TW201327789A - 可撓式輻射感測器 - Google Patents

可撓式輻射感測器 Download PDF

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TW201327789A
TW201327789A TW100148808A TW100148808A TW201327789A TW 201327789 A TW201327789 A TW 201327789A TW 100148808 A TW100148808 A TW 100148808A TW 100148808 A TW100148808 A TW 100148808A TW 201327789 A TW201327789 A TW 201327789A
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phosphor
phosphor powder
radiation sensor
flexible radiation
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Isaac Wing-Tak Chen
Chao-Chiun Liang
Heng-Yin Chen
Ming-Hua Yeh
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Ind Tech Res Inst
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Abstract

本揭露提供之可撓式輻射感測器,包括:基板;開關元件位於基板上;能量轉換層位於開關元件上;頂電極層位於能量轉換層上;第一螢光層位於頂電極層上;以及第二螢光層位於基板下。

Description

可撓式輻射感測器
本揭露係關於可撓式輻射感測器,更特別關於其螢光層之結構。
習知的數位X光影像偵測器分為直接轉換與非直接轉換兩大類。非直接轉換類先以螢光材料將X光訊號轉換為可見光後,再以光電轉換元件如二極體將可見光轉換為電流。藉由開關元件如薄膜電晶體處理電流,即可得X光影像。雖然上述結構為撓曲結構,但分散於樹脂中的螢光材料容易產生散射,造成X光影像的解析度下降。直接轉換類採用的光電轉換元件為厚層(>500μm)的非晶硒,可將X光直接轉為電子及電洞後,直接將電洞流垂直傳導至畫素電極與開關元件,以得到高解析度的X光影像。由上述可知,目前高解析度的X光影像偵測器為可撓性較差,而可撓的X光影像偵測器則解析度較差。目前亟需新穎的X光影像偵測器,能兼顧高解析度、高靈敏度、與可撓性多種特點。
本揭露一實施例提供一種可撓式輻射感測器,包括:基板;開關元件位於基板上;能量轉換層位於開關元件上;頂電極層位於能量轉換層上;第一螢光層位於頂電極層上;以及第二螢光層位於基板下。
第1-3圖係本揭露一實施例中,可撓式輻射感測器10的製程示意圖。首先,在基板11上形成開關元件13的陣列,如第1圖所示。基板11可為塑膠,如約10μm至20μm的PI、PEN、或PES。開關元件13包含薄膜電晶體13A(TFT)、儲存電容13B、與畫素電極(未圖示)。在本揭露一實施例中,薄膜電晶體13A電性連接至大面積的畫素電極(未圖示),此畫素電極可將後述之能量轉換層形成的電子流或電洞流傳導至薄膜電晶體13A。薄膜電晶體、儲存電容、及畫素電極的製備已多見於LCD的陣列基板,在此不贅述。在本揭露一實施例中,開關元件13更包括主動式像素感測器(Active Pixel Sensor,APS)。在本揭露一實施例中,開關元件13之薄膜電晶體為頂閘極結構(top gate)、底閘極結構(bottom gate)、雙閘極(dual gate)、或多閘極(multi gate)的薄膜電晶體。於基板上形成TFT陣列的製程,請參考Thin Film Transistors: Materials and Processes,Vol. 1-Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Transistors,edited by Yue Kuo,Kluwer Academic Publishers,USA,2004,Ch.4,在此不贅述。
