TW201315603A - 邊緣保護的阻障總成 - Google Patents
邊緣保護的阻障總成 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201315603A TW201315603A TW101128149A TW101128149A TW201315603A TW 201315603 A TW201315603 A TW 201315603A TW 101128149 A TW101128149 A TW 101128149A TW 101128149 A TW101128149 A TW 101128149A TW 201315603 A TW201315603 A TW 201315603A
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Classifications
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- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
- H01L31/0481—Encapsulation of modules characterised by the composition of the encapsulation material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/036—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes
- H01L31/0392—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including thin films deposited on metallic or insulating substrates ; characterised by specific substrate materials or substrate features or by the presence of intermediate layers, e.g. barrier layers, on the substrate
- H01L31/03926—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including thin films deposited on metallic or insulating substrates ; characterised by specific substrate materials or substrate features or by the presence of intermediate layers, e.g. barrier layers, on the substrate comprising a flexible substrate
- H01L31/03928—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including thin films deposited on metallic or insulating substrates ; characterised by specific substrate materials or substrate features or by the presence of intermediate layers, e.g. barrier layers, on the substrate comprising a flexible substrate including AIBIIICVI compound, e.g. CIS, CIGS deposited on metal or polymer foils
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- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S20/00—Supporting structures for PV modules
- H02S20/20—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object
- H02S20/22—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object specially adapted for buildings
- H02S20/23—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object specially adapted for buildings specially adapted for roof structures
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
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- Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
本申請案係關於一種總成,其包含一電子裝置及一多層膜。該多層膜包含:一基板,其鄰近該電子裝置;一阻障堆疊,其鄰近該基板且與該電子裝置相對;及一耐天候薄片,其鄰近該阻障堆疊且與該基板相對。該多層膜為透明且可撓性的,且該阻障堆疊及該基板與環境隔絕。
Description
諸如有機光伏打裝置(OPV)及如銅銦鎵二硒化物(CIGS)之薄膜太陽能電池的新興太陽能技術需要保護不受水蒸氣影響且需要在室外環境中耐用(例如,針對紫外(UV)光)。通常,玻璃已被用作該等太陽能裝置之囊封材料,此係因為玻璃為水蒸氣之非常良好之阻障、在光學上透明且對於UV光穩定。然而,玻璃較重、易碎、難以製造成具有可撓性且難以處置。已關注於開發透明可撓性囊封材料來替換玻璃,該等材料將不會具有玻璃之缺點但具有玻璃狀阻障性質及UV穩定性,且已開發出接近玻璃之阻障性質之許多可撓性阻障膜。
太陽能裝置在室外使用,且因此曝露於包括風、水及日光之環境。水滲透至太陽能面板中已成為長期存在之問題。太陽能面板亦可能受到風及日光之有害影響。
許多可撓性阻障膜為多層膜層壓物。任何多層膜層壓物均有可能分層,尤其在邊緣處。減少邊緣處之分層將改良阻障膜之整體效能。
本申請案係關於一種總成,其包含一電子裝置及一多層膜。該多層膜包含:一阻障堆疊,其鄰近該電子裝置;及一耐天候薄片,其鄰近該阻障堆疊且與該電子裝置相對。在具體實施例中,該多層膜包含:一基板,其鄰近該電子裝置;一阻障堆疊,其鄰近該基板且與該電子裝置相對;
及一耐天候薄片,其鄰近該阻障堆疊且與該基板相對。該多層膜為透明且可撓性的,且該阻障堆疊及該基板與環境隔絕。
邊緣分層為關於多層膜之問題。輕微的邊緣分層可引起多個層之分離。已發現可藉由評估、控制及修改三個輸入來控制分層。所評估之第一輸入為在界面處的光曝露量。光曝露量除了紫外光之外亦包含可見光。水曝露量為第二輸入。第三輸入為界面上之應力。此三個輸入值之修改及控制將維持大於20公克/吋之剝離力(peel),如根據ASTM D3330方法A「Standard Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape」所量測。
此等修改在多層物品之邊緣附近(或在邊緣之5 mm內)尤其重要。此係因為若應力集中於邊緣上,則分層一般較可能在此處開始。一旦分層已開始,邊緣便可能朝向多層物品之相對側前進,最終導致若干層之間的整個界面之分層。在邊緣處停止分層將允許多層物品中之若干層保持黏著。
根據本發明之總成包括(例如)電子裝置,例如,如光伏打電池之太陽能裝置。因此,本發明提供一種包含光伏打電池之總成。合適的光伏打電池包括已藉由多種材料開發之光伏打電池,每一材料具有將太陽能轉換為電力之獨特吸收光譜。用以製造光伏打電池之材料及其太陽光吸收頻
