TW201900854A - Composition for nanoencapsulation and nanocapsules comprising a liquid-crystalline medium - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to compositions for nanoencapsulation which comprise the mesogenic medium as set forth in claim 1, one or more polymerizable compounds, wherein at least one of the one or more polymerizable compounds is a fluorine-containing polymerizable compound, and one or more surfactants, to nanocapsules containing the mesogenic medium and to their use in electro-optical devices.

Description

Composition for nano-encapsulation and nanocapsule containing liquid crystal medium

The present invention relates to a composition for nanoencapsulation comprising a liquid crystal precursor medium, one or more polymerizable compounds, and one or more surfactants, wherein at least one of the one or more polymerizable compounds is as described below A fluorine-containing polymerizable compound; a nanocapsule containing a liquid crystal original medium; a preparation method thereof and use thereof in a photovoltaic device.

Liquid crystal (LC) media are widely used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), especially in optoelectronic displays with active matrix or passive matrix addressing to display information. In the case of active matrix displays, individual pixels are typically addressed by integrated nonlinear active components (such as transistors, such as thin film transistors (TFTs)), while in the case of passive matrix displays, individual pixels are typically Addressing as described in the multiplex method known from the prior art. TN type ("twisted nematic") LCDs are still commonly used in the industry, but they have the disadvantage of strong contrast dependence. In addition, so-called VA ("Vertical Alignment") displays having a wide viewing angle are known in the art. Furthermore, OCB ("Optical Compensated Bending") displays based on the birefringence effect and having an LC layer and a so-called "bending" alignment are known in the art. So-called IPS ("in-plane switching") displays are also known in the art which comprise an LC layer between two substrates, wherein the two electrodes are arranged only on one of the two substrates and preferably have intermeshing combs Shape structure. Furthermore, so-called FFS ("Fringe Field Switching") displays have been provided which contain two electrodes on the same substrate, one of which is structured in a comb-like manner and the other is unstructured. This produces a strong so-called "fringe field", a strong electric field near the edge of the electrode and through the cell, an electric field with both a strong vertical component and a strong horizontal component. Another development is the so-called PS ("polymer sustained") or PSA ("polymer stable alignment") type display, so the term "polymer stabilized" is sometimes used. In such displays, a small amount (eg, 0.3% by weight, typically <1% by weight) of one or more polymerizable compounds, preferably polymerizable monomeric compounds, is added to the LC medium, and after filling the LC medium into the display It is usually polymerized or crosslinked in situ by UV photopolymerization as the voltage is applied to the electrodes of the display. The polymerization is carried out at a temperature at which the LC medium exhibits a liquid crystal phase, usually at room temperature. The addition of a polymerisable liquid crystal or liquid crystal compound (also known as reactive liquid crystal or "RM") to an LC mixture has proven to be particularly suitable. Additionally, displays based on polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films have been described, for example, see US 4,688,900. In such PDLC films, micron-sized LC media droplets (microdroplets) are typically randomly distributed in the polymer matrix. The LC domains in such phase separation systems have a size that can cause strong scattering of light. PDLC membranes are typically prepared using a polymerization induced phase separation (PIPS) process in which the phase separation reaction is induced. Alternatively, the PDLC film can be prepared based on temperature induced phase separation (TIPS) or solvent induced phase separation (SIPS). In addition to PDLC films, so-called polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) systems are known in the art in which a polymer network is formed in a continuous LC phase. In addition, LC materials (microcapsules) for micron-scale packaging in displays have been described, wherein the microcapsules form LC materials by immiscible binders (eg, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) used as a packaging medium. An aqueous emulsion is prepared, for example, see US 4,435,047. A method of microencapsulating a photovoltaic fluid by polymerizing and crosslinking an at least partially dissolved polymer precursor is described in WO 2013/110564 A1. In addition to the above display types, an LCD including a layer including a nanocapsule has been recently proposed, in which a nanocapsule contains liquid crystal molecules. For example, the configuration of an LCD device equipped with a layer containing such nanocapsules in a so-called buffer material is described in US 2014/0184984 A1. Another LCD device in which a nanocapsule is disposed is described in US 2012/0113363 A1. Kang and Kim, in Optics Express, 2013, Vol. 21, pp. 15719-15727, describe LC for optical isotropic nano-packages in displays based on Kerr effect and in-plane switching. A nanocapsule having an average diameter of about 110 nm is prepared by adding nematic LC to a nonionic polymeric surfactant and PVA used as a shell forming polymer and a water-soluble emulsifier in an aqueous solution. The mixture forms a nanoemulsion, the nanoemulsion is heated to a cloud point and stirred to phase separate the PVA surrounding the LC nanodroplets, and the polymeric shell is crosslinked using a crosslinking agent such as a dialdehyde. Further, a coating solution containing the prepared LC nanocapsule, hydrophilic PVA as a binder, and ethylene glycol as a plasticizer is explained. WO 2009/085082 A1 describes porous nanoparticles prepared from crosslinked polymers which act as a sponge to absorb LC species and thus can be applied as phase retardation films in LCDs. There is a need in the industry for improved and optionally tunable optoelectronic and physical properties, particularly for use in optoelectronic devices. In addition, there is a need in the industry to provide an improved and easy process for making such nanocapsules. Additionally, there is a need in the industry for compositions that can be used in the process.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide improved compositions which have advantageous properties during encapsulation while further providing advantageous properties in the resulting nanocapsules, as well as improved nanocapsules comprising a liquid crystal precursor medium. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved process for preparing a nanocapsule comprising a liquid crystal precursor medium. In particular, the object of the present invention is to provide a composition and a nanocapsule such that the liquid crystalline precursor medium contained in the nanocapsule has suitably high Δε and high electrical resistance and suitably high Δn and favorable photoelectric parameter values, while additionally In particular, it provides a relatively low rotational viscosity and an advantageous reliability. Furthermore, the object of the present invention is to provide a broad and stable LC, especially a nematic phase range, a low melting point and a relatively high clear point and a suitably high voltage holding ratio in the liquid crystalline precursor medium contained in the nanocapsule. Another object of the present invention is to provide a stable and reliable nanocapsule for use in a light modulation component and an optoelectronic device, and a composite system comprising a nanocapsule and a binder, especially having a suitably low threshold voltage, which is advantageous and fast. Reaction time, improved low temperature behavior and improved handling properties at low temperatures, minimum temperature dependence of photoelectric parameters (eg, threshold voltage), and high contrast. Furthermore, the object of the present invention is to provide a nanocapsule and a composite system in a light modulation element and an optoelectronic device, the light modulation elements and optoelectronic devices having an advantageously wide viewing angle range and substantially no force for, for example, from a touch sensitive. Other objects of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description.

These objects are addressed by the subject matter defined in the independent claims, and the preferred embodiments are set forth in the respective dependent claims and are further described below. The present invention particularly provides the following items including the main aspects, preferred embodiments, and specific features, which individually and in combination, help to address the above objectives and ultimately provide additional advantages. A first aspect of the invention provides a composition for nanoencapsulation, wherein the composition comprises (i) a liquid crystal precursor medium comprising one or more compounds of formula I RAY-A'-R' I wherein R and R' Independently from each other, a group selected from the group consisting of F, CF₃ OCF₃ , CN and a linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted, via CN or CF₃ Monosubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen, preferably F, and one or more of CH₂ The groups may in each case independently of each other via -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO- or -C≡C- in such a way that the oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other Alternatively, A and A' independently of each other represent a group selected from the group consisting of -Cyc-, -Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Cyc-Phe-, -Cyc-Phe-Cyc-, -Cyc-Phe-Phe-, -Phe-Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-Phe- and their respective mirror images, wherein Cyc is trans -1,4-cyclohexylene, one or two non-adjacent CH₂ The group may be replaced by O, and wherein Phe is 1,4-phenyl, wherein one or two non-adjacent CH groups may be replaced by N and may be substituted by one or two F, and Y represents a single bond, - COO-, -CH₂ CH₂ -, -CF₂ CF₂ -, -CH₂ O-, -CF₂ O-, -CH=CH-, -CF=CF- or -C≡C-, (ii) one or more polymerizable compounds, wherein at least one of the one or more polymerizable compounds is a fluorine-containing polymerizable compound, And (iii) one or more surfactants. It has been surprisingly found that by providing a composition of the invention comprising a combination of components (i), (ii) and (iii) as described above, it can be prepared in an improved and surprisingly simple process. Nanocapsules of liquid crystal raw media, wherein the compositions exhibit advantageous properties in the process. In addition, the compositions allow for the acquisition of nanocapsules that provide significant benefits in terms of their physical and chemical properties, particularly in terms of their optoelectronic properties and their suitability in light modulation elements and optoelectronic devices. It has been discovered that the inclusion of at least one fluorine-containing polymerizable compound in the composition can help to advantageously tune or adjust the properties of the obtained nanocapsules. Fluorinated reactive monomeric compounds are especially useful for conditioning, and in particular, reducing the surface energy of the resulting polymer, which can advantageously improve material properties and properties, such as lowering operating voltages and improving switching speed and behavior. The provision of a fluorine-containing polymerizable compound in the composition of the present invention can also be used to adjust the solubility and miscibility of the reactive and non-reactive components of the composition and advantageously affect the performance of the preparation process of the nanocapsules, for example, In terms of phase separation behavior. Another aspect of the invention pertains to nanocapsules, each comprising a polymeric shell and a core comprising a liquid crystal precursor medium comprising one or more compounds of formula I as described above. Surprisingly, it has been found that a stable and reliable nanocapsule can be provided which contains a liquid crystalline precursor medium having advantageous optoelectronic properties and appropriate reliability. It has been recognized that the nanocapsules of the present invention can be obtained by in situ polymerization and in particular PIPS based processes in nanoemulsions or can be obtained separately therefrom. Therefore, surprisingly, a light modulation material comprising a LC nano-sized droplet (nano droplet) encapsulated by a polymeric shell as a core, wherein the nanocapsule as a whole and the liquid crystalline primary medium contained therein Appropriate and even improved nature. Thus, discrete amounts of LC material can be confined to the nanovolume, which is stably contained and can be individually addressed and can be installed or dispersed in different environments. The LC material encapsulated by the polymeric shell nano can be readily applied to and supported from a single substrate that is flexible and wherein the layer or film thickness can be varied or varied individually. The LC medium surrounded by the polymeric walls (ie, encapsulated) can operate in at least two states. However, the nanodroplets each provide only a relatively small volume of LC. It is therefore currently preferred to provide an LC group that has a suitably large Δn while additionally exhibiting good transmission and good reliability, including particularly suitable voltage retention (VHR) and thermal and UV stability, and relatively low rotational viscosity. Minute. In addition, the LC component can advantageously provide a suitably and reasonably high dielectric anisotropy Dε value to achieve a relatively small threshold voltage in optoelectronic device applications. It is further advantageous to recognize that in the nanocapsules, the interfacial area between the LC core and the polymeric shell is relatively large compared to the nanometer volume provided, and therefore it is necessary to specifically consider the polymeric shell component and the LC core component. The individual nature and their interrelationships. In the nanocapsules of the present invention, the interaction between the polymer and the LC component can be advantageously and appropriately set and adjusted, which is mainly due to the provided composition for nanoencapsulation of the present invention. And the control and adaptability of the preparation process provided. For example, interfacial interactions can facilitate or prevent any alignment or orientation from forming in the LC nanodroplets. Considering that the size of the nanocapsules is small (which may be the sub-wavelength of visible light and even less than λ/4 of visible light), the capsules may advantageously be only very weak visible light scatterers. Furthermore, in the absence of an electric field and the end-interface interaction, the LC medium can in one case form a disordered phase, in particular an isotropic phase, with little or no orientation in the nanoscale volume, which can provide, for example, excellent Perspective behavior. Furthermore, it is advantageous to have an isotropic phase inherently in device applications in an unpowered or unaddressed state, especially when using a polarizer, since an excellent dark state can be achieved. Contrary to the appearance of, for example, a radial or bipolar orientation, it is believed that in one instance the orientation may not occur or be at least limited due to the small volume provided in the nanocapsule. Alternatively and as preferred in certain embodiments, configurations can be made wherein interfacial interactions can be used in particular to induce or influence the alignment and orientation in the LC medium, such as by setting or adjusting the anchoring strength to the wall of the capsule. In this case a uniform planar radial or bipolar alignment can be produced. Optical isotropy is generally observed when the nanocapsules, which individually and individually have LC orientation or alignment, are randomly dispersed. Spherical or spheroidal geometry and curvature set the nematic configuration and the alignment or boundary conditions of the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules, which may further depend on the anchoring of the LC on the surface of the capsule, the elastic properties of the capsule, and the bulk and surface energetics and size. . The photoreaction is in turn dependent on the LC ordering and orientation in the nanocapsules. Furthermore, any possible absence or presence of the alignment and orientation of the encapsulated LC media is independent of the substrate, such that no alignment layer is provided on the substrate. In particular, the nanocapsules are substantially optically isotropic when the LC in the capsule has, for example, a radial configuration and the particle size is below the wavelength of light. This allows an excellent dark state to be achieved when using two crossed polarizers. When using electric field switching, especially in-plane switching, an axial configuration of optical anisotropy can be obtained in which induced birefringence causes transmission of light. