TW201144705A - Thermal energy storage - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention is directed at articles and devices for thermal energy storage, and for process of storing energy using these articles and devices. The articles comprise a capsular structure 10 having one or more sealed spaces 14, wherein the sealed spaces encapsulate one or more thermal energy storage materials 26; wherein the capsular structure has one or more fluid passages 16 which are sufficiently large to allow a heat transfer fluid to flow through the one or more fluid passages; and when a heat transfer fluid contacts the capsular structure 10 the thermal energy storage material 26 is isolated from the heat transfer fluid. The devices include two or more articles arranged so that a fluid, such as a heat transfer fluid, may flow through the fluid passage 16 of an article before or after flowing through a space between two of the articles.

Description

201144705 VI. Description of the invention: c Invented the technical field of the households. 3 Claims on the date of filing This application is for the filing date of US Provisional Application No. 61/299,565, which was filed on January 29, 2010. It is claimed that the case is incorporated herein by reference for all uses. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to thermal energy storage techniques using a thermal energy storage material, and packaging techniques for the thermal energy storage material to permit efficient heat storage and efficient heat transfer. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The industry has generally actively sought a novel way to efficiently extract and store waste heat, so that it can be utilized at a suitable time. Moreover, the desire to achieve energy storage in a compact space drives the development of novel materials capable of storing high energy content per unit weight and unit volume. Potential applications for breakthrough technologies include transportation, solar energy, industrial manufacturing methods, and public and/or commercial building heating technologies. For the transportation industry, it is well known that the operation of internal combustion engines is inefficient. This source of inefficiency includes heat lost from the system via exhaust, cooling, radiant heat, and mechanical losses. The estimated fuel energy supplied to an internal combustion engine (internal combustion engine) is greater than 30% lost to the environment via engine exhaust. It is well known that during a "cold start" period, because combustion occurs at a non-optimal 201144705 temperature and within the engine, due to cold lubrication _ high viscosity (four), it is necessary to perform more work on an additional work engine such as significantly lower material operation, or Both are true. This problem is important for the internal electric combustion engine that intermittently operates the internal combustion engine intermittently, and/or in the operation of the single-lion (four) making of the vehicle. To help solve this problem, original pure-manufacturers are looking for solutions that efficiently store and release waste heat. The basic concept is to operate the normal vehicle: recover and store the waste heat. Then release the heat in the second time (4) to reduce or minimize the time and material of the cold start condition and improve the engine efficiency; reduce engine emissions, reduce emissions, Or both. & In order to be a practical solution, thermal energy storage systems have extremely high energy density and thermal power density requirements. The applicant has previously submitted 6 applications for the United States patent entitled “Thermal Energy Storage Materials” and submitted on February 20, 2009. 12/389,416 ; 2) In the US patent entitled "Thermal Storage Device" and filed on February 2nd, 2nd, 2009, please file N. 12/389,598; and 3) The name of the “Use of Thermal Energy Storage #materials for heat transfer system, and the amount of PCT towel for toweling on December 14, 2000. · pcT/test 9/67823. These previous The application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The prior art has known heat storage devices and exhaust heat recovery devices. However, in order to provide a long-term (e.g., greater than about 6 hours) heat storage force, it is generally It takes up a large volume, needs to pump a large amount of heat transfer fluid, requires a relatively large pump to overcome the hydraulic impedance, and the like. Therefore, it needs to provide high energy density, high power density, long heat retention time, and light weight. Weight, low hydraulic impedance for heat transfer fluids 4 201144705 A heat storage system of a combination of no prior choices, or any combination thereof. c SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An aspect of the invention is an object comprising one a one or more sealed space capsule structures, wherein the sealed space encloses one or more thermal energy storage materials; wherein the bladder structure has one or more sufficiently large fluids The passage allows a heat transfer fluid to flow through the one or more fluid passages; and when a heat transfer fluid contacts the bladder structure, the thermal energy storage material is isolated from the heat transfer fluid. Another aspect of the invention is a device A container and a plurality of articles having a fluid passageway and containing the thermal energy storage material, such as a plurality of articles described herein, wherein the plurality of articles are stacked such that the fluid passages are axially aligned. A method related to the invention is a method for removing heat from a heat storage device such as the device described herein, wherein the method includes the step of flowing a heat transfer fluid through the device. The method includes flowing a heat transfer fluid having an initial temperature through an inlet of the apparatus; causing the heat transfer fluid to flow through an axial flow path, so that the heat transfer fluid can be divided into a plurality of radial flow paths; The transfer fluid flows through a radial flow path such that it can remove heat from the thermal energy storage material, wherein the thermal energy storage material has an initial temperature greater than the heat transfer fluid a temperature; the heat transfer fluid flows through a different axial flow path so that the plurality of radial flow paths can be recombined; the heat transfer fluid having an exit temperature flows through an outlet of the device; wherein the heat transfer fluid exits the temperature An initial temperature greater than the heat transfer fluid. 201144705 A further method of the present invention is the method of preparing or assembling an article comprising cutting an open float in a substrate sheet to have: or a plurality of grooves. Filling a heat storage material with a groove, cutting-covering the opening in the cover sheet, and sealingly attaching the cover sheet to the base sheet at least along the outer periphery and the periphery of the opening to form - presenting - or more A sealed space object containing a thermal energy storage material. A further aspect of the invention is a system comprising a thermal storage device such as a heat storage device as described herein, and a heat transfer fluid The heat transfer material is transferred to the thermal energy material in the dense contact zone (the wall, such as the heat storage device - the phase - the sealed space). An object, apparatus, system and method of the present invention advantageously can contain a high concentration of thermal energy storage material so that a large amount of thermal energy can be stored (e.g., having a high energy density) '(4) in a heat transfer (four) body and an object containing heat (10) material. Having a high surface area between them allows heat to be rapidly transferred into and/or out of the thermal energy storage material (e.g., having a high power density, preferably greater than about 8 kW/L), capable of multiple or similar hydraulic impedances. The flow path allows the heat to be evenly transferred to and/or transferred from different zones; has a rotational symmetry that allows it to be easily configured; has a strong and durable structure; has a high heat storage density that allows it to be used Requires a dense design, lightweight components, or both applications; has a lower hydraulic impedance for a heat transfer fluid stream (eg, a heat transfer fluid pumping rate of less than about 1.5 kPa at about 1 liter/minute) Pressure drop) thereby reducing pumping requirements for heat transfer fluids, or a combination thereof. 