帶邊緣波長之實例包括:結晶矽單接面(約400 nm至約1150 nm)、非晶矽單接面(約300 nm至約720 nm)、帶狀矽(約350 nm至約1150 nm)、CIS(銅銦硒化物)(約400 nm至約1300 nm)、CIGS(銅銦鎵二硒化物)(約350 nm至約1100 nm)、CdTe(約400 nm至約895 nm)、GaAs多接面(約350 nm至約1750 nm)。此等半導體材料之較短波長左側吸收頻帶邊緣通常介於300 nm與400 nm之間。在具體實施例中,電子裝置為CIGS電池。在一些實施例中,應用了該總成之太陽能裝置(例如,光伏打電池)包含可撓性膜基板,從而產生可撓性光伏打裝置。
用以防止可撓性光伏打裝置中之可撓性阻障膜之分離/分層的方法之開發對於光伏打產業尤其有價值。光伏打模組輸出功率持續時間愈長,光伏打模組愈有價值。在具體實施例中,本申請案係關於在不干擾可撓性阻障堆疊之阻障性質的情況下增加可撓性光伏打模組之壽命。
在一些實施例中,電子裝置包含囊封劑。囊封劑塗覆於光伏打電池及相關聯電路上及光伏打電池及相關聯電路周圍。當前使用之囊封劑為乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚乙烯丁醛(PVB)、聚烯烴、熱塑性胺基甲酸酯、透明的聚氯乙烯及離子聚合物。囊封劑塗覆至太陽能裝置,在一些實施例中,其可包括使囊封劑交聯之交聯劑(例如,對於EVA而言,交聯劑為過氧化物)。囊封劑接著在太陽能裝置上原地固化。適用於CIGS光伏打模組之囊封劑之一個實例為自Jura-Plast,Reichenschwand,Germany以商標名「JURASOL
TL」出售之囊封劑。
在一些實施例中,電子裝置包含用以在邊緣處對其進行密封之邊緣密封件。舉例而言,邊緣密封件材料塗覆於光伏打電池及相關聯電路之側面上及光伏打電池及相關聯電路之側面周圍。在一些實例中,囊封劑在邊緣處密封。在具體實例中,電子裝置(例如,光伏打電池)已覆蓋有如上文描述之囊封劑材料,且背片材料與整個經囊封裝置之邊緣密封。邊緣密封件材料之實例包括經乾燥之聚合物及丁基橡膠,諸如自Adco,Lincolnshire,IL以商標名HELIOSEAL PVS101出售之材料以及購自TruSeal,Solon,Ohio之SOLARGAIN LP02邊緣膠帶。
在一些實施例中,電子裝置包含背片,其自後部完全囊封光伏打裝置,如同囊封劑自前部囊封一樣。背片通常為聚合膜,且在許多實施例中為多層膜。背片膜之實例包括可購自3M Company,Saint Paul,Minnesota之3MTM ScotchshieldTM膜。背片可連接至建築材料,諸如頂蓋膜(例如,在建築整合式光伏打裝置(BIPV)中)。為了本申請案之目的,在該實施例中,電子裝置將包含該頂蓋膜或頂蓋之其他部分。
多層膜一般包含阻障堆疊及耐天候薄片、及基板。多層膜一般對可見光與紅外光透射。如本文使用之術語「對可見光與紅外光透射」可意謂在光譜之可見光與紅外光部分內具有沿著法向軸量測之至少約75%(在一些實施例中至少
約80%、85%、90%、92%、95%、97%或98%)的平均透射率。在一些實施例中,可見光與紅外光透射總成在400 nm至1400 nm之範圍內具有至少約75%(在一些實施例中至少約80%、85%、90%、92%、95%、97%或98%)之平均透射率。可見光與紅外光透射總成為並不干擾(例如)光伏打電池對可見光與紅外光之吸收的總成。在一些實施例中,可見光與紅外光透射總成在對光伏打電池適用之光之波長範圍內具有至少約75%(在一些實施例中至少約80%、85%、90%、92%、95%、97%或98%)之平均透射率。
在許多實施例中,多層膜為可撓性的。如本文使用之術語「可撓性」係指能夠形成為捲筒。在一些實施例中,術語「可撓性」係指能夠環繞捲筒芯彎曲,該捲筒芯曲率半徑高達7.6厘米(cm)(3吋),在一些實施例中高達6.4 cm(2.5吋)、5 cm(2吋)、3.8 cm(1.5吋)或2.5 cm(1吋)。在一些實施例中,可撓性總成可環繞至少0.635 cm(1/4吋)、1.3 cm(1/2吋)或1.9 cm(3/4吋)之曲率半徑而彎曲。
根據本發明之總成包含基板。一般而言,該基板為聚合膜。在本申請案之上下文中,術語「聚合」將被理解為包括有機均聚物及共聚物,以及可(例如)藉由共擠壓或藉由反應(包括酯基轉移)而在互溶摻合物中形成之聚合物或共聚物。術語「聚合物」及「共聚物」包括無規共聚物及嵌段共聚物兩者。
舉例而言,可選擇基板而使得其CTE大約與電子裝置(例
如,可撓性光伏打裝置)之CTE相同(例如,在約10 ppm/K內)或低於電子裝置之CTE。換言之,可選擇基板而最小化該基板與電子裝置之間的CTE失配。在一些實施例中,基板具有在電子裝置之20 ppm/K、15 ppm/K、10 ppm/K或5 ppm/K之內的CTE。在一些實施例中,可需要選擇具有低CTE之基板。舉例而言,在一些實施例中,基板具有高達50(在一些實施例中,高達45、40、35或30)ppm/K之CTE。在一些實施例中,基板之CTE在0.1至50 ppm/K、0.1至45 ppm/K、0.1至40 ppm/K、0.1至35 ppm/K或0.1至30 ppm/K之範圍內。當選擇基板時,在一些實施例中,基板與耐天候薄片(下文描述)之CTE之間的差異可為至少40 ppm/K、50 ppm/K、60 ppm/K、70 ppm/K、80 ppm/K、90 ppm/K、100 ppm/K或110 ppm/K。在一些實施例中,基板與耐天候薄片之CTE之間的差異可高達150 ppm/K、140 ppm/K或130 ppm/K。舉例而言,基板與耐天候薄片之間的CTE失配之範圍可為(例如)40至150 ppm/K、50至140 ppm/K或80至130 ppm/K。可藉由熱機械強度分析來判定CTE。且可在產品資料表單或手冊中找到許多基板之CTE。
在一些實施例中,基板具有高達5×109帕之模數(拉伸模數)。舉例而言,可藉由諸如以商標名「INSTRON 5900」購自Instron,Norwood,MA之測試系統的拉伸測試儀器來量測拉伸模數。在一些實施例中,基板之拉伸模數高達4.5×109帕、4×109帕、3.5×109帕或3×109帕。
在一些實施例中,當支撐件未經約束時,使基板熱穩定(例如,使用熱定型、在張力下退火或其他技術)以最小化收縮率直至至少熱穩定溫度為止。基板之例示性合適材料包括聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯(PEN)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚芳醚酮(PAEK)、聚芳酯化合物(PAR)、聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)、聚芳碸(PAS)、聚醚碸(PES)、聚醯胺醯亞胺(PAI)及聚醯亞胺,可視情況對該等材料中之任一者進行熱穩定。此等材料據報告具有在<1至約42 ppm/K之範圍內的CTE。合適基板可購自多種來源。舉例而言,聚醯亞胺可以商標名「KAPTON」(例如,「KAPTON E」或「KAPTON H」)購自E.I.Dupont de Nemours & Co.,Wilmington,DE;以商標名「APICAL AV」購自Kanegafugi Chemical Industry Company;以商標名「UPILEX」購自UBE Industries,Ltd.。聚醚碸例如可購自Sumitomo。聚醚醯亞胺例如可以商標名「ULTEM」購自General Electric Company。諸如PET之聚酯例如可購自DuPont Teijin Films,Hopewell,VA。
在一些實施例中,基板具有約0.05 mm至約1 mm之厚度,在一些實施例中,具有約0.1 mm至約0.5 mm或0.1 mm至0.25 mm之厚度。視應用而定,亦可使用此等範圍之外的厚度。在一些實施例中,基板具有至少0.05 mm、0.06 mm、0.07 mm、0.08 mm、0.09 mm、0.1 mm、0.11 mm、0.12 mm或0.13 mm之厚度。