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a process for the preparation of a nanocapsule comprising the steps of: (a) providing an aqueous mixture comprising a composition of the invention, (b) providing water by agitation, preferably mechanical agitation Mixing to obtain nanodroplets comprising the composition of the invention dispersed in an aqueous phase and especially a liquid crystalline precursor medium, and (c) after step (b), polymerizing one or more polymerizable compounds of the invention to obtain a naphthalene Rice sacs, each comprising a polymeric shell and a core comprising a liquid crystalline precursor medium as described above and below. Optionally, after obtaining the nanocapsules, the aqueous phase can be depleted, removed or exchanged, wherein for example centrifugation or filtration methods can be used. Although the preparation of the nanocapsule of the present invention is not limited thereto and it can also be prepared by other methods (for example, by encapsulation with a preformed polymer or by a solute co-diffusion method), it is advantageously recognized in the present invention. The nanocapsules comprising the LC medium can advantageously be prepared by processes using in situ polymerization, and in particular based on polymerization induced phase separation. In addition, it has been recognized that it may be advantageous to implement the encapsulation of the nanoscale liquid crystal precursor medium from the in situ of the polymer precursor, rather than providing an off-the-shelf polymer to encapsulate the LC medium. Thus, the use of preformed polymers and emulsifiers specifically provided therewith can be advantageously avoided. In this regard, the use of a given preformed polymer can make the formation and stabilization of the nanoemulsion more difficult, while additionally limiting the adjustability of the overall process. In the process of the present invention, the polymerizable compound is at least partially soluble or at least partially dissolved in the phase comprising the liquid crystalline precursor medium, preferably one or more of the polymerizable compound and the liquid crystalline precursor medium are thoroughly mixed, in particular homogeneous Mixing, wherein the mixture is subjected to nanophase separation by means of PIPS (i.e., polymerization induced phase separation) in a later stage. The temperature can be set and adjusted to beneficially affect solubility. To set and influence solubility, dissolution and/or mixing, it is possible, as appropriate, and preferably to add an organic solvent to the composition, which may additionally advantageously affect phase separation during polymerization. The organic solvent can also affect the properties of the nanocapsules that can be obtained, for example by interaction with the LC phase or at the interface between the LC molecules and the polymer walls. It is advantageously observed that the LC medium as described above and below is provided for the packaging process, in particular the polymerization and the conditions associated therewith (for example exposure to heat or UV light (for example from a UV range of 300 nm to 380 nm) The lamp)) is suitably stable. In view of the fact that it is not necessary to carry out the polymerization between the glass substrates, the choice of wavelength is advantageously not limited by the UV cut-off value of the glass, but can be set according to, for example, the nature of the material and the stability of the composition. Light comprising both UV and visible spectrum can also be used, for example by using a lamp having a wavelength in the range of 300 nm to 600 nm. The process is based on a combination of nanodispersion and PIPS, and it provides significant advantages in providing controlled and adaptable preparation methods. The nanocapsules obtained by this process or which can be separately obtained from this process exhibit an appropriate and tunable particle size, while giving advantageously high particle size uniformity (ie advantageously low polydispersity) and further Advantageously homogeneous product properties. Surprisingly, it has been found that setting the appropriate capsule size while additionally observing and achieving low polydispersity can have a beneficial effect on the operating voltage. In view of the controllability and adaptability of the process, the photoelectric parameters of the obtained nanocapsules and especially the LC medium contained therein can be advantageously set and tuned. It has been recognized that various ingredients, or components that may be lacking, particularly LC materials, one or more polymerizable compounds of the invention, and dispersion media, and the respective miscibility, solubility, and compatibility of the formed and formed polymers are recognized. It plays an important role, especially the mixing of free energy and mixing interaction energy and mixing entropy. In particular, it has been discovered that providing at least one fluorine-containing polymerizable compound in the composition can help to advantageously tune or adjust the properties of the resulting nanocapsules and the efficiency and effectiveness of the process for preparing the nanocapsules. A fluorinated or at least partially fluorinated polymeric shell is formed in the nanocapsules prepared in accordance with the present invention. In addition, it should be noted that the packaging process is based on polymerization, the basis for the formation of a particular dynamic process envelope. In particular, it has now been generally observed that the polymerizable compound used for encapsulation has a suitable miscibility with the LC medium, while the formed pouch polymer exhibits a suitably low solubility with the LC material. In the process of the present invention, the polymerization conversion or completion can be surprisingly high and the amount of residual unreacted polymerizable compound is advantageously low. This ensures that the properties and properties of the LC medium in the formed capsule are not or only minimally affected by residual reactive monomers. Furthermore, it has been found that prior to polymerization, the provision of a surfactant advantageously promotes the formation and subsequent stabilization, especially ion and/or steric stabilization of discrete nanodroplets in a dispersion medium, in particular an aqueous dispersion medium, wherein the nanodroplets comprise LC Medium and polymerizable compounds. Mechanical agitation, especially high shear mixing, may suitably produce or further achieve dispersion, especially emulsification and homogenization, and also promote nanodroplet formation. Therefore, both mechanical agitation and the provision of surfactants can be beneficial in obtaining nanodroplets and further nanocapsules, especially nanocapsules having a substantially uniform particle size distribution or a respective low polydispersity. . The small and uniform size of the nanocapsules can be beneficial in obtaining rapid and uniform switching in response to the applied electric field, preferably giving a low millisecond or even sub-millisecond reaction time. Furthermore, it may be advantageous to influence the phase separation and the properties of the formed polymeric shell, particularly stability and non-LC components, by cross-linking the polymer chains that are formed or separately formed, as appropriate and preferably. Miscible. However, in the absence of such cross-linking, the nature of the capsule may also be good enough. Another aspect of the invention pertains to a composite system comprising the nanocapsules of the invention and one or more binders. It has been found that the combination of nanocapsules and binder materials, particularly for coating or printing on substrates and film formation, can suitably affect and increase the processability and suitability of the optically modulated material. One or more binders can be used as both a dispersing agent and an adhesive or binding agent, and in addition can provide suitable physical and mechanical stability while maintaining or even promoting flexibility. In addition, the density or concentration of the capsule can be advantageously adjusted by varying the amount of binder provided. Since the nanoparticles or capsules prepared can be concentrated (for example by centrifugation, filtration or drying) and redispersed, the particles in the film or layer can be set or adjusted independently of the concentration obtained from the original manufacturing process. Density or ratio. Another aspect of the invention provides an optoelectronic device comprising the nanocapsule of the invention or a composite system of the invention. By providing the LC package of the nanoencapsulated package of the present invention, as desired, in combination with the binder material, several significant advantages are obtained in optoelectronic devices. These advantages include, for example, good mechanical stability, flexibility, and insensitivity to externally applied forces or individual pressures (eg, from touch) and to switching speed, transmittance, dark state, viewing angle behavior, and threshold voltage. Other beneficial properties. Other advantages are the flexibility to use the flexible substrate and the possibility of changing the thickness of the film or layer and the tolerance of the film thickness deviation or variance. In this regard, the photo-modulating material can be applied to the substrate using a simple drip, coating or printing process. In addition, there is no need to provide an alignment layer (e.g., a conventional polyimide layer (PI) alignment layer) and/or a rubbing substrate surface on the substrate. When two of the electrodes in the device are provided on the same substrate (e.g., in the case of IPS or FFS), a single substrate may be sufficient to provide functionality and stability or separate support such that providing an opposing substrate is only optional. However, the opposing substrate may still be beneficial in, for example, providing other optical components or physical or chemical protection. The invention is not limited thereto, but the invention is illustrated by the detailed description of the aspects, embodiments and specific features, and the specific embodiments are illustrated in more detail. The term "liquid crystal (LC)" refers to a material or medium having a liquid crystal mesophase in some temperature ranges (thermally induced LC) or in some concentration range of solution (lyotropic LC). It contains a liquid crystal original compound. The terms "liquid crystal original compound" and "liquid crystal compound" mean one or more rod-like (rod-shaped or plate-shaped/stripe-shaped) or disc-shaped (disc-shaped) liquid crystal original groups (ie, having an induced liquid crystal phase or intermediate a compound of the ability to act as a base. The LC compound or material containing the liquid crystal original group and the liquid crystal original compound or material itself do not have to exhibit a liquid crystal phase. It can also exhibit liquid crystal phase behavior only in mixtures with other compounds. This includes low molecular weight non-reactive liquid crystal compounds, reactive or polymerizable liquid crystal compounds, and liquid crystal polymers. The rod-like liquid crystalline precursor compound typically comprises a liquid crystal precursor core composed of one or more aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic groups directly attached to each other or via a linking group, optionally including an end attached to the core of the liquid crystal. The terminal groups and optionally include one or more pendant groups attached to the long side of the liquid crystal core, wherein the terminal groups and pendant groups are typically selected from, for example, carbon or hydrocarbyl groups, polar groups (eg, halogen, nitrate) a group, a hydroxyl group, or the like) or a polymerizable group. For the sake of brevity, the term "liquid crystal" material or medium is used for both liquid crystal materials or media and liquid crystal materials or media, and vice versa, and the term "liquid crystal precursor" is used for the liquid crystal original groups of the material. The term "non-liquid crystalline precursor compound or material" means a compound or material that does not contain a liquid crystal original group as defined above. The term "polymer" as used herein is understood to mean a molecule encompassing the backbone of one or more different types of repeating units (the smallest constituent unit of a molecule), and includes the commonly known terms "oligomer", "copolymer". ", homopolymer" and the like. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the term polymer, in addition to the polymer itself, also includes residues of the initiator, catalyst and other elements accompanying the synthesis of such a polymer, wherein such residues are understood to be not covalently incorporated. Moreover, the residues and other elements, although typically removed during the post-polymerization purification process, are typically mixed or blended with the polymer such that the residues are transferred between the containers or between the solvent or dispersion medium. Things and other elements are usually kept together with the polymer. The term "(meth)acrylic polymer" as used in the present invention includes a polymer obtained from an acrylic monomer, a polymer obtainable from a methacrylic monomer, and a corresponding copolymer obtainable from a mixture of the monomers. . The term "polymerization" means a chemical process by which a plurality of polymerizable groups or polymer precursors (polymerizable compounds) containing the polymerizable groups are bonded together to form a polymer. A polymerizable compound having one polymerizable group is also referred to as a "single-reactive" compound, a compound having two polymerizable groups is also referred to as a "di-reactive" compound, and a compound having two or more polymerizable groups Also known as "multi-reactive" compounds. Compounds that do not have a polymerizable group are also referred to as "non-reactive" or "non-polymerizable" compounds. The terms "film" and "layer" include rigid or flexible, self-supporting or freestanding films or layers having more or less significant mechanical stability, as well as coatings or layers on or between the support substrates. The ultraviolet light has electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of about 400 nm to about 745 nm. Ultraviolet (UV) light has electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. In a first aspect, the invention is directed to a composition for nanoencapsulation (i.e., for forming a nanocapsule) wherein the formed capsule of each capsule contains a nanoscale volume of LC medium. The composition comprises components (i), (ii) and (iii) as defined above. In particular, it is especially preferred to provide a liquid crystalline precursor medium comprising one or more compounds of formula I. Surprisingly, it has been found that a composition according to the present invention permits the preparation of a nanocapsule containing a liquid crystalline precursor medium in an advantageous process, in particular a process using in situ polymerization, in particular a PIPS based process, wherein the composition is This process has advantageous properties. Moreover, such compositions allow for the acquisition of nanocapsules that provide significant benefits in terms of their physical and chemical properties, particularly in terms of their optoelectronic properties and their suitability in optoelectronic devices. Thus, the compositions of the invention can be used to prepare a nanocapsule. The composition can be provided by suitably mixing or blending the components. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the present invention comprise an LC medium in an amount of from 5% by weight to 95% by weight, more preferably from 15% by weight to 75% by weight, especially from 25% by weight to 65% by weight, based on the total composition. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the present invention further comprise one or more organic solvents. It has been found that providing an organic solvent provides additional benefits in the process of preparing the nanocapsules of the present invention. In particular, one or more organic solvents can aid in setting or adapting the solubility of the components or the respective miscibility. The solvent can be used as a suitable cosolvent in which the solvent capacity of other organic ingredients can be enhanced or affected. Further, the organic solvent may have a favorable influence during phase separation induced by polymerization of the polymerizable compound. Providing an organic solvent can help achieve improved separation of the LC material from the prepared polymer component, and which can further affect, particularly reduce, the anchoring energy at the interface. In this regard, a standard organic solvent can be used as the organic solvent. The solvent may be selected, for example, from aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols (including fluorinated alcohols), ethylene glycol or esters thereof, ethers, esters, lactones, ketones, and the like. Preferably selected from the group consisting of diols and n-alkanes. It is also possible to use a binary, ternary or higher mixture of the above solvents. In a particular embodiment, a fluorinated organic solvent is preferably used. