail. The term "liquid crystal" (LC) refers to a material or medium with a liquid crystal mesophase in certain temperature ranges (thermally oriented LC) or a material or medium with a liquid crystal mesophase in some concentration ranges in a solution (lyotropic type LC). These include mesogen compounds. The terms "liquid crystal compound" and "liquid crystal compound" mean containing one or more rod-shaped (rod- or plate / strip-shaped) or disc-type (disk-type) mesogen groups (i.e., having a liquid crystal phase or intermediate) Phase acting ability). The LC compounds or materials and the mesogen compounds or materials containing mesogen groups need not necessarily exhibit a liquid crystal phase by themselves. These may also exhibit liquid crystal phase behavior only when forming a mixture with other compounds. The compound includes a low molecular weight non-reactive liquid crystal compound, a reactive or polymerizable liquid crystal compound, and a liquid crystal polymer. The rod-shaped protolysic compound usually contains a liquid crystal pronucleus composed of one or more aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic groups connected directly to each other or through a bonding group, and optionally includes an End groups, and optionally one or more side groups attached to the long side chain of the liquid crystal pronucleus, wherein the end groups and side groups are usually selected from, for example, carbon or hydrocarbon groups, polar groups (such as halogen , Nitro, hydroxyl, etc.), or a polymerizable group. For the sake of brevity, the term "liquid crystal" material or medium is used in both cases of the liquid crystal material or medium and the liquid crystal raw material or medium and vice versa, and the term "liquid crystal group" is used in the liquid crystal group of the material. The term "non- mesogen compound or material" means a compound or material that does not contain a mesogen group as defined above. As used herein, the term "polymer" is understood to mean a molecule that includes a backbone of one or more different types of repeating units (the smallest structural unit of a molecule) and includes the well-known terms "oligomers", "copolymers" Substance "," homopolymer "and the like. In addition, it should be clear that the term polymer contains, in addition to the polymer itself, residues from the initiator, catalyst and other elements involved in the synthesis of the polymer, where these residues should be understood as non-covalently incorporated therein. In addition, although these residues and other elements are usually removed during the post-polymerization purification process, they are usually mixed or co-mixed with the polymer so that they are transferred between containers or solvents or dispersion media. It is generally held with the polymer. As used in the present invention, the term "(meth) acrylic polymer" includes polymers obtained from acrylic monomers, polymers obtainable from methacrylic monomers, and corresponding monomers obtainable from such monomers. The resulting copolymer is a mixture. The term "polymerization" means a chemical process of forming a polymer by bonding together a plurality of polymerizable groups or polymer precursors (polymerizable compounds) containing the polymerizable groups. A polymerizable compound having one polymerizable group is also called a "single-reactive" compound, a compound having two polymerizable groups is called a "direactive" compound, and a compound having more than two polymerizable groups is called Is a "multi-reactive" compound. Compounds without a polymerizable group are also referred to as "non-reactive or non-polymerizable" compounds. The terms "film" and "layer" include rigid or flexible, more or less significant mechanical stability, self-supporting or independent films or layers, and coatings or layers on or between supporting substrates. Visible light is electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 745 nm. Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in a range from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. It has surprisingly been found that the use of additives and surfactants in the preparation of nanocapsules and films containing nanocapsules and the incorporation of these additives in products can lead to a reduction in the operating voltage of these products in electro-optical applications. At the same time, other product characteristics can be maintained or even improved, such as suitable dark state, film-forming ability, low hysteresis, good VHR, suitable refractive index matching, and sufficient transparency and transmission. Advantageously, the addition of additives in addition to one of the surfactants as described in (b) above may be at different stages of the manufacturing process or, or in addition, specifically, during capsule formation and processing, capsule processing and Before and during concentration, and even during or after film formation with the adhesive material. In addition, even in the presence of aqueous systems or the environment, the addition of this process and additives can provide suitable performance and suitable results. In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for preparing nano particles, wherein a composition comprising a mesogen and one or more polymerizable compounds as described above and below is provided, and one of them is then used The surfactant disperses the composition in the aqueous phase in the form of nano droplets. After the nano-droplets are generated, one or more polymerizable compounds are polymerized such that nano-capsules are obtained, each of which contains a polymeric shell and a core containing a mesogen. The method further includes the addition of one or more additives. In one embodiment, in addition to the surfactant, another additive may be included in the nano-droplet dispersion, that is, before the polymerization is performed. It is also possible in some cases to add one or more additives to the formed nanocapsules, ie, after the polymerization step. In yet another embodiment, additives are added before and after the nanocapsules are formed. Surprisingly, it has been found that according to the present invention, an effective and controlled method can be performed to finally produce nano-sized containers at the nanometer level. These containers are usually spherical or spherical in shape, and they close the LC material. This method uses a dispersion, specifically nanoemulsion, which is also referred to as a microemulsion, in which a nanometer-sized phase system comprising an LC material and a reactive polymerizable compound is dispersed in a suitable dispersion medium. In addition, it has been found that the addition of one or more additives to the nano droplets or the formed nano capsules can further improve or adjust the properties and performance of the nano capsules. Initially, a composition comprising a mesogen and one or more polymerizable compounds is provided. In terms of setting and affecting solubility, solubilizing and / or mixing of organic solvents as needed and preferably are preferably added to the composition, which can, for example, advantageously affect phase separation during polymerization. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the composition as provided in step (a) further comprises one or more organic solvents. The composition is then dispersed in the aqueous phase in the form of nano droplets. It has been found that providing a surfactant before polymerization can advantageously promote the formation and subsequent stabilization of discrete nanodroplets in a dispersion medium (specifically an aqueous dispersion medium), specifically ionic and / or steric stabilization, The nano droplets include an LC medium and a polymerizable compound. Stirring, preferably mechanical agitation, specifically high shear mixing, can suitably produce or further affect dispersions, especially emulsions, and homogenize and also promote the formation of nano droplets. Alternatively, a film emulsification can be used, for example. The mechanical agitation and the provision of a surfactant can therefore play an advantageous role in obtaining nano-droplets and, in turn, nano-sized capsules, specifically nanocapsules having a substantially uniform size distribution or relatively low polydispersity. The dispersed phase exhibits poor solubility in the dispersion medium, which means that it shows low solubility or even is actually insoluble in the dispersion medium forming the continuous phase. Advantageously, water, water-based or aqueous solutions or mixtures are used to form a continuous or external phase. By dispersion, individual nano-droplets are decoupled from one another for subsequent polymerization in such a way that each droplet constitutes a separate nano-sized reaction volume. Aqueous mixtures can be prepared or provided in different ways. In one embodiment, a surfactant solution or mixture preferably contained in water can be prepared and added to a composition comprising a mesogen and a polymerizable compound. Then, the provided aqueous mixture is stirred, specifically mechanically stirred, to obtain nano droplets comprising the polymerizable compound dispersed in the aqueous phase and the LC medium according to the present invention. High shear mixing can be used for agitation or mixing. For example, a highly efficient dispersion device using the rotor-stator principle, such as the commercially available Turrax (IKA), can be used. Depending on the situation, this high-shear mixing can be replaced by ultrasound processing, specifically high-power ultrasound. It is also possible to combine ultrasonic processing and high-shear mixing, among which, preferably, ultrasonic processing is prior to high-shear mixing. The combination of agitation and the provision of a surfactant as described above can advantageously lead to the proper formation and stabilization of a dispersion, in particular an emulsion. Using a high-pressure homogenizer, if necessary and preferably used in addition to the above-mentioned mixing, the droplet size can be further reduced by setting or adjusting and correspondingly, and also by narrowing the droplet size distribution, that is, improving the particle size The uniformity of the nano-dispersion favorably affects the preparation of nano-dispersions, specifically nano-emulsions. Especially preferred when repeating high pressure homogenization, especially several times, such as three, four or five times. For example, a commercially available Microfluidics can be used. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, a high-pressure homogenizer is used in step (b) of the production method according to the present invention. After the nano droplets are generated, one or more polymerizable compounds are polymerized. In this way, nanocapsules containing a polymeric shell and a core containing a mesogen are obtained. Although the preparation of nanocapsules according to the present invention is not limited to this and can also be prepared by other methods, such as by encapsulation with a preformed polymer, agglomeration, solvent evaporation, or by a solute co-diffusion method, In the present invention, it should be recognized that nanocapsules containing LC media can be advantageously prepared by using in-situ polymerization. In addition, it should be recognized that instead of providing ready-made polymers to encapsulate the LC medium, the encapsulation of the nano-scale liquid crystal precursor medium may advantageously be performed in situ from the polymer precursor. Therefore, the use of pre-formed polymers and, in particular, emulsifiers provided with them can be advantageously avoided. In this regard, the use of a given preformed polymer can make the formation and stabilization of nanoemulsions difficult while at the same time it can limit the adjustability of the overall process. The in-situ polymerization method is not particularly limited, and, for example, interfacial polymerization can be used. However, preferably, the in-situ polymerization according to the present invention is specifically based on polymerization-induced phase separation. In the method based on polymerization-induced phase separation according to the present invention, the polymerizable compound is at least partially soluble or separately at least partially dissolved in a phase containing a mesogen, preferably, the one or more polymerizable compounds and The mesogen is intimately mixed, in particular, homogeneously, where the mixture is nanophase separated by polymerization, that is, polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS). Temperature can be set and adjusted to favorably affect solubility. It should be observed that the LC media provided as described above and below are encapsulated, specifically polymerized, and conditions associated therewith, such as for example from UV lamps with a wavelength in the range of 300 nm to 380 nm Heat or UV light exposure is suitably stable. Considering that it is not necessary to perform polymerization between glass substrates, the selection of the wavelength is advantageously not limited by the UV cutoff of the glass, but can be set, for example, in view of the material properties and stability of the composition. The method of the invention simply utilizes in situ polymerization and is advantageously and preferably based on a combination of polymerization and phase separation, specifically a combination of nanodispersion and PIPS. This method offers significant advantages in terms of providing a controlled and adaptable manufacturing method. Nanocapsules obtained by or separately by this method show suitable and tunable particle size, however, at the same time provide advantageously high particle size uniformity, that is, advantageously low polydispersity, and thus advantageously uniform product nature. It was surprisingly found that setting an appropriate capsule nanometer size while observing and achieving low polydispersity in addition can have a beneficial effect on operating voltage. Considering the controllability and adaptability of the method, the electro-optical parameters of the obtained nanocapsules and the LC medium specifically included therein can be advantageously set and adjusted. The length scale or volume of the transformation or individual separation is set by the size given by the nano-droplet, resulting in polymerization-induced nano-phase separation. In addition, the droplet interface can serve as a template for the encapsulated polymeric shell. The polymer chains or networks that form or begin to form in the nano-droplets can be separated or driven to or accumulated at the interface with the water phase, where the polymerization can proceed first and also stop forming a closed encapsulation layer. In this regard, the shaped or separately formed polymeric shells are substantially immiscible in both the aqueous phase and the LC medium. Thus, in one aspect of the invention, polymerization can ensure that the interface between the aqueous phase and the phase containing the LC medium is promoted and / or continued. In this regard, the interface can act as a diffusion barrier and a reaction site. In addition, the properties of the capsule formation and formation interface (specifically, the structure and building blocks of the polymer) can affect the properties of the material, specifically the LC alignment, for example, by vertical anchoring, anchoring energy in response to an electric field And switching behavior. In one embodiment, the anchoring energy or intensity is reduced to favorably affect electro-optic switching, where, for example, the polymer surface morphology and polarity can be appropriately set and adjusted. In one embodiment, the surfactant used according to step (b) may be at least partially incorporated into the polymeric capsule shell and specifically at the interface with the LC in the capsule interior. These incorporated surfactant molecules at the interface can favorably affect electro-optical performance and reduce operating voltage, in particular, by setting and tuning interface properties and interactions. In one case, the surfactant can favorably affect the alignment of the LC molecules, for example, to promote vertical alignment leading to radial configuration. Additionally or alternatively, the surfactant molecules can affect the morphology and physicochemical properties of the internal polymer surface such that the anchoring strength is reduced. The surfactant provided according to step (b) therefore not only contributes to the advantageous process according to the invention, but it can also provide the benefits in the resulting nanocapsules. In a preferred embodiment, two surfactants or one surfactant and another additive are used in step (b). In this way, several properties, such as size and interface characteristics or alignment, can be adjusted or tuned even more effectively and efficiently. For example, a combination of agents that can contribute individually or together to influence, for example, wettability, solubility, viscosity, polarity, or hydrophobicity can be useful. Likewise, the optional additives additionally provided in step (b) may preferably reside or accumulate at the interface. The combined elements of this method can advantageously lead to the production of many individual, dispersed or separately dispersible nanocapsules, each of which has a polymeric shell and a core containing an LC material, in which the surfactant used can contribute For a favorable low coalescence tendency. In the PIPS method, the properties of the phase separation and the formation of the polymeric shell can be favorably influenced by the polymer chains that are formed or separately formed by cross-linking as required and preferably (specifically, the stability and the relationship with the LC component) Miscibility). However, without this cross-linking, the capsule properties may have been good enough. It should be recognized that the respective miscibility, solubility, and compatibility of the various components or their possible absence (specifically, LC materials, one or more polymerizable compounds and dispersion media, and formed and formed polymers) play a role Important role, specific mixed free energy and mixed interaction ability and mixed entropy. In addition, it should be noted that the encapsulation process is based on polymerization, that is, a specific dynamic process is the formation of potential capsules. In particular, it is currently generally observed that the polymerizable compound used for encapsulation has a suitable miscibility with the LC medium, and the formed capsule shell polymer exhibits a suitably low solubility with the LC material. In the method according to the invention, the polymerization conversion or completion can be surprisingly high and the amount of residual unreacted polymerizable compound is advantageously low. This ensures that the properties and performance of the LC medium in the formed capsules are not affected or only minimally affected by the residual reactive monomers. According to step (c), the dispersed nano-droplet system undergoes polymerization. In particular, the polymerizable compounds contained in the nano-droplets or separately mixed with the nano-droplets are polymerized. Preferably and advantageously, this polymerization results in PIPS. By polymerization, nanocapsules having a core-shell structure as described above and below are formed. The resulting or separately available nanocapsules are usually spherical, substantially spherical or spherical. In this regard, some asymmetric or small deformations can be beneficial, for example in terms of operating voltage. Polymerization in emulsion droplets and at the interface of each droplet can be performed using conventional methods. The polymerization can be performed in one or more steps. In particular, the polymerization of the polymerizable compound in the nano-droplet is preferably achieved by exposure to heat or actinic radiation, where exposure to actinic radiation means irradiation with light, such as UV light, visible light, or IR light Irradiate with X-rays or gamma rays or with high-energy particles such as ions or electrons. In a preferred embodiment, free-radical polymerization is performed. If the polymerization is carried out in more than one step, a shell with more than one layer, for example a shell structure with two layers, can be prepared, with other reactive monomers