多層膜包含阻障堆疊。阻障堆疊可選自多種構造。術語「阻障堆疊」係指針對氧或水中之至少一者提供阻障之膜。通常選擇阻障堆疊從而使得其等具有根據應用所需要之指定等級的氧氣及水穿透速率。在一些實施例中,阻障堆疊具有在38℃及100%相對濕度下小於約0.005公克/平方米/天之水蒸氣穿透速率(WVTR);在一些實施例中,具有在38℃及100%相對濕度下小於約0.0005公克/平方米/天之WVTR;及在一些實施例中,具有在38℃及100%相對濕度下小於約0.00005公克/平方米/天之WVTR。在一些實施例中,阻障堆疊具有在50℃及100%相對濕度下小於約0.05、0.005、0.0005或0.00005公克/平方米/天之WVTR,或甚至具有在85℃及100%相對濕度下小於約0.005、0.0005、0.00005公克/平方米/天之WVTR。在一些實施例中,阻障堆疊具有在23℃及90%相對濕度下小於約0.005公克/平方米/天之氧氣穿透速率;在一些實施例中,具有在23℃及90%相對濕度下小於約0.0005公克/平方米/天之氧氣穿透速率;及在一些實施例中,具有在23℃及90%相對濕度下小於約0.00005公克/平方米/天之氧氣穿透速率。
例示性適用阻障堆疊包括藉由原子層沈積、熱蒸鍍、濺鍍及化學氣相沈積製備之無機膜。適用阻障堆疊通常為可撓性且透明的。
在一些實施例中,適用阻障膜包含無機/有機多層結構。包含無機/有機多層結構之可撓性超阻障膜描述於(例如)美國專利第7,018,713號(Padiyath等人)中。該等可撓性
超阻障膜可具有安置於聚合膜上之第一聚合物層,該聚合膜可用由額外第二聚合物層分離之兩個或兩個以上無機阻障層來塗飾(overcoat)。在一些實施例中,阻障膜包含插入於第一聚合物層上之一種無機氧化物。適用阻障堆疊亦可在以下各文獻中找到,例如:美國專利第4,696,719號(Bischoff)、第4,722,515號(Ham)、第4,842,893號(Yializis等人)、第4,954,371號(Yializis)、第5,018,048號(Shaw等人)、第5,032,461號(Shaw等人)、第5,097,800號(Shaw等人)、第5,125,138號(Shaw等人)、第5,440,446號(Shaw等人)、第5,547,908號(Furuzawa等人)、第6,045,864號(Lyons等人)、第6,231,939號(Shaw等人)及第6,214,422號(Yializis);公開之PCT申請案第WO 00/26973號(Delta V Technologies,Inc.);D.G.Shaw及M.G.Langlois之「A New Vapor Deposition Process for Coating Paper and Polymer Webs」,第6屆國際真空塗佈會議(1992);D.G.Shaw及M.G.Langlois之「A New High Speed Process for Vapor Depositing Acrylate Thin Films:An Update」,真空塗佈機學會第36屆年度技術會議錄(1993);D.G.Shaw及M.G.Langlois之「Use of Vapor Deposited Acrylate Coatings to Improve the Barrier Properties of Metallized Film」,真空塗佈機學會第37屆年度技術會議錄(1994);D.G.Shaw、M.Roehrig、M.G.Langlois及C.Sheehan之「Use of Evaporated Acrylate Coatings to Smooth the Surface of Polyester and Polypropylene Film Substrates」,
RadTech(1996);J.Affinito、P.Martin、M.Gross、C.Coronado及E.Greenwell之「Vacuum deposited polymer/metal multilayer films for optical application」,固態薄膜270,第43-48頁(1995);及J.D.Affinito、M.E.Gross、C.A.Coronado、G.L.Graff、E.N.Greenwell及P.M.Martin之「Polymer-Oxide Transparent Barrier Layers」。
阻障堆疊及基板與環境隔絕。為了本申請案之目的,當阻障堆疊及基板與總成周圍之空氣不具有界面時為隔絕的。此可藉由將阻障堆疊及基板包封於耐天候薄片及電子裝置內來實現。其亦可藉由將不同材料置放於阻障堆疊及基板之邊緣處來實現。
基板之主表面可經處理以改良對阻障堆疊之黏著。適用表面處理包括:在存在合適反應性或非反應性氛圍的情況下放電(例如,電漿、輝光放電、電暈放電、介電阻障放電或大氣壓放電);化學預處理;或火焰預處理。獨立之黏著促進層亦可形成於基板之主表面與阻障堆疊之間。黏著促進層可為(例如)獨立之聚合層或含金屬層(諸如,金屬層、金屬氧化物層、金屬氮化物層或金屬氮氧化物層)。黏著促進層可具有幾奈米(nm)(例如,1至2 nm)至約50 nm或更大之厚度。在一些實施例中,基板之一側(亦即,一個主表面)可經處理以增強對阻障堆疊之黏著,且另一側(亦即,主表面)可經處理以增強對將被覆蓋之裝置或覆蓋此裝置之囊封劑(例如,EVA)的黏著。經表面處理(例如,藉由溶劑或其他預處理)之一些適用基板可購自(例如)Du
Pont Teijin。對於此等膜中之一些,兩側加以表面處理(例如,藉由相同或不同預處理),且對於其他膜,僅一側加以表面處理。
根據本發明之總成包含耐天候薄片,其可為單層或多層結構。耐天候薄片一般為可撓性且對可見光與紅外光透射,且包含有機成膜聚合物。可形成耐天候薄片之適用材料包括聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚醚、聚醯亞胺、聚烯烴、含氟聚合物及其組合。
在電子裝置為(例如)太陽能裝置之實施例中,通常需要耐天候薄片對由紫外(UV)光引起之降級有抗性且為耐天候的。由UV光(例如,在280至400 nm之範圍內)引起之光氧化降級可導致色彩改變以及聚合膜之光學及機械性質的劣化。本文描述之耐天候薄片可為光伏打裝置提供(例如)耐用、耐天候外塗層。基板一般為耐磨損且耐衝擊的,且可當光伏打裝置曝露於室外環境時防止(例如)光伏打裝置之降級。
可將多種穩定劑添加至耐天候薄片以改良其對UV光之抗性。此等穩定劑之實例包括紫外吸收劑(UVA)(例如,紅移UV吸收劑)、受阻胺光穩定劑(HALS)或抗氧化劑中之至少一者。在下文進一步詳細描述此等添加劑。在一些實施例中,片語「對由紫外光引起之降級有抗性」意謂耐天候薄片包括至少一種紫外吸收劑或受阻胺光穩定劑。在一些實施例中,片語「對由紫外光引起之降級有抗性」意謂耐
天候薄片對至少300奈米至400奈米之波長範圍中的至少30奈米範圍內的至少50百分比之入射紫外光進行反射或吸收中之至少一者。在此等實施例中之一些中,耐天候薄片無需包括UVA或HALS。
耐天候薄片之UV抗性可(例如)使用加速風化研究來評估。加速風化研究一般使用類似於描述於ASTM G-155「Standard practice for exposing non-metallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources」中之技術的技術而對若干膜執行。所註明之ASTM技術被視為室外耐久性之可靠預測方法,亦即對材料效能正確地排列等級。用於偵測實體特性之改變的一種機制係使用描述於ASTM G155中之風化循環及在反射模式下操作之D65光源。在所註明之測試下,且在將UV保護層塗覆至物品時,在顯著破裂、剝離、分層或模糊之開始之前,在使用CIE L*a*b*空間獲得之b*值增加達5或更小、4或更小、3或更小或2或更小之前,物品應耐受340 nm下至少18,700 kJ/m2之曝光。
在一些實施例中,本文所揭示之耐天候薄片包含含氟聚合物。含氟聚合物通常對UV降級有抗性,甚至在缺少諸如UVA、HALS及抗氧化劑之穩定劑的情況下亦如此。適用含氟聚合物包括乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)、乙烯-氯-三氟乙烯共聚物(ECTFE)、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(FEP)、四氟乙烯-全氟乙烯醚共聚物(PFA,MFA)、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-偏二氟乙烯共聚物(THV)、聚偏二氟乙烯