6 201144705 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the following detailed description, the invention is further described in detail by reference to the accompanying drawings Wherein: Figure 1A is a diagram of an exemplary article having one or more sealed compartments and a fluid passage; Figure 1B is a diagram of an exemplary article having a plurality of segments, each segment Containing one or more sealed compartments, the segmentation system is configured to provide a fluid passage for the article; Figure 2A is a diagram of an exemplary article having a sealed compartment and a fluid passage; Figure 2B is usable A schematic view of an exemplary cover sheet having a fluid passageway in one of the articles; FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary article, such as the object shown in FIG. 2A; and FIG. 2D is an object that can be used for an object A cross-section of an exemplary embossed base sheet; Figure 3A is a side view of two exemplary adjacent segments that can be used in an object, the segments can have a generally butted edge; Figure 3B is Can be used A side view of two exemplary adjacent segments of the article, the segments may have a generally butted edge; Figure 4 is the one of the segments being displaced such that the adjacent segmented bottom surfaces of the segments are in different parallel Side view of adjacent sections abutting along its edges in a plane; 7 201144705 Figure 5A is a diagram of a plurality of articles that can be used in a sealed compartment having a plurality of sealed compartments containing thermal energy storage materials. A schematic view of an exemplary embossed base sheet; Figure 5B is a diagram of an exemplary portion of the embossed sheet of Figure 5; Figure 5C shows an exemplary stack of articles having corresponding fluid passages; The figure is a diagram of an exemplary article having one or more surfaces, the one or more surfaces including a plurality of grooves extending from the opening to the outer periphery; and FIG. 6B is a bottom surface showing a first object and A top surface of a second object is a pattern of interfaces between the two surfaces when there are a plurality of curved grooves; FIG. 6C is a diagram of two segments of an exemplary object; FIG. 6D is a Side view of one of the segments of the 6C diagram; 7 is a top plan view showing an exemplary article having a top surface that is non-circular and/or has a non-circular opening; FIG. 8 shows a cross-section of an exemplary heat storage device. A stack comprising an object in a container; Figure 9 is another cross section of an exemplary heat storage device including a stack of articles in a container; Figure 10 is an illustration showing a thermal energy storage system Schematic diagram of the construction of sexual characteristics. I. Embodiment 3 Detailed Description of the Invention In the following detailed description, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments thereof. However, the following is a brief description of the specific embodiments of the present technology or a specific use technique. To this end, the exemplary embodiments are provided, and the present invention includes all of the alternatives, modifications, and

As taught, the present invention provides for storing and/or transferring stored thermal energy to a fluid. The object and apparatus for storing thermal energy of the present invention are more efficient in storage: energy can be tolerated. (4) Transfer of thermal energy from the ground, it is possible to transfer heat energy with a small pressure drop of _ fluid, or any implanted person. ..., the object of the month 1 various aspects of the system, assertions located on - including - capsule structure object - the capsule structure has - or a plurality of sealed spaces (ie pockets) and broken envelopes in the capsule structure - or a plurality of heat-storage materials in the sealed space - so that the thermal energy storage material cannot flow out of the sac structure or otherwise be moved from the sac structure - the rib structure has a new structure, It includes - or a plurality of sufficiently large fluid passages such that the bladder-allowing-fluid (e.g., heat transfer fluid) flows through the fluid passage. The rail energy storage material is sufficiently encapsulated in one or more of the sealed spaces such that when the heat transfer fluid contacts the bladder structure, the thermal energy storage material is isolated from the fluid. Other tree systems of the present invention include a plurality of material objects. The new configuration, including the novel method of manufacturing the remote object, or the novel method of using the object. With the novel object, it is possible to assemble a low pressure drop capable of storing a large amount of heat energy, capable of transferring heat energy quickly or transferring out of a storage material, capable of being dense, capable of having a light weight, capable of having a heat transfer fluid, or any Combined device. Cystic Structure The capsular structure generally has a dimension (i.e., thickness) that is smaller in the lateral direction than the dimension in the other direction. The bladder structure has one or more openings (i.e., fluid passages), preferably located in a smaller orientation of the bladder structure. Opening/Fluid Channel The capsule structure has one or more fluid passages. Preferably, the bladder structure has a fluid passage. The one or more fluid passages allow a fluid, such as a heat transfer fluid, to flow through the article without contacting the thermal energy storage material. The fluid passage (e.g., the cross-sectional area of the fluid passage) is preferably sufficiently large that the heat transfer fluid can flow through the fluid passage with minimal pressure loss. The fluid passage preferably approximates or includes the geometric center of the bladder structure. As will be described hereinafter, a fluid passageway that is close to or includes the geometric center of the bladder allows the article to be used in a device that is characterized as a Tichelmann system. The fluid passageway can have any cross-sectional shape that facilitates fluid passage through the bladder structure. Without limitation, the fluid passageway may have an axial direction, and the fluid passageway may be substantially circular in shape to one of the normal planes of the axial direction, substantially polygonal, or substantially oval. Preferably, the fluid passage has a generally cylindrical shape. For example, the fluid passage may have an axial direction and the cross section of the fluid passage to a normal plane in the axial direction may be substantially circular. The length of the fluid passage may be any length that allows for a high efficiency heat transfer of 10 201144705 degrees and preferably a bladder structure. The fluid passage is sized to measure the diameter of the fluid passage (e.g., for a fluid passage having a generally circular shape) or twice the shortest distance from the center of the opening to a surface of the bladder. Preferably, the fluid passageway has a size greater than about 0.1 mm, more preferably greater than, less than 5 mm, even more preferably greater than about 1 mm, and most preferably greater than about 2 mm, so that a fluid can flow through the opening π. The size of the fluid passage can be sufficiently small that the fluid passage does not occupy a large volume of space (e.g., it can be occupied by the thermal energy storage material). Preferably, the fluid passage has a - dimension of less than about 20 mm. The <IL body channel can have a generally circular cross-section including a radius preferably less than about 10 mm. It will be appreciated that: a capsule structure having one or more sealed spaces and a fluid passageway may be formed from a single piece having a fluid passage such as number 16 as shown in Figure 1A. As shown, or by assembling and/or configuring a plurality of segments 2 that together provide the same shape, such as the capsule structure 1A shown in FIG. 1B. Thus, a layer of bags can be provided by a single segment or by a plurality of segments 2, including - or a plurality of sealed spaces. <Advantageously provided by a plurality of segments - a sac-like structure, so that the stress in the structure (reducing stress, or other) can be followed by providing a saclike