接著如第2圖所示,毯覆性地形成能量轉換層15於開關元件13上後,再形成頂電極層17於能量轉換層15上。能量轉換層15可為半導體層,如非晶硒、HgI2、或PbI2。舉例來說,非晶硒的厚度可介於約1μm至25μm之間,HgI2的厚度可介於約0.3μm至7.5μm之間,而PbI2的厚度可介於約0.3μm至7.5μm之間。若能量轉換層15之厚度過薄,則無法讓紫外線及/或可見光轉換為電洞與電子。若能量轉換層15之厚度過厚,則會影響可撓式輻射感測器10的可撓性。在本揭露一實施例中,能量轉換層15可為某一半導體材料的單層結構。在本揭露另一實施例中,能量轉換層15可為某一半導體材料的多層結構,如P-I-N結構、I-N結構、或I-P結構。舉例來說,當能量轉換層15採用非晶硒時,可為p型摻雜之非晶硒/未摻雜之非晶硒/n型摻雜之非晶硒(P-I-N)結構,未摻雜之非晶硒/n型摻雜之非晶硒(I-N)結構,或未摻雜之非晶硒/p型摻雜之非晶硒(I-P)結構。在本揭露其他實施例中,可在能量轉換層15與後述之頂電極層17之間,及/或能量轉換層15與開關元件13之間夾設介電層(未圖示)或其他層狀結構,只要不影響能量轉換層15產生之電子流與電洞流傳導至頂電極層17與開關元件13即可。
在第2圖中,位於能量轉換層15上的頂電極層17將連接至外部電壓(未圖示)如正電壓(約1V至250V)或負電壓(約-1V至-250V)。當能量轉換層15之材質為非晶硒時,外部電壓可為約10V至250V。當能量轉換層15之材質為HgI2時,外部電壓可為約1V至25V。當能量轉換層15之材質為PbI2時,外部電壓可為約1V至25V。頂電極層17可為一般的導電材料如Mo、W、Ti或Al,也可以是這些導電材料的堆疊或合金結構,另外也可為一般的透明導電材料如ITO或IZO。舉例來說,Mo之薄膜沉積方法可為濺鍍法,W之薄膜沉積方法可為濺鍍法,Ti之薄膜沉積方法可為濺鍍法,Al之薄膜沉積方法可為濺鍍法或蒸鍍法,ITO之薄膜沉積方法可為濺鍍法,而IZO之薄膜沉積方法可為濺鍍法。
接著如第3圖所示,分別形成第一螢光層31於頂電極層17上,與第二螢光層33於基板11下。第一螢光層31及第二螢光層33各自具有螢光粉體分散於樹脂中。適用之螢光粉體可為Gd2O2S:Tb、Gd2O2S:Pr、Gd2O2S:Pr,Ce,F、Y2O2S:Tb、Y2O2S:Pr、Zn(0.5)Cd(0.4)S:Ag(HS)、CdWO4、CaWO4、ZnS:Cu(GS)、NaI:Tl、或CsI:Tl。
螢光粉體可吸收X光後放射可見光及/或紫外線,即將X光轉換為可見光及/或紫外線。在本揭露一實施例中,第一螢光層31及第二螢光層33之厚度約介於約50μm至100μm之間。若第一螢光層31及/或第二螢光層33之厚度過厚,則螢光粉體放射之可見光及/或紫外線散射的問題會惡化,進而降低X光影像的解析度。若第一螢光層31及/或第二螢光層33之厚度過薄,則無法有效將入射的X光轉換為可見光及/或紫外線。在本揭露一實施例中,螢光粉體之粒徑介於約0.1μm至20μm之間。較大粒徑的螢光粉體可更有效的將X光轉換為可見光及/或紫外線,但螢光粉體放射之可見光及/或紫外線散射的問題會惡化。較小粒徑的螢光粉體雖可減少或避免放射的可見光及/或紫外線散射的問題,但無法有效的將X光轉換為可見光及/或紫外線。
為了增加X光影像的解析度,本揭露一實施例採用雙層結構的第一螢光層31及第二螢光層33,如第3圖所示。雖然第3圖中,第一螢光層31及第二螢光層33均為雙層結構,但亦可採用單層結構的第一螢光層31(或第二螢光層33)搭配雙層結構的第二螢光層33(或第一螢光層31)。在一實施例中,第一螢光層31分為第一層狀物31a及第二層狀物31b,第一層狀物31a具有第一螢光粉體分散於第一樹脂中,第二層狀物31b具有第二螢光粉體分散於第二樹脂中。第一層狀物31a之第一螢光粉體粒徑大於第二層狀物31b之第二螢光粉體粒徑,或第二層狀物31b之厚度大於第一層狀物31a之厚度。類似地,第二螢光層33分為第三層狀物33a及第四層狀物33b,第三層狀物31a具有第三螢光粉體分散於第三樹脂中,第四層狀物33b具有第四螢光粉體分散於第四樹脂中。第三層狀物33a之第三螢光粉體粒徑大於第四層狀物33b之第四螢光粉體粒徑,或第四層狀物33b之厚度大於第三層狀物33a之厚度。在本揭露一實施例中,第一層狀物31a(或第三層狀物33a)之第一螢光粉體(或第三螢光粉體)之粒徑介於約10μm至20μm之間,而第二層狀物31b(或第四層狀物33b)之第二螢光粉體(或第四螢光粉體)粒徑介於約0.1μm至10μm之間。在本揭露另一實施例中,第一層狀物31a(或第三層狀物33a)之厚度介於約20μm至40μm之間,而第二層狀物31b(或第四層狀物33b)之螢光粉體粒徑厚度介於約30μm至60μm之間。如此一來,較靠近能量轉換層15之第一層狀物31a(或第三層狀物33a)的X光轉換效率較高,且放射的可見光與紫外線也較快入射能量轉換層15而不會在第一螢光層31(或第二螢光層33)中散射。至於第二層狀物31b(或第四層狀物33b)的X光轉換效率較低,其放射的可見光及/或紫外線所造成的散射問題也較小。上述雙層結構的第一螢光層31及第二螢光層33可增加X光的轉換效率,並降低或避免螢光粉體放射之可見光及/或紫外線散射。在第一螢光層31(或第二螢光層33)中,第一層狀物31a(或第三層狀物33a)及第二層狀物31b(或第四層狀物33b)採用的螢光粉體種類可相同或不同。