均聚物及共聚物(PVDF)、其摻合物以及此等及其他含氟聚合物之摻合物。含氟聚合物通常包含TFE、CTFE、VDF、HFP或其他完全氟化、部分氟化或氫化單體(諸如,乙烯醚及α-烯烴)或其他含鹵素單體之均聚物或共聚物。
含氟聚合物膜之CTE相對於由烴聚合物製成之膜通常為高的。舉例而言,含氟聚合物膜之CTE可為至少75 ppm/K、80 ppm/K、90 ppm/K、100 ppm/K、110 ppm/K、120 ppm/K或130 ppm/K。舉例而言,ETFE之CTE可在90至140 ppm/K之範圍內。
包含含氟聚合物之基板亦可包括非氟化材料。舉例而言,可使用聚偏二氟乙烯與聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯之摻合物。適用可撓性、可見光與紅外光透射基板亦包括多層膜基板。多層膜基板可在不同層中具有不同含氟聚合物,或可包括至少一層含氟聚合物及至少一層非氟化聚合物。多層膜可包含幾個層(例如,至少2或3層),或可包含至少100層(例如,在總計100至2000層或更多之範圍內)。可選擇不同多層膜基板中之不同聚合物(例如)以反射300至400 nm波長範圍中的UV光之顯著部分(例如,至少30、40或50%),如(例如)美國專利第5,540,978號(Schrenk)中所描述。該等摻合物及多層膜基板可適用於提供抗UV基板,其具有比上文描述之含氟聚合物低的CTE。
包含含氟聚合物之適用耐天候薄片可以商標名「TEFZEL ETFE」及「TEDLAR」購自(例如)E.I.duPont De Nemours及Co.,Wilmington,DE,且膜由購自以下公司
之樹脂製成:以商標名「DYNEON ETFE」、「DYNEON THV」、「DYNEON FEP」及「DYNEON PVDF」購自Dyneon LLC,Oakdale,MN;以商標名「NORTON ETFE」購自St.Gobain Performance Plastics,Wayne,NJ;以商標名「CYTOPS」購自Asahi Glass;及以商標名「DENKA DX FILM」購自Denka Kagaku Kogyo KK,Tokyo,Japan。
不含含氟聚合物之一些適用耐天候薄片被報告為在缺少UVA、HALS及抗氧化劑的情況下對UV光引起之降級有抗性。舉例而言,某些間苯二酚間苯二甲酸酯/對苯二甲酸酯共聚芳酯化合物(例如,描述於美國專利第3,444,129號、第3,460,961號、第3,492,261號及第3,503,779號中之化合物)被報告為耐天候的。含有包含由1,3-二羥基苯有機二羧酸酯衍生之結構單元之層的某些耐天候多層物品報告於國際專利申請公開案第WO 2000/061664號中,且含有間苯二酚芳基聚酯鏈成員之某些聚合物報告於美國專利第6,306,507號中。包含由至少一種1,3-二羥基苯及至少一種芳族二羧酸衍生之結構單元之嵌段共聚酯碳酸酯報告於US 2004/0253428中,其中該等嵌段共聚酯碳酸酯形成一層且鋪設有包含碳酸酯結構單元之另一聚合物。舉例而言,含有聚碳酸酯之耐天候薄片與聚酯相比較可具有相對高之CTE。含有聚碳酸酯之耐天候薄片之CTE可為(例如)約70 ppm/K。
對於上文描述之耐天候薄片之實施例中之任一者,耐天候薄片(例如,含氟聚合物)之主表面可經處理以改良對壓
敏黏著劑之黏著。適用表面處理包括:在存在合適反應性或非反應性氛圍的情況下放電(例如,電漿、輝光放電、電暈放電、介電阻障放電或大氣壓放電);化學預處理(例如,使用鹼溶液及/或液氨);火焰預處理;或電子束處理。獨立之黏著促進層亦可形成於耐天候薄片之主表面與PSA之間。在一些實施例中,耐天候薄片可為含氟聚合物,其已以PSA進行塗佈且隨後藉由電子束照射以在基板與壓敏黏著劑之間形成化學鍵;參見,例如美國專利第6,878,400號(Yamanaka等人)。經表面處理之一些適用耐天候薄片可(例如)以商標名「NORTON ETFE」購自St.Gobain Performance Plastics。
在一些實施例中,耐天候薄片具有約0.01 mm至約1 mm之厚度,在一些實施例中,具有約0.05 mm至約0.25 mm或0.05 mm至0.15 mm之厚度。
雖然適用於實踐本發明之耐天候薄片具有極佳室外穩定性,但在本文揭示之總成中需要阻障膜以減少水蒸氣之滲透達允許其在諸如建築整合式光伏打裝置(BIPV)之長期室外應用中使用的程度。
壓敏黏著劑(「PSA」)可處於耐天候薄片與阻障堆疊之間。PSA為熟習此項技術者眾所周知的,其擁有多個性質,包括:(1)主動及永久黏性,(2)僅藉由指壓黏著,(3)固持於黏著物上之充分能力,及(4)乾淨地自黏著物移除之充分內聚強度。已發現良好充當PSA之材料為經設計及調
配以展現必要黏彈性性質從而導致黏性、剝離黏著力與剪切固持能力之間的所要平衡的聚合物。
適用於識別壓敏黏著劑之一種方法為達爾奎斯特(Dahlquist)準則。此準則將壓敏黏著劑界定為具有大於1×10-6平方公分/達因之1秒潛變柔量之黏著劑,如以引用的方式併入本文中的Van Nostrand Reinhold,New York,NY,1989出版的Donatas Satas(編輯)的「Handbook of Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Technology」第二版第172頁中所描述。或者,由於模數一次近似為潛變柔量之倒數,所以可將壓敏黏著劑界定為具有小於約1×106達因/平方公分之儲存模數的黏著劑。
適用於實踐本發明之PSA通常不會流動,且具有足夠的阻障性質以使氧氣及濕氣經過黏著接合線進行之下滲緩慢或最小。另外,本文揭示之PSA一般對於可見光與紅外光為透射的,使得其不會干擾(例如)光伏打電池對可見光之吸收。PSA可在光譜之可見光部分內具有沿著法向軸量測之至少約75%(在一些實施例中至少約80%、85%、90%、92%、95%、97%或98%)的平均透射率。在一些實施例中,PSA在400 nm至1400 nm之範圍內具有至少約75%之平均透射率(在一些實施例中至少約80%、85%、90%、92%、95%、97%或98%)。例示性的PSA包括丙烯酸酯、聚矽氧、聚異丁烯、尿素及其組合。一些適用的市售PSA包括:UV可固化PSA,諸如以商標名「ARclear 90453」及「ARclear 90537」購自Adhesive Research,Inc.,Glen
Rock,PA之PSA;及丙烯酸系光學透明之PSA,例如以商標名「OPTICALLY CLEAR LAMINATING ADHESIVE 8171」、「OPTICALLY CLEAR LAMINATING ADHESIVE 8172CL」及「OPTICALLY CLEAR LAMINATING ADHESIVE 8172PCL」購自3M Company,St.Paul,MN者。
在一些實施例中,適用於實踐本發明之PSA具有高達50,000磅/平方吋(3.4×108帕)之模數(拉伸模數)。舉例而言,可藉由諸如以商標名「INSTRON 5900」購自Instron,Norwood,MA之測試系統的拉伸測試儀器來量測拉伸模數。在一些實施例中,PSA之拉伸模數高達40,000、30,000、20,000或10,000磅/平方吋(2.8×108帕、2.1×108帕、1.4×108帕或6.9×108帕)。
在一些實施例中,適用於實踐本發明之PSA為丙烯酸系PSA。如本文所使用,術語「丙烯酸系」或「丙烯酸酯」包括具有丙烯酸基或甲基丙烯酸基中之至少一者的化合物。適用的丙烯酸系PSA可例如藉由組合至少兩種不同單體(第一及第二單體)而製造。例示性的合適第一單體包括丙烯酸2-甲基丁酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸異辛酯、丙烯酸十二烷酯、丙烯酸正癸酯、丙烯酸4-甲基-2-戊酯、丙烯酸異戊酯、丙烯酸第二丁酯及丙烯酸異壬酯。例示性的合適第二單體包括:(甲基)丙烯酸(例如,丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、衣康酸、順丁烯二酸及富馬酸)、(甲基)丙烯醯胺(例如,丙烯醯胺、甲基丙烯醯胺、N-乙基丙烯醯胺、N-羥乙基丙烯醯胺、N-辛基丙烯醯胺、N-第三丁基丙烯醯