being provided for other polymerization steps. Depending on the polymer precursor and / or the polymerization conditions in these steps, the shell layers may have different compositions and different properties. For example, a shell with a more lipophilic inner facing layer and a more hydrophilic outer layer facing the external environment (such as an adhesive in a composite film) can be formed. Polymerization can be carried out at a suitable temperature. In one embodiment, the polymerization is performed at a temperature below the clearing point of the mesogen mixture. In an alternative embodiment, however, polymerization can also be performed at or above the clarification point. In one embodiment, the polymerization is performed by heating the emulsion, that is, by thermal polymerization, such as by thermally polymerizing acrylate and / or methacrylate compounds. Especially preferred are thermally initiated free radical polymerization reactive polymerizable precursors, resulting in nano-encapsulation of LC materials. In another embodiment, the polymerization is performed by light radiation, ie, using light, preferably UV light. As for the light source of actinic radiation, for example, a single UV lamp or a group of UV lamps can be used. When high lamp power is used, curing time can be shortened. Another possible source of optical radiation is laser, like for example UV laser, visible laser or IR laser. Suitable and conventionally used thermal or photoinitiators can be added to the composition to facilitate the reaction, such as azo compounds or organic peroxides, such as Luperox-type initiators. In addition, suitable conditions for polymerization and suitable types and amounts of initiators are known in the related art and described in the literature. For example, when polymerized by UV light, a photoinitiator that decomposes under UV irradiation to generate radicals or ions that start the polymerization reaction can be used. For polymerizing an acrylate group or a methacrylate group, a radical photoinitiator is preferably used. For polymerizing vinyl, epoxy or oxetanyl groups, cationic photoinitiators are preferably used. It is also possible to use a thermal polymerization initiator that decomposes upon heating to generate radicals or ions that start polymerization. Typical free radical photoinitiators are, for example, commercially available Irgacure® or Darocure® (Ciba Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland). A typical cationic photoinitiator is, for example, UVI 6974 (Union Carbide). In one embodiment, an initiator that is sufficiently soluble in nano droplets but is water-insoluble, or at least substantially water-insoluble is used. For example, in the process for preparing nanocapsules, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) can be used, and in a specific embodiment, it is further included in the composition according to the present invention. Alternatively or in addition, a water-soluble initiator may be provided, such as, for example, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropylamidamine) dihydrochloride (AIBA). Other additives can also be added. In particular, the polymerizable material may additionally include one or more additives such as, for example, catalysts, sensitizers, stabilizers, inhibitors, and chain transfer agents. For example, the polymerizable material may also include one or more stabilizers or inhibitors to prevent unwanted spontaneous polymerization, such as, for example, the commercially available Irganox® (Ciba Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland). By adding one or more chain transfer agents to the polymerizable material, the properties of the resulting or separately obtainable polymers can be modified. By using a chain transfer agent, the length of the free polymer chain and / or the length of the polymer chain between two crosslinks in the polymer can be adjusted, where, generally, when the amount of the chain transfer agent is increased, the polymer in the polymer The chain length is reduced. Preferably, the polymerization is performed in an inert gas atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon, more preferably under a heated nitrogen atmosphere. However, it is also possible to carry out the polymerization in air. In addition, it is preferable to perform the polymerization in the presence of an organic solvent, and preferably, the organic solvent is provided in a composition including an LC medium. The use of an organic solvent (such as hexadecane or 1,4-pentanediol) can be advantageous in terms of adjusting the solubility of the reactive compound with the LC medium and stabilizing the nano droplets, and it can also be beneficial in affecting phase separation. However, preferably, the amount of the organic solvent (if used) is limited, generally, less than 25% by weight, more preferably less than 20% by weight, and specifically less than 15% by weight based on the total composition. The formed polymer shell suitably exhibits low solubility with respect to the LC material and water, ie, is substantially insoluble. Furthermore, in this process, the coagulation or individual aggregation of the prepared nanocapsules can be suitably and advantageously restricted or even avoided. It is also preferred to cross-link the shaped polymer or separately formed polymer in the shell. This crosslinking can provide benefits in forming a stable polymeric shell and obtaining proper seal and barrier functionality while maintaining sufficient mechanical flexibility. Therefore, the method according to the present invention can encapsulate and confine the mesogen, while maintaining the electro-optical performance and, in particular, the electrical responsiveness of the LC material. In particular, the composition and process conditions are provided so that the stability of the LC material is maintained. Therefore, LC can exhibit advantageous characteristics in the formed nanocapsules, such as suitable high De, suitable high Dn, favorable high clearing point and low melting point. In particular, in the polymerization, the provided LC material can show suitable and advantageous stability, for example in terms of exposure to heat or UV light. According to the method of the present invention, optionally, and in some cases, step (d) may be preferred, one or more additives are added to the nanocapsules obtained by implementing (c). It has been surprisingly found that even after the formation of nano particles, their properties can still be affected and adjusted by the addition of suitable additives. Generally speaking, the nano particles obtained by polymerization already have appropriate and useful properties, among which the characteristics of these products mainly depend on the structure and configuration of the LC material contained in the core and the already formed polymeric shell. Surprisingly, however, some properties of the nanoparticle can still be further improved or changed by the additional step of adding one or more additives to the nanocapsules after preparing such encapsulated nanoparticle. Such improvements or adjustments to nanocapsules may be particularly beneficial under certain conditions or for specific applications. The additives according to the invention can be selected based on achieving or adapting specific product characteristics. For example, agents that can positively affect wettability and solubility, chemical resistance (such as water resistance), film formation, and defoaming can be used. In one embodiment, organic solvents or hydrophobic or hydrophobic agents may be added. However, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, specifically, one or more additives are selected as one or more surfactants. Although such surfactants that can be used as additives according to step (d) may provide other benefits, such as contributing to a suitable film formation, a favorable dark state, or a suitably low hysteresis, it should be recognized that when nanocapsules are used When used in electro-optical devices, these additives can be used to reduce the operating voltage. According to the invention, the one or more additives are used in combination with a surfactant as provided in step (b). In this regard, the surfactant provided according to step (b) is used during the generation of nanodroplets and also in the subsequent polymerization. As mentioned above, the surfactants are useful during this process, for example, by promoting and stabilizing microemulsions, and by preventing or minimizing particle aggregation during and after capsule formation. In addition, surfactants can additionally affect product properties, such as capsule size, but also affect electro-optical properties as described above, for example, by tuning the interface interaction between the shell and the core. Therefore, they provide several functions and should provide suitable properties during the preparation of capsules from precursor materials. After the capsules are formed, only the additives used in step (d), preferably surfactants, are added. Therefore, in general, they can be independently selected from the needs of the emulsion and polymerization steps. However, in one case, the additive (preferably a surfactant) may be selected according to the surfactant and the additive provided according to step (b), which is required to be included, that is, matched or adjusted with it, and may even have the same surfactant Agent. Therefore, in one embodiment, the additive according to step (d) is selected to be the same as the surfactant provided in step (b). In another case, the surfactant according to step (d) can be selected independently and more freely, for example according to other criteria. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the additive of step (d) is provided in terms of reducing the operating voltage. Therefore, in another embodiment, the additive according to step (d) is different from the surfactant as provided in step (b). In this process, stable nanocapsules are produced which are suitably dispersed. After the nanocapsules are obtained, the aqueous phase can be removed as needed and better, or the amount of water can be reduced or depleted separately, or alternatively, the aqueous phase can be exchanged with another dispersion medium. In one embodiment, the dispersed or separately dispersible nanocapsules are substantially or completely separated from the aqueous phase, such as by filtration or centrifugation. Conventionally used filtration can be used, such as membrane filtration, dialysis, cross-flow filtration and, in particular, a combination of cross-flow filtration and dialysis and / or centrifugation techniques. Filtration and / or centrifugation may provide other benefits by, for example, removing excess or unwanted or even residual surfactant as provided in step (b). Thus, for example, by removing contaminants, impurities, or unwanted ions, not only can nanocapsules be concentrated, but purification can also be provided. Preferably and advantageously, the amount of surface charge of the capsule is kept to a minimum. Based on mechanical stability, nanocapsules can undergo relatively easy separation techniques, for example, using evaporation or extraction methods. Nanocapsules can also be dried, where drying means removing the dispersion medium but leaving the LC material contained inside the capsule. Conventional techniques can be used, such as drying in air, critical point drying, and freeze drying (specifically freeze drying). Other conventional methods for solvent removal, separation, purification, concentration, and processing can also be performed, such as chromatography or size fractionation. In the method according to the present invention, the one or more additives, preferably one or more surfactants, may be added to the nanocapsules before optional other steps of depleting, removing or replacing the aqueous phase. Alternatively, the one or more additives, preferably one or more surfactants, may be added to the nanocapsules after optional other steps of depletion, removal or replacement of the aqueous phase. Additives (preferably surfactants) can also be added before and after depletion, removal or exchange of the aqueous phase. Depending on the material properties and respective circumstances, the additives (preferably surfactants) can be added as such or in the form of a solution using a suitable solvent (such as water or an aqueous solvent, isopropanol or acetone). Then, for example, the nanocapsules and the additives are appropriately mixed using agitation, ultrasonic treatment, and / or heating. The additives (specifically, surfactants) used according to step (b) and optional step (d) can each be used alone or in combination, by affecting the polymeric shell and even the LC material, at least through the interior of the capsule wall The interactions at the interface favorably affect the properties of the nanocapsules. It is believed that the surfactant can be adsorbed to and, in some cases or under certain conditions, penetrate, dissolve or even penetrate, or by forming a polymeric composition of the capsule shell to make it possible to adjust the shell properties, such as In terms of charge, conductivity, or permittivity. Surfactant molecules can also function at the interface between the polymeric shell and the LC material, such as affecting or reducing the anchoring energy of the LC material and the surface of the polymer shell or affecting the alignment of the LC molecules. If a part of the surfactant or additive is mixed with the LC material, the elastic constant or viscosity of the material can also be changed, and then its electro-optical properties can be changed. In addition, when surfactant or additive molecules are located on the outer surface of the nanocapsule, interactions with the environment, such as solubility and wettability, can be changed and advantageously adjusted, for example, based on compatibility with the binder. In this process, it is advantageous to use water or an aqueous solution as the dispersion medium. In this regard, however, it was also observed that the provided composition and the resulting nanocapsules showed suitable stability and chemical resistance to the presence of water (for example in terms of hysteresis). In one embodiment, the amount of water can be reduced or even substantially minimized by providing or adding a polar medium, preferably a non-aqueous polar medium that includes, for example, formamide or ethylene glycol or hydrofluorocarbon. Advantageously, the method according to the invention provides a large number of individual nanocapsules, which are dispersible and even redispersible. Therefore, they can be further easily and flexibly used and applied in various environments. Due to the stability of the capsules, storage of the capsules (specifically a suitable long shelf life) before use in various applications also becomes possible. However, immediate further processing is also an option that is advantageous. In this regard, the capsule system is suitably stable during processing, particularly for coating applications. The process described above provides a convenient method for preparing nanocapsules in a controlled and adjustable manner. In particular, for example, by adjusting the amount of surfactant in the composition, the particle size of the capsule can be appropriately tuned while maintaining low polydispersity. It has been surprisingly found that, in view of reducing the operating voltage in electro-optic applications, a uniform capsule size that is suitably set may be particularly advantageous. In addition, additives added to the nano-droplets before polymerization or as added in step (d) may advantageously further contribute to reducing the operating voltage. In addition, it has been found that the composition provided according to step (a) of the method of the present invention exhibits suitable behavior and performance during the manufacturing process and in the resulting product. This means that in one aspect the compositions are highly suitable for nano-encapsulation, ie, suitable for forming nano-capsules, wherein the formed capsule shell of each capsule contains a nano-sized volume of LC medium. On the other hand, they can also be used to obtain advantageous product properties, such as in electro-optical applications. In particular, the composition provided according to the present invention can be manufactured according to an advantageous process, in particular a process using in-situ polymerization, especially a PIPS-based process for preparing advantageous nanocapsules containing a liquid crystal original medium, wherein in the process These compositions have advantageous properties. In addition, these compositions result in nanocapsules, which provide significant benefits in terms of their physical and chemical properties, in particular, their electro-optical properties and their stability in electro-optical devices. Therefore, the composition of the present invention can be used for preparing nanocapsules. The composition may be provided by suitably mixing or blending these components. In a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises from 5 to 95% by weight, more preferably from 15 to 75% by weight, in particular from 25 to 65% by weight, based on the total composition. Amount of LC medium. In a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention further comprises one or more organic solvents. It has been found that providing organic solvents in the process used to prepare the nanocapsules of the present invention can provide additional benefits. In particular, the one or more organic solvents may contribute to setting or adjusting component solubility or respective miscibility. The solvent can be used as a suitable co-solvent, which can enhance or affect the solvent solubility of other organic components. In addition, during phase separation induced by polymerization of the polymerizable compound, the (or other) organic solvent may have a beneficial effect. In this regard, a standard organic solvent can be used as the organic solvent. The (or other) solvent may be selected from, for example, aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, glycols or their esters, ethers, esters, lactones, ketones, and the like, more preferably selected from Diols, n-alkanes and fatty alcohols. Binary, ternary or higher mixtures of the above solvents can also be used. In one embodiment, 1,5-dimethyltetralin, 3-phenoxytoluene, cyclohexane, or 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone can be added. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent is selected from cyclohexane, tetradecanefluorohexane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, hexadecane 1-alcohol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, octyldodecanol, 1,2-ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentyl Diols (specifically 1,4-pentanediol), hexanediols (specifically 1,6-hexanediol), heptanediol, octanediol, triethanolamine, ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate And one or more of butyl acetate. Particularly preferably, the organic solvent used includes hexadecane or 1,4-pentanediol, specifically hexadecane or 1,4-pentanediol. In another embodiment, a combination comprising hexadecane and 1,4-pentanediol is used. The (or other) organic solvent (specifically hexadecane) is preferably based on 0.1% based on the total composition. It is added in an amount of 1% to 35% by weight, more preferably 1% to 25% by weight, and specifically 3% to 17% by weight. In one embodiment, cetane used in the preparation of nanocapsules is not considered to constitute another additive according to the invention. The organic solvent can enhance solubility or individual solubilization, or dilute other organic components and can contribute to tuning viscosity. In one embodiment, the organic solvent acts as a hydrophobic agent. Adding it to the dispersed phase of the nano- or microemulsion can affect, in particular, increase the osmotic pressure in the nano-droplets. This can contribute to the stabilization of the "oil-in-water type" solution by suppressing the maturation of the Oshwa. The preferred organic solvent used as a hydrophobic agent has a water solubility lower than the solubility of liquid crystal in water, however, it is soluble in liquid crystal. Organic solvents (preferably hydrophobic agents) can be used as stabilizers or co-stabilizers. In the composition according to the invention, one or more polymerizable compounds are provided as precursors for a polymeric shell or wall for containing or each surrounding the LC medium. The polymerizable compound has at least one polymerizable group. The polymerizable group is preferably selected from CH₂ = CW¹ -COO-,,, CH₂ = CW² -(O)_k1 -, CH₃ -CH = CH-O-, (CH₂ = CH)₂ CH-OCO-, (CH₂ = CH-CH₂ )₂ CH-OCO-, (CH₂ = CH)₂ CH-O-, (CH₂ = CH-CH₂ )₂ N-, HO-CW² W³ -, HS-CW² W³ -, HW² N-, HO-CW² W³ -NH-, CH₂ = CW¹ -CO-NH-, CH₂ = CH- (COO)_k1 -Phe- (O)_k2 -, Phe-CH = CH-, HOOC-, OCN-, where W¹ H, Cl, CN, phenyl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, specifically H, Cl or CH₃ , W² And W³ Independently of one another are H or alkyl groups having 1 to 5 C atoms, specifically H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, Phe is 1,4-phenylene and k₁ And k₂ Independent of each other is 0 or 1. The one or more polymerizable compounds are selected such that they have a suitable and sufficient solubility in the LC component or phase. In addition, they need to be sensitive to polymerization conditions and the environment. In particular, the (etc.) polymerizable compound can be suitably polymerized with a high conversion, resulting in a favorable small amount of residual unreacted polymerizable compound after the reaction. This can provide benefits in terms of the stability and performance of the LC media. In addition, the polymerizable component is selected such that the polymer formed therefrom is suitably phase-separated or separately, and the polymer formed therefrom is phase-separated to form a polymeric capsule shell. In particular, it is advantageous to avoid or minimize the solubility of the LC components in the shell polymer and the swelling or gelation of the formed polymer shell, where the amount of LC medium in the formed capsule and the structure remain substantially constant. Therefore, the advantageous preferential solubility of any LC compound of the LC material in the wall is minimized or avoided. By providing a suitably rough polymer shell, it is advantageous to minimize or even completely avoid swelling or even bursting of the nanocapsules and unwanted leakage of LC material from the capsules. The polymerization or curing time depends in particular on the reactivity and amount of the polymerizable material, the thickness of the capsule shell formed and the type and amount of the polymerization initiator, if present, and the reaction temperature and / or radiation power of, for example, a UV lamp. The polymerization or curing time and conditions can be selected such as to obtain a rapid polymerization process, or to obtain, for example, a slower process, wherein, however, the integrity of the conversion and isolation of the polymer can be beneficially affected. Therefore, it may be preferable to have a short polymerization and curing time, such as less than 5 minutes, however, in an alternative embodiment, a longer polymerization time, such as more than one hour or even at least three hours may be preferred. In one embodiment, a non- mesogen polymerizable compound is used, that is, a compound that does not contain a mesogen. However, they show sufficient and suitable solubility or miscibility with each of the LC components. In a preferred embodiment, an organic solvent is additionally provided. In another aspect, a polymerizable mesogen or a mesogen is used, also known as a reactive mesogen (RM). These compounds contain a mesogen and one or more polymerizable groups, that is, functional groups suitable for polymerization. Optionally, in one embodiment, the polymerizable compound according to the present invention contains only reactive mesogens, that is, all reactive monomers are mesogens. Alternatively, the RM may be provided in combination with one or more non-liquidomer polymerizable compounds. These RMs can be single-reactive or two-reactive or multi-reactive. RM can exhibit favorable solubility or miscibility with each LC medium. However, it is further envisaged that the polymers formed or formed therefrom exhibit suitable phase separation behavior. It is preferred that the polymerizable mesogen comprises at least one polymerizable group as a terminal group and a mesogen as a nucleus group. Further preferably, it contains a spacer group between the polymerizable group and the mesogen and And / or a linking group. In one embodiment, 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene-bis [4 [3 (propenyloxy) propoxy] benzoate (RM 257, Merck KGaA) is used. Alternatively or in addition, one or more pendant substituents of the mesogen group may be a polymerizable group. In yet another embodiment, the use of mesogen polymerizable compounds is avoided. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more polymerizable compounds are selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide, methyl acrylate, or methyl Methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate or ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate or n-butyl methacrylate or third butyl acrylate or third butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate or cyclohexyl methacrylate Ester, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate or 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, phenyloxyethyl acrylate or phenyloxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate or hydroxyethyl methacrylate, Hydroxypropyl acrylate or hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-5 C-alkoxyethyl acrylate or 2-5 C-alkoxyethyl methacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate or tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate Esters, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl acrylate, vinyl succinate, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylcarbazole, styrene, divinylbenzene, ethylene diacrylate, acrylic acid 1,6-hexanediol ester, bisphenol-A-diacrylate and bisphenol-A-dimethyl Acrylates, trimethylolpropyl diacrylate, trimethylolpropyl triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tripropylene glycol triacrylate, Pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, di (trimethyl) propyl tetraacrylate or dipentaerythritol penta- or hexaacrylate. Further, a thiol-olefin is preferred, such as, for example, a commercially available product, Norland 65 (Norland Products). The polymerizable or reactive group is preferably selected from the group consisting of vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, oxetanyl or epoxy, and particularly preferably acrylate or methyl Acrylate. Preferably, the one or more polymerizable compounds are selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, fluoroacrylates, and vinyl acetate, and more preferably, the composition further comprises one or more direactive and / or The tri-reactive polymerizable compound is preferably selected from the group consisting of diacrylate, dimethacrylate, triacrylate, and trimethacrylate. In one embodiment, the one or more polymerizable compounds (ii) as described above include a polymerizable group selected from one, two or more acrylate groups, methacrylate groups, and vinyl acetate groups. In particular, these compounds are preferably non- mesogen compounds. In a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises one or more monoacrylates, which is preferably from 0.1% to 75% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% to 50% by weight, based on the total composition, Specifically, it is added in an amount of 2.5 to 25% by weight. Particularly preferred mono-reactive compounds are selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, third butyl acrylate, pentyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, and acrylic acid. 2-methyl-hexyl ester, 2-hydroxy-ethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl acrylate and glycidyl acrylate. Additionally or alternatively, vinyl acetate may be used. In another preferred embodiment, in addition to the above monoacrylate, the composition according to the present invention optionally contains one or more monomethacrylates, which is preferably from 0.1% by weight to 75% by weight based on the total composition. %, More preferably 0.5% to 50% by weight, specifically 2.5% to 25% by weight. Particularly preferred mono-reactive compounds are selected from methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, third butyl methacrylate, Pentyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy-butyl methacrylate, methyl 2,3-dihydroxypropyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, adamantane methacrylate and isobornyl methacrylate. Particularly preferably, at least one crosslinking agent is added to the composition, that is, a polymerizable compound containing two or more polymerizable groups. Cross-linking of polymeric shells in the resulting particles may provide other benefits, especially in terms of further improved stability and sealing and in terms of tuning or separately reducing swelling, specifically the susceptibility to swelling due to solvents. In this regard, di-reactive and multi-reactive compounds can be used to form their own polymer networks and / or to cross-link polymer chains formed substantially from polymerized mono-reactive compounds. Conventional crosslinking agents known in the related art can be used. Particularly preferably, a di-reactive or multi-reactive acrylate and / or methacrylate is further provided, which is preferably 0.1% to 75% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 50% by weight based on the total composition. In particular, it is added in an amount of 2.5% to 25% by weight. Particularly preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of ethylene diacrylate, propylene diacrylate, butyl diacrylate, glutar diacrylate, hexamethylene diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, glyceryl diacrylate, and Pentaerythritol acrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate (also known as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), propylene dimethacrylate, butyl dimethacrylate, glutar dimethacrylate, Adipate methacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, glyceryl dimethacrylate, trimethylpropyl trimethacrylate, and pentaerythritol triacrylate. The ratio of mono-reactive monomers to di- or multi-reactive monomers can be advantageously set and adjusted to affect the polymer composition and properties of the shell. According to step (b) of the method of the present invention, the surfactant is used to disperse the composition as nano droplets in the aqueous phase. In one embodiment, the surfactant may be mixed and included in the composition as provided in step (a). Alternatively, the surfactant is preferably added as an aqueous mixture after step (a). In this case, the surfactant is provided in the aqueous phase and then mixed with the composition as provided in (a). Therefore, according to a preferred embodiment, the surfactant can be prepared or provided separately in the initial step, and then added to the other components. In particular, the surfactant may be prepared or provided in the form of an aqueous mixture or composition, and then added to other components including a mesogen and a polymerizable compound as described above and below. Particularly preferably, the surfactant is provided in the form of an aqueous surfactant solution. The surfactant can be used to reduce surface or interfacial tension and promote emulsification and dispersion. Conventional surfactants known in the related art can be used, including anionic surfactants (such as sulfates (such as sodium lauryl sulfate), sulfonates, phosphates, and carboxylate surfactants), cationic surfactants (Such as secondary or tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salt surfactants), zwitterionic surfactants (such as betaine, sulfobetaine, and phospholipid surfactants) and nonionic surfactants (such as long-chain alcohols or Phenol, ether, ester or ammonium nonionic surfactant). In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, a non-ionic surfactant is used. The use of non-ionic surfactants can provide benefits during the manufacturing process of nanocapsules (specifically in terms of dispersion formation and stability) and in PIPS. In addition, it should be recognized that if a surfactant (such as a residual surfactant) is included in the formed nanocapsules, a charged surfactant can be advantageously avoided. Therefore, the use of non-ionic surfactants and the avoidance of ionic surfactants can be beneficial in terms of the stability, reliability, and electro-optical characteristics and performance of nanocapsules (also in composite systems and electro-optical devices). Especially preferred is a polyethoxylated nonionic surfactant. Preferred compounds are selected from polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, polyoxypropylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, glucoside alkyl ether surfactants, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether surfactants ( Such as Triton^TM X-100), polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl phenol ether surfactant, glyceryl alkyl ester surfactant, polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan alkyl ester surfactant (such as polysorbate), sorbitan A group consisting of sugar alkyl anhydride surfactant, cocoamine monoethanolamine, cocoamine diethanolamine and dodecyldimethylamine oxide. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the surfactant used is selected from polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, including commercially available Brij^® Reagent (from Sigma-Aldrich). Especially preferred are surfactants containing twelve carbon ethylene glycol dodecyl ether or better. In an excellent embodiment, a commercially available Brij is used^® L23 (Sigma-Aldrich), also known as Brij 35 or polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether. In other specific embodiments, it is preferably commercially available Brij^® 58 (also known as polyethylene glycol cetyl ether or polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether) or commercially available Brij^® L4 (also known as polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether or polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether). In another embodiment, an alkylaryl polyether alcohol is preferably used, preferably a commercially available Triton^TM X-100, and specifically 4- (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenyl-polyethylene glycol and formula C₁₄ H_{twenty two} O (C₂ H₄ O)_n H (where n is 9 and 10). Alternatively or in addition, an octylphenol ethoxylate surfactant such as ECOSURF may be preferably used^TM Surfactant (available from Dow), such as ESOSURF^TM EH-9 (90%), or TERGITOL^® Surfactant (available from Dow), such as TERGITOL^® 15-S-9. In another embodiment, it is preferred to use organopolysiloxanes, such as polyethersiloxanes and polyethersiloxane copolymers, such as commercially available TEGO^® Additive (Evonik), preferably TEGO^® Wet 270, and specifically, 3- [methyl-bis (trimethylsilyloxy) silyl] propyl-polyethylene glycol or a surfactant preferably composed of it or TEGO^® Wet 280. In addition, TEGO can be used better^® WET 260 and TEGO^® Wet KL 245 and polysiloxane surfactants such as H described in US 7,618,777₃ CSi (CH₃ )₂ OSiO (CH₃ ) (CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ O (CH₂ CH₂ O)₇ CH₃ ) Si (CH₃ )₃ . In yet another embodiment, it is preferred to use a fluorosurfactant, preferably FluorN 322, and specifically to include 2-[[2-methyl-5- (3,3,4,4,5, 5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Tridecylfluoro-octyloxycarbonylamino) phenyl] aminomethyloxy] ethyl-polypropylene glycol and more preferably its interfacial activity Agent. Preferably, other fluorosurfactants may also be used, such as the commercially available FluorN 561 and FluorN 562 (Cytonix). In yet another embodiment, a poloxamer copolymer is preferred, preferably a copolymer comprising units of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, and more preferably a central hydrophobicity of polypropylene glycol A triblock copolymer composed of two polyethylene glycol hydrophilic blocks of a block and a side chain, and specifically a commercially available poloxamer 407 or Pluronic^® F-127 (BASF) or Synperonic PE / F127 (Croda). Alternatively or in addition, other Pluronic may be preferred^® Additives, such as Pluronic^® 10R5. The surfactant is preferably less than 30% by weight, more preferably less than 25% by weight, even more preferably less than 20% by weight, and specifically less than 15% by weight relative to the composition as provided in step (a). The amount provided. According to a preferred embodiment, when the surfactant is provided in the form of a prepared aqueous mixture, this amount of water is not considered to constitute the total composition in terms of weight, that is to say, except for the water system. In addition, in the process for preparing the nanocapsules according to the present invention, a polymeric surfactant or a surface-active polymer or a block copolymer may be used. In a particular embodiment, however, the use of such polymeric surfactants or surface-active polymers is avoided. According to one aspect of the present invention, a polymerizable surfactant, that is, a surfactant containing one or more polymerizable groups can be used. The polymerizable surfactant may be used alone, that is, provided only as a surfactant, or used in combination with a non-polymerizable surfactant. In one embodiment, the polymerizable surfactant is provided in addition to and in combination with the non-polymerizable surfactant. This optional provision of a polymerizable surfactant can provide a combination of benefits, contributing to proper droplet formation and stabilization and formation of a stable polymeric capsule shell. Therefore, these compounds act as surfactants and polymerizable compounds at the same time. Particularly preferred is a polymerizable non-ionic surfactant, in particular a non-ionic surfactant, which additionally has one or more acrylate groups and / or methacrylate groups. This embodiment, including the use of a polymerizable surfactant, may have the advantage that the nature of the template at the amphiphilic interface can be particularly well maintained during the polymerization. In addition, the polymerizable surfactant may not only participate in the polymerization reaction, but may be advantageously incorporated into the polymer shell as a building block, and more preferably also incorporated at the surface of the shell, so that it may favorably affect interfacial interaction . In a particularly preferred embodiment, polysiloxane polyether acrylate is used as a polymerizable surfactant, and more preferably is a crosslinkable polysiloxane polyether acrylate. In another embodiment, PEG methyl ether methacrylate is used. In this process, the composition is added to an aqueous mixture, wherein the composition is dispersed in an aqueous phase. In this regard, the provided surfactants can advantageously contribute to the formation and stabilization of dispersions, specifically emulsions, and to promote homogenization. If an aqueous mixture is provided, this amount of water is not considered in terms of weight to make up the total composition, that is to say, except for the water system. Preferably, the water system is provided in the form of pure water, specifically deionized water. According to the invention, the composition as provided in step (a) is then dispersed in the aqueous phase in the form of nano droplets. The composition may include additional compounds such as one or more polychromatic dyes (specifically dichroic dyes), one or more palmar compounds, and / or other customary and suitable additives. The polychromatic dye is preferably a dichroic dye and may be selected from, for example, an azo dye and a thiadiazole dye. Suitable palmitic compounds are, for example, standard palmitic dopants, such as R- or S-811, R- or S-1011, R- or S-2011, R- or S-3011, R- or S- 4011, R- or S-5011 or CB 15 (both purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), sorbitol as described in WO 98/00428, hydrogenated benzoin as described in GB 2,328,207, as in WO Paranaphthol as described in 02/94805, paranaphthol acetal as described in WO 02/34739, paranaphthyl TADDOL as described in WO 02/06265 or as in WO 02 / A palmitic compound having a fluorinated linker as described in 06196 or WO 02/06195. In addition, substances can be added to change the temperature dependence of the dielectric anisotropy, optical anisotropy, viscosity, and / or electro-optical parameters of the LC material. The mesogen according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula I as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium is composed of 2 to 25, preferably 3 to 20 compounds, at least one of which is a compound of formula I. The medium preferably comprises one or more, more preferably two or more, and most preferably three or more compounds of formula I according to the invention. The medium preferably contains a low molecular weight liquid crystal compound selected from nematic or nematic materials, for example, selected from oxazobenzene, benzylidene-aniline, biphenyl, bitriphenyl, Phenyl benzoate or cyclohexyl benzoate, phenyl or cyclohexyl carboxylate, phenyl or cyclohexyl benzoate, phenyl or cyclohexyl cyclate , Cyclohexylphenyl ester of benzoic acid, cyclohexylphenyl ester of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and cyclohexylphenyl ester of cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, phenylcyclohexane, cyclohexyl-biphenyl, phenylcyclohexyl ring Hexane, cyclohexylcyclohexane, cyclohexylcyclohexene, cyclohexylcyclohexylcyclohexene, 1,4-bis-cyclohexylbenzene, 4,4'-bis-cyclohexylbiphenyl, phenyl- or ring Hexylpyrimidine, phenyl- or cyclohexylpyridine, phenyl- or cyclohexylpyridazine, phenyl- or cyclohexyldioxane, phenyl- or cyclohexyl-1,3-dithiane, 1,2-di Phenylethane, 1,2-dicyclohexylethane, 1-phenyl-2-cyclohexylethane, 1-cyclohexyl-2- (4-phenylcyclohexyl) -ethane, 1-cyclohexyl 2-biphenyl-ethane, 1-phenyl2-cyclohexyl-phenylethane, as required Of bis styrene, benzyl phenyl ether, diphenyl acetylene, substituted cinnamic acids and other classes of nematic or nematic-type raw material. 