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent is selected from one or more of the following: cyclohexane, tetradecafluorohexane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, perfluoro Hexadecane, 1,5-dimethyltetrahydronaphthalene, 3-phenoxytoluene, heptadecane 2-isopropoxyethanol, octyldodecanol, perfluorooctyl alcohol, pentafluorooctanol, Pentafluorooctyl alcohol, 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentanediol (especially 1,4-pentanediol), Phenylcyclohexane, p-tolyl ether, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, 2-phenoxyethyl acetate, 2-phenylethyl acetate, hexanediol (especially 1,6-hexanediol), heptanediol, hydrazine Glycol, hydroxy-2-pentanone, triethanolamine, methyl octanoate, ethyl acetate, trimethyldecyl trifluoroacetate and butyl acetate. More preferably, the organic solvent used comprises hexadecane, methyl octanoate, ethyl acetate or 1,4-pentanediol, in particular hexadecane, methyl octanoate, ethyl acetate or 1,4-pentanediol. In another embodiment, a combination comprising hexadecane and 1,4-pentanediol is used. The organic solvent, in particular hexadecane, is preferably added in an amount of from 0.1% by weight to 35% by weight, more preferably from 1% by weight to 25% by weight, especially from 3% by weight to 17% by weight, based on the total composition. Organic solvents can enhance solubility or dissolve separately, or dilute other organic components and can help tune viscosity. In the examples, an organic solvent is used as the hydrophobic agent. Adding it to the dispersed phase of the nanoemulsion or miniemulsion can affect, in particular, increase the osmotic pressure of the nanodroplets. This can help stabilize the "oil-in-water" emulsion by suppressing Ostwald ripening. The preferred organic solvent used as the hydrophobic agent has a solubility in water lower than that of the liquid crystal in water, and it is soluble in the liquid crystal. In the compositions of the present invention, one or more polymerizable compounds are provided as polymeric shells or wall precursors that contain or individually surround the LC medium. According to the present invention, at least one of the one or more polymerizable compounds is a fluorine-containing polymerizable compound. It has been discovered that by providing at least one polymerizable compound, in particular one, two, three or more polymerizable compounds containing one or more fluorine atoms, for example by reducing the surface energy of the polymer, by tuning the polymer interface The anchoring ability or the adjustment of the phase separation advantageously affects the material properties and properties of the prepared nanocapsules and their preparation processes. In a preferred embodiment, the polymerizable compound as provided in the composition comprises, in addition to the at least one fluorine-containing polymerizable compound, one, two or more fluorine-free polymerizable compounds. In particular, it is thereby possible to provide a monomer for the polymerization which has a differential solubility and which as a whole can produce a polymer shell which is sufficiently separated from the liquid crystal and which is fluorinated or at least partially fluorinated. According to another embodiment, however, the polymerizable compound may also be exclusively selected from the group consisting of fluorine-containing polymerizable compounds, that is, the composition contains only the fluorine-containing polymerizable compound as the polymerizable compound. The one or more fluorine-containing polymerizable compounds are reactive monomers or polymer precursors having at least one polymerizable group and containing fluorine. The fluorine-containing polymerizable compound of the present invention contains a monofluorinated, polyfluorinated and perfluorinated fluorinated compound. The polymerizable or reactive group of the at least one fluorine-containing polymerizable compound is preferably selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, a fluoroacrylate group, an oxetanyl group or an epoxy group, preferably Acrylate or methacrylate group. More preferably, the at least one fluorine-containing polymerizable compound is selected from the group consisting of fluorine-containing acrylates and fluorine-containing methacrylates. The at least one fluorine-containing polymerizable compound, particularly the fluorine-containing acrylate and the fluorine-containing methacrylate, may be selected from the group consisting of a single reactive monomer and a di-reactive or polyreactive monomer. In a preferred embodiment, the composition of the invention comprises at least one fluorine-containing agent in an amount of from 0.1% by weight to 60% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% by weight to 35% by weight, especially from 1.5% by weight to 15% by weight, based on the total composition. Polymeric compound. Particularly preferred fluorine-containing polymerizable compounds are selected from the group consisting of hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate, 1,1-dihydroperfluoropropyl acrylate, perfluorodecyl acrylate, pentafluoropropyl acrylate, heptafluorobutyl acrylate, 1H. ,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate, hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate, 1,1-dihydroperfluoropropyl methacrylate, perfluorodecyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid Fluoropropyl ester, heptafluorobutyl methacrylate, 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate, octafluoro-1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 2-(perfluoro) acrylate Butyl)ethyl ester, 3-(perfluorobutyl)-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, perfluorocyclohexyl methacrylate, 2-(perfluorodecyl)ethyl methacrylate, perfluorododecane Diol diacrylate, perfluorododecyl methacrylate, perfluorohexyl acrylate, perfluorohexyl diacrylate, 3-perfluorohexyl-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, perfluorohexyl methacrylate , perfluoro-9-methyldecyl methacrylate, perfluoro-5-methylhexyl methacrylate and perfluoro-7-methyloctyl acrylate. The polymerizable compound of the present invention has at least one polymerizable group. The polymerizable group is preferably selected from the group consisting of CH₂ =CW¹ -COO-,,, CH₂ =CW² -(O)_K1 -, CH₃ -CH=CH-O-, (CH₂ =CH)₂ CH-OCO-, (CH₂ =CH-CH₂ )₂ CH-OCO-, (CH₂ =CH)₂ CH-O-, (CH₂ =CH-CH₂ )₂ N-, HO-CW² W³ -, HS-CW² W³ -, HW² N-, HO-CW² W³ -NH-, CH₂ =CW¹ -CO-NH-, CH₂ =CH-(COO)_K1 -Phe-(O)_K2 -, Phe-CH=CH-, HOOC-, OCN-, where W¹ H, Cl, CN, phenyl or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 C atoms, especially H, Cl or CH₃ , W² And W³ Independently from each other H or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 C atoms, especially H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, Phe is 1,4-phenyl and k₁ And k₂ Each other is 0 or 1 independently. It is preferred to include one or more polymerizable compounds other than the fluorine-containing polymerizable compound in addition to the at least one fluorine-containing polymerizable compound such that it has an appropriate and sufficient solubility in the LC component or phase. In addition, its needs are susceptible to polymerization conditions and the environment. In particular, the polymerizable compound can undergo a suitable polymerization with high conversion such that the amount of unreacted polymerizable compound remaining after the reaction is advantageously low. This provides benefits in the stability and performance of the LC medium. In addition, the polymerizable component is selected such that the polymer formed therefrom is properly phase separated or separately separated from the polymer phase from which it has formed to form a polymeric shell. In particular, it is advantageous to avoid or separately minimize the dissolution of the LC component in the shell polymer and the swelling or gelation of the formed polymer shell, wherein the amount of LC medium is also formed in the formed pocket. Keep it substantially constant. Thus, it is advantageous to minimize or avoid preferential dissolution of any LC compound of the LC material in the wall. By providing a suitably tough polymer shell, it is advantageously possible to minimize or even completely avoid swelling or even cracking of the nanocapsules and undesired leakage of LC material from the bladder. The polymerization or curing time depends inter alia on the reactivity and amount of the polymerizable material, the thickness of the formed capsule and the type and amount of polymerization initiator (if present), and the reaction temperature and/or radiation (e.g., UV lamp) power. The polymerization or curing time and conditions can be selected, for example, to obtain a rapid process for polymerization or to obtain, for example, a slower process in which the complete conversion and separation of the polymer can be beneficially affected. Thus, it may be preferred to have a shorter polymerization and cure time, such as less than 5 minutes, while in alternative embodiments longer polymerization times, such as more than 1 hour or even at least 3 hours, may be preferred. In the examples, a non-liquid crystalline raw polymerizable compound, that is, a compound containing no liquid crystal primary group, is used. However, it exhibits sufficient and appropriate solubility or miscibility with the LC component, respectively. In a preferred embodiment, an organic solvent is additionally provided. In another aspect, a polymerizable liquid crystal or liquid crystal compound, also known as reactive liquid crystal precursor (RM), is used. The compounds contain a liquid crystal original group and one or more polymerizable groups, i.e., functional groups suitable for polymerization. As the case may be, in the examples, the polymerizable compound of the present invention contains only the reactive mesogen, that is, all of the reactive monomers are liquid crystals. Alternatively, RM can be provided in combination with one or more non-liquid crystalline propolymerizable compounds. The RM can be monoreactive or direactive or polyreactive. The RM can exhibit favorable solubility or miscibility with the LC medium, respectively. However, it is further contemplated that the polymer that is being formed or separately formed exhibits proper phase separation behavior. Preferably, the polymerizable liquid crystal original compound contains at least one polymerizable group as a terminal group and a liquid crystal original group as a core group, and further preferably contains a space and/or a connection between the polymerizable group and the liquid crystal original group. Group. In the examples, 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene-bis[4[3(propylene decyloxy)propyloxy] benzoate (RM 257, Merck KGaA) was used. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the pendant substituents of the liquid crystal group may also be a polymerizable group. In another embodiment, the use of a liquid crystal original polymerizable compound is avoided. In a preferred embodiment, one or more polymerizable compounds selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, dichloroethylene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylic acid are added to the composition. Or methyl methacrylate, ethyl ester, n-butyl ester or tert-butyl ester, cyclohexyl ester, 2-ethylhexyl ester, phenyloxyethyl ester, hydroxyethyl ester, hydroxypropyl Base ester, 2-5 C-alkoxyethyl ester, tetrahydrofurfuryl ester, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl acrylate, vinyl succinate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, N-ethylene Carbazole, styrene, divinylbenzene, ethyl diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol acrylate, bisphenol-A-diacrylate and bisphenol-A-dimethacrylate, trihydroxyl Methyl propane diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, neopentyl alcohol triacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tripropylene glycol triacrylate, neopentyl Alcohol triacrylate, neopentyl alcohol tetraacrylate, bistrimethylpropane tetraacrylate or dipentaerythritol pentaacrylic acid Ester or dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate. Mercaptan-olefins are also preferred, such as the commercially available Norland 65 (Norland Products). Reactive monomers based on decane or decane-based can also be used. It is especially preferred to use the fluorinated variants of the above monomers and polymer precursors, either alone or in combination with non-fluorinated reactive compounds. The polymerizable or reactive group is preferably selected from the group consisting of vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, oxetane or epoxy, especially acrylate or methacrylate base. In a preferred embodiment, the fluorinated polymerizable compound is selected from the group consisting of fluoroacrylates, fluorinated acrylates, and fluorinated methacrylates. Preferably, in addition to the at least one fluorinated monomer, the composition also contains one or more polymerizable compounds selected from the group consisting of non-fluorinated acrylates, methacrylates, and vinyl acetate, wherein the composition is even more preferably further included The one or more di-reactive and/or tri-reactive polymerizable compounds are preferably selected from the group consisting of fluorinated and/or non-fluorinated diacrylates, dimethacrylates, triacrylates and trimethacrylates. In an embodiment, the one or more polymerizable compounds (ii) as described above comprise a polymerizable group selected from one, two or more acrylate groups, methacrylate groups, and vinyl acetate groups, Among them, the compound is preferably a non-liquid crystal original compound. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the present invention comprise one or more monoacrylates, preferably from 0.1% to 75% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% to 50% by weight, especially 2.5% by weight, based on the total composition. Add in an amount of up to 25% by weight. Particularly preferred non-fluorinated monoreactive compounds are selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, pentyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate , decyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy-ethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl acrylate, 3- cis (3) Methyl decyloxy) decyl propyl ester, stearyl acrylate and glycidyl acrylate. Additionally or alternatively, vinyl acetate may be added. In another preferred embodiment, the composition of the present invention optionally comprises one or more monomethacrylates in addition to the above monoacrylates, preferably from 0.1% to 75% by weight, based on the total composition, more It is preferably added in an amount of from 0.5% by weight to 50% by weight, especially from 2.5% by weight to 25% by weight. Particularly preferred non-fluorinated monoreactive compounds are selected from the group consisting of methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid third Butyl ester, amyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid 2 -Hydroxy-butyl ester, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3- cis (trimethyldecyloxy) decyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, A Glycidyl acrylate, adamantyl methacrylate and isodecyl methacrylate. More preferably, at least one crosslinking agent (i.e., a polymerizable compound containing two or more polymerizable groups) is added to the composition. Cross-linking the polymeric shells in the prepared particles provides additional benefits, particularly in terms of further improving stability and containment and tuning or individually reducing susceptibility to swelling, especially due to solvent-induced swelling. In this regard, the direactive and polyreactive compounds can be used to form their own polymer network and/or to crosslink the polymer chains formed substantially from the polymerized single reactive compound. Conventional crosslinkers known in the art can be used. It is especially preferred to provide a di-reactive or polyreactive acrylate and/or methacrylate, preferably from 0.1% to 75% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% to 50% by weight, based on the total composition, in particular It is added in an amount of from 2.5 wt% to 25 wt%. The di-reactive or polyreactive compounds can be fluorinated and/or non-fluorinated. Particularly preferred non-fluorinated compounds are selected from the group consisting of ethyl diacrylate, propyl diacrylate, butyl acrylate, pentyl diacrylate, hexyl acrylate, diol diacrylate, glycerol diacrylate Ester, neopentyl alcohol tetraacrylate, ethyl methacrylate (also known as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), propyl dimethacrylate, dimethyl propylene tert-butyl ester, Dipentyl dimethacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, diol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, trimethylpropane trimethacrylate and neopentyl Tetraol triacrylate. The ratio of monoreactive monomer to di-reactive or polyreactive monomer can be advantageously set and adjusted to affect the polymer composition of the shell and its properties. The compositions of the present invention comprise one or more surfactants. In an embodiment, the surfactant can be prepared or provided separately in the initial step and then added to the other components. In particular, the surfactant may be prepared or provided in the form of an aqueous mixture or composition which is then added to other components comprising a liquid crystalline precursor medium and a polymerizable compound as described above and below. More preferably, one or more surfactants are provided as aqueous surfactants. Surfactants can be used to reduce surface or interfacial tension and promote emulsification and dispersion. Custom surfactants known in the art can be used, including anionic surfactants such as sulfates (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate), sulfonate, phosphate, and carboxylate surfactants; cationic surfactants such as secondary or Tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salt surfactants; zwitterionic surfactants such as betaines, sulfonic acid betaines and phospholipid surfactants; and nonionic surfactants such as long chain alcohols and phenols, ethers, esters or Indole nonionic surfactant. In the examples, fluorinated surfactants or so-called fluorosurfactants, especially perfluorinated alkylated surfactants, are used. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a nonionic surfactant is used. The use of nonionic surfactants during the preparation of the nanocapsules, especially in terms of dispersion formation and stability, and in PIPS, provides a number of benefits. It is further recognized that it may be advantageous to avoid charged surfactants if a surfactant (e.g., residual surfactant) is included in the formed nanocapsules. Therefore, the use of nonionic surfactants and the avoidance of ionic surfactants in composite systems and optoelectronic devices can be beneficial in terms of stability, reliability, and optoelectronic properties and performance of the nanocapsules. Particularly preferred are polyethoxylated nonionic surfactants. Preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, polyoxypropylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, glucoside alkyl ether surfactants, polyoxyethylene glycol octylphenol Ether surfactants (eg Triton X-100), polyoxyethylene glycol alkylphenol ether surfactants, glyceryl alkyl ester surfactants, polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan alkyl ester surfactants (eg Polysorbate), sorbitan alkyl ester surfactant, cocoamine monoethanolamine, cocoamine diethanolamine and dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the surfactant used is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants, which comprise commercially available Brij^® Reagents. More preferably, it is a surfactant comprising 23 (ethylene glycol) monododecyl ether, more preferably. In an excellent embodiment, a commercially available Brij is used.