胺、N,N-二甲基丙烯醯胺、N,N-二乙基丙烯醯胺及N-乙基-N-二羥乙基丙烯醯胺)、(甲基)丙烯酸酯(例如,丙烯酸2-羥乙酯或甲基丙烯酸2-羥乙酯、丙烯酸環已酯、丙烯酸第三丁酯或丙烯酸異冰片酯)、N-乙烯基吡咯啶酮、N-乙烯基已內醯胺、α-烯烴、乙烯醚、烯丙醚、苯乙烯系單體或順丁烯二酸酯。
丙烯酸系PSA亦可藉由在調配物中包括交聯劑而製造。例示性的交聯劑包括:可共聚合的多官能烯系不飽和單體(例如,1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯、三羥甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、異戊四醇四丙烯酸酯及1,2-乙二醇二丙烯酸酯);在激發態下能夠提取氫之烯系不飽和化合物(例如,諸如描述於美國專利第4,737,559號(Kellen等人)中之丙烯酸酯化二苯甲酮,可購自Sartomer Company,Exton,PA之對丙烯醯氧基-二苯甲酮,描述於美國專利第5,073,611號(Rehmer等人)中之包括對N-(甲基丙烯醯基-4-氧雜五亞甲基)-胺甲醯氧基二苯甲酮、N-(苯甲醯基-對伸苯基)-N'-(甲基丙烯醯氧基亞甲基)-碳化二亞胺及對丙烯醯氧基-二苯甲酮)的單體);基本上無烯烴不飽和且能夠例如在上文描述之第二單體中與羧酸基反應的非離子交聯劑(例如,1,4-雙(伸乙基亞胺基羰胺基)苯;4,4-雙(伸乙基亞胺基羰胺基)二苯基甲烷;1,8-雙(伸乙基亞胺基羰胺基)辛烷;1,4-甲苯二異氰酸酯;二異氰酸1,6-己二酯、N,N'-雙-1,2-間苯二甲醯丙二胺、二環氧化物、酸二酐、雙(醯胺)及雙(醯亞胺));及基本上無烯烴不飽和、與第一及第二單體不可共聚合且在激
發態下能夠提取氫的非離子交聯劑(例如,2,4-雙(三氯甲基)-6-(4-甲氧基)苯基)-s-三嗪;2,4-雙(三氯甲基)-6-(3,4-二甲氧基)苯基)-s-三嗪;2,4-雙(三氯甲基)-6-(3,4,5-三甲氧基)苯基)-s-三嗪;2,4-雙(三氯甲基)-6-(2,4-二甲氧基)苯基)-s-三嗪;如美國專利第4,330,590號(Vesley)中描述之2,4-雙(三氯甲基)-6-(3-甲氧基)苯基)-s-三嗪;如美國專利第4,329,384號(Vesley)中描述之2,4-雙(三氯甲基)-6-萘次甲基-s-三嗪及2,4-雙(三氯甲基)-6-(4-甲氧基)萘次甲基-s-三嗪)。
通常,第一單體以100份共聚物之總重量計以80-100重量份(pbw)的量來使用,且第二單體以100份共聚物之總重量計以0-20 pbw的量來使用。交聯劑可以單體之組合重量計以0.005至2重量百分比的量使用,例如以約0.01至約0.5重量百分比或約0.05至0.15重量百分比的量使用。
適用於實踐本發明之丙烯酸系PSA可例如藉由無溶劑、本體、自由基聚合法(例如,使用熱、電子束輻射或紫外輻射)來製備。該等聚合通常藉由聚合引發劑(例如,光引發劑或熱引發劑)來促進。例示性合適光引發劑包括:安息香醚,諸如安息香甲醚及安息香異丙醚;經取代安息香醚,諸如p,p'-二甲氧大安息香(anisoin)甲醚;經取代苯乙酮,諸如2,2-二甲氧基-2-苯基苯乙酮;及經取代α-酮醇,諸如2-甲基-2-羥基苯丙酮。市售光引發劑之實例包括均可購自Ciba-Geigy Corp.,Hawthorne,NY之IRGACURE 651及DAROCUR 1173以及購自BASF,Parsippany,NJ之
LUCERIN TPO。合適熱引發劑之實例包括(但不限於):過氧化物(諸如,過氧化二苯甲醯、過氧化二月桂醯、過氧化甲基乙基酮、氫過氧化異丙苯、過氧化二碳酸二環己酯)、以及2,2-偶氮-雙(異丁腈)及過苯甲酸第三丁酯。市售熱引發劑之實例包括可購自ACROS Organics,Pittsburgh,PA之VAZO 64及可購自Elf Atochem North America,Philadelphia,PA之LUCIDOL 70。聚合引發劑以有效促進單體之聚合的量(例如,以100份總單體含量計0.1重量份至約5.0重量份或0.2重量份至約1.0重量份)來使用。
若使用光交聯劑,則所塗佈黏著劑可曝露於具有約250 nm至約400 nm之波長的紫外輻射。此波長範圍中使黏著劑交聯所需之輻射能量為約100毫焦耳/平方公分至約1,500毫焦耳/平方公分,或更具體言之,約200毫焦耳/平方公分至約800毫焦耳/平方公分。
適用無溶劑聚合方法揭示於美國專利第4,379,201號(Heilmann等人)中。最初,第一及第二單體之混合物可藉由以下步驟而與光引發劑之一部分聚合:在惰性環境中將該混合物曝露於UV輻射持續足以形成可塗佈基底漿料之時間,且隨後添加交聯劑及光引發劑之剩餘部分。接著可將含有交聯劑(例如,其在23℃下可具有約100厘泊至約6000厘泊之布絡克菲爾德(Brookfield)黏度,如藉由4號LTV軸以60轉/分鐘所量測)之此最終漿料塗佈於耐天候薄片上。一旦將漿料塗佈於耐天候薄片上,即可在惰性環境(例如,氮氣、二氧化碳、氦氣及氬氣,不包括氧氣)中進
行進一步聚合及交聯。充分的惰性氛圍可藉由用聚合膜覆蓋一層光敏性漿料且在空氣中輻射經過該膜來達成,該聚合膜諸如為經聚矽氧處理之PET膜,其對於UV輻射或電子束為可透過的。
在一些實施例中,適用於實踐本發明之PSA包含聚異丁烯。聚異丁烯可在主鏈或側鏈中具有聚異丁烯骨架。適用聚異丁烯可例如藉由單獨聚合異丁烯或在存在路易斯酸觸媒(例如,氯化鋁或三氟化硼)的情況下結合正丁烯、異戊二烯或丁二烯而聚合異丁烯來製備。
適用聚異丁烯材料可購自若干製造商。均聚物可例如以商標名「OPPANOL」及「GLISSOPAL」(例如,OPPANOL B15、B30、B50、B100、B150及B200以及GLISSOPAL 1000、1300及2300)購自BASF Corp.(Florham Park,NJ);以商標名「SDG」、「JHY」及「EFROLEN」購自St.Petersburg,Russia之United Chemical Products(UCP)。聚異丁烯共聚物可藉由在存在少量(例如,高達30、25、20、15、10或5重量百分比)另一單體(諸如,苯乙烯、異戊二烯、丁烯或丁二烯)的情況下聚合異丁烯來製備。例示性合適異丁烯/異戊二烯共聚物可以商標名「EXXON BUTYL」(例如,EXXON BUTYL 065、068及268)購自Exxon Mobil Corp.,Irving,TX;以商標名「BK-1675N」購自UCP;及以商標名「LANXESS」(例如,LANXESS BUTYL 301、LANXESS BUTYL 101-3及LANXESS BUTYL 402)購自Sarnia,Ontario,Canada。例示性合適異丁烯/苯乙
烯嵌段共聚物可以商標名「SIBSTAR」購自Kaneka(Osaka,Japan)。其他例示性合適聚異丁烯樹脂可例如以商標名「VISTANEX」購自Exxon Chemical Co.,以商標名「HYCAR」購自Goodrich Corp.,Charlotte,NC,以及以商標名「JSR BUTYL」購自Japan Butyl Co.,Ltd.,Kanto,Japan。
適用於實踐本發明之聚異丁烯可具有廣泛種類之分子量及廣泛重量之黏度。許多不同分子量及黏度之聚異丁烯為市售的。
在包含聚異丁烯之PSA之一些實施例中,PSA進一步包含氫化烴增黏劑(在一些實施例中,聚(環烯))。在此等實施例中之一些中,以PSA組合物之總重量計,約5至90重量百分比之氫化烴增黏劑(在一些實施例中,聚(環烯))與約10至95重量百分比之聚異丁烯摻合。適用聚異丁烯PSA包括黏著劑組合物,其包含氫化聚(環烯)及聚異丁烯樹脂,諸如在國際專利申請公開案第WO 2007/087281號(Fujita等人)中所揭示之組合物。
「氫化」烴增黏劑成份可包括部分氫化樹脂(例如,具有任何氫化比率)、完全氫化樹脂或其組合。在一些實施例中,氫化烴增黏劑經完全氫化,此可降低PSA之透濕性且改良與聚異丁烯樹脂之相容性。氫化烴增黏劑常為氫化環脂族樹脂、氫化芳族樹脂或其組合。舉例而言,一些增黏樹脂為藉由共聚合由石油精之熱分解產生之C9餾份而獲得之氫化C9類型石油樹脂、藉由共聚合由石油精之熱分解