structure by a plurality of segments, thus If the sealed space fails (such as leaking or piercing), it will result in a loss of thermal energy storage material. If the sac structure is formed by a plurality of segments, the number of segments may be two or more, i or greater, about four or greater, or about six or greater. The number of segments is preferably about 1 Torr or less, more preferably about 30 or less, and most preferably about 1 Torr or less. It will be understood that when the capsular structure is Dahe (such as greater than about 5 〇〇 in multiple directions), or when the thermal energy storage material in the saclike junction 201144705 is intended to be divided into 100 or more compartments by compartment When sealing the space, more than 100 segments can be used. A segment of a bladder structure, such as segment 2 of a bladder structure 10 as shown in FIG. 1B, may have a top surface and a bottom surface that form the top surface 4 and the bottom surface 6 of the bladder structure. portion. A segment of a bladder structure, such as segment 2 of a bladder structure 10 as shown in Fig. 1B, may have an edge surface that becomes part of the outer edge surface 8 of the bladder structure. A segment of a bladder structure, such as segment 2 of a bladder structure 10 as shown in Fig. 1B, can have an edge surface that forms part of the opening of the capsule structure. A segment of a capsule structure, such as segment 2 of a capsule structure 10 as shown in FIG. 1B, may have one or more edges (eg, two edges) that each abut one of an adjacent segment edge. Two or more segments of a capsule structure (for example, two segments sharing a common edge), or even all segments may comprise the same thermal energy storage material or may comprise two or more different thermal energy stores material. Preferably, the segmentation in a capsule structure comprises a plurality of segments having the same thermal energy storage material. More preferably, all segments in the bladder structure have the same thermal energy storage material. A pair of adjacent segments may have the same shape, volume, or both, or may have a different shape, volume, or both. Preferably, the bladder structure comprises adjacent segments having substantially the same volume. Preferably, the bladder structure includes adjacent segments that are of the same thickness. More preferably, the bladder structure includes adjacent segments that are of the same shape and size. Most preferably, the capsular structure comprises adjacent segments of the same shape, size and volume; consisting essentially of; or consisting of. 12 201144705 When a capsule structure comprises two or more segments, it may be necessary to configure the segments such that fluid flow between the edges of adjacent segments is reduced, minimized, or even eliminated. It will be appreciated that if adjacent segments are separated by a gap, a fluid (such as a heat transfer fluid) can flow radially between the opening and the outer periphery of the bladder structure and thereby reduce the top and bottom of the bladder structure. Heat transfer from the surface. In various embodiments of the present invention, adjacent segments in a bladder structure may be shaped and/or configured with butted edges such that heat transfer fluid flow between adjacent segments is reduced, minimized, or eliminated. . Preferably, adjacent segments have edges that are generally butted. The shape of the bladder structure and/or article may be defined by the package space and may be oddly shaped. The article can include a cover sheet having a top surface (i.e., a cover sheet) and a generally opposite base sheet having a bottom surface. The cover sheet (such as the top surface of the cover sheet), the base sheet (such as the bottom surface of the base sheet), or both may have a flat shape (e.g., having a planar surface), an outline 梹Shape, or part of any combination thereof. Preferably, the bottom surface of the base sheet and/or the base sheet comprises a generally arcuate portion or a generally arched shape, and the top surface of the article is substantially planar (e.g., the cover sheet is generally flat). Both the cover sheet and the base sheet include one or more openings. The cover sheet and the substrate sheet are configured such that at least one opening of the cover sheet overlaps at least one opening of the base sheet. Thus, the cover sheet and the substrate sheet have one or more corresponding openings. The cover sheet has an outer periphery that is furthest from the center of the cover sheet. The cover sheet has one or more open perimeters in the region of the cover sheet adjacent an opening (preferably near the center) of the cover sheet. The substrate sheet has an outer periphery in a region away from the center of the substrate sheet, and an opening 13 201144705 near the opening (preferably near the center) of the substrate sheet. Each of the cover sheet and the substrate sheet may be sealingly attached to each other along the respective outer periphery of the sheet or sealingly attached to _ or a plurality of other optional secondary structures (such as an outer ring) to form therebetween - Or multiple sealed spaces. Each of the covering substrate sheets may be sealingly attached to each other along the perimeter of the respective opening of the sheet or sealingly attached to - or a plurality of other sub-structures (such as an inner ring) to form an Multiple sealed spaces. Preferably, the cover sheet and the substrate sheet are hermetically attached to each other along at least their respective outer periphery, at least along the perimeter of their respective corresponding openings, or both. Most preferably, the cover sheet and the substrate sheet are hermetically attached to each other along their respective outer periphery and along their respective corresponding opening perimeters. It will be appreciated that the cover sheet and the substrate sheet are also sealed to each other by more than four additional zones (not the periphery thereof) or sealed to a plurality of sealed spaces. The sac-like structure optionally includes one or more sub-structures which, when densely attached to the substrate sheet and a cover sheet, form one or more sealed inter-secondary or multiple sub-structures available To form - or a plurality of walls that separate one or two: two spaces from a heat transfer fluid. For example, a saclike structure whose walls are isolated from the heat transfer fluid along the - or multiple side r s (four) read spaces of the sac structure. In addition - the case t 'capsule structure may include a fluid passage of the saclike structure. Zeng Xin, along at least - part __ or a plurality of sealed empty two or two through the 4 channels, the inner ring may have a seal Attached to the periphery of the substrate sheet, the cover sheet-opening " peripheral and preferably any of the two, the inner cross section of the inner ring has a cover sheet, a base sheet, 14 201144705 or both A similar size and shape of the opening. If used, the outer cover has any geometry that can be sealingly attached to the outer periphery of the substrate sheet, the ":: edge of the cover sheet, and preferably both. Preferably, the outer circumference of the ring has a face shape similar to the outer periphery of the cover sheet, the base sheet, or both. - or a plurality of secondary structures may be used to form - or a plurality of walls, and or more of the rhyme space or to provide two or more sealed spaces. For example, - or a plurality of secondary structures may include - or a plurality of substantially radial walls - or a plurality of substantially cylindrical walls, and the like. Alternatively - the example - or multiple substructures may include - a honeycomb or other open cell structure, the US patent application of Bank et al. published on the 8th of the month of the term '2_年Η', 8th Anniversary As described in paragraph _4 of 189, the case is incorporated in this = for reference... or multiple secondary structures (for example, inner ring, outer ring, to structure) should be sufficiently thick to contain heat_storage material, The structure, or both. The wall thickness of the one or more secondary structures is preferably greater than the support and more preferably greater than about. One or more secondary structures (such as ^ outer ring, or compartment structure) _ thickness should be sufficient for thin money = ' and / or weight 1 - most of which can be thermal energy storage materials. Preferably, the wall