^® L23 (Sigma-Aldrich), also known as Brij 35 or polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether. Preferably, the surfactant is provided in the composition in an amount of less than 25% by weight, more preferably less than 20% by weight and especially less than 15% by weight, based on the total composition. According to a preferred embodiment, when the surfactant is provided in the form of a prepared aqueous mixture, the amount of water is not considered to contribute to the overall composition in terms of weight, i.e., water is excluded in this regard. In the process of preparing the nanocapsules of the present invention, a polymeric surfactant or a surface active polymer or a block copolymer may also be used. In certain embodiments, the use of such polymeric surfactants or surface active polymers is in anyway avoided. According to aspects of the invention, a polymerizable surfactant, i.e., a surfactant comprising one or more polymerizable groups, can be used. The polymerizable surfactant can be used alone (i.e., as the sole surfactant provided) or in combination with a non-polymerizable surfactant. In an embodiment, a polymerizable surfactant is additionally provided and combined with a non-polymerizable surfactant. This optional provision of a polymerizable surfactant provides a combined benefit that can aid in proper droplet formation and stabilization as well as stable polymeric shell formation. Therefore, the compounds act as both a surfactant and a polymerizable compound. More preferably, it is a polymerizable nonionic surfactant, especially a nonionic surfactant having one or more acrylate groups and/or methacrylate groups. This embodiment comprising the use of a polymerizable surfactant may have the advantage that the templating properties at the amphiphilic interface are particularly well maintained during the polymerization. Furthermore, the polymerizable surfactant can participate not only in the polymerization but also as a building block in the polymer shell and also at the surface of the shell, so that it can advantageously influence the interfacial interaction. In a particularly preferred embodiment, polyoxyphthalocyan acrylate, more preferably crosslinkable polyoxyl acrylate, is used as the polymerizable surfactant. Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate can also be added. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the present invention are provided as an aqueous mixture, and more preferably, the composition comprising components (i), (ii) and (iii) is dispersed in the aqueous phase. In this regard, the surfactants provided can advantageously help to form and stabilize the dispersion, especially the emulsion, and promote homogenization. If an aqueous mixture is provided, the amount of water is not considered to contribute to the overall composition in terms of weight, i.e., water is excluded in this regard. Preferably, the water system is provided in the form of purified water, especially deionized water. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the compositions of the present invention are provided in the form of nanodroplets dispersed in an aqueous phase. The compositions may contain other compounds such as one or more pleochroic dyes (especially one or more dichroic dyes), one or more chiral compounds, and/or other conventional and suitable additives. The pleochroic dye is preferably a dichroic dye and may be selected from, for example, azo dyes and thiadiazole dyes. Suitable chiral compounds are, for example, standard chiral dopants such as R- or S-811, R- or S-1011, R- or S-2011, R- or S-3011, R- or S-4011, R - or S-5011 or CB 15 (all available from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany); sorbitol as described in WO 98/00428; hydrogenated benzoin as described in GB 2,328,207; such as WO 02/94805 A chiral binaphthol described herein; a chiral binaphthol acetal as described in WO 02/34739; a chiral TADDOL as described in WO 02/06265; or as WO 02/06196 or WO 02/ A chiral compound having a fluorinated linking group as described in 06195. In addition, a variety of materials can be added to alter the temperature dependence of the dielectric anisotropy, optical anisotropy, viscosity, and/or optoelectronic parameters of the LC material. The liquid crystalline precursor medium of the present invention comprises one or more compounds of formula I as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium is comprised of from 2 to 25, preferably from 3 to 20, compounds of at least one of the compounds of formula I. The medium preferably comprises one or more, more preferably two or more and most preferably three or more compounds of the formula I according to the invention. The medium preferably comprises a low molecular weight liquid crystal compound selected from the group consisting of nematic or tonic materials, for example selected from the group consisting of oxyazobenzene, benzylidene-aniline, biphenyl, terphenyl, phenyl benzoate. Ester or cyclohexyl benzoate, phenyl ester or cyclohexyl cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, phenyl ester or cyclohexyl cyclohexylbenzoic acid, phenyl ester or cyclohexyl ester of cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, benzene Cyclohexyl phenyl formate, cyclohexyl phenyl cyclohexane acid and cyclohexyl phenyl cyclohexyl cyclohexane acid, phenylcyclohexane, cyclohexyl-biphenyl, phenylcyclohexylcyclohexane Alkane, cyclohexylcyclohexane, cyclohexylcyclohexene, cyclohexylcyclohexylcyclohexene, 1,4-bis-cyclohexylbenzene, 4,4'-bis-cyclohexylbiphenyl, phenylpyrimidine or cyclohexyl Pyrimidine, phenylpyridine or cyclohexylpyridine, phenylpyridazine or cyclohexylpyridazine, phenyldioxane or cyclohexyldioxane, phenyl-1,3-dithiane or cyclohexyl-1,3- Dithiane, 1,2-diphenyl-ethane, 1,2-dicyclohexylethane, 1-phenyl-2-cyclohexylethane, 1-cyclohexyl-2-(4-phenyl ring Hexyl)-ethane, 1-cyclohexyl-2-biphenyl- Alkenes, 1-phenyl 2-cyclohexyl-phenylethane, optionally halogenated stilbene, benzylphenyl ether, diphenylacetylene, substituted cinnamic acid and other classes of nematic or nematic substance. The 1,4-phenylene groups in such compounds may also be laterally monofluorinated or polyfluorinated. The liquid crystal mixture is preferably based on an achiral compound of this type. In a preferred embodiment, the LC host mixture is a nematic LC mixture which preferably does not have a chiral LC phase. Suitable LC mixtures can have positive dielectric anisotropy. Such mixtures are described in, for example, JP 07-181 439 (A), EP 0 667 555, EP 0 673 986, DE 195 09 410, DE 195 28 106, DE 195 28 107, WO 96/23 851, WO 96/28 521 and WO2012/079676. In another embodiment, the LC medium has a negative dielectric anisotropy. Such media are described, for example, in EP 1 378 557 A1. In a particularly preferred embodiment, one or more compounds of formula I are selected from one or more compounds of formulas Ia, Ib and Ic,Where R¹ , R² , R³ , R⁴ And R⁵ Independent of each other, a straight-chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted, CN or CF₃ Monosubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen, preferably F, and one or more of CH₂ The groups may in each case independently of each other via -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO- or -C≡C- in such a way that the oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other Alternative, X¹ Indicates F, CF₃ OCF₃ Or CN, L¹ , L² , L³ And L⁴ H or F is independent of each other, i is 1 or 2, and j and k are independently 0 or 1 from each other. The compositions of the invention as described above can be used in the method of making nanocapsules of the invention and provide particular advantages. Surprisingly, it has been found that, in accordance with the present invention, an efficient and controlled process can be ultimately performed on the nanometer scale to produce a nanoscale container of generally spheroidal or spheroidal encapsulated LC material. The process utilizes a dispersion, especially a nanoemulsion (also known as a miniemulsion) in which the nanoscale phase comprising the LC material and the reactive polymerizable compound is dispersed in a suitable dispersion medium. In particular, the dispersed phase exhibits poor solubility in the dispersion medium, which means that it exhibits low solubility or even practically insoluble in the dispersion medium forming the continuous phase. Advantageously, water, water based or aqueous solutions or mixtures are used to form a continuous or external phase. By means of the dispersion, individual nanodroplets are decoupled from each other such that each droplet constitutes a separate nanoscale reaction volume for subsequent polymerization. The process conveniently utilizes in situ polymerization. Specifically, the polymerization is combined with phase separation. In this regard, the size of the nanodroplets gives the length scale or volume of the transitions or separate separations that cause polymerization induced nanophase separation. In addition, the droplet interface can be used as a template for encapsulating the polymeric shell. The polymer chains or networks that are forming or beginning to form in the nanodroplets can be isolated or driven to the interface with the aqueous phase or accumulate at the interface with the aqueous phase, wherein the polymerization can be performed and terminated to form a closed package. Floor. In this regard, the polymeric shell that is being formed or separately formed is substantially immiscible in both the aqueous phase and the LC medium. Thus, in aspects of the invention, the polymerization can then occur, promote and/or continue at the interface between the aqueous phase and the phase comprising the LC medium. In this regard, the interface can be used as a diffusion barrier and a reactive site, and may also be used as a reactive species in the aqueous phase. In addition, the positive formation of the capsule and the properties of the formed interface, in particular the structure and building unit of the polymer, can influence the material properties, in particular the LC alignment, by means of, for example, vertical anchoring, anchoring energy and switching behavior in response to the electric field. In one embodiment, the anchoring energy or intensity is reduced to beneficially affect the photoelectric switching, wherein, for example, polymer surface morphology and polarity can be suitably set and adjusted. In particular, the combined elements of the process can advantageously produce a plurality of individual, dispersed or individually dispersible nanocapsules each having a polymeric shell and a core comprising the LC material. In a first step of the process, an aqueous mixture comprising the composition of the invention is prepared or provided. In embodiments, a surfactant solution or mixture, preferably in water, may be prepared and added to the other components of the composition. The aqueous mixture provided is then agitated, in particular mechanically agitated, to obtain nanodroplets comprising the polymerizable compound of the invention and the LC medium dispersed in the aqueous phase. Stirring or mixing can be carried out using high shear mixing. For example, a high performance dispersion device utilizing the rotor-stator principle, such as the commercially available Turrax (IKA), can be used. This high shear mixing can be replaced by sonic processing as appropriate. It is also possible to combine sonication with high shear mixing, wherein preferably the sonication is performed prior to high shear mixing. The agitation and the combination of providing surfactants as described above advantageously may result in a suitable formation and stability of the dispersion, especially the emulsion. The use of a high pressure homogenizer (as appropriate and preferably in addition to the mixing described above) can be achieved by setting or adjusting and individually reducing the droplet size as well as by narrowing the droplet size distribution (i.e., improving The uniformity of the particle size) further advantageously affects the preparation of the nanodispersion, in particular the nanoemulsion. It is especially preferred when the high pressure homogenization is repeated, especially several times (for example three times, four times or five times). For example, a commercially available microfluidic homogenizer (Microfluidics) can be used. The dispersed nanodroplets are then subjected to a polymerization step. Specifically, the polymerizable compound contained in or separately mixed with the nanodroplets is polymerized. This polymerization causes the formation of PIPS and a nanocapsule having a core-shell structure as described above and below. The nanocapsules obtained or separately available are generally spherical, substantially spherical or spheroidal. In this regard, some asymmetrical or small deformations may be beneficial, such as in terms of operating voltage. Polymerization in the emulsion droplets and at each droplet interface can be carried out using conventional methods. The polymerization can be carried out in one or more steps. In particular, the polymerization of the polymerizable compound in the nanodroplets is preferably achieved by exposure to heat or actinic radiation, wherein exposure to actinic radiation means the use of light (such as UV light, visible light or IR light). Irradiation with X-rays or gamma rays or with energetic particles (such as ions or electrons). In a preferred embodiment, free radical polymerization is carried out. The polymerization can be carried out at a suitable temperature. In the examples, the polymerization is carried out at a temperature below the clearing point of the liquid crystal raw mixture. However, in alternative embodiments, the polymerization can also be carried out at or above the clearing point. In the examples, the polymerization is carried out by heating the emulsion, ie by thermal polymerization, for example by thermal polymerization of acrylate and/or methacrylate compounds. Particularly preferred is the thermal initiation of free radical polymerization of the reactive polymerizable precursor such that the LC material is nano encapsulated. In another embodiment, the polymerization is carried out by irradiation with light, i.e., with light, preferably by UV light. For example, a single UV lamp or a group of UV lamps can be used as a source of actinic radiation. When high lamp power is used, the curing time can be shortened. Another possible source of optical radiation is a laser such as, for example, a UV laser, a visible laser or an IR laser. Suitable and customary thermal initiators or photoinitiators can be added to the composition to facilitate the reaction, such as an azo compound or an organic peroxide (e.g., a Luperox-type initiator). In addition, suitable conditions for polymerization and suitable types and amounts of initiators are known in the art and are set forth in the literature. For example, when polymerized by means of UV light, a photoinitiator can be used which decomposes under UV irradiation to produce free radicals or ions which initiate the polymerization. For the polymerization of the acrylate or methacrylate group, a radical photoinitiator is preferably used. For the polymerization of a vinyl group, an epoxide or an oxetane group, a cationic photoinitiator is preferably used. It is also possible to use a thermal polymerization initiator which decomposes upon heating to produce radicals or ions which initiate polymerization. Typical free radical photoinitiators are, for example, commercially available Irgacure® or Darocure® (Ciba Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland). Typical cationic photoinitiators are, for example, UVI 6974 (Union Carbide). In the examples, an initiator which is well soluble in the nanodroplets but insoluble or at least substantially insoluble in water is used. For example, in the process of preparing a nanocapsule, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) can be used, which in a particular embodiment is further included in the compositions of the present invention. Alternatively or additionally, a water soluble starter such as 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamide) dihydrochloride (AIBA) may be provided. In the examples, it is especially preferred to use a nonionic initiator, especially a nonionic photoinitiator. Other additives can also be added. In particular, the polymerizable material may additionally comprise one or more additives such as catalysts, sensitizers, stabilizers, inhibitors, and chain transfer agents. For example, the polymerizable material may also contain one or more stabilizers or inhibitors to prevent undesired spontaneous polymerization, such as, for example, the commercially available Irganox® (Ciba Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland). By adding one or more chain transfer agents to the polymerizable material, the properties of the polymer obtained or separately available can be improved. By using a chain transfer agent, the length of the free polymer chain in the polymer and/or the length of the polymer chain between the two crosslinks can be adjusted, wherein when the amount of the chain transfer agent is increased, the polymer in the polymer The chain length is usually reduced. The polymerization is preferably carried out under an inert gas atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen or argon), more preferably under a heated nitrogen atmosphere. But it can also be polymerized in air. Further preferably, the polymerization is carried out in the presence of an organic solvent as described above. The use of an organic solvent (e.g., hexadecane) may be advantageous in adjusting the solubility of the reactive compound with the LC material and stabilizing the nanodroplets, and may also be beneficial in affecting phase separation. Preferably, however, the amount of organic solvent, if used, is generally limited to less than 25% by weight, more preferably less than 20% by weight and especially less than 15% by weight, based on the total composition. The formed polymer shell suitably exhibits low solubility for both the LC material and water, i.e., is substantially