產生之C5餾份而獲得之氫化C5類型石油樹脂、或藉由聚合由石油精之熱分解產生之C5餾份及C9餾份的組合而獲得之氫化C5/C9類型石油樹脂。C9餾份可包括(例如)茚、乙烯-甲苯、α-甲基苯乙烯、β-甲基苯乙烯或其組合。C5餾份可包括(例如)戊烷、異戊二烯、胡椒鹼、1,3-戊二烯或其組合。在一些實施例中,氫化烴增黏劑為氫化聚(環烯)聚合物。在一些實施例中,氫化聚(環烯)為氫化聚(二環戊二烯),其可向PSA提供若干優點(例如,低的透濕性及透明度)。增黏樹脂通常為非晶形的且具有不大於5000公克/莫耳之重量平均分子量。
一些合適氫化烴增黏劑可以商標名「ARKON」(例如,ARKON P或ARKON M)購自Arakawa Chemical Industries Co.,Ltd.(Osaka,Japan);以商標名「ESCOREZ」購自Exxon Chemical.;以商標名「REGALREZ」(例如,REGALREZ 1085、1094、1126、1139、3102及6108)購自Eastman(Kingsport,TN);以商標名「WINGTACK」(例如,WINGTACK 95或RWT-7850)樹脂購自Cray Valley(Exton,PA);以商標名「PICCOTAC」(例如,PICCOTAC 6095-E、8090-E、8095、8595、9095及9105)購自Eastman;以商標名「CLEARON」(等級P、M及K)購自Yasuhara Chemical,Hiroshima,Japan;以商標名「FORAL AX」及「FORAL 105」購自Hercules Inc.,Wilmington,DE;以商標名「PENCEL A」、「ESTERGUM H」、「SUPER ESTER A」及「PINECRYSTAL」購自Arakawa
Chemical Industries Co.,Ltd.,Osaka,Japan;購自Arakawa Chemical Industries Co.,Ltd.);以商標名「EASTOTAC H」購自Eastman;及以商標名「IMARV」購自Idemitsu Petrochemical Co.,Tokyo,Japan。
視情況,適用於實踐本發明之PSA(包括上述PSA之實施例中之任一者)包含uv吸收劑(UVA)、受阻胺光穩定劑或抗氧化劑中之至少一者。適用UVA之實例包括上文結合多層膜基板描述之UVA(例如,可以商標名「TINUVIN 328」、「TINUVIN 326」、「TINUVIN 783」、「TINUVIN 770」、「TINUVIN 479」、「TINUVIN 928」及「TINUVIN 1577」購自Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation之UVA)。UVA在使用時可以壓敏黏著劑組合物之總重量計約0.01至3重量百分比的量存在。適用抗氧化劑之實例包括受阻酚基化合物及磷酸酯基化合物以及上文結合多層膜基板描述之化合物(例如,可以商標名「IRGANOX 1010」、「IRGANOX 1076」及「IRGAFOS 126」購自Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation之化合物以及丁基化羥基甲苯(BHT))。抗氧化劑在使用時可以壓敏黏著劑組合物之總重量計約0.01至2重量百分比的量存在。適用穩定劑之實例包括酚基穩定劑、受阻胺基穩定劑(例如,包括上文結合多層膜基板描述之穩定劑,及可以商標名「CHIMASSORB」(諸如,「CHIMASSORB 2020」)購自BASF之穩定劑)、咪唑基穩定劑、二硫代胺基甲酸酯基穩定劑、磷基穩定劑及硫代酯基穩定劑。該等化合物在使用時可以壓敏黏著劑組合物之
總重量計約0.01至3重量百分比的量存在。
在一些實施例中,本文揭示之PSA層厚度為至少0.005 mm(在一些實施例中,至少0.01 mm、0.02 mm、0.03 mm、0.04 mm或0.05 mm)。在一些實施例中,PSA層之厚度高達約0.2 mm(在一些實施例中,高達0.15 mm、0.1 mm或0.075 mm)。舉例而言,PSA層之厚度可在0.005 mm至0.2 mm、0.005 mm至0.1 mm或0.01至0.1 mm之範圍內。
一旦已將PSA層塗覆至耐天候薄片,曝露之主表面即可在被塗覆至本文揭示之阻障膜之前藉由釋離襯墊來暫時保護。適用釋離襯墊之實例包括藉由例如聚矽氧塗佈之牛皮紙;聚丙烯膜;含氟聚合物膜,諸如以商標名「TEFLON」購自E.I.du Pont de Nemours and Co.之膜;以及藉由例如聚矽氧或碳氟化合物塗佈之聚酯及其他聚合物膜。
可將多種穩定劑添加至PSA層以改良其對UV光之抗性。此等穩定劑之實例包括紫外吸收劑(UVA)(例如,紅移UV吸收劑)、受阻胺光穩定劑(HALS)或抗氧化劑中之至少一者。
並不希望受理論約束,咸信根據本發明之阻障總成中之PSA層用以保護阻障總成免受可能由高CTE耐天候薄片(例如,含氟聚合物)引起之熱應力。此外,即使在第一薄片與耐天候薄片之間的CTE失配相對低(例如,小於40 ppm/K)的實施例中,PSA層充當用於將耐天候薄片附接至沈積於第一聚合膜基板上之阻障膜(例如,具有高達50 ppm/K之CTE)的便利構件。當PSA層含有UVA、HALS或抗
氧化劑中之至少一者時,其可進一步提供使阻障膜免於UV光引起之降級的保護。
視情況,根據本發明之總成可含有乾燥劑。在一些實施例中,根據本發明之總成基本上無乾燥劑。「基本上無乾燥劑」意謂乾燥劑可以不足以實際上使光伏打模組乾燥的量存在。基本上無乾燥劑之總成包括未併有乾燥劑之總成。
可視情況將各種功能層或塗層添加至本文中揭示之總成以更改或改良其物理或化學性質。例示性適用層或塗層包括:可見光與紅外光透射導電層或電極(例如,氧化銦錫層);抗靜電塗層或膜;阻燃劑;耐磨損劑或硬塗層材料;光學塗層;防霧材料;防反射塗層;抗污(anti-smudging)塗層;偏光塗層;防污材料;稜鏡膜;額外黏著劑(例如,壓敏黏著劑或熱熔黏著劑);促進黏著至鄰近層之底塗劑;額外UV保護層;及當阻障總成將以黏著劑捲筒形式使用時所使用之低黏著力背膠(backsize)材料。可將此等成份併入於例如阻障膜中或可將此等成份塗覆至聚合膜基板之表面。
可併入至本文揭示之總成中之其他可選特徵包括圖形及間隔結構。舉例而言,本文揭示之總成可藉由墨水或其他印刷標誌來處理,印刷標誌諸如為用以顯示產品識別、定向或對準資訊、廣告或品牌資訊、裝飾或其他資訊的標誌。墨水或印刷標誌可使用此項技術中已知之技術來提供
(例如,網版印刷、噴墨印刷、熱轉印、活版印刷、平版印刷、柔版印刷、細點(stipple)印刷及雷射印刷)。舉例而言,可在黏著劑中包括間隔結構以維持特定接合線厚度。
根據本發明之總成可使用多種已知技術而便利地組裝。舉例而言,壓敏黏著劑層可在釋離襯墊上或在兩釋離襯墊之間轉移PSA。轉移黏著劑可用以在移除釋離襯墊後將耐天候薄片層壓至沈積於耐天候薄片上之阻障膜。在另一實例中,在將第一薄片與耐天候薄片層壓在一起之前,可將PSA塗佈至耐天候薄片上及/或沈積於第一聚合膜基板上之阻障膜上。在另一實例中,可將例如無溶劑黏著劑調配物塗佈於耐天候薄片與沈積於第一聚合膜基板上之阻障膜之間。隨後,調配物可如上文所述藉由熱或輻射而固化以提供根據本發明之總成。
本申請案係關於一種總成,其包含一電子裝置及一多層膜。該多層膜包含:一基板,其鄰近該電子裝置;一阻障堆疊,其鄰近該基板且與該電子裝置相對;及一耐天候薄片,其鄰近該阻障堆疊且與該基板相對,其中該多層膜為透明且可撓性的,且該阻障堆疊及該基板與環境隔絕。
本申請案估計到所揭示元件中之任一者的組合。
本文中參考之所有專利及公開案在此以引用的方式全部併入本文中。熟習此項技術者可在不偏離本發明之範疇及精神的情況下進行本發明之各種修改及更改,且應理解本發明不應過度限於本文所陳述之說明性實施例。
Claims (23)
- 一種總成,其包含:一電子裝置,及一多層膜,該多層膜包含:一基板,其鄰近該電子裝置;一阻障堆疊,其鄰近該基板且與該電子裝置相對;及一耐天候薄片,其鄰近該阻障堆疊且與該基板相對,其中,該多層膜為透明且可撓性的,且該阻障堆疊及該基板與環境隔絕。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該阻障堆疊包含一聚合物層及一無機阻障層。