1,4-phenylene in these compounds may also be laterally mono- or difluorinated. The liquid crystal mixture is preferably based on a non-palladium compound of this type. In a preferred embodiment, the LC host mixture is a nematic LC mixture, which preferably does not have a palmitic LC phase. Suitable LC mixtures may have positive dielectric anisotropy. These mixtures are described, for example, in JP 07-181 439 (A), EP 0 667 555, EP 0 673 986, DE 195 09 410, DE 195 28 106, DE 195 28 107, WO 96/23 851, WO 96/28 521 and WO2012 / 079676. In another embodiment, the LC has negative dielectric anisotropy. Such media are described, for example, in EP 1 378 557 A1. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the one or more compounds of formula I are selected from compounds of formulas Ia, Ib, Ic and Id Where R¹ , R² , R³ , R⁴ , R⁵ And R⁶ Independent of each other means a straight or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 7 carbon atoms or a straight or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, which Unsubstituted, CN or CF₃ Mono- or mono- or polysubstituted by halogen and one or more of them₂ The radicals can in each case be replaced independently of one another by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO-, or -C≡C- in such a way that the oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other. , X¹ And X² Represent F and CF independently of each other₃ OCF₃ Or CN, L¹ , L² , L³ , L⁴ And L⁵ Are independently H or F, i is 1 or 2, and j and k are 0 or 1 independently of each other. The one or more additives according to the present invention are agents that can provide advantageous or suitable functions during the preparation and can in particular impart one or more advantages or useful properties to or at least contribute to the resulting product. The additive can be used, for example, to adjust material properties, solubility, or miscibility, or to provide benefits in terms of film forming ability. This (or other) additive may be provided before the polymerization step or according to step (d). Preferably, the additive (s) according to the invention, in particular the additive as provided in step (d) is a surfactant. The surfactant is a surface active agent. The reagent can reduce the surface or interfacial tension between liquids or between liquids and solids. The surfactants herein may include or correspondingly act as cleaning agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, foaming agents, and dispersing agents. In the method for preparing a nanocapsule according to the present invention, in step (b), one or more surfactants are used. The surfactants herein can promote or contribute to droplet formation and stabilization of nanoemulsions. It can also be used to set or adjust the size and size distribution of the droplets and the resulting nanocapsules. In one case, the surfactant added according to step (d) may be the same as that used in step (b). However, the additive according to step (d) is added after the capsules are thus formed. At this stage, other factors can be specifically addressed or taken into consideration, that is, factors different from droplet stabilization and particle size setting. Therefore, additives that also perform different or additional functions or affect other or additional properties may be used. In another case, therefore, the surfactant added according to step (d) may be different from the surfactant used in step (b), that is, another or a second surfactant. In addition, a combination of additives such as a combination of a surfactant and a film-forming agent may also be used. According to a preferred embodiment, the additive in step (d) means a surfactant. In this embodiment, conventional surfactants of step (d) known in the related art can be used, including anionic surfactants such as sulfates (such as sodium lauryl sulfate), sulfonates, phosphates, and carboxylates. Salt surfactants), cationic surfactants (such as secondary or tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium salt surfactants), zwitterionic surfactants (such as betaine, sulfobetaine, and phospholipid surfactants), and Non-ionic surfactants (such as long-chain alcohols and phenol, ether, ester or ammonium non-ionic surfactants), specifically alkyl polyethers and polyethoxy alcohols. In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, a non-ionic surfactant is used. The use of non-ionic surfactants and the avoidance of ionic surfactants can be beneficial in terms of the stability, reliability, and electro-optical characteristics and performance of nanocapsules (also in composite systems and electro-optical devices). Especially preferred is a polyethoxylated nonionic surfactant. Preferred compounds are selected from polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, polyoxypropylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, glucoside alkyl ether surfactants, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether surfactants ( (Such as Triton X-100), polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl phenol ether surfactant, glyceryl alkyl ester surfactant, polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan alkyl ester surfactant (such as polysorbate) , A group of sorbitan alkyl ester surfactants, cocoamine monoethanolamine, cocoamine diethanolamine and dodecyldimethylamine oxide. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the surfactant used is selected from polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, including commercially available Brij^® Reagent (Sigma-Aldrich). Especially preferred are surfactants containing twelve carbon ethylene glycol dodecyl ether or better. In an excellent embodiment, a commercially available Brij is used^® L23 (Sigma-Aldrich), also known as Brij 35 or polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether. In other specific embodiments, it is preferably commercially available Brij^® 58 (also known as polyethylene glycol cetyl ether or polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether) or commercially available Brij^® L4 (also known as polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether or polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether). In another embodiment, an alkylaryl polyether alcohol is preferably used, preferably commercially available Triton X-100, and specifically 4- (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) Phenyl-polyethylene glycol and formula C₁₄ H_{twenty two} O (C₂ H₄ O)_n H (where n is 9 and 10). Alternatively or in addition, an octylphenol ethoxylate surfactant such as ECOSURF may be preferably used^TM Surfactant (available from Dow), such as ESOSURF^TM EH-9 (90%), or TERGITOL® surfactant (available from Dow), such as TERGITOL® 15-S-9. In another embodiment, it is preferred to use organopolysiloxanes, such as polyethersiloxanes and polyethersiloxane copolymers, such as commercially available TEGO^® Additive (Evonik), preferably TEGO^® Wet 270, and specifically, 3- [methyl-bis (trimethylsilyloxy) silyl] propyl-polyethylene glycol or a surfactant preferably composed of it or TEGO^® Wet 280. In addition, TEGO can be used better^® WET 260 and TEGO^® Wet KL 245 and polysiloxane surfactants such as H described in US 7,618,777₃ CSi (CH₃ )₂ OSiO (CH₃ ) (CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ O (CH₂ CH₂ O)₇ CH₃ ) Si (CH₃ )₃ . In yet another embodiment, it is preferred to use a fluorosurfactant, preferably FluorN 322, and specifically to include 2-[[2-methyl-5- (3,3,4,4,5, 5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Tridecylfluoro-octyloxycarbonylamino) phenyl] aminomethyloxy] ethyl-polypropylene glycol and more preferably its interfacial activity Agent. Preferably, other fluorosurfactants may also be used, such as the commercially available FluorN 561 and FluorN 562 (Cytonix). In yet another embodiment, a poloxamer copolymer is preferred, preferably a copolymer comprising units of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, and more preferably a central hydrophobicity of polypropylene glycol A triblock copolymer composed of two polyethylene glycol hydrophilic blocks of a block and a side chain, and specifically a commercially available poloxamer 407 or Pluronic^® F-127 (BASF) or Synperonic PE / F127 (Croda). In some cases, it may be preferable to provide a nonionic, partially water-soluble surfactant that has a low molecular weight or is oligomeric. Surprisingly, relatively small amounts of additives have been sufficient to favorably affect product properties. Preferably, the additive accounts for less than 10% by weight of the finally obtained capsule, more preferably less than 5% by weight, and in particular less than 2.5% by weight. Furthermore, preferably, the capsules contain additives in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight, more preferably at least 0.05% by weight, based on the total capsule weight. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of additives added before polymerization step (c) or as added in step (d) relative to the composition as provided in step (a) is limited to 10 weight The amount is% or less, preferably 5% by weight or less, more preferably 2.5% by weight or less, and even more preferably 1% by weight or less. In one embodiment, the amount of the additive in terms of the composition as provided in step (a) is particularly preferably set in a range of 0.05% to 1% by weight, and even more preferably 0.1% to 1% Within the weight% range. Another aspect of the present invention relates to nanocapsules, each of which comprises a polymeric shell, a core comprising a mesogen of one or more compounds of formula I as described above and below, and one or more additives. These nanocapsules are preferably and advantageously obtained by or by carrying out the method according to the invention. It should be recognized that the modified nanocapsules, in particular in view of the reduced operating voltage in electro-optical applications and other beneficial properties as described above and below, are or can be implemented by implementing the method according to the invention get. In addition, it has been surprisingly discovered that a stable and reliable nanocapsule can be provided, which contains a liquid crystal precursor medium with favorable electro-optical properties and suitable reliability, and can additionally incorporate one or more additives, preferably one or more surfactants This can provide or contribute to the same and / or other benefits, such as reduced operating voltage. It should be further recognized that the nanocapsules according to the present invention can be obtained by or separately by a process based on in-situ polymerization and specifically based on PIPS in nanoemulsions. Therefore, unexpectedly, a light modulating material including nano-sized droplets (nano droplets) of LC in the form of a core encapsulated by a polymeric shell can be provided, wherein the nanocapsules as a whole are also included therein Mesogens have suitable and even improved properties. The properties of nanocapsules can be further influenced and adjusted by adding, preferably incorporating the additives (preferred surfactants) as described above. It was surprisingly found that even after the nanocapsules were prepared or provided as such, the subsequent introduction of additives could still contribute and even further improve the characteristics and performance of the nanocapsules under certain conditions. By providing the nanocapsules according to the present invention, discrete amounts of LC materials can be confined to the nanovolume, which are stably contained and individually addressable and their can be sealed or dispersed in different environments. The polymer shell nano-encapsulated LC material can be easily applied to and supported by a single substrate, which can be flexible and wherein the layer or film thickness can be variable or individually changed. The LC medium surrounded (ie closed) by the polymer wall can be operated in at least two states. However, each nanodroplet provides only a relatively small volume of LC. Therefore, it is currently recognized that it is better and advantageous to provide an LC component that has a suitably large Dn, in addition to exhibiting good transmittance and good reliability at the same time, including specifically the appropriate voltage holding ratio (VHR) and thermal and UV stability and relatively small rotational viscosity. In addition, it may be advantageous to provide an LC component with a suitably and reasonably high dielectric anisotropy De value to obtain a relatively small threshold voltage in the application of electro-optical devices. In this regard, using the surfactant as described above can further suitably reduce the operating voltage. It should also be recognized that in nanocapsules, the interfacial region between the LC core and the polymeric shell is relatively large compared to the nanometer volume system provided and therefore it is particularly necessary to consider the respective components of the polymeric shell and LC core components Nature and their interrelationships. In the nanocapsules according to the present invention, the interaction between the polymer and the LC components can be set and adjusted favorably and appropriately, mainly considering the provided composition for nanoencapsulation according to the present invention and the provided Obtained by control and adaptability of the manufacturing process. In addition, additives (preferably surfactants) can further affect or alter these interactions. For example, these interfacial interactions can promote or prevent the formation of any alignment or orientation in LC nanodroplets. Considering the small size of the nanocapsules, the small size may be a sub-wavelength of visible light and even smaller than λ / 4 of visible light. Advantageously, these capsules may only be extremely weak diffusers of visible light. In addition, in the absence of an electric field and depending on interfacial interactions, in one case, the LC medium can form disordered phases with little or no orientation in the nanometer-sized volume, specifically isotropic phases, which It can, for example, provide excellent viewing angle behavior. Furthermore, having an isotropic phase inherently in the unpowered or non-addressed state can be advantageous in device applications in that an excellent dark state can be achieved, particularly when using a polarizer. In contrast to what happens, for example, radial or bipolar orientation, it is believed that in one case, the orientation may not occur, or at least be limited, given the small volume provided in the nanocapsules. Or, and as is preferred in particular embodiments, a configuration may occur where, inter alia, the (etc.) interfacial interaction can be used to induce or influence the LC medium, for example, by setting or adjusting the anchoring strength with the capsule wall Alignment and orientation. In this case, uniform, flat, radial or bipolar alignment can occur. When the nanocapsules with separate and individual LC orientations or alignments are randomly dispersed, optical isotropy is generally observed. Spherical or spherical geometry and curvature set constraints or boundary conditions for nematic configuration and alignment of liquid crystal molecules, which may further depend on the anchoring of LC at the surface of the capsule, the elastic properties of the capsule and the body and surface energy and size . The electro-optical response then depends on the sequencing and orientation of the LC in the nanocapsules. In addition, any possible absence or existence of the orientation and orientation of the encapsulated LC medium is not related to the substrate, so there is no need to provide an alignment layer on the substrate. In particular, when the LC in the capsule has a radial configuration and the particle size is smaller than the wavelength of light, the nanocapsules are substantially optically isotropic or exhibit pseudo-isotropic optical properties, respectively. This allows for an excellent dark state when using two crossed polarizers. When the electric field is switched, specifically the in-plane switching, an optically anisotropic axial configuration can be obtained. In this case, the induced birefringence causes light transmission. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the LC material contained in the nanocapsule has a radial configuration. In terms of switching, in particular switching based on birefringence induced in an IPS configuration, a dielectrically positive or a dielectrically negative LC medium can advantageously be used. The present invention provides advantageous nanocapsules, that is, capsules that make up a nanocontainer with a polymeric shell filled with LC material, which are preferably and preferably crosslinked. In addition, these nanocapsules contain one or more additives as described above. The capsules are individual and independent (ie discrete and dispersible) particles with a core-shell structure. These capsules can act individually but are also collectively referred to as light modulation materials. They can be used in various environments, and can be re-dispersed in different media depending on the dispersion medium. For example, they can be dispersed in water or an aqueous phase, dried, and dispersed in a binder (preferably a polymer binder). These nanocapsules can also be referred to as nanoparticle. In particular, the nano particles include nano-scale LC materials surrounded by a polymer shell. These nano-encapsulated liquid crystals can be embedded in a polymeric adhesive if necessary. In one alternative where phase separation is less obvious or less complete, the formation of a polymer network inside the droplets makes it possible to obtain capsules that exhibit a sponge-like or porous interior (where the LC material fills the pores). In this case, the LC material fills the pores of the sponge-like structure or network, while the shell closes the LC material. In another alternative, the separation between the LC material and the polymer may be at an intermediate level, where only this interface or boundary between the interior of the LC and the wall is less visible and shows gradient behavior. However, it is preferred to achieve effective and complete separation of the shell polymer from the LC material, and in particular, to provide a shell with a smooth inner surface. As needed, the included mesogen may further include one or more palmitic dopants and / or one or more multicolor dyes and / or other conventional additives. Advantageously, nanocapsules according to the present invention are obtained by or can be polymerized the composition as described above, and in particular by an effective and controllable process as described herein. Amazingly, shell polymers can be provided in these nanocapsules, specifically obtained by polymerizing the aforementioned precursor compounds, which are well matched with LC components and compatible with LC properties. Preferably, the electrical impedance of the capsule polymer is at least equal to and better than the electrical impedance of the LC material. In this regard, the additive can be used to appropriately adjust properties and performance. In addition, the shell polymer may be advantageous in terms of dispersibility and avoiding unwanted aggregation. In addition, for example, in a film-forming composite system and specifically in electro-optical applications, a shell polymer and an adhesive can be combined and fully function. In this regard, for example, in view of avoiding aggregation or improving film formation, the additive may also favorably affect capsule properties. The capsule according to the present invention, in which the liquid crystal is encapsulated by a shell material component, is characterized by its nanometer size. Nanocapsules having an average size of not more than 400 nm are preferred. Preferably, the nanocapsules have an average size measured by dynamic light scattering analysis of not more than 400 nm, more preferably not more than 300 nm, and even more preferably not more than 250 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a commonly known technique that can be used to determine the size and size distribution of particles in the sub-micron region. For example, a commercially available Zetasizer (Malvern) can be used for DLS analysis. Even better, the average size of the nanocapsules is less than 200 nm, in particular, not more than 150 nm, preferably, as measured by DLS. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the average nanocapsule size is below the wavelength of visible light, in particular, less than λ / 4 of visible light. It should be found that, in at least one state, the nanocapsules according to the invention, in particular with a suitable LC orientation or configuration, can be extremely weak visible light diffusers, ie they do not scatter or substantially scatter visible light. In this case, the capsules can be used to modulate the phase shift, that is, the phase retardation, between the two polarization components of light without showing or substantially showing unwanted scattering of light in any state. In one embodiment, for a wavelength of 550 nm, the retardation is set at about λ / 2, specifically, set at λ / 2. This can be achieved, for example, by providing a suitable type and amount of nanocapsules in the film and setting a suitable film thickness. For electro-optical applications, polymer-encapsulated mesogens preferably exhibit limited sizes of 15 nm to 400 nm, more preferably 50 nm to 250 nm, and specifically 75 nm to 150 nm. If the size of the capsules becomes extremely small, specifically close to the molecular size of the LC molecules, taking into account the reduction in the amount of enclosed LC material and the more limited mobility of the LC molecules, the functionality of these capsules can become inefficient . The thickness of the polymeric shell or the respective wall chosen to form a discrete individual structure allows it to effectively contain and stably limit the contained LC medium, but at the same time allows relative flexibility and still makes the LC material with excellent electrical responsiveness. In view of capacitance and electro-optical performance, the case should preferably be as thin as possible while still providing sufficient strength for sealing. Therefore, a typical capsule shell or wall thickness is less than 100 nm. Preferably, the polymeric shell has a thickness of less than 50 nm, more preferably less than 25 nm, and in particular less than 15 nm. In a preferred embodiment, the polymeric shell has a thickness of 1 nm to 15 nm, more preferably 3 nm to 10 nm, and specifically 5 nm to 8 nm. Microscopy techniques (specifically SEM and TEM) can be used to observe the size, structure and morphology of nanocapsules. Wall thickness can be determined, for example, by TEM for freeze fracture samples. Alternatively, neutron scattering techniques can be used. In addition, techniques such as AFM, NMR, ellipse measurement, and sum frequency generation can be used to study the nanocapsule structure. Nanocapsules according to the present invention generally have a spherical or spherical shape, wherein a hollow spherical or spherical shell is filled or contains the LC medium according to the invention, respectively. Therefore, the present invention provides a plurality of discrete spherical or spherical LC bodies or particles, each of which is encapsulated by a polymeric shell nanometer and each of the other, but also collectively referred to as, can be operated in at least two states in an electro-optical device. The LC component provides beneficial chemical, physical, and electro-optical properties as described above, such as good reliability and stability and low rotational viscosity. In a preferred embodiment, the LC medium according to the present invention has a birefringence of Dn 0.15, more preferably 0.20 and best 0.25. Even better, when the LC medium according to the invention additionally has a dielectric anisotropy of De³10. Surprisingly, by suitably providing and setting the birefringence and dielectric anisotropy according to the present invention, even LC systems with small nanometer volumes are sufficient to effectively and efficiently modulate light, where only a moderate electric field or only moderate drive respectively The voltage can be used to achieve or change the orientation of the LC molecules in the nanocapsules. In addition, another advantage of the present invention is that it obtains a substantially uniform capsule size, that is, the possibility of achieving low polydispersity. This uniformity can advantageously provide uniform electro-optical performance of the capsule in device applications. In addition, capsules that can be adjusted and tuned in terms of capsule size by or separately obtained by a controlled and adaptable process according to the invention, which in turn allows tuning of the electro-optical performance required, in particular based on the Kerr effect . The small and uniform size of the nanocapsules can be beneficial in obtaining fast and uniform switching in response to the applied electric field, preferably providing low millisecond or even sub-millisecond response times. It has been found that the combination of nanocapsules and adhesive materials can suitably affect and increase the processability and applicability of light modulation materials, particularly in terms of coating, drip coating or printing and film formation on substrates. Therefore, in another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing such a composite system comprising nanocapsules and an adhesive. In addition, the method envisages that the resulting system additionally contains one or more additives, preferably one or more surfactants as described above. Additives that are incorporated into the system, preferably at least to some extent, into nanocapsules, can provide further improved or adjusted product properties, particularly in terms of operating voltage, but also, for example, regarding excellent dark conditions, advantageously Low hysteresis and film formation. Advantageously, the method for preparing a composite system provides useful flexibility in terms of when and how additives can be added. In this method, nanocapsules can be provided that already contain one or more additives as such. In an alternative embodiment, however, the nanocapsules provided at the beginning do not contain one or more additives. The nanocapsules are suitable for mixing with one or more binders, and further, the one or more additives are added as described above. In particular, additives such as used in the capsule preparation step (d) can also be advantageously used for preparing the composite system according to the invention. Additives (preferably surfactants) can be added simultaneously with the addition of the adhesive and / or after the addition of the adhesive. However, preferably, the additive is added together with a binder, so that the components including the nanocapsules can be more easily mixed to a greater degree. The one or more adhesives can act as both a dispersant and an adhesive or an adhesive, and in addition provide suitable physical and mechanical stability while maintaining or even enhancing flexibility. Furthermore, advantageously, the density or concentration of the capsule can be adjusted by changing the amount of the provided adhesive or cushioning material. Accordingly, the present invention provides a composite system comprising a nanocapsule, one or more adhesives, and one or more additives according to the present invention, wherein the system is preferably and advantageously capable of being implemented as described above and below Get it. It has been found that discrete nanocapsules can be mixed with an adhesive material, wherein the mixed nanocapsules substantially maintain (preferably completely maintain) their integrity in the composite, but at the same time bind, maintain or seal In the adhesive. In this regard, the adhesive material may be the same material or different materials of the polymeric shell material. Therefore, according to the present invention, these nanocapsules can be dispersed in an adhesive made of the same material or different materials of the material of the nanocapsule shell. Preferably, the adhesive is a different material or at least a modified material. In addition, according to the present invention, one or more additives, preferably surfactants, which suitably affect the properties of the resulting system, are incorporated. The adhesive can be useful in that it can disperse nanocapsules, in which the amount or concentration of the capsules can be set and adjusted. Surprisingly, by providing capsules and suitable adhesives independently, not only can the amount of capsules in the warp composition be tuned, but in particular, if required, very high and even very low levels of capsules can be obtained. Generally, the nanocapsules are included in the composite at a ratio of about 2% to about 95% by weight. Preferably, the composite comprises nanocapsules in a range of 10% to 85% by weight, more preferably 30% to 70% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of adhesive and nanocapsules used is approximately the same. The amount of additives in the composite system is usually significantly less than the amount of nanocapsules or adhesives. Preferably, the amount of additives in the resulting system is 5 wt% or less, more preferably 2.5 wt% or less, and even more preferably 1 wt% or less, based on the total system composition. Based on the total system composition, the amount of additives in the composite system is particularly preferably set in the range of 0.05% to 1% by weight, and even more preferably set in the range of 0.1% to 1% by weight. The binder material and also preferably additives or a combination of both can improve or affect the coatability or printability and film-forming ability and performance of the capsule. Preferably, the adhesive can provide mechanical support while maintaining a suitable degree of flexibility, and it can be used as a matrix. In addition, the adhesive exhibits suitable and sufficient transparency. In one embodiment, the binder may be selected from, for example, inorganic glass monoliths or other inorganic materials as described, for example, in US 4,814,211. However, preferably, the adhesive is a polymeric material. Suitable materials may be, for example, heat-curable synthetic resins, such as, for example, epoxy resins and polyurethanes. In addition, vinyl compounds and acrylates, specifically, polyvinyl acrylate and polyvinyl acetate can be used. In addition, polymethyl methacrylate, polyurea, polyurethane, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, and melamine urea formaldehyde can be used or added. In some embodiments, acrylates and methacrylates are used as adhesives. Particularly preferably, water-soluble polymers are used, such as, for example, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, gelatin, alginate, casein Protein, gum arabic or latex emulsion. The adhesive can be selected, for example, in consideration of setting the respective hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity. In one embodiment, the adhesive (specifically, the dried adhesive) absorbs little or no water. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the one or more adhesives comprise polyvinyl alcohol, which includes partially and fully hydrolyzed PVA. Advantageously, water solubility and hydrophilicity can be adjusted by changing the degree of hydrolysis. Therefore, water intake can be controlled or reduced. Advantageously, the properties of PVA (such as mechanical strength or viscosity) can be set by, for example, adjusting the molecular weight, degree of hydrolysis of PVA, or by chemical modification of PVA. Advantageously, the properties of the adhesive can also be influenced by crosslinking the adhesive. Therefore, in particular, when PVA is provided as a binder, in one embodiment, the binder is crosslinked, preferably by a crosslinker such as a dialdehyde, such as glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and ethylenediamine. Aldehyde crosslinking. Such crosslinking can, for example, advantageously reduce any tendency to undesired rupture formation. In addition to one or more additives (preferably surfactants) as described above, the composite may further include conventional additives such as stabilizers, antioxidants, free radical scavengers, and / or plasticizers. In the case of adhesives, and in particular PVA, ethylene glycol can be used as a preferred plasticizer. Glycerin may also be used, and / or in addition, 1-octanol is used. In one embodiment, the nanocapsules are mixed with PVA and glycerol, more preferably with PVA, glycerol and 1-octanol, and even more preferably with PVA, glycerol, TEGO^® Wet 270 and optionally 1-octanol blend. In addition, in order to favorably affect the film forming properties, a film forming agent (for example, polyacrylic acid) and an antifoaming agent may be added. These reagents can be used to improve film formation and substrate wettability. If necessary, degassing and / or filtering of the coating composition may be performed to further improve the membrane properties. Similarly, setting and adjusting the viscosity of the adhesive can favorably affect the film formation or the separately formed films. A humectant or desiccant can also be added to the adhesive. The adhesive may be provided in the form of a liquid or a paste, wherein, for example, during or after film formation, the carrier medium or solvent (such as water, aqueous solvent, or organic solvent) may be removed from the composite mixture, in particular by evaporation at high temperature. ). Preferably, in some cases the additives may suitably contribute to the mixing of the binder with the nanocapsules and the sufficient combination. In addition, the aggregation of the capsules is suitably avoided or minimized, so that, for example, light leakage can be avoided or minimized, which in turn can make an excellent dark state possible. In addition, the adhesive can be selected so that a high-density nanocapsule can be provided in the composite (eg, in a film formed from the composite). In addition, in the composite, the structural and mechanical advantages of the adhesive can be combined with the favorable electro-optical properties of the LC capsule. This additive can be used to further improve these properties. Using, for example, cellulose or a cellulose derivative, polysiloxane, or a thiol-olefin as the coating, a top coat or a protective layer may be applied to the prepared film containing nanocapsules and an adhesive. In particular, by (re) dispersing the nanocapsules according to the present invention, their nanocapsules can be applied to many different environments. Advantageously, they may be dispersed in the form of a plurality of capsules in the adhesive or separately mixed with the adhesive. The adhesive can improve not only the film-forming behavior, but also the film properties. In particular, the adhesive can hold a capsule with respect to the substrate. Generally, the capsules are randomly distributed or randomly oriented in the adhesive. Due to the LC alignment in the capsule, specifically, in terms of radial alignment, and / or due to the random distribution of the capsule, it can be obtained as optically isotropic or at least substantially optically isotropic on a scale visible to the naked eye Of materials. The composite containing the adhesive material but also the nanocapsule itself may be suitably applied or laminated to the substrate. For example, with conventional coating techniques, such as spin coating, blade coating, or drip coating, a composite or only nanocapsules can be applied to a substrate. Alternatively, they can be applied to a substrate by a conventional and known printing method such as, for example, inkjet printing. Capsules or complexes can also be dissolved in a suitable solvent. The solution is then coated or printed on a substrate, for example, by spin coating or printing or other known techniques, and the solvent is removed by evaporation. In many cases, it is appropriate to heat the mixture to facilitate evaporation of the solvent. As the solvent, for example, water, an aqueous mixture, or a standard organic solvent can be used. Preferably, the material applied to the substrate is a composite, that is, it also contains an adhesive. Generally, a film having a thickness of less than 25 µm, preferably less than 15 µm is formed. In a preferred embodiment, the film made of the composite has a thickness of 0.5 μm to 10 μm, very preferably 1 μm to 7 μm, specifically 2 μm to 5 μm. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the layer thickness is in the range of 2 µm to 4 µm, more preferably 3 µm to 4 µm, and even more preferably 3.5 µm to 4.0 µm. As the substrate, for example, glass, silicon, quartz plate, or plastic film can be used. It is also possible to place the second substrate on top of the applied (preferably coated or printed) material. Isotropic or birefringent substrates can be used. Optical coatings can also be applied, in particular, by optical adhesives. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate may be a flexible material. Where the composite provides flexibility, a generally flexible system or device can thus be obtained. Suitable and preferred plastic substrates are, for example, polyester (such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN)), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polycarbonate (PC ) Or cellulose triacetate (TAC) film, more preferably PET or TAC film. As for the birefringent substrate, for example, a uniaxially stretched plastic film can be used. PET films are commercially available, for example, from DuPont Teijin Films under the trade name Melinex®. The substrates can be transparent and transmissive or reflective. In terms of electro-optical addressing rates, these substrates can exhibit electrodes. In a typical embodiment, a glass substrate having an ITO electrode is provided. In terms of compatibility and depending on the respective application, the electrical and optical properties of the LC material, the polymeric capsule shell and the adhesive are advantageously and preferably matched or consistent. The composite according to the present invention can provide suitable and favorable electro-optical behavior and performance. In this regard, the additive may appropriately affect the behavior and performance. In addition, for example, by better and advantageous reduction of water uptake, excellent physical and chemical stability can be obtained. In particular, good stability and resistance to thermal and mechanical stresses can be achieved, while still providing suitable mechanical flexibility. Preferably, in view of the electrical responsiveness of the LC and a suitable dielectric constant close to the dielectric constant of the LC material to limit the charge at the interface, the adhesive and the preferred polymer shell have relatively large impedances. It was observed that the dielectric constant of the adhesive was high enough to ensure that an effective electric field was applied across the LC medium in the capsule. Any charge or ion content in these materials is preferably minimized to keep the conductivity extremely low. In this regard, it has been found that the properties of the provided adhesive (preferably PVA) can be improved by purification, in particular by removing or reducing the amount of impurities and charged contaminants. For example, the binder (specifically PVA) can be dissolved and washed in deionized water or alcohol, and it can be processed by dialysis or soxhlet purification. In addition, given the best performance in their respective applications, the refractive indices of LC materials, polymeric capsule shells and adhesives are advantageous and better matched or consistent. In particular, the refractive indices of LC materials and adhesives are coordinated. In particular, considering the extraordinary refractive index of LC (n_e ), LC ordinary refractive index (n_o ) Or LC average refractive index (n_avg ) To set or adjust the refractive index of the adhesive and possibly the refractive index of the capsule polymer. In particular, the refractive index of the binder and the refractive index of the shell polymer can be closely matched to the n of the LC material._e , N_o Or n_avg . In one embodiment, the nanocapsules are dispersed in an adhesive, wherein the capsules in the adhesive exhibit a random orientation relative to each other. Regardless of any possible absence or existence of the orientation or orientation of the LC materials in the individual capsules, this random orientation of the capsules relative to each other can cause the LC materials as a whole to provide the observed average refractive index (n_avg ). Considering the nanometer size of the capsule and its beneficial potential as a very weak light diffuser, in this embodiment, an applied electric field (where the electric field forces the (re) alignment of the LC material) can tune the transmitted light or reflection The phase of light is shifted or retarded, but does not change the apparent scattering, if any. In this case, and in particular when the size of the capsule is significantly smaller than the wavelength of light, the refractive index of the adhesive and the refractive index of the preferred polymeric capsule shell may, for example, be suitably and advantageously adjusted or matched to the LC material n_avg . Therefore, these nanocapsules can behave as effective nanoscale phase modulators. In the case of the nanometer size of the capsule and the absence of an electric field, specifically, for a size smaller than 400 nm, it can be substantially suppressed, and it is preferable to completely suppress light scattering. In addition, scattering and refraction can be controlled by matching or adjusting the refractive index of LC materials and polymeric materials. When the capsules and their respective LC directors are randomly oriented in the adhesive, in one embodiment, the phase shift is independent of the polarization in terms of normal incident light. In another embodiment, the capsules are aligned and oriented in an adhesive. The composite system according to the present invention advantageously allows for height adaptability and allows for setting and adjustment of several degrees of freedom, especially in terms of tuning electro-optical properties and functionality. For example, the layer or film thickness can be set, adjusted, or changed while the density of the nano-sized LC material in the film can be changed independently, wherein in addition, the size of such nano capsules can be pre-set and therefore adjusted, that is, individual capsule The amount of LC material in the. In addition, the LC medium can be selected to have specific properties, such as suitably high De and Dn values. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of LC in the composition, nanocapsules, and composites is suitably maximized to achieve advantageously high electro-optical performance. According to the present invention, it is possible to advantageously provide a compound having relative ease of production and high processability, which enables good transmittance, low operating voltage, improved VHR, and good dark state. Amazingly, a robust, effective, and efficient system is available that can be applied to a single substrate without any alignment layer or surface friction, and it can exhibit relative insensitivity to layer thickness deviations or external forces such as touch , And in terms of light leakage. In addition, a wide viewing angle can be obtained without providing an alignment layer or an additional blocking layer. Preferably and advantageously, the provided nanocapsules and composite systems exhibit sufficient processability to keep aggregation to a minimum during concentration and filtration of the capsules, mixing with the binder, film formation, and optionally drying the film. Nanocapsules and composite systems according to the present invention can be used in optical and electro-optical applications, in particular in light modulation elements or electro-optical devices, and in particular in displays. For display applications, fast response and switching times can be obtained and thus, for example, fast video and / or continuous color capabilities. In particular, nanocapsules containing LC medium (preferably mixed with an adhesive) are suitable for effectively controlling and modulating light. These can be used, for example, in filters, tunable polarizers and lenses, and phase plates. Regarding phase modulators, they can be used in photonic devices, optical communication and information processing, and three-dimensional displays. Another use is in switchable smart windows or privacy windows. Therefore, advantageously, the present invention provides a light modulation element and an electro-optic modulator. The elements and modulators include nanocapsules according to the present invention, wherein the capsules are preferably mixed and dispersed in an adhesive. The use of one or more additives according to the invention in nanocapsules and / or composite systems can beneficially reduce the operating voltage. At the same time, in addition to beneficially affecting the threshold and switching voltage, other suitable product properties can be obtained. In addition, an electro-optical device, in particular an electro-optical display, is provided which utilizes nanocapsules and / or composite systems as described above and below. In this device, a plurality of nanocapsules are provided. Many of the mesogen compounds or mixtures thereof mentioned above and below are commercially available. All of these compounds are well known to us or can be identified as ourselves in the literature (for example, standard works such as Houben-Weyl's Methoden der Organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart) Well-known methods are precisely prepared under the reaction conditions known and applicable to these reactions. This article can also use variations that are known to me but not mentioned here in detail. The medium according to the invention is prepared in a manner known per se. In general, it is preferred that the components dissolve in each other at high temperatures. With the aid of suitable additives, the liquid crystal phase of the present invention can be modified in such a way that they can be used in liquid crystal display elements. Additives of this type are known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in the literature (H. Kelker, R. Hatz, Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1980). For example, multicolor dyes can be added to make a color guest-host system or substances can be added sequentially to change the dielectric anisotropy, viscosity, and / or alignment of the nematic phase. According to the invention, the term "alkyl" preferably encompasses straight-chain and branched-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, in particular the straight-chain groups methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and pentyl , Hexyl and heptyl. Usually a group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms is preferred. The alkoxy group may be straight or branched, and it is preferably straight and has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbon atoms, and therefore, preferably A Oxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy or heptyloxy. According to the invention, the term "alkenyl" preferably encompasses straight-chain and branched alkenyl groups having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, in particular straight-chain groups. Especially preferred alkenyl is C₂ -C₇ -1E-alkenyl, C₄ -C₇ -3E-alkenyl, C₅ -C₇ -4E-alkenyl, C₆ -C₇ -5E-alkenyl and C₇ -6E-alkenyl, specifically C₂ -C₇ -1E-alkenyl, C₄ -C₇ -3E-alkenyl and C₅ -C₇ -4E-alkenyl. Examples of preferred alkenyl are vinyl, 1E-propenyl, 1E-butenyl, 1E-pentenyl, 1E-hexenyl, 1E-heptenyl, 3-butenyl, 3E-pentenyl , 3E-hexenyl, 3E-heptenyl, 4-pentenyl, 4Z-hexenyl, 4E-hexenyl, 4Z-heptenyl, 5-hexenyl and 6-heptenyl. Generally, groups having up to 5 carbon atoms are preferred. Fluorinated alkyl or alkoxy groups preferably include CF₃ OCF₃ CFH₂ , OCFH₂ CF₂ H, OCF₂ H, C₂ F₅ , OC₂ F₅ CFHCF₃ CFHCF₂ H, CFHCFH₂ , CH₂ CF₃ , CH₂ CF₂ H, CH₂ CFH₂ CF₂ CF₂ H, CF₂ CFH₂ , OCFHCF₃ , OCFHCF₂ H, OCFHCFH₂ , OCH₂ CF₃ , OCH₂ CF₂ H, OCH₂ CFH₂ OCF₂ CF₂ H, OCF₂ CFH₂ , C₃ F₇ Or OC₃ F₇ , In particular CF₃ OCF₃ CF₂ H, OCF₂ H, C₂ F₅ , OC₂ F₅ CFHCF₃ CFHCF₂ H, CFHCFH₂ CF₂ CF₂ H, CF₂ CFH₂ , OCFHCF₃ , OCFHCF₂ H, OCFHCFH₂ , OCF₂ CF₂ H, OCF₂ CFH₂ , C₃ F₇ Or OC₃ F₇ , Especially OCF₃ Or OCF₂ H. In a preferred embodiment, the fluoroalkyl group includes a straight-chain group having terminal fluorine, that is, fluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-fluorobutyl, 5-fluoropentyl, 6-fluorohexyl and 7-fluoroheptyl. However, other fluorine sites are not excluded. The oxaalkyl group preferably contains formula C_n H_{2n + 1} -O- (CH₂ )_m A straight-chain group in which n and m are each independently 1 to 6. Preferably, n = 1 and m is 1 to 6. The oxaalkyl group is preferably a linear 2-oxopropyl (= methoxymethyl), 2-(= ethoxymethyl) or 3-oxobutyl (= 2-methoxyethyl) ), 2-, 3-, or 4-oxapentyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-oxahexyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-oxaheptyl, 2 -, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-oxaoctyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-oxanonyl, or 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-oxadecyl. The halogen is preferably F or Cl, and specifically F. If one of the above groups is alkyl, one of them is CH₂ The group has been replaced by -CH = CH-, the alkyl group may be straight or branched. It is preferably straight-chain and has 2 to 10 carbon atoms. As such, it is specifically vinyl, prop-1- or prop-2-enyl, but-1-,-2- or but-3-enyl, pent-1-,-2-,-3- Or pent-4-enyl, hex-1-,-2-,-3-,-4- or hex-5-enyl, hept-1-,-2-,-3-,-4-,- 5- or hept-6-alkenyl, oct-1-,-2-,-3-,-4-,-5-,-6- or oct-7-alkenyl, non-1-,-2- , -3-,-4-,-5-,-6-,-7- or non-8-alkenyl, dec-1-,-2-,-3-,-4-,-5-,- 6-, -7-, -8- or dec-9-alkenyl. If one of the above groups is alkyl, one of them is CH₂ Radical has -O- substitution and one CH₂ Radicals have been -CO- substituted, they are preferably adjacent. Therefore, they include fluorenyl-CO-O- or oxycarbonyl-O-CO-. These are preferably straight-chain and have 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Therefore, they are specifically ethoxyl, propylpyroxy, butylpyroxy, pentylpyroxy, hexamethylpyroxy, ethydrylmethyl, propylpyroxymethyl, butylpyroxy Methyl, pentamyloxymethyl, 2-acetamyloxyethyl, 2-propamyloxyethyl, 2-butamyloxyethyl, 3-acetamyloxypropyl, 3-propanyl Methoxypropyl, 4-ethoxybutyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxy Carbonylmethyl, propoxycarbonylmethyl, butoxycarbonylmethyl, 2- (methoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 2- (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 2- (propoxycarbonyl) ethyl , 3- (methoxycarbonyl) propyl, 3- (ethoxycarbonyl) propyl or 4- (methoxycarbonyl) butyl. If one of the above groups is alkyl, one of them is CH₂ -CH = CH- substitution with an unsubstituted or substituted group and an adjacent CH₂ If the group has been replaced by CO, CO-O or O-CO, the alkyl group may be straight or branched. It is preferably straight-chain and has 4 to 13 carbon atoms. Therefore, it is specifically propylene methyloxy, 2-propylene methyloxyethyl, 3-propylene methyloxypropyl, 4-propylene methyloxybutyl, 5-propylene methyloxypentyl, 6-propenyloxyhexyl, 7-propenyloxyheptyl, 8-propenyloxyoctyl, 9-propenyloxynonyl, 10-propenyloxydecyl, methacryloxy Methyl, 2-methacryloxyethyl, 3-methacryloxypropyl, 4-methacryloxybutyl, 5-methacryloxypentyl, 6-methyl Propylene ethoxyhexyl, 7-methacryl ethoxyheptyl, 8-methacryl ethoxy octyl or 9-methacryl ethoxy nonyl. If one of the above groups is via CN or CF₃ Mono-substituted alkyl or alkenyl, the group is preferably a straight chain. CN or CF₃ The replacement is in any position. If one of the above-mentioned groups is an alkyl or alkenyl group which is mono-substituted by at least a halogen, the group is preferably a straight chain and the halogen is preferably F or Cl, and more preferably F. For polysubstitution, the halogen is preferably F. The resulting groups also include perfluorinated groups. For mono-substitution, the fluorine or chlorine substituent may be at any desired position, but is preferably at the w-position. Compounds containing branched chain groups can sometimes be important due to better solubility in some conventional liquid crystal base materials. However, they are particularly suitable for use as counter-dopants in optically active situations. Such branched chain groups typically do not contain more than one chain branch. Preferred branching groups are isopropyl, 2-butyl (= 1-methylpropyl), isobutyl (= 2-methylpropyl), 2-methylbutyl, isopentyl (= (3-methylbutyl), 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propylpentyl, isopropoxy, 2-methylpropoxy, 2- Methylbutoxy, 3-methylbutoxy, 2-methylpentoxy, 3-methylpentoxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, 1-methylhexyloxy or 1-methyl Heptyloxy. If one of the above groups is an alkyl group, two or more of them are CH₂ The group has been replaced with -O- and / or -CO-O-, then it may be straight or branched. It is preferably branched and has 3 to 12 carbon atoms. Therefore, it is specifically biscarboxymethyl, 2,2-biscarboxyethyl, 3,3-biscarboxypropyl, 4,4-biscarboxybutyl, 5,5-biscarboxypentyl, 6, 6-biscarboxyhexyl, 7,7-biscarboxyheptyl, 8,8-biscarboxyoctyl, 9,9-biscarboxynonyl, 10,10-biscarboxydecyl, bis (methoxycarbonyl) formyl Group, 2,2-bis (methoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 3,3-bis (methoxycarbonyl) propyl, 4,4-bis (methoxycarbonyl) butyl, 5,5-bis ( (Methoxycarbonyl) pentyl, 6,6-bis (methoxycarbonyl) hexyl, 7,7-bis (methoxycarbonyl) heptyl, 8,8-bis (methoxycarbonyl) octyl, bis (Ethoxycarbonyl) methyl, 2,2-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 3,3-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) propyl, 4,4-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) butyl Or 5,5-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) pentyl. The LC medium according to the present invention preferably has a nematic phase range between -10 ° C and + 70 ° C. The LC medium may even more suitably have a nematic phase range between -20 ° C and + 80 ° C. It is even more advantageous when the LC medium according to the invention has a nematic phase range between -20 ° C and + 90 ° C. The LC medium according to the present invention preferably has a birefringence of Dn ³ 0.15, more preferably Dn is ³ 0.20, and most preferably Dn is ³ 0.25. The LC dielectric according to the present invention preferably has a dielectric anisotropy De³ + 10, more preferably De³ + 15, and most preferably De³ + 20. The LC medium according to the present invention preferably and advantageously exhibits high reliability and high resistivity (also known as specific resistivity (SR)). The SR value of the LC medium according to the present invention is preferably ³1x10¹³ W cm, excellent ³1x10¹⁴ W cm. Unless otherwise described, the measurement of SR is performed as described in G. Weber et al., Liquid Crystals 5, 1381 (1989). The LC medium according to the present invention also preferably and advantageously exhibits a high voltage holding ratio (VHR), see S. Matsumoto et al., Liquid Crystals 5, 1320 (1989); K. Niwa et al., Proc. SID Conference, San Francisco , June 1984, p. 304 (1984); T. Jacob and U. Finkenzeller, "Merck Liquid Crystals-Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", 1997. The VHR of the LC medium according to the present invention is preferably ³85%, more preferably ³90%, and even more preferably ³95%. Unless otherwise described, VHR measurements were performed as described in T. Jacob, U. Finkenzeller, "Merck Liquid Crystals-Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", 1997. Herein, unless explicitly stated otherwise, all concentrations are given in weight percent and refer to the respective complete mixtures, however, excluding water solvents or aqueous phases as shown above. All temperatures are given in degrees Celsius (Celsius, ° C) and all temperature differences are given in degrees Celsius. Unless otherwise stated, all physical properties and physicochemical or electro-optical parameters are determined by generally known methods, specifically according to "Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", Status, November 1997, Merck KGaA, Germany It is given for a temperature of 20 ° C. In this context, Dn stands for optical anisotropy, where Dn = n_e -n_o And Dε represents the dielectric anisotropy, where Dε = e_÷÷ -e_^ . Dielectric anisotropy Dε was measured at 20 ° C and 1 kHz. Optical anisotropy Dn was measured at 20 ° C and a wavelength of 589.3 nm. De and Dn values and rotational viscosity of the compounds according to the invention (γ₁ ) Is a linear liquid crystal mixture consisting of 5% to 10% of the respective compound according to the invention and 90% to 95% of a commercially available liquid crystal mixture ZLI-2857 or ZLI-4792 (both mixtures from Merck KGaA) Push it. In addition to the commonly used and well-known abbreviations, the following abbreviations are used: C: crystalline phase; N: nematic phase; Sm: smectic phase; I: isotropic phase. Values between these symbols indicate the transition temperature of the substance of interest. In the present invention and especially in the following examples, the structure of the mesogen compounds is indicated by an abbreviation (also known as an acronym). Among these acronyms, the chemical formulas are abbreviated as follows using the following tables A to C. All groups C_n H_{2n + 1} , C_m H_{2m + 1} And C_l H_{2l + 1} Or C_n H_2n-1 , C_m H_2m-1 And C_l H_2l-1 Represents a straight-chain alkyl or alkenyl group each having n, m and l C atoms, preferably a 1-E-alkenyl group. Table A lists the codes for the ring elements used in the core structure of these compounds, while Table B shows the linking groups. Table C provides definitions of codes for left-handed or right-handed end groups. The acronym is composed of a code for a ring element having an optional linking group, a first hyphen followed by a code for a left-hand terminal group, a second hyphen, and a code for a right-hand terminal group. Table D shows illustrative compound structures and their respective abbreviations.table A : Ring element table B : Linker table C : End group Where n and m each represent an integer, and the three points "..." are reserved for other abbreviations in this table. The following table shows illustrative structures and their respective abbreviations. These are shown to illustrate the definition of abbreviation rules. These etc. additionally represent compounds which can be preferably used.table D : Illustrative Structure Among them, n, m, l, and z preferably represent 1 to 7 independently of each other. The following table shows illustrative compounds that can be used as additional stabilizers in the mesogens according to the present invention.table E Table E shows possible stabilizers that can be added to the LC medium according to the present invention, where n represents an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, without