insoluble. Furthermore, in this process, coagulation or individual aggregation of the resulting nanocapsules can be suitably and advantageously limited or even avoided. Also preferably, the polymer being formed in the shell or the separately formed polymer is crosslinked. This crosslinking provides benefits in forming a stable polymeric shell and giving adequate containment and barrier functionality while maintaining sufficient mechanical flexibility. Thus, the process of the present invention provides packaging and limitations of the liquid crystal precursor medium while maintaining the photovoltaic properties and, in particular, electrical reactivity of the LC material. In particular, the compositions and process conditions are provided such that the stability of the LC material is maintained. Thus, LC can exhibit advantageous properties in the formed nanocapsules, such as suitably high Δε, suitably high Δn, high favorable clarification points, and low melting point. In particular, the LC materials provided may exhibit, for example, suitable and advantageous polymerization stability with respect to exposure to heat or UV light. In this process, water or an aqueous solution is advantageously used as the dispersion medium. In this regard, however, it has additionally been observed that the compositions provided and the resulting nanocapsules exhibit suitable stability and chemical resistance to the presence of water (e.g., with respect to hydrolysis). In embodiments, the amount of water may be reduced or even substantially minimized by providing or adding a polar medium, such as formamide or ethylene glycol, preferably a non-aqueous polar medium. Thus, a suitably dispersed stable nanocapsule is produced in the process. In an optional and preferred subsequent step, the aqueous phase may be removed or the amount of water may be separately reduced or depleted, or the aqueous phase may be exchanged for another dispersion medium. In an embodiment, the dispersed or individually dispersible nanocapsules are substantially or completely separated from the aqueous phase, for example by filtration or centrifugation. Conventional filtration (eg membrane filtration), dialysis, cross-flow filtration and especially cross-flow filtration combined with dialysis and/or centrifugation techniques can be used. Filtration and/or centrifugation may provide additional benefits by, for example, removing excess or undesired or even residual surfactant. Thus, purification can also be provided, for example, by removing contaminants, impurities, or undesired ions that not only provide the concentration of the nanocapsules. Preferably, and advantageously, the amount of surface charge of the bladder is kept to a minimum. Based on mechanical stability, the nanocapsules can be subjected to separation techniques relatively easily. The nanocapsules may also be dried, wherein drying means removing the dispersion medium but leaving the contained LC material in the capsule. Conventional techniques such as air drying, critical point drying and freeze drying, especially freeze drying, can be used. Advantageously, the process of the present invention provides a plurality of individual nanocapsules that are dispersible and even redispersible. Therefore, it can be further easily and flexibly used and applied to various environments. Due to the stable storage of the capsule, it is also possible to have a suitably long shelf life before being used in a variety of applications. However, immediate further processing is also an advantageous option. In this regard, the bladder is suitably stabilized during processing, especially for coating applications. The process as described above provides a convenient method of producing a nanocapsule in a controlled and adaptable manner. Specifically, the particle size of the capsule can be appropriately adjusted by, for example, adjusting the amount of the surfactant in the composition while maintaining low polydispersity. Surprisingly, it has been found that a suitably set uniform capsule size can be particularly advantageous in view of reducing the operating voltage in photovoltaic applications. In embodiments, the surfactant provided in the composition can be at least partially incorporated into the polymeric capsule, and in particular incorporated into the interface with the LC inside the capsule. These surfactant molecules incorporated at the interface can particularly affect the optoelectronic performance and reduce the operating voltage by setting or tuning interface properties and interactions. In one case, the surfactant can advantageously affect the alignment of the LC molecules, such as promoting vertical alignment to create a radial configuration. Additionally or alternatively, the surfactant molecules can affect the morphology and physicochemical properties of the internal polymer surface, resulting in reduced anchor strength. Thus, the surfactants provided in the compositions not only contribute to the advantageous process of the present invention, but they can also provide benefits in the obtained nanocapsules. In a particularly preferred embodiment, one or more additives are additionally added to or incorporated into the nanodroplets prior to polymerization and/or added to the obtained nanocapsules. For example, other additives can be added to the composition or nanodroplets prior to performing the polymerization step. Alternatively or additionally, other additives may be added after polymerization and formation of the nanocapsules. In a particular embodiment, two or more surfactants are used in the dispersion of the composition in the form of nanodroplets in the aqueous phase. For example, two surfactants can be preferably used to adjust the droplet size as well as the interfacial properties of the droplets and formed pockets. One or more other additives may be added before, during or after the formation of the nanodroplet dispersion, i.e., in addition to the surfactant. For example, an agent that affects wettability, solubility, viscosity, or osmotic pressure can be used. In particular, it may be preferred to additionally add a hydrophobic or hydrophobizing agent before, during or after the dispersion of the composition. In another aspect of the invention, a beneficial nanocapsule of the invention is provided. In particular, the nanocapsules constitute a nanocapsule filled with an LC material and optionally a crosslinked polymeric shell. The capsules are individual and individual, ie discrete and dispersible particles having a core-shell structure. The capsules may be used individually or collectively as light modulation materials. It can be applied to a variety of environments and the dispersing media can be redispersed in different media. For example, it can be dispersed in water or an aqueous phase, dried, and dispersed in a binder, preferably a polymeric binder. Nanocapsules can also be called nanoparticles. In particular, the nanoparticles comprise a nanoscale LC material surrounded by a polymeric shell. The liquid crystals of the nano-packages may additionally be embedded in the polymeric binder. In an alternative situation where the phase separation is less pronounced or less complete, the polymer network can be formed inside the droplets such that a capsule exhibiting a spongy or porous interior is obtained, wherein the LC material fills the voids. In this case, the LC material fills the pores in the sponge structure or network, while the shell encapsulates the LC material. In another alternative, the separation between the LC material and the polymer can be intermediate, with the interface or boundary between the interior and wall of the LC being less pronounced and exhibiting a gradient behavior. However, it is preferred to obtain an efficient and complete separation of the shell polymer from the LC material, especially to give a shell with a smooth inner surface. Optionally, the liquid crystal precursor medium may further comprise one or more chiral dopants and/or one or more polychromatic dyes and/or other conventional additives. Advantageously, the nanocapsules of the invention are obtained by polymerization of the compositions of the invention, and in particular from the highly efficient and controlled processes described herein or are obtainable therefrom. Surprisingly, the shell polymer can be provided in particular in the nanocapsules by polymerizing the precursor compounds described above, which is well matched to the LC components and compatible with LC properties. Preferably, the electrical resistance of the polymeric polymer is at least equal to and more preferably greater than the electrical impedance of the LC material. According to the present invention, the shell polymer obtained is fluorinated or at least partially fluorinated, which can provide additional advantages and benefits as described above. Additionally, the shell polymer can be advantageous in terms of dispersibility and avoiding undesirable aggregation. In addition, the shell polymer can be combined with the binder and function well with the binder, for example in film forming composite systems and especially in optoelectronic applications. The capsule of the present invention in which the liquid crystal is encapsulated by the shell material component is characterized in that it is nano-scale. Preferred are nanocapsules having an average size of no more than 400 nm. Preferably, the average size of the nanocapsules is no greater than 400 nm, more preferably no greater than 250 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering analysis. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) is a well-known technique for determining the size and size distribution of particles in submicron regions. For example, a commercially available Zetasizer (Malvern) can be used for DLS analysis. Even more preferably, the average size of the nanocapsules is less than 200 nm, especially no more than 150 nm, as determined by DLS. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the average nanocapsule size is below the wavelength of visible light, especially less than λ/4 of visible light. It has been advantageously found that the nanocapsules of the invention in at least one state, in particular having a suitable LC orientation or configuration, can be extremely weak visible scatterers, ie they do not scatter or substantially scatter visible light. In this case, the capsule can be used to modulate the phase shift (i.e., phase retardation) between the two polarization components of the light while not displaying or substantially not exhibiting undesirable light scattering in either state. For optoelectronic applications, the polymer encapsulated liquid crystal precursor medium preferably exhibits a confinement of 15 nm to 400 nm, more preferably 50 nm to 250 nm, and especially 75 nm to 150 nm. If the size of the capsule becomes extremely small, especially close to the molecular size of the LC molecule, the functionality of the capsule may become less efficient considering that the amount of encapsulated LC material decreases and the mobility of the LC molecules becomes more limited. The thickness of the polymeric shell or individual walls forming the discrete individual structures is selected such that it effectively contains and stably limits the LC medium contained while permitting relative flexibility and still achieving excellent electrical reactivity of the LC material. In view of capacitance and optoelectronic performance, the shell should preferably be as thin as possible while still providing sufficient containment strength. Therefore, a typical capsule or wall thickness is less than 100 nm. Preferably, the polymeric shell has a thickness of less than 50 nm, more preferably less than 25 nm and especially less than 15 nm. In a preferred embodiment, the polymeric shell has a thickness of from 1 nm to 15 nm, more preferably from 3 nm to 10 nm, and especially from 5 nm to 8 nm. The size, structure and morphology of the nanocapsules can be observed using microscopy techniques, especially SEM and TEM. The wall thickness can be determined by, for example, freezing the TEM on the fractured sample. Alternatively, neutron scattering techniques can be used. Further, for example, AFM, NMR, ellipsometry, and sum-generation techniques can be used to study the structure of the nanocapsules. The nanocapsules of the present invention typically have a spherical or spheroidal shape in which a hollow spherical or spheroidal shell is filled with or separately containing the LC medium of the present invention. Preferably, the nanocapsules are substantially free of surfactants such that preferably even residual surfactants are kept to a minimum or even completely avoided. Thus, a nanocapsule substantially free of surfactant is provided in the aspect. Accordingly, the present invention provides a plurality of discrete spherical or spheroids or particles of LC, each encapsulated by a polymeric shell and which can each operate individually and collectively in at least two states in a photovoltaic device. The LC component provides beneficial chemical, physical, and optoelectronic properties as described above, such as good reliability and stability, and low rotational viscosity. In a preferred embodiment, the LC medium of the present invention has a birefringence of Δn ≥ 0.15, more preferably ≥ 0.20 and most preferably ≥ 0.25. It is even better when the LC medium of the present invention additionally has a dielectric anisotropy of Δε ≥ 10. Surprisingly, according to the present invention, by appropriately providing and setting birefringence and dielectric anisotropy, even a small nanometer volume LC is sufficient to efficiently and efficiently modulate light, wherein only medium electric fields or individual can be used. Only the medium drive voltage is used to achieve or individually alter the alignment of the LC molecules in the nanocapsules. Furthermore, another advantage of the present invention is that a substantially uniform capsule size can be obtained, i.e., low polydispersity is achieved. This uniformity can advantageously provide uniform optoelectronic performance of the capsule in device applications. Moreover, the capsule size of the capsule obtained or separately obtainable by the controlled and adaptable process of the present invention can be adjusted and tuned, which in turn allows tuning of the optoelectronic performance as desired, particularly based on the Kerr effect. In another aspect of the invention, a composite system comprising a nanocapsule of the invention and one or more binders is provided. It has been discovered that the discrete nanocapsules can be mixed with a binder material wherein the mixed nanocapsules substantially maintain, preferably fully maintain, their integrity in the composite while simultaneously bonding, holding or mounting in the binder. In this regard, the binder material can be the same material or a different material as the polymeric shell material. Therefore, according to the present invention, the nanocapsules can be dispersed in an adhesive prepared from a material which is the same as the material of the nanocapsule shell or a material different therefrom. Preferably, the binder is a different or at least modified material. Adhesives may be useful because of their dispersible nanocapsules, wherein the amount or concentration of the capsule can be set and adjusted. Surprisingly, by independently providing the capsule and the appropriate binder, it is possible to not only tune the amount of the capsule in the composite composition, but also to obtain especially high or low or very low levels of capsules if desired. Typically, the nanocapsules are included in the composite in a proportion of from about 2% to about 95% by weight. Preferably, the composite contains nanocapsules ranging from 10% by weight to 85% by weight, more preferably from 30% by weight to 70% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of binder and nanocapsule used is substantially the same. In another embodiment, the composite contains 50% by weight or more of the nanocapsules. In addition, the binder material can modify or affect the coatability or printability of the capsule and film forming ability and performance. Preferably, the binder provides mechanical support while maintaining an appropriate degree of flexibility and can be used as a substrate. In addition, the adhesive exhibits adequate and sufficient transparency. In an embodiment, the binder may be selected, for example, from an inorganic glass monolith or other inorganic material as described, for example, in US 4,814,211. However, the binder is preferably a polymeric material. Suitable materials may be, for example, heat curable synthetic resins such as epoxy resins and polyurethanes. Further, vinyl compounds and acrylates, especially polyvinyl acrylate and polyvinyl acetate, can be used. Further, polymethyl methacrylate, polyurea, polyurethane, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, melamine urea formaldehyde can be used or added. A thiol-ene based system can also be used, such as the commercially available Norland Optical Adhesive 65 (Norland Products). It is especially preferred to use water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, gelatin, alginates, casein, gum arabic. Or a latex emulsion. For the purpose of setting the respective hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, for example, a binder can be selected. In a preferred embodiment, the binder, especially the dry binder, has little or no water absorption. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the one or more binders comprise polyvinyl alcohol comprising a partially and fully hydrolyzed PVA. Advantageously, the water solubility and hydrophilicity can be adjusted by varying the degree of hydrolysis. Therefore, water absorption can be controlled or reduced. The nature of the PVA (e.g., mechanical strength or viscosity) can be advantageously set by, for example, adjusting the molecular weight, degree of hydrolysis, or chemical modification of the PVA. Adhesive properties can also be beneficially affected by crosslinking the binder. Therefore, especially when PVA is provided as a binder, in the embodiment, the binder is preferably crosslinked by a crosslinking agent such as dialdehyde (e.g., glutaraldehyde), formaldehyde, and glyoxal. This crosslinking can, for example, advantageously reduce any tendency for unwanted crack formation. The composite may further comprise customary additives such as stabilizers, antioxidants, free radical scavengers and/or plasticizers. For binders, especially PVA, ethylene glycol can be used as a preferred plasticizer. Glycerin can also be added to the binder, especially a PVA-based binder. Such additives added to the binder, especially PVA, can also be used to beneficially influence or adjust other material properties, such as operating voltage or dielectric permittivity. Further, in order to favorably affect the film formation properties, a film former (for example, polyacrylic acid) and an antifoaming agent may be added. These agents can be used to improve film formation and substrate wettability. Degassing and/or filtration of the coating composition may be carried out as appropriate to further improve film properties. Likewise, setting and adjusting the viscosity of the adhesive can have a beneficial effect on the film that is being formed or separately formed. The binder may be provided in the form of a liquid or a paste, wherein the carrier medium or solvent (for example water, aqueous solvent or organic solvent) may be removed from the composite mixture, for example during or after film formation, especially by evaporation at elevated temperatures. . The binder is preferably thoroughly mixed and combined with the nanocapsules while further avoiding the accumulation of the capsules, such that, for example, light leakage can be avoided or minimized, which in turn enables an extremely dark state. Additionally, the binder can be selected such that a high density nanocapsule can be provided in the composite (e.g., in a film formed from the composite). Furthermore, in the composite, the structural and mechanical advantages of the binder can be combined with the advantageous optoelectronic properties of the LC capsule. The nanocapsules of the present invention can be applied to a wide variety of different environments, inter alia, by their (re)dispersion. It can be advantageously dispersed in the binder or separately mixed with the binder. The binder not only improves the film formation behavior but also improves the film properties, wherein in particular the binder can hold the capsule relative to the substrate. Typically, the capsules are randomly distributed or individually randomly oriented in the binder. The composite comprising the binder material and the nanocapsule itself may be suitably applied or laminated to the substrate. For example, the composite or only the nanocapsules can be applied to the substrate by conventional coating techniques such as spin coating, knife coating or dispensing. Alternatively, it can be applied to the substrate by conventional and known printing methods such as, for example, ink jet printing. The capsule or complex can also be dissolved in a suitable solvent. This solution is then coated or printed onto the substrate by, for example, spin coating or printing or other known techniques, and the solvent is evaporated off. In many cases, the mixture is suitably heated to promote evaporation of the solvent. For example, water, an aqueous mixture or a standard organic solvent can be used as the solvent. Preferably, the material applied to the substrate is a composite, i.e., it also contains a binder. Usually, a film having a thickness of less than 25 μm, preferably less than 15 μm is formed. In a preferred embodiment, the film made from the composite has a thickness of from 0.5 μm to 10 μm, preferably from 1 μm to 7 μm, especially from 2 μm to 5 μm. As the substrate, for example, glass, enamel, quartz flake or plastic film can be used. The second substrate can also be placed on top of the applied, preferably coated or printed material. An isotropic or birefringent substrate can be used. An optical coating, in particular with an optical adhesive, can also be applied. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate can be a flexible material. In view of the flexibility provided by the composite, a flexible system or device is generally available. Suitable and preferred plastic substrates are, for example, polyester (for example polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN)), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polycarbonate (PC) or A film of triacetyl cellulose (TAC), preferably a PET or TAC film. A plastic film such as uniaxial stretching can be used as the birefringent substrate. The PET film can be, for example, under the trade name Melinex^® Purchased from DuPont Teijin Films. The substrate can be transparent and transmissive or reflective. For optoelectronic addressability, the substrate can exhibit electrodes. In a typical embodiment, a glass substrate having an ITO electrode is provided. The electrical and optical properties of the LC material, polymeric shell and binder are advantageously and preferably matched or aligned in terms of compatibility and in view of the respective application. The composite of the present invention provides suitable and advantageous optoelectronic behavior and performance. Furthermore, excellent physical and chemical stability can be obtained by, for example, preferably and advantageously reducing water absorption. In particular, good stability and resistance to thermal or mechanical stress can be achieved while still providing adequate mechanical flexibility. Preferably, the binder, and preferably also the polymer shell, has a relatively large impedance in view of the electrical reactivity of the LC and a suitable dielectric constant close to the LC material to limit charging at the interface. The dielectric constant of the binder was observed to be sufficiently high to ensure that the electric field was efficiently applied to the LC medium in the capsule. It is preferred to minimize any charge or ion content in the materials to maintain very low electrical conductivity. In this regard, it has been discovered that the properties of the provided adhesive, preferably PVA, can be improved by purification, especially by removing or reducing the amount of impurities and charged contaminants. For example, the binder, especially PVA, can be dissolved in and washed in deionized water or alcohol, and it can be treated by dialysis or soxhlet purification. In addition, the refractive indices of the LC materials, polymeric shells, and binders are advantageously and preferably matched or aligned, taking into account the best performance in the respective applications. Specifically, the LC material is coordinated with the refractive index of the binder. Specifically, it can be based on the extraordinary refractive index of LC (n_e ), the ordinary refractive index of LC (n_o Or the average refractive index of LC (n_Avg Setting or adjusting the refractive index of the adhesive and possibly the refractive index of the polymer. Specifically, the refractive index of the binder and the shell polymer can be compared with the LC material._e , n_o Or n_Avg Closely matched. In an embodiment, the nanocapsules are dispersed in a binder wherein the bladders in the binder exhibit a random orientation relative to each other. Regardless of any possible absence or presence of the alignment or orientation of the LC material within each individual capsule, this random orientation of the capsules relative to each other may result in the LC material as a whole giving the observed average refractive index (n_Avg ). Considering the nanometer size of the capsule and its advantageous potential as a very weak light scatterer, in this embodiment an electric field is applied (where the electric field forces the LC material to (re)align) to adjust the phase shift of the transmitted or reflected light. Or delay, however, does not alter apparent scattering (if present). In this case, and especially when the size of the capsule is significantly smaller than the wavelength of light, it may for example be suitably and advantageously relative to the LC material._Avg Adjusting or matching the binder also preferably polymerizes the refractive index of the shell. Therefore, the nanocapsules can be represented as high-efficiency nano-level phase modulators. In view of the nanometer size of the capsule and in the absence of an electric field, light scattering can be substantially suppressed, preferably completely, especially for those less than 400 nm in size. In addition, scattering and refraction can be controlled by matching or adjusting the refractive indices of the LC material and the polymeric material. When the capsule and the respective LC director are randomly oriented in the adhesive, in embodiments, the phase shift can be independent of polarization for normally incident light. In another embodiment, the bladder is oriented or oriented in the adhesive. In particular, in terms of tuning optoelectronic properties and functionality, the composite system of the present invention advantageously allows for high fitness and allows for the setting and adjustment of several degrees of freedom. For example, the layer or film thickness can be set, debugged or changed while the density of the nanoscale LC material in the film can be varied independently, wherein in addition the size of the nanocapsule can be predetermined and thus also adjusted (ie each The amount of LC material in a pocket). Furthermore, the LC medium can be selected to have specific properties, such as suitably high values of Δε and Δn. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of LC in the composition, in the nanocapsules, and in the composite is suitably maximized to achieve an advantageously high optoelectronic performance. According to the present invention, it is advantageously possible to provide a composite with relative ease of production and high processability, which makes it possible to achieve good transmittance, low operating voltage, improved VHR and good dark state. Surprisingly, a robust, efficient and efficient system is available that is suitable for a single substrate without any alignment layer or surface friction and which exhibits relative thickness deviation or external force (eg touch) and relative light leakage. Insensitive. In addition, a wide viewing angle can be obtained without providing an alignment layer or an additional retardation layer. Preferably and advantageously, the nanocapsules and composite system as provided exhibit sufficient processability to minimize accumulation during concentration and filtration of the capsule, mixing with the binder, film formation, and optional drying of the film. The nanocapsules and composites of the present invention are useful in displays and other optical and optoelectronic applications. Specifically, the nanocapsules containing the LC medium and preferably mixed with the binder are suitable for efficient control and modulation of light. It can be used, for example, in filters, tunable polarizers, and lenses and phase plates. As a phase modulator, it can be used in photonic devices, optical communication and information processing, and 3D displays. Another use is in switchable smart windows or anti-theft windows. Accordingly, the present invention advantageously provides a light modulation element and a photoelectric modulator. The elements and modulators comprise a nanocapsule of the invention, wherein preferably the capsules are mixed and dispersed in a binder. Furthermore, optoelectronic devices, in particular optoelectronic displays, are advantageously used which advantageously utilize nanocapsules and/or composite systems as described above and below. In this device, a plurality of nanocapsules are provided. Many of the liquid crystal starting compounds or mixtures thereof described above and below are commercially available. All such compounds are known in the art or can be prepared by methods known per se, such as in the literature (for example in standard works such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Said in Stuttgart), in particular under the reaction conditions known and suitable for the reactions. Variations known per se may also be used here, but are not mentioned in more detail here. The medium of the present invention is prepared in a manner which is conventionally used. Generally, the components are preferably dissolved in each other at elevated temperatures. The liquid crystal phase of the present invention can be modified in such a manner that it can be used in liquid crystal display elements by means of suitable additives. Additives of this type are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in detail in the literature (H. Kelker/R. Hatz, Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1980). For example, a pleochroic dye can be added to produce a colored guest-host system or a plurality of materials can be added to improve the alignment of dielectric anisotropy, viscosity, and/or nematic phase. The term "alkyl" as used in the present invention preferably encompasses straight-chain and branched alkyl groups having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, especially the straight-chain groups methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl and Heptyl. A group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms is usually preferred. The alkoxy group may be straight-chain or branched, and is preferably linear and has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 carbon atoms, and is therefore preferred. Methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy or heptyloxy. The term "alkenyl" as used in the present invention preferably encompasses straight-chain and branched alkenyl groups having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, especially straight-chain groups. Yujia alkenyl C₂ -C₇ -1E-alkenyl, C₄ -C₇ -3E-alkenyl, C₅ -C₇ -4E-alkenyl, C₆ -C₇ -5E-alkenyl and C₇ -6E-alkenyl, especially C₂ -C₇ -1E-alkenyl, C₄ -C₇ -3E-alkenyl and C₅ -C₇ -4E-alkenyl. Examples of preferred alkenyl groups are ethenyl, 1E-propenyl, 1E-butenyl, 1E-pentenyl, 1E-hexenyl, 1E-heptenyl, 3-butenyl, 3E-pentenyl 3E-hexenyl, 3E-heptenyl, 4-pentenyl, 4Z-hexenyl, 4E-hexenyl, 4Z-heptenyl, 5-hexenyl and 6-heptenyl. Groups having up to 5 carbon atoms are generally preferred. The fluorinated alkyl or alkoxy group preferably comprises CF₃ OCF₃ , CFH₂ , OCFH₂ , CF₂ H, OCF₂ H, C₂ F₅ OC₂ F₅ , CFHCF₃ , CFHCF₂ H, CFHCFH₂ , CH₂ CF₃ , CH₂ CF₂ H, CH₂ CFH₂ , CF₂ CF₂ H, CF₂ CFH₂ , OCFHCF₃ , OCFHCF₂ H, OCFHCFH₂ OCH₂ CF₃ OCH₂ CF₂ H, OCH₂ CFH₂ OCF₂ CF₂ H, OCF₂ CFH₂ , C₃ F₇ Or OC₃ F₇ , especially CF₃ OCF₃ , CF₂ H, OCF₂ H, C₂ F₅ OC₂ F₅ , CFHCF₃ , CFHCF₂ H, CFHCFH₂ , CF₂ CF₂ H, CF₂ CFH₂ , OCFHCF₃ , OCFHCF₂ H, OCFHCFH₂ OCF₂ CF₂ H, OCF₂ CFH₂ , C₃ F₇ Or OC₃ F₇ , especially good OCF₃ Or OCF₂ H. In a preferred embodiment, the fluoroalkyl group encompasses a linear group having a terminal fluorine, namely fluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-fluorobutyl, 5-fluoropentyl, 6 -fluorohexyl and 7-fluoroheptyl. However, other locations of fluorine are not excluded. Oxaalkyl preferably covers formula C_n H_2n+1 -O-(CH₂ )_m a linear group in which n and m are each independently from 1 to 6. Preferably, n = 1 and m is 1 to 6. The oxaalkyl group is preferably a linear 2-oxapropyl (=methoxymethyl), 2-(=ethoxymethyl) or 3-oxabutyl (=2-methoxyethyl) , 2-oxapentyl, 3-oxapentyl or 4-oxapentyl, 2-oxahexyl, 3-oxahexyl, 4-oxahexyl or 5-oxahexyl, 2-oxo Heteroheptyl, 3-oxaheptyl, 4-oxaheptyl, 5-oxaheptyl or 6-oxaheptyl, 2-oxaoctyl, 3-oxaoctyl, 4-oxa Octyl, 5-oxaoctyl, 6-oxaoctyl or 7-oxaoctyl, 2-oxaindolyl, 3-oxaindolyl, 4-oxaindoleyl, 5-oxaindole , 6-oxanonyl, 7-oxanonyl or 8-oxaindolyl, or 2-oxaindolyl, 3-oxaindolyl, 4-oxaindoleyl, 5-oxaindole Base, 6-oxanonyl, 7-oxanonyl, 8-oxanonyl or 9-oxaalkyl. Halogen is preferably F or Cl, especially F. If one of the groups mentioned above is one of the CHs₂ Where the group has a -CH=CH-substituted alkyl group, then the group may be straight or branched. It is preferably linear and has 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Thus, it is especially vinyl, prop-1-enyl or prop-2-enyl, but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl or but-3-enyl, pent-1-enyl, Pent-2-enyl, pent-3-enyl or pent-4-enyl, hex-1-enyl, hex-2-enyl, hex-3-enyl, hex-4-enyl or -5-alkenyl, hept-1-enyl, hept-2-enyl, hept-3-enyl, hept-4-enyl, hept-5-alkenyl or hept-6-alkenyl, octyl- 1-alkenyl, oct-2-enyl, oct-3-enyl, oct-4-enyl, oct-5-alkenyl, oct-6-alkenyl or oct-7-alkenyl, hydrazine-1 - alkenyl, ind-2-enyl, indol-3-enyl, indol-4-alkenyl, indol-5-alkenyl, indol-6-alkenyl, indol-7-alkenyl or anthracene-8- Alkenyl, indol-1-alkenyl, ind-2-enyl, indol-3-alkenyl, indol-4-enyl, indol-5-alkenyl, indol-6-alkenyl, anthracet-7-ene Base, 癸-8-alkenyl or fluoren-9-alkenyl. If one of the groups mentioned above is one of the CHs₂ Where the group has been replaced by -O- and an alkyl group which has been replaced by -CO-, then the groups are preferably adjacent. Thus, such groups contain a decyloxy-CO-O- or oxycarbonyl-O-CO- group. These groups are preferably straight-chain and have from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Therefore, it is especially ethoxylated, propenoxy, butyloxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, ethoxymethyl, propyloxymethyl, butoxymethyl , pentyloxymethyl, 2-ethyloxyethyl, 2-propoxyethyl, 2-butoxyethyl, 3-ethyloxypropyl, 3-propoxy Propyl, 4-ethenyloxybutyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentyloxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl , propoxycarbonylmethyl, butoxycarbonylmethyl, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(propoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 3- (Methoxycarbonyl)propyl, 3-(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl or 4-(methoxycarbonyl)butyl. If one of the groups mentioned above is one of the CHs₂ The group has been unsubstituted or substituted -CH=CH-substitution and adjacent to CH₂ Where the group has been replaced by an alkyl group of CO, CO-O or O-CO, then the group may be straight or branched. It is preferably linear and has 4 to 13 carbon atoms. Therefore, it is especially acryloyloxymethyl, 2-propenyloxyethyl, 3-propenyloxypropyl, 4-propenyloxybutyl, 5-propenyloxy Pentyl, 6-propenylmethoxyhexyl, 7-propenyloxyheptyl, 8-propenyloxyoctyl, 9-propenyloxyindenyl, 10-propenyloxy fluorenyl , methacryloyloxymethyl, 2-methylpropenyloxyethyl, 3-methylpropenyloxypropyl, 4-methylpropenyloxybutyl, 5- Methyl propylene decyloxypentyl, 6-methylpropenyloxyhexyl, 7-methylpropenyloxyheptyl, 8-methylpropenyloxyoctyl or 9-methylpropene Mercaptooxycarbonyl. If one of the groups mentioned above is via CN or CF₃ Mono-substituted alkyl or alkenyl groups, such groups are preferably straight-chain. Via CN or CF₃ The substitution is in any position. If one of the groups mentioned above is an alkyl or alkenyl group which is monosubstituted by halogen, the group is preferably straight-chain and the halogen is preferably F or Cl, more preferably F. In the case of multiple substitutions, the halogen is preferably F. The resulting group also includes perfluorinated groups. In the case of a single substitution, the fluoro or chloro substituent may be at any desired position, but is preferably at the ω position. Compounds containing branched groups are sometimes critical due to better solubility in some conventional liquid crystal base materials. However, it is particularly suitable as a chiral dopant if it is optically active. Branched groups of this type typically contain no more than one chain branch. Preferred branched groups are isopropyl, 2-butyl (= 1-methylpropyl), isobutyl (= 2-methylpropyl), 2-methylbutyl, isopentyl ( = 3-methylbutyl), 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propylpentyl, isopropoxy, 2-methylpropoxy, 2 -methylbutoxy, 3-methylbutoxy, 2-methylpentyloxy, 3-methylpentyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, 1-methylhexyloxy or 1-methyl Heptenyloxy. If one of the groups mentioned above is one or more of CH₂ Where the group has an alkyl group substituted by -O- and/or -CO-O-, then the group may be straight or branched. It is preferably branched and has from 3 to 12 carbon atoms. Therefore, it is especially dicarboxymethyl, 2,2-dicarboxyethyl, 3,3-dicarboxypropyl, 4,4-dicarboxybutyl, 5,5-dicarboxypentyl, 6,6- Dicarboxyhexyl, 7,7-dicarboxyheptyl, 8,8-dicarboxyoctyl, 9,9-dicarboxydecyl, 10,10-dicarboxyindenyl, bis(methoxycarbonyl)methyl, 2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 3,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)propyl, 4,4-bis(methoxycarbonyl)butyl, 5,5-bis(methoxy Carboxyl)pentyl, 6,6-bis(methoxycarbonyl)hexyl, 7,7-bis(methoxycarbonyl)heptyl, 8,8-bis(methoxycarbonyl)octyl, double (B Oxycarbonyl)methyl, 2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 3,3-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl, 4,4-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)butyl or 5 , 5-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)pentyl. The LC medium of the present invention preferably has a nematic phase range between -10 ° C and +70 ° C. The LC medium is even more preferably having a nematic phase range between -20 ° C and +80 ° C. It is preferred when the LC medium of the present invention has a nematic phase range between -20 ° C and +90 ° C. The LC medium of the present invention preferably has a birefringence of Δn ≥ 0.15, more preferably ≥ 0.20 and most preferably ≥ 0.25. The LC medium of the present invention preferably has a dielectric anisotropy of Δε ≥ +10, more preferably ≥ +15 and most preferably ≥ +20. The LC medium of the present invention preferably and advantageously exhibits high reliability and high resistivity (also known as specific resistivity (SR)). The SR value of the LC medium of the present invention is preferably ≥ 1×10¹³ W cm, excellent ≥ 1×10¹⁴ W cm. Unless otherwise stated, the measurement of SR is performed as described in G. Weber et al., Liquid Crystals 5, 1381 (1989). The LC medium of the present invention also preferably and advantageously exhibits a high voltage holding ratio (VHR), see S. Matsumoto et al, Liquid Crystals 5, 1320 (1989); K. Niwa et al, Proc. SID Conference, San Francisco, June 1984, p. 304 (1984); T. Jacob and U. Finkenzeller, "Merck Liquid Crystals - Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", 1997. The VHR of the LC medium of the present invention is preferably ≥ 90%, and preferably ≥ 95%. Unless otherwise stated, the measurement of VHR is carried out as described in T. Jacob, U. Finkenzeller, "Merck Liquid Crystals - Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", 1997. All concentrations are given in weight percent throughout the application and are for individual complete mixtures, but do not include aqueous solvents or aqueous phases as indicated above, unless expressly stated otherwise. All temperatures are given in degrees Celsius (Celsius, °C) and all temperature differences are given in degrees Celsius. Unless otherwise stated, all physical properties and physicochemical or optoelectronic parameters are determined by commonly known methods, especially according to "Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", Status, November 1997, Merck KGaA, Germany. It was determined and given for a temperature of 20 °C. Above and below, Δn represents optical anisotropy, where Δn = n_e - n_o And Δε represents dielectric anisotropy, where Δε = ε_÷÷ - ε_^ . The dielectric anisotropy Δε was measured at 20 ° C and 1 kHz. Optical anisotropy ∆n was measured at 20 ° C and 589.3 nm. Δε and Δn values and rotational viscosity (γ) of the compounds of the present invention₁ Is obtained by linear extrapolation from a liquid crystal mixture of from 5% to 10% of the individual compounds of the invention and from 90% to 95% of the commercially available liquid crystal mixture ZLI-2857 or ZLI-4792 (The two mixtures are all from Merck KGaA). In addition to the usual and well-known abbreviations, the following abbreviations are also used: C: crystalline phase; N: nematic phase; Sm: smectic phase; I: isotropic phase. The number between these symbols indicates the transition temperature of the substance in question. In the present invention and especially in the following examples, the structure of the liquid crystal precursor compound is indicated by an abbreviation (also referred to as an acronym). Among the acronyms, the chemical formulas are abbreviated as follows using the following Tables A to C. All groups C_n H_2n+1 , C_m H_2m+1 And C_l H_2l+1 Or C_n H_2n-1 , C_m H_2m-1 And C_l H_2l-1 All represent a linear alkyl or alkenyl group, preferably a 1-E-alkenyl group, each having n, m and 1 C atoms, respectively. Table A lists the codes for the ring elements of the core structure of the compound, while Table B shows the linking groups. Table C gives the meaning of the code for the left-hand or right-hand end group. The acronym consists of a code for a loop element having an optional linking group, followed by a code for the first hyphen and the left-hand end group and a second hyphen and a code for the right-hand end group. The individual abbreviations of Table D binding compounds show their illustrative structures.table A : ring element table B : linking group table C : End group Where n and m each represent an integer, and the three points "..." are placeholders from other abbreviations in this table. The table below shows the illustrative structures in conjunction with their respective abbreviations. These structures are shown to illustrate the meaning of the abbreviation rules. In addition, it represents a compound which can be preferably used.table D : Descriptive structure Wherein n, m and l preferably represent 1 to 7 independently of each other. The following table shows illustrative compounds that can be used as other stabilizers in the liquid crystal precursor media of the present invention.table E Table E shows possible stabilizers that can be added to the LC media of the present invention, where n represents an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, and the terminal methyl group is not shown. The LC medium preferably comprises from 0 to 10% by weight, in particular from 1 ppm to 5% by weight, particularly preferably from 1 ppm to 1% by weight, of stabilizer. Table F below shows illustrative compounds which are preferably used as chiral dopants in the liquid crystal precursor media of the present invention.table F In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the liquid crystalline precursor medium comprises one or more compounds selected from the compounds shown in Table F. The liquid crystalline precursor medium of the present invention preferably comprises two or more, preferably four or more compounds selected from the compounds shown in the above Tables D to F. The LC medium of the present invention preferably comprises three or more, more preferably five or more compounds as shown in Table D. The following examples are merely illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way. The examples and their modifications or other equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure.Instance In the example, V_o Indicates the capacitive threshold voltage at 20 ° C [V], n_e Represents an extraordinary refractive index at 20 ° C and 589 nm, n_o Represents the ordinary refractive index at 20 ° C and 589 nm, Δn represents the optical anisotropy at 20 ° C and 589 nm, ε_÷÷ Indicates the permittivity parallel to the director at 20 ° C and 1 kHz, ε_^ Indicates the permittivity perpendicular to the director at 20 ° C and 1 kHz, Δ ε represents the dielectric anisotropy at 20 ° C and 1 kHz, cl.p., T (N, I) represents the clarification point [°C] , γ₁ Indicates the rotational viscosity [mPa•s] measured at 20 ° C, which is determined by a rotation method in a magnetic field, K₁ Indicates the elastic constant [pN], K of the "expanded" deformation at 20 ° C₂ Indicates the elastic constant [pN], K of "twisting" deformation at 20 ° C₃ Represents the elastic constant [pN] of the "bending" deformation at 20 ° C, unless otherwise explicitly indicated, the term "preventing voltage" in the present invention refers to a capacitive threshold (V).₀ ). In the example, according to the usual practice, the optical threshold can also be indicated as 10% relative contrast (V₁₀ ).Reference example 1 Liquid crystal mixture B-1 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the compositions and properties indicated in the table below. Base mixture B-1 Reference example 2 Liquid crystal mixture B-2 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the compositions and properties indicated in the table below. Base mixture B-2 Reference example 3 Liquid crystal mixture B-3 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the compositions and properties indicated in the table below. Base mixture B-3 Reference example 4 Liquid crystal mixture B-4 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the compositions and properties indicated in the table below. Base mixture B-4 Reference example 5 Liquid crystal mixture B-5 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the compositions and properties indicated in the table below. Base mixture B-5 Reference example 6 Liquid crystal mixture B-6 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the compositions and properties indicated in the table below. Base mixture B-6 Reference example 7 Liquid crystal mixture B-7 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the compositions and properties indicated in the table below. Base mixture B-7 Reference example 8 Liquid crystal mixture B-8 was prepared and characterized for its general physical properties, which have the compositions and properties indicated in the table below. Base mixture B-8 Comparative example 1 Preparation of nanocapsules LC mixture B-1 (2.00 g), hexadecane (100 mg), ethyl methacrylate (660 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (75 mg) and methyl methacrylate (165 mg) ) Weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (300 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 ml) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once the mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was passed through a high pressure homogenizer 5 times at 30,000 psi. The mixture was filled into a flask and equipped with a condenser and heated to 75 ° C for 4 hours after the addition of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylamidopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). . The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered twice through a 1 μm cloth, and then subjected to size analysis on a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) instrument. A portion of the obtained sample is further used as it is. Concentrate another portion of the sample prior to further use. This was carried out by a centrifuge (Thermo Biofuge Stratos). The mixture was filled into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting precipitate was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and sampled for testing. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit suitable physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage.30% Solid content PVA Preparation of adhesive First, PVA (PVA molecular weight M_w : 31k; 88% hydrolysis) Washed in a Soxhlet apparatus for 3 days to remove ions. 46.66 g of deionized water was added to the 150 ml bottle, a large magnetic stir bar was added and the bottle was placed on a 50 ° C stirrer hot plate and allowed to reach temperature. 20.00 g of washed solid 31 kPVA was weighed into a beaker. A vortex was generated in the bottle and 31 kPVA was gradually added over about 5 minutes to stop the floating PVA from being dispersed into the mixture. The hot plate was warmed to 90 ° C and stirring was continued for 2-3 hours. The bottle was placed in an oven at 80 ° C for 20 hours. The mixture was filtered while still warming through a 50 μm cloth filter under an air pressure of 0.5 bar. The filter was replaced with a Millipore 5 μm SVPP filter and the filtration was repeated. The solids content of the filtered binder was measured 3 times and the average was calculated by weighing an empty DSC pan using a DSC microbalance, adding about 40 mg of the binder mixture to the DSC pan and recording the mass, placing the pan The plate was placed on a hot plate at 60 ° C for 1 hour and then placed on a hot plate at 110 ° C for 10 min. The disk was removed from the hot plate and allowed to cool, and the dry disk quality was recorded and the solid content was calculated.Preparation of composite system Undesired coagulation or agglomeration of the obtained nanocapsule samples was first examined by microscopy and also examined after film formation. The solid content of the concentrated nanocapsule suspension was measured, wherein the solid content of the sample was measured 3 times and the average value was calculated. Samples were weighed in an empty DSC pan using a DSC microbalance. Approximately 40 mg of sample was added to the DSC pan and the mass was recorded. The tray was placed on a hot plate at 60 ° C for 1 hour and then placed on a hot plate at 110 ° C for 10 min. The tray is removed from the hot plate and allowed to cool. Record the dry disk quality and calculate the solids content. The prepared PVA was added to a concentrated nanocapsule sample in which about 30% of the washed 31k PVA mixture was added to a 2.5 ml vial, and then the nanocapsules were added to the vial. Ion-free water was added to obtain a mixture of about 0.5 g with a total solids content of 20%, wherein the weight ratio of nanocapsule to PVA was 40:60. The mixture was stirred using a vortex mixer and the mixture was placed on a roll overnight to disperse the PVA.Film preparation on a substrate The substrate used was an IPS (In Plane Switching) glass having an ITO-coated interdigital electrode with an electrode width of 4 μm and a gap of 8 μm. The substrate is placed in a shelf and a plastic box for washing. Deionized water was added and the sample was placed in the sonic processor for 10 minutes. The substrate was removed from the water and blotted dry with a paper towel to remove excess water. Repeat washing with acetone, 2-propanol (IPA) and final water for ion chromatography. The substrate was then dried using a compressed air gun. The substrate was treated with UV-ozone for 10 minutes. A composite system comprising a nanocapsule and a binder is then applied to the substrate. 40 μL of the mixture was coated as a film using a coater (K Control Coater, RK PrintCoat Instruments, bar coating with k rod 1 at a coating speed of 7). The sample was dried on a hot plate at 60 ° C for 10 minutes. Record the appearance of the film. The prepared film was stored in a dry box between measurements. The film thickness was measured by removing the film from above the electrical contacts with a razor blade. The film thickness was measured in the area of the intermediate electrode using a profilometer (Dektak XT Surface Profiler, Bruker) with a stylus force of 5 mg and a scan length of 3000 nm and a time of 30 s. The measured film thickness was 6.5 μm.Measurement of photoelectric properties The uniformity and defects of the appearance of the film were examined by eye. Solder the two electrodes to the glass. Measure the voltage-transmission curve. The microscope was also used to record images of dark and bright states of 10% and 90% transmission at the required voltage. The switching speed was measured at 40 ° C and 25 ° C at a modulation frequency of 150 Hz. Photoelectric properties were examined on a display measurement system (Autronic-Melchers) where the intensity of the backlight was considered to be 100% transmission T and the dark state between crossed polarizers was considered to be 0% transmission T and where the switching was at 1 kHz and 24 °C Implementation. The photoelectric parameters of the film containing the nanocapsules and the binder were measured. V₉₀ For 57.5 V, the dark state transmission is 1.3% and the bright state transmission is 19.7%.Comparative example 2 LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (104 mg), ethyl methacrylate (332 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (69 mg) and pentafluorooctyl alcohol (115 mg) ) Weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (75 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (70 ml) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was treated and studied as described in Comparative Example 1 above. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit suitable physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. Composite systems and membranes comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared as described above in Comparative Example 1. The measured film thickness was 4.5 μm. The photoelectric parameters of the film containing the nanocapsules and the binder were measured. V₉₀ At 49.0 V, the dark state transmission was 2.9% and the bright state transmission was 16.9%.Comparative example 3 LC mixture B-1 (1.00 g), hexadecane (105 mg), ethyl methacrylate (340 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (73 mg) and pentafluorooctyl alcohol (115 mg) ) Weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (75 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (70 ml) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was treated and studied as described in Comparative Example 1 above. The obtained nanocapsules exhibit suitable physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. Composite systems and membranes comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared as described above in Comparative Example 1. The measured film thickness was 3.7 μm. The photoelectric parameters of the film containing the nanocapsules and the binder were measured. V₉₀ At 53.0 V, the dark state transmission was 2.8% and the bright state transmission was 14.2%.Instance 1 LC mixture B-1 (2.01 g), ethyl methacrylate (645 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (166 mg), methyl methacrylate (67 mg) and acrylic acid 1,1,1 , 3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl ester (23 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (150 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 ml) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was treated and studied as described in Comparative Example 1 above. The resulting nanocapsules exhibit advantageous physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. Composite systems and membranes comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared as described above in Comparative Example 1. The measured film thickness was 4.2 μm. The photoelectric parameters of the film containing the nanocapsules and the binder were measured. V₉₀ At 81.5 V, the dark state transmission is 2.1% and the bright state transmission is 16.6%.Instance 2 LC mixture B-1 (2.03 g), ethyl methacrylate (663 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (81 mg), methyl methacrylate (67 mg) and acrylic acid 1,1,1 , 3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl ester (117 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 ml) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was treated and studied as described in Comparative Example 1 above. The resulting nanocapsules exhibit advantageous physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. Composite systems and membranes comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared as described above in Comparative Example 1. The measured film thickness was 5.2 μm. The photoelectric parameters of the film containing the nanocapsules and the binder were measured. V₉₀ At 132.5 V, the dark state transmission is 0.3% and the bright state transmission is 17.4%.Instance 3 LC mixture B-1 (2.01 g), hexadecane (100 mg), ethyl methacrylate (330 mg), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (85 mg), methyl methacrylate (37 mg) And 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate (450 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (150 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 ml) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was treated and studied as described in Comparative Example 1 above. The resulting nanocapsules exhibit advantageous physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. Composite systems and membranes comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared as described above in Comparative Example 1. The measured film thickness was 4.3 μm. The photoelectric parameters of the film containing the nanocapsules and the binder were measured. V₉₀ At 49.5 V, the dark state transmission is 3.2% and the bright state transmission is 19.1%.Instance 4 LC mixture B-8 (2.01 g), hexadecane (97 mg), ethyl methacrylate (645 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (166 mg), acrylic acid 1,1,1 3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl ester (23 mg) and methyl methacrylate (67 mg) were weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (150 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once the mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through the high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was filled into a flask and equipped with a condenser and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after the addition of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylamidopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). . The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then analyzed by size using a Zetasizer instrument. The obtained capsules have an average size of 176 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A portion of the obtained sample is further used as it is. Concentrate another portion of the sample prior to further use. This is carried out by a centrifuge. The mixture was filled into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting precipitate was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and sampled for testing. The resulting nanocapsules exhibit advantageous physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. A composite system and film comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared in a manner similar to Comparative Example 1. The film produced had a thickness of 4.2 μm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 48 V, and the measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ It is 82 V.Instance 5 The LC mixture B-8 (0.99 g), hexadecane (251 mg), stearyl methacrylate (74 mg) and 1,1-dihydroperfluoropropyl acrylate (118 mg) were weighed. In a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (301 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once the mixing in the turrax was completed, the crude emulsion was ultrasonicated on a Branson Ultrasonic Instrument W450 at 50% amplitude for a total of 6 minutes. The mixture was filled into a flask and equipped with a condenser and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after addition of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylamidopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (10 mg). . The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then analyzed by size using a Zetasizer instrument. The obtained capsules had an average size of 191 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A portion of the obtained sample is further used as it is. Concentrate another portion of the sample prior to further use. This is carried out by a centrifuge. The mixture was filled into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting precipitate was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and sampled for testing. The resulting nanocapsules exhibit advantageous physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. A composite system and film comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared in a manner similar to Comparative Example 1.Instance 6 LC mixture B-8 (2.01 g), 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl acrylate (117 mg), ethyl methacrylate (663 mg), 2-hydroxy methacrylate Ethyl ester (81 mg) and methyl methacrylate (167 mg) were weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once the mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through the high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was filled into a flask and equipped with a condenser and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after the addition of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylamidopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). . The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then analyzed by size using a Zetasizer instrument. The obtained capsules had an average size of 191 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A portion of the obtained sample is further used as it is. Concentrate another portion of the sample prior to further use. This is carried out by a centrifuge. The mixture was filled into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting precipitate was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and sampled for testing. The resulting nanocapsules exhibit advantageous physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. A composite system and film comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared in a manner similar to Comparative Example 1. The film produced had a thickness of 5.2 μm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 80 V, and the measured photoelectric parameters V₉₀ It is 132 V.Instance 7 LC mixture B-8 (2.00 g), 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acrylate (117 mg), ethyl methacrylate (659 mg), 2- Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (79 mg) and methyl methacrylate (170 mg) were weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once the mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through the high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was filled into a flask and equipped with a condenser and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after the addition of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylamidopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). . The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then analyzed by size using a Zetasizer instrument. The obtained capsules have an average size of 147 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A portion of the obtained sample is further used as it is. Concentrate another portion of the sample prior to further use. This is carried out by a centrifuge. The mixture was filled into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting precipitate was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and sampled for testing. The resulting nanocapsules exhibit advantageous physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. A composite system and film comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared in a manner similar to Comparative Example 1. The film produced had a thickness of 4.9 μm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ 77.5 V, and the measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ It is 130 V.Instance 8 LC mixture B-8 (2.01 g), 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate (113 mg), ethyl methacrylate (657 mg), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (75 mg) and methyl methacrylate (171 mg) were weighed into a 250 ml high beaker. Brij L23 (100 mg) was weighed into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and water (100 g) was added. This mixture is then sonicated for 5 to 10 minutes. The Brij surfactant aqueous solution was poured directly into a beaker containing organics. The mixture was mixed in turrax at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Once the mixing in the turrax was complete, the crude emulsion was circulated through the high pressure homogenizer at 30,000 psi for 8 minutes. The mixture was filled into a flask and equipped with a condenser and heated to 70 ° C for 4 hours after the addition of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylamidopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (20 mg). . The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, and then analyzed by size using a Zetasizer instrument. The obtained capsules have an average size of 188 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Zetasizer). A portion of the obtained sample is further used as it is. Concentrate another portion of the sample prior to further use. This is carried out by a centrifuge. The mixture was filled into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 6,500 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was collected and placed in a new tube and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The resulting precipitate was redispersed in 1 ml of supernatant and sampled for testing. The resulting nanocapsules exhibit advantageous physical and optoelectronic properties and exhibit suitable switching behavior in response to the applied voltage. A composite system and film comprising the obtained capsules and binders were prepared in a manner similar to Comparative Example 1. The film produced had a thickness of 5.3 μm. Measured photoelectric parameter V₅₀ Is 75 V, and the measured photoelectric parameter V₉₀ It is 115 V.Instance 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 and 14 Example 4 was repeated, however, the LC mixture B-8 was replaced by LC mixtures B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6 and B-7, respectively.

Claims (21)

A composition for nanoencapsulation comprising (i) a liquid crystal precursor medium comprising one or more compounds of formula I RAY-A'-R' I wherein R and R' independently of each other represent a group selected from the group consisting of: F, CF ₃ , OCF ₃ , CN and a linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, which is not Monosubstituted or substituted by CN or CF ₃ or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen and wherein one or more CH ₂ groups may, in each case, independently pass through -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO- or -C≡C- is replaced by a way in which oxygen atoms are not directly connected to each other, and A and A' independently of each other represent a group selected from the group consisting of -Cyc-, -Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-, -Cyc-Cyc-Cyc-, -Cyc-Cyc-Phe-, -Cyc-Phe-Cyc-, -Cyc-Phe-Phe-, -Phe-Cyc-Phe-, -Phe-Phe-Phe- and its respective mirror images, wherein Cyc is a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group in which one or two non-adjacent CH ₂ groups can be replaced by O And wherein Phe is 1,4-phenylene, wherein one or two non-adjacent CH groups may be replaced by N and may be substituted by one or two F, and Y represents a single bond _{-COO -, - CH 2 CH 2} -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CH 2 O -, - CF 2 O -, - CH = CH -, - CF = CF- or -C≡C -, (ii And one or more polymerizable compounds, wherein at least one of the one or more polymerizable compounds is a fluorine-containing polymerizable compound, and (iii) one or more surfactants. The composition of claim 1 further comprising one or more organic solvents. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one fluorine-containing polymerizable compound is selected from the group consisting of fluorine-containing acrylates and fluorine-containing methacrylates. The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more surfactants (iii) as recited in claim 1 are selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants. The composition of claim 1 wherein the one or more surfactants are provided as an aqueous surfactant. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the one or more compounds of formula I are selected from the group consisting of compounds of formulas Ia, Ib and Ic Wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ and R ⁵ independently of each other represent a straight-chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a linear chain having 2 to 15 carbon atoms Or a branched alkenyl group which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF ₃ or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen and wherein one or more CH ₂ groups can, in each case, independently pass through -O- , -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OCOO- or -C≡C- are replaced by oxygen atoms not directly connected to each other, and X ¹ represents F, CF ₃ , OCF ₃ or CN, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ and L ⁴ are independently H or F, i is 1 or 2, and j and k are independently 0 or 1 from each other. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the composition is dispersed in an aqueous phase. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, which is provided as a nanodroplet dispersed in an aqueous phase. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8 for the preparation of a nanocapsule. A nanocapsule, each comprising a polymeric shell, and a core comprising a liquid crystalline precursor medium comprising one or more compounds of formula I as described in claim 1 or 6. A nanocapsule obtained by or polymerizing a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8. The nanocapsule of claim 10 or 11, wherein the liquid crystal precursor medium further comprises one or more chiral dopants and/or one or more pleochroic dyes. A method of preparing a nanocapsule, wherein the method comprises (a) providing an aqueous mixture comprising the composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, and (b) agitating the aqueous mixture provided to obtain dispersion in the aqueous phase A nanodroplet comprising the composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, (c) after step (b), the one or more polymerizable compounds as recited in claim 1 or 3 Polymerization is carried out to obtain nanocapsules each comprising a polymeric shell and a core comprising the liquid crystalline precursor medium as claimed in claim 1 or 6, and optionally depleting, removing or exchanging the aqueous phase. The method of claim 13, wherein the step (b) is carried out using a high pressure homogenizer. A nanocapsule obtained by or by the method of claim 13 or 14. The nanocapsule of any one of claims 10, 11 and 15, wherein the average size of the nanocapsules is no greater than 400 nm, preferably no greater than 250 nm. The nanocapsule of any one of claims 10, 11 and 15 which is dried or dispersed in the aqueous phase. A composite system comprising the nanocapsules of any one of claims 10 to 12 and 15 to 17, and one or more binders. The composite system of claim 18, wherein the one or more binders comprise polyvinyl alcohol. A use of a nanocapsule according to any one of claims 10 to 12 and 15 to 17 or a composite system according to claim 18 or 19 for use in a light modulation element or optoelectronic device. An optoelectronic device comprising a nanocapsule according to any one of claims 10 to 12 and 15 to 17 or a composite system according to claim 18 or 19.