- 如請求項2之總成,其中該無機阻障層為氧化物層。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該基板包含以下各項中之至少一者:聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、聚醚醚酮、聚芳醚酮、聚丙烯酸酯、聚醚醯亞胺、聚芳碸、聚醚碸、聚醯胺醯亞胺或聚醯亞胺。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該耐天候薄片包含一含氟聚合物。
- 如請求項5之總成,其中該含氟聚合物包含以下各項中之至少一者:乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-偏二氟乙烯共聚物或聚偏二氟乙烯。
- 如請求項1之總成,其在該耐天候薄片與該阻障堆疊之 間包含一壓敏黏著劑層。
- 如請求項7之總成,其中該壓敏黏著劑為丙烯酸酯、聚矽氧、聚異丁烯、尿素或其摻合物。
- 如請求項7之總成,其中該壓敏黏著劑包含以下各項中之至少一者:UV穩定劑、受阻胺光穩定劑、抗氧化劑或熱穩定劑。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該電子裝置包含一鄰近該基板之囊封劑層。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該電子裝置包含一邊緣密封件。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該阻障堆疊氧化物層與該阻障堆疊聚合物層共用矽氧烷鍵。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該阻障堆疊及該基板係經不同材料覆蓋。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該阻障堆疊及該基板邊緣係經修飾以使其等與該環境隔絕。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該電子裝置為光伏打電池。
- 如請求項15之總成,其中該光伏打電池為CIGS電池。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該基板係經熱穩定的。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該阻障堆疊具有在50℃及100%相對濕度下小於0.005立方公分/平方米/天之水蒸氣穿透速率。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該阻障堆疊具有在23℃及90%相對濕度下小於0.005立方公分/平方米/天之氧氣穿透速 率。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該阻障堆疊包含至少兩個氧化物層。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該阻障堆疊包含至少兩個聚合物層。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該電子裝置包含一背片。
- 如請求項1之總成,其中該電子裝置包含一頂蓋。
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KR (1) | KR20140051988A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN103718649A (zh) |
TW (1) | TW201315603A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2013019698A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP2740147A4 (en) * | 2011-08-04 | 2015-04-29 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | METHOD FOR PRODUCING DELAMINATION-RESISTANT ARRANGEMENTS |
EP2742537A4 (en) | 2011-08-04 | 2015-05-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | BARRIER ASSEMBLIES ON PROTECTED |
EP2809509A4 (en) | 2012-01-31 | 2015-09-23 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | METHOD FOR BORDER SEALING OF MULTILAYER ARTICLES |
CN104470713B (zh) | 2012-05-03 | 2019-02-05 | 3M创新有限公司 | 耐久太阳能镜面反射膜 |
KR20170116232A (ko) * | 2013-03-27 | 2017-10-18 | 후루카와 덴키 고교 가부시키가이샤 | 유기 전자 디바이스용 소자 밀봉용 수지 조성물, 유기 전자 디바이스용 소자 밀봉용 수지 시트, 유기 일렉트로루미네센스 소자 및 화상 표시 장치 |
JP6442879B2 (ja) * | 2013-06-28 | 2018-12-26 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 積層防湿フィルム |
CN114616095A (zh) | 2019-10-31 | 2022-06-10 | 3M创新有限公司 | 绝缘材料及其方法 |
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DE69410536T2 (de) * | 1993-06-24 | 1998-11-26 | Canon K.K., Tokio/Tokyo | Solarmodul mit warm-verschweisstem Teil zur Verbesserung der Feuchtigkeitsbeständigkeit |
US5686360A (en) * | 1995-11-30 | 1997-11-11 | Motorola | Passivation of organic devices |
JP3740251B2 (ja) * | 1997-06-09 | 2006-02-01 | キヤノン株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュールの製造方法 |
JP2000174296A (ja) * | 1998-12-07 | 2000-06-23 | Bridgestone Corp | 太陽電池用カバー材、封止膜及び太陽電池 |
US6878440B1 (en) * | 1999-07-02 | 2005-04-12 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Pressure sensitive adhesive sheet and production method thereof |
US7198832B2 (en) * | 1999-10-25 | 2007-04-03 | Vitex Systems, Inc. | Method for edge sealing barrier films |
SI1297577T1 (sl) * | 2000-03-09 | 2009-02-28 | Isovolta | Postopek izdelave fotovoltaičnega tenkega filmskega modula |