thickness of the plurality of a-composites is less than about 5 mm, more preferably less than about 1 mm, and the structure is about 0.2 mm. The thickness of the smaller than the capsular structure is defined by the top surface of the article (for example, the covering surface) and the bottom surface of the article (for example, the top separation between the bottom k of the substrate sheet. The object may have a geometry such that the heat can be L - the fluid is supplied to the thermal energy material and/or quickly removed from the thermal energy to the fluid. For example, the article may be relatively thin (e.g., compared to the length or diameter of the piece = 201144705). Preferably The thickness of the article is less than about 80 mm, more preferably less than about 2 〇, even more preferably less than about (7) legs and most preferably less than about 5 mm. The thickness of the article is preferably greater than the longest dimension of the fox 5_, more preferably greater than about 1 mm. For example, the length or diameter of the article is generally much larger than the thickness of the material so that the article can have, for example, a large volume (for example, for containing a large volume of thermal energy storage material), and a large surface area (such as for rapid transfer of thermal energy). The longest dimension is preferably greater than about 3 Torr, more preferably greater than about 50 mm, and most preferably greater than about 1 GG mm. The longest dimension is defined by the use and can be used for thermal storage, heat transfer, etc. Any length of demand for both. The longest dimension of the article is typically less than about (i.e., 2000 mm), although articles having a longest dimension greater than about 2 m may also be employed. The article may have - or multiple side surfaces. For example, the article may have One or a non-planar side surface. The article may have a generally arched, substantially non-flat, substantially continuous, or any combination thereof, preferably a single side surface, preferably one or more side surface systems The object is substantially equidistant from the center of the object, so that the object can be placed in a container having a generally cylindrical cavity having a cavity diameter that is only slightly larger than the average diameter of the object. When the cavity has a low ratio of the average diameter of the object, a large amount of body

Occupied by the pieces. For example, the ratio of the diameter of the cavity to the average diameter of the article can be less than about 1 R •, preferably less than about 1.2, more preferably less than about u, and most preferably less than about 105. It will be appreciated that the ratio of the cavity diameter to the average diameter of the article is typically at least about 1 Torr (e.g., at least about 1.001). A large portion of the volume of the capsular structure is the enveloped volume (i.e., one or 16 201144705 volumes of multiple sealed spaces), so the article may contain - relatively large = stored material. Preferably, the total volume of the article- or plurality of sealed spaces is at least about the bay front ratio, more preferably at least the volume percent, even more preferably at least about 85 volume percent and most preferably 9 volume percent. The total volume of the object's - or multiple sealed spaces - is generally the object:

The volume is less than about 99.9 volume percent. Not occupied by thermal energy storage material Z Residual volume may include a saclike structure, a void space (such as containing - or multiple gases), or a plurality of structures for improving the transfer between the thermal energy storage material and the sac structure - or Any combination thereof, or a structure substantially entirely used by the group to improve heat transfer between the thermal energy storage material and the capsular structure, can be increased by having - a relatively high thermal conductivity (e.g., relative to the heat storage material) Any structure from the thermal energy storage material to the heat transfer rate of heat transfer (4). Suitable structural means for improving the heat flow rate include H-pieces, cable nets, sealed air-filled: protruding members, and the like. The objects are preferably easy to be compared with other objects of the same shape, or have Other objects on the docking surface are stacked. For example, the two objects to be stacked may have opposite surfaces that are generally abutting surfaces, so when stacked, the two objects; nested, and raised. It will be understood that the i-stacked objects make it easy to nest in the same way: the way is to have a shape with high-order rotational symmetry (for example, arched, face-shaped, sealed space-shaped, or two-way Rotational symmetry = can be reduced along the - strip in the stacking direction (for example, the axis of the strip through the hull structure). The order of rotational symmetry (〇, _ like the two surfaces that are stacked on the surface Between the different rotation numbers, which will be nested 17 201144705 together. The order of the rotational symmetry of the object, the base sheet (such as the arched surface of the base sheet), or both is preferably at least 2, more Preferably at least 3, even more preferably at least 5, and most preferably at least 7. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, adjacent layers, such as adjacent bladder structures, are not nested together. For example, a first layer a top surface (such as a first bladder structure) may be in contact with a bottom surface of a second layer (such as a second bladder structure). The top surface, the bottom surface, or both of the contacts may have One or more radial grooves or radial passages (ie, one having a diameter The assembly (ie, the orientation of at least a portion of the trench or via includes a protrusion in the radial direction) and preferably extends from the central opening to a groove or passage in the outer periphery of the bladder structure, which allows for a heat The transfer fluid flows between the two surfaces. For example, the cover sheet of the first layer and the base sheet of the second layer may have a linear groove or passage extending from the opening to the outer periphery in a straight line. In addition to having a radial component Additionally, a trench or via may have all of the line components (ie, the orientation of at least a portion of the trench or via includes a protrusion in the tangential direction). For example, a trench or via may have a spiral shape, including A radial component and all of the wire assemblies. The two pieces in contact may have different (eg, different directions and/or different magnitudes) or the same tangent assembly. The tangent assembly of the adjacent sheets may be configured to flow in phase The fluid between the adjacent sheets is at least partially mixed. Advantageously, one piece may have grooves or passages containing all of the line components in a clockwise direction, and adjacent sheets may have a counterclockwise side a groove or passage of any of the wire assemblies, such that when the grooves intersect (for example, when two streams of fluid flowing in the grooves of two adjacent bladder structures form a direct contact at less than their full flow path) The flow system flowing between the two layers is at least partially mixed. 