可以理解的是,上述的第一螢光層31及第二螢光層33除了圖示的雙層結構以外,亦可為其他多層結構如三層、四層、或更多層,只要較靠近能量轉換層15之層狀物厚度小於較遠離能量轉換層15之層狀物厚度,或較靠近能量轉換層15之層狀物的螢光粉體粒徑大於較遠離能量轉換層15之層狀物的螢光粉體粒徑即可。例如,於另一實施例中,第一螢光層31更包括一第五層狀物(未圖示)夾設於第一層狀物31a與第二層狀物31b之間,及/或一第六層狀物(未圖示)夾設於第三層狀物33a與第四層狀物33b之間。在本揭露一實施例中,第五層狀物(或第量層狀物)的厚度大於第一層狀物31a(或第三層狀物33a)並小於第二層狀物31b(或第四層狀物33b)。在本揭露另一實施例中,第五層狀物(或第六層狀物)具有第五螢光粉體(或第六螢光粉體)分散於第五樹脂(或第六樹脂)中,且第五螢光粉體(或第六螢光粉體)之粒徑小於第一螢光粉體(或第三螢光粉體)之粒徑且大於第二螢光粉體(或第四螢光粉體)之粒徑。在本揭露一實施例中,第五層狀物(或第六層狀物)之第五螢光粉體(或第六螢光粉體)粒徑介於約5μm至15μm之間。在本發明另一實施例中,第五層狀物(或第六層狀物)之厚度介於約25μm至50μm之間。
如第4圖所示,當X光照射至可撓式輻射感測器10時,部份的X光41會被螢光層31的螢光粉體轉換為可見光及/或紫外線43。其他部份的X光41’在穿過螢光層31、能量轉換層15、開關元件13、及基板10後,被螢光層33的螢光粉體轉換為可見光及/或紫外線43’。在本揭露一實施例中,螢光層31將X光41轉換為紫外線,而螢光層33將X光41’轉換為藍光。可以理解的是,螢光層31及33將X光41及41’轉換成可見光及/或紫外線43及43’之種類端視螢光粉體的種類而定。可見光及/或紫外線43及43’入射能量轉換層15後,將會被轉換為電子與電洞。若頂電極層17連接的外部電壓(未圖示)為正電壓時,電子將會往頂電極層17移動,而電洞將會朝開關元件13之畫素電極移動,最後形成電流並傳導至開關元件13之薄膜電晶體13A,形成電子訊號。在其他實施例中,頂電極層17連接的外部電壓(未圖示)為負電壓,因此電洞將會朝頂電極層17移動,而電子將會往開關元件13之畫素電極移動,最後形成電子流並傳導至開關元件13之薄膜電晶體13A,形成電子訊號。藉由開關元件13之陣列的電子訊號,可得X光41及41’的影像。在使用上,可將可撓式輻射感測器10的螢光層31順應性地置於非平面的物體(如人體驅幹)的表面上,再施加X光穿過此物體。螢光層31及33可將X光轉換為可見光及/或紫外線,而能量轉換層15可將可見光及/或紫外線轉換為電洞及電子,且電洞(或電子)傳導至開關元件13,以形成電子訊號。
如第4圖所示,部份的可見光及/或紫外線43及43’會入射至能量轉換層15,其他部份的可見光及/或紫外線43及43’將會朝外射出。為了利用朝外射出的可見光及/或紫外線43及43’,可在螢光層31及/或33外側增設層狀材料51,如第5圖所示之可撓式輻射感測器10’。當層狀材料51為可見光及/或紫外線的反射性材質如Al、Mo、或W時,朝外射出的可見光及/或紫外線43及43’將會反射回能量轉換層15。當層狀材料51為可見光及/或紫外線的吸收性材料如黑色顏料時,朝外射出的可見光及/或紫外線43及43’將會被層狀材料51吸收而非散射於螢光層31及33中,進而增加X光影像的解析度。
雖然本發明已以數個較佳實施例揭露如上,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何熟習此技藝者,在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內,當可作任意之更動與潤飾,因此本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
10、10’...可撓式輻射感測器
11...基板
13...開關元件
13A...薄膜電晶體
13B...儲存電容
15...能量轉換層
17...頂電極層
31...第一螢光層
33...第二螢光層
31a...第一層狀物
31b...第二層狀物
33a...第三層狀物
33b...第四層狀物
41、41’...X光
43、43’...可見光及/或紫外線
51...層狀材料
第1-3圖係本揭露一實施例中,可撓式輻射感測器之製程示意圖;
第4圖係本揭露一實施例中,X光入射可撓式輻射感測器之示意圖;以及
第5圖係本揭露一實施例中,可撓式輻射感測器之示意圖。
10...可撓式輻射感測器
11...基板
13...開關元件
13A...薄膜電晶體
13B...儲存電容
15...能量轉換層
17...頂電極層
31...第一螢光層
33...第二螢光層
31a...第一層狀物
31b...第二層狀物
33a...第三層狀物
33b...第四層狀物
41、41’...X光
43、43’...可見光及/或紫外線