US6492026B1 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2002-12-10 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Smoothing and barrier layers on high Tg substrates |
JP3889644B2 (ja) * | 2002-03-25 | 2007-03-07 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 太陽電池モジュール |
EP1539825A4 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2007-05-02 | Adhesives Res Inc | TRANSFORMABLE ADHESIVE TAPE AND USE OF IT IN SCREENS |
US7011983B2 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2006-03-14 | General Electric Company | Large organic devices and methods of fabricating large organic devices |
US7018713B2 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2006-03-28 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Flexible high-temperature ultrabarrier |
JP2005235403A (ja) * | 2004-02-17 | 2005-09-02 | Hitachi Displays Ltd | 有機・el表示装置 |
US8405193B2 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2013-03-26 | General Electric Company | Organic electronic packages having hermetically sealed edges and methods of manufacturing such packages |
JP2006310680A (ja) * | 2005-05-02 | 2006-11-09 | Kaneka Corp | 薄膜太陽電池モジュール |
JP5127123B2 (ja) * | 2005-07-22 | 2013-01-23 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 太陽電池のバックシート |
FR2904508B1 (fr) * | 2006-07-28 | 2014-08-22 | Saint Gobain | Dispositif electroluminescent encapsule |
EP2281420B1 (en) * | 2008-04-09 | 2014-10-15 | Agency for Science, Technology And Research | Multilayer film for encapsulating oxygen and/or moisture sensitive electronic devices |
DE102008062130A1 (de) * | 2008-12-16 | 2010-06-17 | Tesa Se | Verfahren zur Kapselung einer elektronischen Anordnung |
KR20100071650A (ko) * | 2008-12-19 | 2010-06-29 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 가스차단성박막, 이를 포함하는 전자소자 및 이의 제조방법 |
US7960643B2 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2011-06-14 | Miasole | Isolated metallic flexible back sheet for solar module encapsulation |
JP5382119B2 (ja) * | 2009-06-24 | 2014-01-08 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 有機電子デバイス及びその製造方法 |
EP2471105A2 (en) * | 2009-08-24 | 2012-07-04 | E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company | Barrier films for thin-film photovoltaic cells |
CN102859711A (zh) * | 2009-11-18 | 2013-01-02 | 3M创新有限公司 | 柔性组件及其制备和使用方法 |
JP2011129850A (ja) * | 2009-12-17 | 2011-06-30 | Dengiken:Kk | 太陽電池用バックシート及びそれを用いた太陽電池モジュール |
US8253329B2 (en) * | 2010-01-21 | 2012-08-28 | General Electric Company | Enhanced edge seal design for organic light emitting diode (OLED) encapsulation |
-
2012
- 2012-07-30 WO PCT/US2012/048768 patent/WO2013019698A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-07-30 CN CN201280038671.6A patent/CN103718649A/zh active Pending
- 2012-07-30 US US14/236,692 patent/US20140283910A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-07-30 JP JP2014524002A patent/JP2014526985A/ja active Pending
- 2012-07-30 EP EP12819610.2A patent/EP2740325A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-07-30 KR KR1020147005188A patent/KR20140051988A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-08-03 TW TW101128149A patent/TW201315603A/zh unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2740325A1 (en) | 2014-06-11 |
KR20140051988A (ko) | 2014-05-02 |
US20140283910A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
WO2013019698A1 (en) | 2013-02-07 |
EP2740325A4 (en) | 2015-05-20 |
JP2014526985A (ja) | 2014-10-09 |
CN103718649A (zh) | 2014-04-09 |
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