18 201144705 Figure 6A is a schematic illustration of a capsule structure 10 having a plurality of paths extending between the opening of the structure 16 and the outer periphery 19 of the structure. To the groove 15. Referring to Figure 6A, the groove 15 can have one or any combination of the following features: as a curved shape, the groove can be curved to have a line assembly, the grooves can be evenly spaced, Adjacent trenches may have the same length, the trenches may have a spiral shape, and adjacent trenches may provide a flow path having the same hydraulic impedance. Figure 6B is a portion of a substrate sheet 30 showing a first bladder structure. And a schematic view of contact between a portion of the sheet 28 of a second bladder structure. The two contact surfaces can have a generally different shape or the same general shape, such as shown in Figure 6B. The grooves of the contact surface may have one or more intersections. As shown in Fig. 6B, the groove of the first contact surface may have a line portion, and the groove of the second contact surface may have a tangential portion in an opposite direction with respect to the first contact surface. If grooves or passages are used to provide a first diameter, one or more surfaces may have any number of grooves or passages. Preferably, the number of grooves or passages in the bladder structure is sufficiently sufficient and sufficiently dispersed that heat transfer fluid flowing between the two layers, such as between the two surfaces, can be split into a plurality of flow paths To remove heat efficiently. Adjacent flow paths can be the same or different. Preferably, two or more flow paths (e.g., all of the flow paths) have generally the same length, summarizing the same hydraulic impedance, or both. The sac-like structure, such as the capsular structure shown in Figure 6A, may have an opening 16, preferably located at or near the geometric center of the capsular structure. The bladder structure includes one or more sealed spaces. The sac structure may comprise a single sealed space, such as shown in Figure 6A. The bladder structure can be generally thin and includes a top surface 18, a bottom surface 20 - a surface 22 proximate the outer perimeter 19, and an edge surface 24 adjacent the opening of the 2011. The bladder structure can include one or more features on the top surface, the bottom surface, or both that provide a first-rate diameter for a fluid to flow in at least one radial direction (eg, when a plurality of bladder structures are stacked Time). This feature configuration preferably extends from an open perimeter 21 of the bladder structure to an outer perimeter 19 of the bladder structure. This feature configuration provides a generally arched, generally linear flow direction, or a linear region and a linear region. As shown in Fig. 6A, the flow path can be provided by extending one or more passages or grooves from the center periphery to the outer periphery. The grooves or passages in the top or bottom surface of the bladder structure may be distributed over the surface so that each flow path (when a plurality of capsule structures are stacked) has substantially the same hydraulic impedance. As shown in Fig. 6A, the grooves or passages may have a curvature such that the flow path has a line assembly in addition to the radial components. This curvature advantageously prevents adjacent bladder structures from nesting together when the same bladder structure is stacked. For example, as shown in Fig. 6A, a capsular structure can be prepared by joining together a cover sheet having a substantially identical shape and having a plurality of curved grooves and a base sheet. When joined, the curved grooves in the top and bottom surfaces are curved in the opposite direction (when viewed from the top surface). As shown in Fig. 6A, the cover sheet and the base sheet can be sealed along the periphery of the opening and along the outer periphery to form a sealed space. Figure 6C is a schematic diagram showing two adjacent segments 2 for forming a portion of a capsule structure. As shown in Figure 6C, each segment can include two sheets that are sealingly attached along a perimeter of the segment. The attached location can be located on an edge surface 9. As shown in Figure 6C, each segment may include one or more sealed spaces. Although the individual segments may have no openings, the segments may be disposed at the edges to form a capsular structure including an opening. As shown in Fig. 6D, when a segment 20 201144705 is translated relative to an adjacent segment to a proportional portion of the thickness (e.g., half the thickness), the edges 9 of adjacent segments can be docked. The top surface of the bladder structure can have a generally circular shape, such as the top surface shown in Figures 1A and 6A. The top surface of the sac structure may have other shapes and may even want to have other shapes. For example, the bladder structure can be used in a heat storage device that needs to fit under a tight space such as a cover of a carrier or under the floor. While the cylindrical shape may be advantageous for reducing the surface area, other relatively elongated, or box-shaped shapes may be advantageous for fit into an accessible space. It will be appreciated that the generally circular surface of the bladder structure can advantageously be replaced with a non-circular shape in accordance with the teachings herein. Thus, the capsular structure can have a top surface and/or a bottom surface that is generally oval, generally rectangular, generally square, generally irregular, or any combination thereof. For example, the top surface and/or the bottom surface of the bladder structure may have a generally rectangular shape including rounded corners. Figure 7 is a diagram showing an exemplary feature configuration of a surface of a capsule structure. As shown in Fig. 7, the contours of the top and bottom surfaces of the bladder structure may have an elongated shape. For example, the (outer peripheral) contour of the top and bottom surfaces may have a generally rectangular shape, a generally square shape, or an oval shape). It will be appreciated that the contour of the opening in the top surface can be any shape. The contour of the opening in the top surface and the contour of the outer perimeter of the top surface may have similar (but differently sized) shapes or may have different shapes such as a generally circular opening and a non-circular outer periphery. As shown in Fig. 7, the contour of the opening and the contour of the outer periphery may have the same shape, such as an oval shape. The article preferably has a bladder structure that is difficult to bend. For example, the capsular structure may be free of cross-sections in which a cover sheet and a substrate sheet are in contact with a major portion of the cross-section 21 201144705 or even the entire length (such as a diameter of the capsular structure). There are a variety of different ways to ensure that the capsule structure is difficult to bend, including a configuration in which the capsule is selected such that the order of rotational symmetry is not even, and a configuration of the pocket is selected so as not to have rotational symmetry, the pocket is selected A configuration comprising a pocket that rotates relative to each other such that each radial segment includes at least one, two or more rings, such as concentric rings, in the enclosed space, or any combination thereof. It will be appreciated that other geometries and other means may be employed to render the bladder member resistant to bending. For example, the material of the bladder structure can be selected to be generally stiff, and the structure can include one or more ribs (e.g., in all line directions), and the like. All of the thermal energy storage material of the article can be located in a single sealed space. Preferably, the thermal energy storage material of the article is distributed between the plurality of sealed spaces, so that if a sealed space is pierced or otherwise leaked, it is removed. Haihe t stores a part of the material. Therefore, the number of sealed spaces in the article (such as the sealed space containing the thermal energy storage material) is preferably at least 2' more preferably at least 3, and even more preferably at least about 5 ^ the upper limit of the number of sealed spaces is an example And for a particular application, it is determined by the needs of the application. However, the number of sealed spaces in an object is generally less than 丨〇〇〇. However, a large article can have 1 or more sealed spaces. The volumetric proportion of the thermal energy storage material found in any single sealed compartment for the same reason is preferably less than about 55°/ of the total volume of thermal energy storage material in the article. More preferably less than about 38%, even more preferably less than about 29%, and most preferably less than about 21%. Generally, a sealed space includes at least 0.1% by volume of the thermal energy storage material. However, it will be understood that the object may include 22 201144705 substantial space does not contain or even completely contains no thermal energy storage material - or a plurality of sealed 0 (10), sealed space optional inspection configuration in the complex number _ called = inner ring (such as ~ most Rings near the periphery of the opening) and - the outermost ring (such as the ring of the most money (four) side) - each containing - or a plurality of sealed spaces: one in the ring, the enclosed room can have - is repeated pattern. For example, each of the rings, the W-enclosed