showing terminal alpha. base. The LC medium preferably contains 0 to 10% by weight, in particular 1 ppm to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 1 ppm to 1% by weight of a stabilizer. Table F below shows illustrative compounds which can be preferably used as palmitic dopants in the mesogens according to the invention.table F In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mesogen comprises one or more compounds selected from the compounds shown in Table F. The mesogen according to the present invention preferably contains two or more kinds, preferably four or more kinds of compounds selected from the compounds shown in Tables D to F above. The LC medium according to the present invention preferably contains three or more, more preferably five or more compounds shown in Table D. The following examples merely illustrate the present invention and the like and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way. Those skilled in the art will understand the examples and their modifications or other equivalents according to the present invention.Examples In the example, V_o Represents threshold voltage, capacitance [V], n at 20 ° C_e Indicates the extraordinary refractive index at 20 ° C and 589 nm, n_o Indicates the ordinary refractive index at 20 ° C and 589 nm, Dn indicates the optical anisotropy at 20 ° C and 589 nm, e_÷÷ The dielectric permittivity parallel to the director at 20 ° C and 1 kHz, e_^ Indicates the dielectric permittivity perpendicular to the director at 20 ° C and 1 kHz, De indicates the dielectric anisotropy at 20 ° C and 1 kHz, cl.p., T (N, I) indicates the clarification point [° C ], G₁ Represents the rotational viscosity measured at 20 ° C [mPa × s], measured in a magnetic field by the rotation method, K₁ Elastic constant [pN] representing the "stretch" deformation at 20 ° C, K₂ Elastic constant [pN], which represents the "torsional" deformation at 20 ° C, K₃ The elastic constant [pN], which represents the "bending" deformation at 20 ° C. The term "threshold voltage" used in the present invention refers to the threshold value of capacitance (V₀ ). In these examples, as usual, the optical threshold may also indicate a 10% relative contrast (V₁₀ ).Reference example 1 The liquid crystal mixture B-1 was prepared and characterized in terms of its general physical properties, and its composition and properties are shown in the following table. Basic mixture B-1 Reference example 2 The liquid crystal mixture B-2 was prepared and characterized in terms of its general physical properties, and its composition and properties are shown in the following table. Basic mixture B-2 Reference example 3 The liquid crystal mixture B-3 was prepared and characterized in terms of its general physical properties, and its composition and properties are shown in the following table. Basic mixture B-3 Reference example 4 The liquid crystal mixture B-4 was prepared and characterized in terms of its general physical properties, and its composition and properties are shown in the following table. Basic mixture B-4 Reference example 5 The liquid crystal mixture B-5 was prepared and characterized in terms of its general physical properties, and its composition and properties are shown in the following table. Basic mixture B-5 Reference example 6 The liquid crystal mixture B-6 was prepared and characterized in terms of its general physical properties, and its composition and properties are shown in the following table. Basic mixture B-6 Reference example 7 The liquid crystal mixture B-7 was prepared and characterized in terms of its general physical properties, and its composition and properties are shown in the following table. Basic mixture B-7 Reference example 8 The liquid crystal mixture B-8 was prepared and characterized in terms of its general physical properties, and its composition and properties are shown in the following table. Basic mixture B-8 Reference example 9 The liquid crystal mixture B-9 was prepared and characterized in terms of its general physical properties, and its composition and properties are shown in the following table. Basic mixture B-9 Examples 1 Preparation of Nano Capsules Weigh LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (175 mg), methyl methacrylate (100 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (40 mg), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( 300 mg) into a 250 ml tall beaker. Weigh Brij^® L23 (50 mg) (from Sigma Aldrich) was placed in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (150 g) was added. Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated in an ultrasonic bath for 5 to 10 minutes. Will Brij^® The L23 surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organic matter. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AIBN (35 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for three hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 213 nm and were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer).Additives Two portions from the obtained nanocapsule samples each containing 0.21 g of nanocapsules in a 20 ml solution were added to a centrifuge tube, respectively. In a centrifuge tube, place 0.01 g of Brij^® L23 and Triton X-100 (Sigma Aldrich) were added to 0.1 ml of water, respectively. In a centrifuge tube, place 0.01 g of Brij^® L4 (Sigma Aldrich) and TEGO^® Wet 270 (from Evonik) was added separately to 0.1 ml of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). A 20 ml portion of the obtained nanocapsule sample (0.21 g) was added to the four centrifuge tubes each containing an additive. The six centrifuge tubes were placed on a roller for 48 hours. Then, the respective particle suspension was concentrated by centrifugation, in which the centrifuge tubes were placed in a centrifuge (ThermoFisher Biofuge Stratos) and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes and then at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The obtained granules were separately dispersed in 1 ml of a supernatant.30% Solid content PVA Preparation of adhesives First, wash PVA (Molecular Weight of PVA in Soxhlet Unit)_w : 31k; 88% hydrolyzed) for 3 days to remove ions. Add 46.66 g of deionized water to a 150 ml bottle, add a large magnetic stir bar and place the bottle on a 50 ° C stirrer hot plate and bring it to this temperature. Weigh 20.00 g of washed 31k PVA of solids into a beaker. A vortex was established in the bottle and 31 k PVA was gradually added over about 5 minutes and stopped to disperse the floating PVA into the mixture. Turn the hot plate to 90 ° C and continue stirring for 2 to 3 hours. The bottle was placed in an oven at 80 ° C for 20 hours. The mixture was filtered through a 50 μm cloth filter at a pressure of 0.5 bar while still warm. Replace the filter with Millipore 5 μm SVPP filter and repeat the filtration. Weigh an empty DSC disc by using a DSC microbalance, add about 40 mg of the adhesive mixture to the DSC disc and record the mass, place the disc on a 60 ° C hot plate for 1 hour, and then place on a 110 ° C hot plate for 10 In minutes, the disk was removed from the hot plate and allowed to cool, the mass of the dry disk was recorded, and the solid content was calculated to measure the solids content of the filtered adhesive 3 times and calculate the average.Preparation of composite systems Unwanted agglutination or clumping of the six nanocapsule samples obtained was examined microscopically at the beginning and after film formation. The solid content of each concentrated nanocapsule suspension was measured, where the solid content of each sample was measured 3 times and the average value was calculated. Samples were weighed in an empty DSC pan using a DSC microbalance, where each sample was added to the DSC pan and the mass was recorded. The plate was placed on a 60 ° C hot plate for 1 hour, and then on a 110 ° C hot plate for 10 minutes. Remove the pan from the hot plate and allow it to cool. Record the mass of the dry pan and calculate the solids content. The prepared PVA was added to individual concentrated nanocapsule samples, in which about 30% of the washed 31k PVA mixture was added to 2.5 ml vials, and individual nanocapsules were then added to the vials. The weight ratio of PVA to capsules is 50:50. Deionized water was added to obtain a total solids content of 20%. The mixture was stirred using a vortex mixer and the mixture was left on the roll overnight to allow the PVA to disperse.Film Preparation on Substrate The substrate used is IPS (In-Plane Switching) glass, which has an ITO-coated interdigitated electrode with an electrode width of 4 μm and a gap of 8 μm. The substrates were placed in a rack and a plastic box for washing. Deionized water was added and the samples were placed in an ultrasound apparatus for 10 minutes. Remove the substrates from the water and blot dry with a paper towel to remove excess water. Repeated washing with acetone, 2-propanol (IPA) and finally water for ion chromatography. These substrates were then dried using a compressed air gun. The substrates were treated with UV-ozone for 10 minutes. Then, each of the six composite systems including each nanocapsule and the adhesive was coated on a substrate. Using a coater (K Control Coater, RK PrintCoat Instruments, bar coating with k rod 1 at a coating speed of 7), 40 µL of the mixture was coated into a film. The sample was dried on a hot plate at 60 ° C for 10 minutes, covered with a lid to prevent ventilation and prevent contaminants from falling on the membrane. The film appearance was recorded. Between measurements, the produced film was stored in a dry box. The film thickness was measured by removing the film from above the electrical contacts with a squeegee. In the middle electrode area, a surface profiler (Dektak XT surface profiler, Bruker) was used to measure the film thickness with a stylus force of 5 mg, a scan length of 3000 nm, and a time of 30 seconds.Measurement of electro-optical properties Check the uniformity and defects of the appearance of each film with your eyes. Weld two electrodes to glass. The voltage-transmittance curve was measured using a dynamic scan mode (DSM). Using a microscope, record dark and bright images at the required voltages of 0% or 10% and 90% transmittance, respectively. Measure the switching speed at a modulation frequency of 150 Hz at 40 ° C and 25 ° C and optionally at 10 Hz. The measured electro-optical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are provided in the table below. In this and the following examples, at V₅₀ Lower judgment lag. The electro-optical properties shown in the table below were measured on a display measurement system (Autronic-Melchers), where the backlight intensity was regarded as 100% transmittance T and the dark state between the crossed polarizers was regarded as 0% transmittance T And it is switched at 1 kHz and 24 ° C. Among the advantages, specifically the improved dark state and reduced hysteresis, it was found that these additives can suitably contribute to reducing the operating voltage.Examples 2 Weigh LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (175 mg), methyl methacrylate (100 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (40 mg), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( 300 mg) into a 250 ml tall beaker. Weigh Brij^® 58 (50 mg) (Sigma-Aldrich) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (150 g). Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. Will Brij^® 58 Surfactant aqueous solution is poured directly into a beaker containing organic matter. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was then further processed and studied as described above in Example 1.Examples 3 Weigh LC mixture B-1 (2.01 g), hexadecane (358 mg), ethylene dimethacrylate (597 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (80 mg), and methyl methacrylate (190 mg) into a 400 ml tall beaker. Weigh Brij^® 58 (100 mg) to a 400 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (250 g). Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant solution was poured directly into the beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AAPH (20 mg), it was heated to 73 ° C for four hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 230 nm and a polydispersity of 0.051 as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). The sample was concentrated before further use. This concentration was performed by passing the sample through a cross-flow filtration device (Vivaflow 200 from Sartorius, membrane has a cut-off molecular weight of 100,000 Da) at a flow rate of 100 ml / min until the volume was reduced by half. The sample was then transferred to a reservoir with a vacuum-fitted lid and the same device was used with 450 ml of water and Brij^® Wash with 58 (200 mg). After washing the samples, the device was operated in concentrated mode and continued at 100 ml / min until it reached a minimum volume. The sample was removed by a filtering device and it was suitable for further use. The solids content of this sample was measured to be 19%. Then, a composite system with an adhesive and a coating film was prepared as described in Example 1, wherein, however, the weight ratio of the capsules to the PVA was 60:40. Coated samples have a V of 41 V₉₀ And 1.25% darkness transmission.Examples 4 Preparation of Nano Capsules Weigh LC mixture B-8 (1.00 g), methyl methacrylate (165 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (75 mg) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (660 mg) to 250 ml high In the beaker. Weigh Brij^® L23 (150 mg) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (150 g). Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. Will Brij^® The L23 surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organic matter. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AIBN (35 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for three hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 167 nm and were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer).Additives A 0.40 g nanocapsule from a portion of the resulting nanocapsule sample contained in a 20 ml solution was added to a centrifuge tube. In a centrifuge tube, add 0.019 g of Triton X-100 to 0.1 ml of water. In a centrifuge tube, put 0.019 g of Brij^® L4, 0.019 g FluorN 561 (from Cytonix) and 0.019 g TEGO^® Wet 270 was added to 0.1 ml of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). A 20 ml portion of the obtained nanocapsule sample (0.40 g) was added to the four centrifuge tubes each containing an additive. The five centrifuge tubes were placed on a roller for 48 hours. Then, the respective particle suspension was concentrated by centrifugation, in which the centrifuge tubes were placed in a centrifuge (ThermoFisher Biofuge Stratos) and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes and at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The obtained granules were separately redispersed in 0.7 ml of a supernatant.PVA Preparation of adhesives and composite systems and preparation of substrate film PVA adhesives, composite systems, and films were prepared as described in Example 1.Measurement of electro-optical properties Check the uniformity and defects of the appearance of each film with your eyes. Weld two electrodes to glass. The voltage-transmittance curve was measured using a dynamic scan mode (DSM). Using a microscope, record dark and bright images at the required voltages of 0% or 10% and 90% transmittance, respectively. Measure the switching speed at a modulation frequency of 150 Hz at 40 ° C and 25 ° C and optionally at 10 Hz. The measured electro-optical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are provided in the table below. The electro-optical properties shown in the table below were measured on a display measurement system (Autronic-Melchers), where the backlight intensity was regarded as 100% transmittance T and the dark state between the crossed polarizers was regarded as 0% transmittance T And it is switched at 1 kHz and 24 ° C. Among the advantages, in particular the improved dark state and reduced lag, it was found that these additives can suitably contribute to reducing the operating voltage.Examples 5 Preparation of Nano Capsules Weigh LC mixture B-1 (6.00 g), hexadecane (300 mg), methyl methacrylate (225 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (510 mg), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( 2000 mg) into a 250 ml tall beaker. Weigh Brij^® L23 (450 mg) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (150 g). Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. Will Brij^® The L23 surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organic matter. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AIBN (75 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for three hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 173 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). The resulting nanoparticle suspension was concentrated by centrifugation, in which the centrifuge tubes were placed in a centrifuge (ThermoFisher Biofuge Stratos) and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes and at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes.Additives 0.32 g of the obtained granules were re-dispersed in 1 ml of the supernatant and placed in a 2.5 ml glass bottle. 0.01 g Brij^® L23, Triton X-100, TEGO^® Wet 270 and FluorN 322 were added to 0.99 g of acetone in a 2.5 ml glass bottle. Acetone was then evaporated on a hot plate at 40 ° C for 10 minutes. A 1 ml portion of the obtained nanocapsules (0.32 g) was added to four 2.5 ml glass bottles each containing an additive. The five glass tubes were placed on a roller for 48 hours.PVA Preparation of adhesives and composite systems and preparation of substrate film PVA adhesives, composite systems, and films were prepared as described for Example 1.Determination of electro-optical properties Check the uniformity and defects of the appearance of each film with your eyes. Weld two electrodes to glass. The voltage-transmittance curve was measured using a dynamic scan mode (DSM). Using a microscope, record dark and bright images at the required voltages of 0% or 10% and 90% transmittance, respectively. Measure the switching speed at a modulation frequency of 150 Hz at 40 ° C and 25 ° C and optionally at 10 Hz. The measured electro-optical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are provided in the table below. The electro-optical properties shown in the table below were measured on a display measurement system (Autronic-Melchers), where the backlight intensity was regarded as 100% transmittance T and the dark state between the crossed polarizers was regarded as 0% transmittance T And it is switched at 1 kHz and 24 ° C. Among the advantages, specifically the improved dark state and reduced hysteresis, it was found that these additives can suitably contribute to reducing the operating voltage.Examples 6 Preparation of Nano Capsules Weigh LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (179 mg), methyl methacrylate (102 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (40 mg), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( 303 mg) into a 250 ml tall beaker. Weigh Brij^® L23 (50 mg) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (150 g). Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. Will Brij^® The L23 surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organic matter. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AIBN (35 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for three hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 167 nm and were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). The resulting nanoparticle suspension was concentrated by centrifugation, in which the centrifuge tubes were placed in a centrifuge (ThermoFisher Biofuge Stratos) and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes and at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes.PVA Preparation of adhesives A PVA adhesive was prepared as described for Example 1.Preparation of composite systems Nanocapsules prepared by 0.22 g in 1.5 ml of solution and PVA prepared by 0.33 g in 1.2 ml of aqueous solution were mixed to obtain a weight ratio of 60:40 PVA to capsule. The mixture was stirred using a vortex mixer and the mixture was left on the roll overnight to allow the PVA to disperse. Three separate portions were prepared from this mixture. One of these parts is used for film formation without further addition of additives, and the other two parts are added as follows.Additives 0.2 mLTEGO in 0.02 g of acetone^® Wet 270 and 0.2 mL TEGO in 0.02 g isopropyl alcohol (IPA)^® Wet 280 (from Evonik) was added to separate bottles. The solvent was evaporated over the next 24 hours. A 0.20 g portion of the prepared PVA and nanocapsule mixture was added to each bottle. Will contain TEGO^® Wet 270 or TEGO^® The Wet 280 mixture was further mixed for 24 hours.Preparation of film on substrate The film was prepared as described for Example 1.Measurement of electro-optical properties Check the uniformity and defects of the appearance of each film with your eyes. Weld two electrodes to glass. The voltage-transmittance curve was measured using a dynamic scan mode (DSM). Using a microscope, record dark and bright images at the required voltages of 0% or 10% and 90% transmittance, respectively. Measure the switching speed at a modulation frequency of 150 Hz at 40 ° C and 25 ° C and optionally at 10 Hz. The measured electro-optical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are provided in the table below. The electro-optical properties shown in the table below were measured on a display measurement system (Autronic-Melchers), where the backlight intensity was regarded as 100% transmittance T and the dark state between the crossed polarizers was regarded as 0% transmittance T And it is switched at 1 kHz and 24 ° C. Among the advantages, specifically the improved dark state and reduced hysteresis, it was found that these additives can suitably contribute to reducing the operating voltage.Examples 7 to 14 Instead of B-1, separately treat the LC mixtures B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-8, and B-9 as described in Example 1 above to Preparation of nanocapsules, composite systems with adhesives, and coated films.Examples 15 The LC mixture B-1 was treated as described above in Example 1 to prepare nanocapsules, a composite system with an adhesive, and a coated film, wherein 1,4-pentanediol (Example 15.1), ten were used instead. Dioxane (Example 15.2) or tetradecane (Example 15.3) replaced cetane.Examples 16 Weigh LC mixture B-3 (1.0 g), ethylene dimethacrylate (0.34 g), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (0.07 g) and hexadecane (0.25 g) into a 250 ml tall beaker in. The mixture was processed and studied as described above in Example 1.Examples 17 Weigh LC mixture B-1 (2.66 g), hexadecane (0.66 g) and methyl methacrylate (3.30 g) into a 250 ml tall beaker. The mixture was processed and studied as described above in Example 4.Examples 18 Preparation of Nano Capsules Comparative example 18.1 Weigh LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (175 mg), methyl methacrylate (100 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (40 mg), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( 300 mg) into a 250 ml tall beaker. Weigh Brij^® L23 (50 mg) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (150 g). Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. Pour the aqueous surfactant solution directly into the beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AIBN (35 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for three hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 167 nm and were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). The resulting nanoparticle suspension was concentrated by centrifugation, in which the centrifuge tubes were placed in a centrifuge (ThermoFisher Biofuge Stratos) and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes and at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The solid content was measured three times in a DSC dish containing approximately 40 mL of concentrated nanocapsules on a hot plate at 40 ° C for 10 minutes.Examples 18.2 , 18.3 and 18.4 The preparation of the nanocapsules was repeated as described for Comparative Example 18.1, wherein, however, except for Brij^® In addition to L23 (50 mg), weigh 50 mg of TEGO^® Wet 270 (Example 18.2), 50 mg Triton X-100 (Example 18.3) or 50 mg Brij^® L4 (Example 18.4) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask.PVA Preparation of adhesives A PVA adhesive was prepared as described for Example 1.Preparation of composite systems A centrifugal suspension containing 0.5 g of each nanocapsule prepared was mixed with PVA to obtain a weight ratio of PVA to capsule of 60:40. Use a vortex mixer to stir the four mixtures and leave the mixtures on the roll overnight.Preparation of film on substrate The film was prepared as described for Example 1.Determination of electro-optical properties Check the uniformity and defects of the appearance of each film with your eyes. Weld two electrodes to glass. The voltage-transmittance curve was measured using a dynamic scan mode (DSM). Using a microscope, record dark and bright images at the required voltages of 0% or 10% and 90% transmittance, respectively. Measure the switching speed at a modulation frequency of 150 Hz at 40 ° C and 25 ° C and optionally at 10 Hz. The measured electro-optical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are provided in the table below. The electro-optical properties shown in the table below were measured on a display measurement system (Autronic-Melchers), where the backlight intensity was regarded as 100% transmittance T and the dark state between the crossed polarizers was regarded as 0% transmittance T And it is switched at 1 kHz and 24 ° C. Among the advantages, specifically the improved dark state and reduced hysteresis, it was found that these additives can suitably contribute to reducing the operating voltage.Examples 19 Weigh LC mixture B1 (2.00 g), 1,4-pentanediol (102 mg), ethylene dimethacrylate (658 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (77 mg), and methacrylic acid Methyl ester (162 mg) in a 250 ml tall beaker. Weigh Brij^® L23 (100 mg) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (100 g). Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant solution was poured directly into the beaker containing the organics. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, the coarse emulsion is circulated through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for eight minutes. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AAPH (20 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for four hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 180 nm and were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). The resulting sample was then further processed as described in Example 1.Examples 20 Weigh LC mixture B-9 (2.00 g), hexadecane (100 mg), methyl methacrylate (100 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (130 mg), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( 198 mg) into a 250 ml tall beaker. Weigh Brij^® L23 (300 mg) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (100 g). Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. Will Brij^® The L23 surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organic matter. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AIBA (20 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for three hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 129 nm and were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer).Additives A portion of the obtained nanocapsule sample containing 0.28 g of nanocapsules in a 20 ml solution was added to a centrifuge tube. In a centrifuge tube, add 0.01 g of Triton X-100 to 0.1 ml of water. In a centrifuge tube, place 0.01 g of Brij^® L4, 0.01 g FluorN 322, and 0.01 g TEGO^® Wet 270 was added to 0.1 ml of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). A 20 ml portion of the obtained nanocapsule sample (0.28 g) was added to the four centrifuge tubes each containing an additive. The five centrifuge tubes were placed on a roller for 48 hours. Then, the respective particle suspensions were concentrated by centrifugation, wherein the centrifuge tubes were placed in a centrifuge (ThermoFisher Biofuge Stratos) and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes and at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The obtained granules were separately redispersed in 0.7 ml of a supernatant.PVA Preparation of adhesives and composite systems and preparation of substrate film PVA adhesives, composite systems, and films were prepared as described in Example 1.Measurement of electro-optical properties Check the uniformity and defects of the appearance of each film with your eyes. Weld two electrodes to glass. The voltage-transmittance curve was measured using a dynamic scan mode (DSM). Using a microscope, record dark and bright images at the required voltages of 0% or 10% and 90% transmittance, respectively. Measure the switching speed at a modulation frequency of 150 Hz at 40 ° C and 25 ° C and optionally at 10 Hz. The measured electro-optical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are provided in the table below. The electro-optical properties shown in the table below were measured on a display measurement system (Autronic-Melchers), where the backlight intensity was regarded as 100% transmittance T and the dark state between the crossed polarizers was regarded as 0% transmittance T And it is switched at 1 kHz and 24 ° C. Among the advantages, in particular the improved dark state, it was found that these additives can suitably contribute to reducing the operating voltage.Examples twenty one Weigh LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (175 mg), methyl methacrylate (100 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (40 mg), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (300 mg) to each of four 250 ml tall beakers. Weigh Brij^® L23 (50 mg) to the first 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (150 g). Will Brij^® L23 (50 mg), water (150 g) and each Brij^® L4 (50 mg), TEGO^® Wet 270 (50 mg) or Triton X-100 (50 mg) was added to three more 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The four aqueous solutions were poured directly into four beakers containing organic matter. The mixtures were mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing was completed, the coarse emulsion was passed through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times each. The four mixtures were added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AIBA (20 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for three hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the resulting materials were subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. Obtained Comparative Example 21.1 (Brij only^® L23) capsules have an average size of 129 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). Resulting Example 21.2 (Extra Brij^® L4) capsules have an average size of 192 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). Resulting Example 21.3 (Extra TEGO^® Wet 270) capsules have an average size of 200 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). The resulting capsule of Example 21.4 (Extra Triton X-100) had an average size of 180 nm and was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). Then, a composite system and membrane containing four nanocapsule samples were prepared as described in Comparative Example 1.1. Electro-optic properties were measured as described in Example 1. The measured electro-optical parameters of the prepared film including nanocapsules and adhesives are provided in the table below. Among other advantages, specifically the improved dark state and reduced hysteresis, it has been found that these additives can suitably contribute to reducing the operating voltage.Examples twenty two The LC mixture B-1 was treated as described above in Example 1 to prepare nanocapsules, a composite system with an adhesive, and a coated film, wherein 100 mg of hexadecane and 75 mg of 1,5- Dimethyltetrahydronaphthalene (Example 22.1), 100 mg hexadecane and 75 mg 3-phenoxytoluene (Example 22.2), 100 mg hexadecane and 75 mg cyclohexane (Example 22.3) or 100 mg hexadecane Alkane and 75 mg of 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone (Example 22.4) replaced 175 mg of cetane.Examples twenty three Weigh LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (125 mg), methyl methacrylate (100 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (40 mg), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( 300 mg) into a 250 ml tall beaker. In addition, 50 mg of PEG methyl ether methacrylate was added. Weigh Brij^® L23 (50 mg) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (150 g). Then, the mixture is ultrasonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. Will Brij^® The L23 surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organic matter. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AIBA (20 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for three hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 211 nm and were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). Then, a composite system and a membrane including a nanocapsule sample were prepared as described in Comparative Example 1.1. Electro-optic properties were measured as described in Example 1. The measured electro-optical parameters of the prepared film (3.42 µm) are: V₉₀ = 51.5 V; at V₉₀ Lower T = 13.8%; at V₀ The next T = 1.07%; hysteresis = 1.1 V.Examples twenty four Weigh LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (100 mg), methyl methacrylate (16 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (89 mg), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( 250 mg) into a 250 ml tall beaker. In addition, 100 mg of stearyl methacrylate was added. Weigh Brij^® L23 (75 mg) into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add water (150 g). Then, the mixture was subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 5 to 10 minutes. Will Brij^® The L23 surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organic matter. The mixture was mixed via turrax at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Once the turrax mixing is complete, pass the coarse emulsion through a high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi four times. The mixture was added to a flask and a condenser was installed, and after adding AIBA (20 mg), it was heated to 70 ° C for three hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then the material was subjected to dimensional analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. The resulting capsules had an average size of 178 nm and were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). Then, a composite system and a membrane including a nanocapsule sample were prepared as described in Comparative Example 1.1. Electro-optic properties were measured as described in Example 1. The measured electro-optical parameters of the prepared film (4.70 µm) are: V₉₀ = 64.5 V; at V₉₀ T = 14.3%; at V₀ T = 0.59%; Hysteresis = 4.8 V.

Claims (16)

A method for preparing a nanocapsule, wherein the method comprises (a) providing a composition comprising (i) a mesogen, comprising one or more compounds of formula I RAY-A'-R 'I wherein R and R '' Independent of each other is selected from the group consisting of F, CF ₃ , OCF ₃ , CN and a straight or branched chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a straight or branched chain having 2 to 15 carbon atoms An alkenyl group which is unsubstituted, mono- or CN-CF ₃ substituted, or mono- or poly-substituted by halogen, and in which case one or more CH ₂ groups may be independently -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO-, or -C≡C- is substituted so that oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other, and A and A 'are independently selected from -Cyc- , -Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Cyc-Phe-, -Cyc-Phe-Cyc-, -Cyc- Phe-Phe-, -Phe-Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-Phe- and their respective mirror-image groups, where Cyc is trans-1,4-cyclohexyl, one or two of which are not adjacent CH ₂ O group may be substituted, and wherein Phe is 1,4-phenylene, in which one or two non-adjacent CH groups may be replaced by N and F may be substituted with one or two Generation, and Y represents a single _{bond, -COO -, - CH 2 CH} 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CH 2 O -, - CF 2 O -, - CH = CH -, - CF = CF- or -C≡C-, and (ii) one or more polymerizable compounds, (b) using a surfactant to disperse the composition as nano droplets in the aqueous phase, and (c) polymerizing the one or more polymerizable compounds Compounds to obtain nanocapsules each comprising a polymeric shell and a core containing the mesogen, wherein one or more additives are additionally added to the composition or the respective nanodroplets and / or before the polymerization -Added to the resulting nanocapsules. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more additives are added to the resulting nanocapsules in step (d) after polymerization according to step (c). The method of claim 2, wherein after the nanocapsules are obtained, the water phase is depleted, removed or exchanged in another step, and the addition of one or more additives according to step (d) is consumed It is performed before and / or after this further step of removing, removing or exchanging the aqueous phase. The method of claim 1, wherein the additional one or more additives are added, preferably the one or more additives added to the resulting nanocapsules are surfactants. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition as provided in (a) further comprises one or more organic solvents. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the polymerizable compounds as described in claim 1 comprises a polymerizable compound selected from one, two or more acrylate groups, methacrylate groups, and vinyl acetate groups. Group. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the one or more compounds of formula I contained in the liquid crystalline original medium as described in claim 1 are compounds selected from the group consisting of formulas Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id Wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ independently of each other represent a straight or branched chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms A linear or branched alkenyl group, which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF ₃ or mono- or poly-substituted by halogen and in which one or more CH ₂ groups can be independently of each other via- O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO-, or -C≡C- are replaced so that oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other, and X ¹ and X ² independently represent F , CF ₃ , OCF ₃ or CN, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , L ⁴ and L ⁵ are each independently H or F, i is 1 or 2 and j and k are 0 or 1 independently of each other. A nanocapsule is obtained by implementing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 or is obtainable by implementing it. A nanocapsule, each of which comprises a polymeric shell, a core of a mesogen as described in claim 1 or 7, and one or more additives. A method for preparing a composite system, wherein the method comprises-providing nanocapsules, each of which comprises a polymeric shell, including a core of a mesogen as described in claim 1 or 7, and using one or more kinds as required Additives,-add one or more adhesives to the nanocapsules, and-add one or more additives at the same time or after adding the one or more adhesives. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more adhesives comprise polyvinyl alcohol. A composite system, which is obtained by implementing the method as claimed in claim 10 or 11, or is obtainable by implementing it. A composite system comprising-nanocapsules, each of which comprises a polymeric shell, and a core comprising a mesogen as described in claim 1 or 7,-one or more binders, and-one or more additives. A nanocapsule as claimed in claim 8 or 9 or a composite system as claimed in claim 12 or 13 in a light modulating element or electro-optical device. An electro-optical device comprising a nanocapsule as claimed in claim 8 or 9 or a composite system as claimed in claim 12 or 13. One or more additives in a nanocapsule comprising a polymeric shell and a core comprising a liquid crystalline precursor medium as described in claim 1 or 7 or in a composite comprising such nanocapsules and one or more binders Use, which is used to reduce the switching voltage.