Claims (21)

  1. 一種可撓式輻射感測器,包括:一基板;一開關元件位於該基板上;一能量轉換層位於該開關元件上;一頂電極層位於該能量轉換層上;一第一螢光層位於該頂電極層上;以及一第二螢光層位於該基板下。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第一螢光層與該第二螢光層包括一螢光粉體分散於一樹脂中。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該螢光粉體之吸收光譜為X光,而放射光譜為可見光及/或紫外線。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第一螢光層包括:一第一層狀物;以及一第二層狀物,該第一層狀物係夾設於該第二層狀物與該頂電極層之間,且該第二層狀物的厚度大於該第一層狀物。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第一層狀物具有一第一螢光粉體分散於一第一樹脂中,該第二層狀物具有一第二螢光粉體分散於一第二樹脂中,且該第一螢光粉體之粒徑大於該第二螢光粉體。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第一螢光層靠近該頂電極層之一側具有較大粒徑之螢光粉體,該該第二螢光層靠近該基板之一側具有較大粒徑之螢光粉體。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第一螢光粉體之粒徑介於約10μm至20μm之間,且該第二螢光粉體之粒徑介於約0.1μm至10μm之間。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第一螢光層更包括一第五層狀物夾設於該第一層狀物與該第二層狀物之間,該第五層狀物的厚度大於該第一層狀物並小於該第二層狀物。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第8項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第五層狀物具有一第五螢光粉體分散於一第五樹脂中,且該第五螢光粉體之粒徑小於該第一螢光粉體且大於該第二螢光粉體。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第9項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第五螢光粉體之粒徑介於約5μm至15μm之間。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第二螢光層包括:一第三層狀物;以及一第四層狀物,且該第三層狀物係夾設於該第四層狀物與該基板之間,且該第四層狀物的厚度大於該第三層狀物。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第11項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第三層狀物具有一第三螢光粉體分散於一第三樹脂中,該第四層狀物具有一第二螢光粉體分散於一第四樹脂中,且該第三螢光粉體之粒徑大於該第四螢光粉體。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第11項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第三螢光粉體之粒徑介於約10μm至20μm之間,且該第四螢光粉體之粒徑介於約0.1μm至10μm之間。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第11項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第二螢光層更包括一第六層狀物夾設於該第三層狀物與該第四層狀物之間,該第六層狀物的厚度大於該第三層狀物並小於該第四層狀物。
  15. 如申請專利範圍第14項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第六層狀物具有一第六螢光粉體分散於一第六樹脂中,且該第六螢光粉體之粒徑小於該第三螢光粉體且大於該第四螢光粉體。
  16. 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該第六螢光粉體之粒徑介於約5μm至15μm之間。
  17. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該能量轉換層之厚度介於約1μm至25μm之間。
  18. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該能量轉換層係單層結構的半導體材料,或P-I-N、I-P、或I-N之多層結構的半導體材料。
  19. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該能量轉換層將一紫外線及/或可見光轉換為電子與電洞。
  20. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,其中該基板之厚度介於約10μm至20μm之間。
  21. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之可撓式輻射感測器,更包括一反射層或吸收層設置於該第一螢光層上及/或該第二螢光層下。
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