space, or the 2, 3, 4 or more sealed spaces Z of each group have generally the same shape and size. The number of sealed spaces in each ring may be the same or different. Preferably, the outermost ring has a larger average length of the sealed space of the innermost ring than the outermost ring of S, which is smaller than the average length of the left side of the innermost ring (wherein the average length is from the opening to the outer periphery) The volumetric variation between the outermost ring and the most enclosed space is reduced by measuring the direction in the direction, or both. As discussed later, the object can be placed in a cavity having a generally cylindrical cavity, such as a cavity having a slightly larger dimension than the longest dimension of the object. For example, the diameter of the cavity of the H can be only slightly larger than the diameter of the sac structure of the object. The diameter of the cavity should be sufficiently large that the object can be inserted into the cavity. When an object (or a stack of objects) is placed in the container, it may be desirable to have - a flow between the periphery of the article and the inner wall of the container. The relationship between the interior of the container and the shape of the object can be designed to create and maintain a fluid neon such as a Danni. The secret can be used as a means of generating such fluid flow paths. S1 Thus, the object may have a miscellaneous ground along its perimeter - or a plurality of recesses (for example, the cover sheet and the base sheet may have - or a plurality of corresponding recesses along their respective outer perimeters), thereby forming - for Supply - heat transfer 23 201144705 Move " IL body flow two. In addition or in place, the cavity of the container may have a surface comprising one or more grooves for a fluid to flow between the outer periphery of the article and the surface of the container. In another example, the diameter of the article may be sufficiently small relative to the diameter of the interior of the cavity such that a fluid can flow along the entire outer periphery of the article. For example, for each of the outer and outer spaces of the sealed space, the article may have one or more recesses or the container may have more than one groove. A recess or a groove can have any shape, such as a polygonal shape, an arch shape, a wedge shape, and the like, with the proviso that it has a sufficient size to allow heat transfer fluid to flow. If employed, the minimum dimension of the recess and/or groove is typically at least about a combination of two or more means for generating a fluid flow path. For example, the article may have - or more recesses along its outer periphery, and the article may have a sufficiently small diameter so that fluid can flow along its entire outer periphery when placed in the cavity. "丨丞低月1Optionally has ~ ΙΊ·············································································· It can be used as a separate point to separate the surfaces of the butt joints, so - fluids (such as heat transfer fluids) move between the butted surfaces. The accumulation of objects and Wei partitions: Discussion. If so, the projections preferably cover only the surface and the base-small portion, so that the filaments dry the fluid stream. The height of the selected protrusion is determined by the flow path between the two (four) joints (such as the average height). The cover sheet is difficult to contain without such protrusions and has a flat; flat outer surface, so two (four) I disambiguate (four) to summarize in its: 24 201144705 top surface is in contact. Thermal energy storage materials Non-mantle m(4) Appropriate thermal energy storage materials for thermal storage devices 2=Energy _• Lai, latent heat, and sister sensation - relatively high (4). Heat_存(四)·_The operation of the measuring device is the degree (4) phase*. For example, the 'thermal energy storage material is preferably a solid at the lower operating temperature of the heat storage device, and at least partially - liquid (eg, completely _ liquid) at the most operating temperature of the heat storage device, The maximum operating temperature of the device does not significantly degrade or decompose or any of its rainbows. The reduced storage (4) preferably does not significantly deteriorate or decompose when heated to a maximum operating temperature of the device (4) for about _hour or longer, or even about 1_0 or longer. The thermal energy storage material can be a phase change material having a solid to liquid transition temperature. The solid to liquid transition temperature of the thermal energy storage material can be a liquidus temperature'-melting temperature, or a eutectic temperature. The solid to liquid switching temperature should be sufficiently high so that when the thermal energy storage material is at least partially or even substantially completely in a liquid state, sufficient energy is stored to heat one or more heated objects to a desired temperature. The solid to liquid transition temperature should be sufficiently low that the heat transfer fluid, one or more heated objects, or both are not heated to a temperature that may degrade them. Therefore, the desired temperature of the solid to liquid transition temperature may depend on the heated object and the method of transferring heat. For example, in an application where an ethylene glycol/water heat transfer fluid transfers stored heat to an engine, such as an internal combustion engine, the maximum solids to liquid transition temperature may be the temperature at which the heat transfer fluid degrades. In addition, in Example 25, 201144705, the stored heat can be transferred to an electrochemical cell of a battery using a heat transfer fluid, wherein the heat transfer fluid has a high degradation temperature, and the maximum solid to liquid temperature may depend on the electrochemical The battery cell deteriorates or produces other failure temperatures. The solid to liquid transition temperature can be greater than about 3 Torr. Preferably, it is greater than about hunger, more preferably greater than about the machine, and even more preferably greater than about the shirt C' and preferably greater than about the pit. The thermal energy storage material can have a volume of less than about 】, about 350 c, more preferably less than about 29 () £ (:, even better than less than 250 C, and optimally less than about 2 〇 (1 of rc) To the liquid conversion temperature. ', the solution depends on the application, the solid to liquid conversion temperature can be from about thief " 彳 < about 5GCS ^ 15 () ° c ' from about 100 ° C to about 200 ° C, % \ 〇C to about 25 〇C 'from about 175 ° C to about 400 ° C, from about 200 ° C to C from about 225 C to about 100 ° (:, or from about 2 〇 (rc to about 3 〇 (Γ (:. The heart is ten. ^ Knife applications, such as transportation-related applications, may want to make the energy storage material efficiently store energy in the second room. Therefore, the thermal energy storage table _: ° has a high heat density (in millions of joules per liter of unit 25V, 'I [, expressed by melting heat 4 (in millions, ears per kilogram) and density (defined in the product of kilograms per liter of unit table). Thermal energy The storage enthalpy has a fusion heat density greater than about 〇1 Mj/liter, preferably greater than about 〇2 mj/liter, more preferably - 妒 TM TM J / liter, and preferably greater than about 〇·_ liter. 'Thermal energy storage material has less than about Xiaosheng's fusion heat-density material;; but also can use thermal energy storage material with higher heat density to store = two applications, such as transportation-related applications, may want to make the thermal energy material 轻 light weight. For example, domain storage materials can A lower limit of the density of β (density measured in pits) having a density of less than about 26 201144705 5 g/cm 3 , preferably less than about 4 g/cm 3 , more preferably less than about 3 (four) coffee 3, and preferably less than about 3 g/cm 3 is an example. The material may have a density greater than about 6 g/cm3, preferably greater than about 1.2 g/cm3, and more preferably greater than about Ug/cm3 (measured at about 25). The sealed space may contain any conventional thermal energy storage material. Examples of thermal energy storage materials that can be used in thermal energy storage material compartments include Atul Sharma, VV Tyagi, CR Chen, and D.

Buddhi) “Review of Thermal Energy Storage and Application of Phase Change Materials”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review 13 (2009) 318-345, and Belen Zaiba, Jose Ma Marin, Kabesa ( Luisa F.  Cabeza), Harald Mehling, “Responsive Thermal Energy Storage: Review of Materials, Heat Transfer Analysis and Applications”, Applied Materials described in Thermal Engineering 23 (2003) 251-283, the two documents are collectively incorporated herein. for reference. Other examples of suitable thermal energy storage materials that can be employed in a heat transfer device are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/389,416, entitled "Heat Energy Storage Material", filed on February 20, 2009; U.S. Patent Application No. filed on February 2, 2009.  Thermal energy storage material as described in 12/389,598. The thermal energy storage material may comprise an organic material, an inorganic material or a mixture of an organic and an inorganic material that exhibits the aforementioned solid to liquid conversion temperature, fused heat density, or both. Organic compounds which may be employed include paraffin waxes and non-paraffinic organic materials such as fatty acids. The inorganic materials that can be used include salt hydrates and metallic materials. The thermal energy storage material can be a mixture having a solid to liquid conversion (e.g., a total of 27 201144705 crystal mixture) or a compound at a single temperature. The thermal energy storage material can be a solid to liquid conversion compound or a mixture having a temperature range (e.g., a range greater than about 3 ° C, or greater than about 5 ° C). Suitable non-paraffinic organic materials for use as thermal energy storage materials include, but are not limited to, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, guanamines, organic salts, mixtures thereof, and combinations thereof. In the examples, non-paraffinic organic materials which may be used alone or as a mixture include polyethylene glycol, citric acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, pentadecanoic acid, glyceryl tristearate, myristic acid, soft Fatty acid, stearic acid, acetaminophen, dinonyl fumarate, formic acid, caprylic acid, glycerin, D-lactic acid, decyl palmitate, monidone, bromotetradecane, pentadecanone, phenol, Heptadecanone, 1-cyclohexyloctadecane, 4-heptadecanone, p-anisidine, cyanamide, arganic acid vinegar, 3-heptadecane, 2-heptadecane, hydrogen cinnamon, Record alcohol, naphthylamine, terpene, o-nitroaniline, 9-heptadecanone, thymol, methyl behenate, diphenylamine, p-benzene, oxalate, diphosphorane , o-dichloroxylene, gaseous acetic acid, nitronaphthalene, trimyristate glycerin S, heptadecanoic acid, beeswax, glycolic acid, glycolic acid, p-bromophenol, azobenzene, acrylic acid, dinitrotoluene , phenylacetic acid, allyl thiourea, brominated camphor, tetraphenylbenzene, benzylamine, decyl bromobenzoate, α-naphthol, glutaric acid, p-dioxylene, catechol, benzoquinone , 醯Amine, succinic anhydride, benzoic, anthracene, benzene Yue Amides, or any combination thereof. Without limitation, the thermal energy storage material may comprise one or more inorganic salts selected from the group consisting of nitrates, nitrites, bromides, vapors, other compounds, sulfates, sulfites. , phosphate, phosphite, hydroxide, carbonyl compound, bromate, mixtures thereof, and their 28 201144705 combination. In an example, the thermal energy storage material may comprise or consist essentially of: Κ2ΗΡ04·6Η20, FeBr3. 6H20, Μη(Ν03)2·6Η20, FeBr3 6H20, CaCl212H20, LiN03. 2H20, LiN03. 3H20, Na2CO310H2O, Na2SO410H2〇, KFe(S03)2. 12H20, CaBr2. 6H20, LiBr2. 2H20, Zn(N03)2. 6H20, FeCl3. 6H20, Mn(N03)2. 4H20, Na2HP04. 12H20, CoS04. 7H20, KF. 2H20, MgI2. 8H20, CaI2. 6H20, Κ2ΗΡ04·7Η20, Ζη(Ν03)2·4Η20, Mg(N03). 4H20, Ca(N03). 4H20, Fe(N03)2. 9H20, Na2Si03-4H20, Κ2ΗΡ04·3Η20, Na2S203. 5H20, MgS04. 7H20, Ca(N03). 3H20, Ζη(Ν03)2·2Η20, FeCl3. 2H20, Ni(N03)2. 6H20, MnCl2_4H20, MgCl2. 4H20, CH3C00Na. 3H20, Fe(N03)2. 6H20, NaAl(SO4). 10H2O, NaOHH20, Na3P0412H20, LiCH3C00-2H20, Α1(Ν03)2·9Η20, Ba(0H)2-8H20, Mg(N03)2,6H20, KAl(S〇4)2. 12H20, MgCl2. 6H20, or any combination thereof. It will be appreciated that inorganic salts having a higher or lower concentration of water can be used. The thermal energy storage material may comprise (or may even consist essentially of or consist of) at least one first metal containing material, and more preferably a combination of at least one first metal containing material and at least one second metal containing material . The first metal-containing material, the second metal-containing material, or both may be a substantially pure metal, an alloy, such as comprising a substantially pure metal and one or more additional alloying components (eg, one or more other metals) An alloy, an intermetallic substance, a metal compound (e.g., a salt, a monooxide or the like), or any combination thereof. A preferred approach employs one or more metal-containing materials as part of a metal compound; a preferred route is to use a mixture of at least two metallizations 29 201144705. In the examples, the appropriate metal compound may be selected from the group consisting of oxides, hydroxides, compounds including nitrogen and oxygen (e.g., nitrates, sulfites or both), imides, or any combination thereof. It is also possible to use ternary, quat (10) ry or other multi-reconstituted material systems. The thermal energy storage material herein may be a mixture of two or more materials exhibiting eutectic. The volume of the thermal energy storage material in the one or more sealed spaces of the article is sufficiently high to allow the article to store a large amount of thermal energy. The volume of thermal energy storage material contained in the article is for - or a plurality of sealed voids - total volume The ratio, the ratio of the volume of the thermal energy storage material to the total volume of the object, or both (at a temperature of about hunger, or a volume depending on the temperature of the heat (4) (four)) is preferably greater than about 0. 5, more preferably greater than about 〇·7, and optimally greater than about 〇 9. The volume of thermal energy storage material contained in the object is - or the ratio of the volume of the thermal energy storage material to the total volume of the object. 995. A value or both (at a temperature of about 25. (or temperature, or a volume measured by the temperature at which the thermal energy storage material is liquid) is generally less than about 〇, and more generally less than about the sealed space may include one containing one such as The volume of inert gas such as air, N2 or the like, or an inert gas such as He, Αι* and the like, so that the thermal energy storage material can be expanded when heated. For example, the sealed space can have a temperature at about 25 ° C without heat The area of the material, so when the thermal energy material is heated above its liquidus temperature, the 'thermal energy storage material can expand without forming holes or causing delamination in the cover sheet or the substrate sheet. The volume of the sealed space of the thermal energy storage material (for example, the volume containing the gas 30 201144705 sealed space) may account for at least about 0 of the total internal volume of the sealed space. 5%, preferably at least about 1%, and most preferably at least about 1. 5%. Fig. 2A is a diagram showing the characteristic construction of an article 10 including a capsule structure having a single sealed space (i.e., a single pocket). The bladder structure includes a cover sheet 28 having an opening 29 and a base sheet 30 having an opening 31. The opening 29 of the cover sheet and the opening 31 of the base sheet overlap each other (e.g., completely overlap) and thus serve as corresponding openings. The cover sheet 28 and the base sheet are hermetically attached to an outer ring 32. As shown, the outer perimeter of the cover sheet 28, the outer perimeter of the substrate sheet, or preferably both are sealably attached to the outer ring 32. The cover sheet has a top surface 18 that is an outer surface of the article 10 and an opposing surface that is generally located on the interior of the article 10. The base sheet has a bottom surface 20 which is generally an outer surface of the article 10 and a facing surface which is generally located on the interior of the article. The bladder structure can also have an inner ring 34 that is sealingly attached to an open perimeter of the cover sheet 28, an open perimeter of the backsheet 30 or preferably attached to both. As shown, the outer ring 32 can have a generally cylindrical outer surface and a generally cylindrical inner surface. The inner ring 34 can have a generally cylindrical outer surface and a generally cylindrical inner surface, a cover sheet 28 (such as a cover sheet). The top surface 18) can have a generally circular shape, and the base sheet 30 (e.g., the bottom surface of the base sheet) can have a generally circular perimeter, or any combination thereof. One of the combinations of any of the following openings may have a generally cylindrical shape: a fluid passage of the article 16, an opening of the cover sheet 29, and an opening of the base sheet 31. It will be appreciated that a cross section of an opening can have a different shape, such as a polygonal shape, or a different arcuate shape (e.g., an oval shape). As shown in FIG. 2A, the article 10 can have a single side surface 22 that is generally arched, generally non-planar, and has a continuous continuity. The side surface can be substantially equidistant from the center of the article so that the article can be placed in a container having a generally cylindrical cavity having a cavity diameter that is only slightly greater than the average diameter of the article. An exemplary cover sheet 28 for use in one of the articles having an opening 29 is shown in Figure 2B. It will be appreciated that the opening in the cover sheet can be formed simultaneously or after the cover sheet attachment (e.g., hermetic attachment) to one or more other sheets or one or more other substructures. The cover sheet can have a generally circular outer periphery 19, a generally circular inner or open perimeter 21, or both. The cover sheet 28 can have a generally flat bottom surface 38 and a generally flat opposite top surface 18. The cover sheet 28 may be formed from - or a plurality of encapsulant materials 12. The outer periphery 19 of the cover sheet 28, as shown in Fig. 2B, may include a region 23 on the bottom surface 38 of the cover sheet 28, adjacent to the outer perimeter of the cover sheet. Referring to Figures 2 and 26, the substrate sheet 28 can be sealed and attached along the region 23 of the outer periphery 19 on the bottom surface 38. The encapsulant material for the top surface 18 is preferably a material that resists corrosion when exposed to a heat transfer fluid. The encapsulant material for the bottom surface 38 is preferably a material that resists corrosion when contacted with a thermal energy storage material. The encapsulant materials for top surface 18 and bottom surface 38 may be the same material or different materials. The top surface 18 except the opening 29 can have a generally circular shape. The thickness of the cover sheet 28 as measured by the distance between the top surface 18 and the bottom surface 38 of the cover sheet can be substantially uniform. The standard deviation of the thickness of the cover sheet 28 is preferably less than about 15%, more preferably less than about 1%, and most preferably less than about 3% of the average thickness of the cover sheet. Figure 2C shows a cross-section of the object 10 perpendicular to the top surface 18 of the cover sheet 28 taken from the second eight 32 201144705. As shown in Figure 2C, the article may have a sealed space 14 including a thermal energy storage material 26 at one or the other. The sealed space may include - not filled - 27 'that is, the volume contains - the gas 4 filling volume 27 may be used when the thermal energy storage material is heated - such as when the temperature of the thermal energy storage material increases, when the thermal energy storage material undergoes -H phase When the liquid phase is switched, or both, it is expanded. A cover sheet, a substrate sheet, an outer ring, an inner ring, or any combination of two, preferably comprising: or a plurality of encapsulant materials that resist corrosion when contacted with a thermal energy storage material, such as on an interior surface, One or more encapsulant materials that are resistant to rot when contacted by a heat transfer fluid (# as on the outer surface), or both. The cover sheet, the base sheet, the outer ring, the inner % or any of the (f) optimum lines comprise the same _ or a plurality of encapsulant materials, or are actually composed of π. Both the cover sheet 28 and the base sheet 3 are hermetically attached along their outer periphery 19 and (4) a periphery 2 to seal the space 14. 'Du Fu's sheet 4 〇, which can be used as a substrate for one of the objects. The finely divided ridges may be arched and/or have a plurality of walls by the miscellaneous or additional axes. The formed sheet has a groove portion 43 capable of holding or enclosing the body. The formed sheet also has an opening 46 so that fluid can flow through it. The accompaniment also has a lion-to-finished flat cover sheet (such as the cover sheet described in Fig. 2B) - or a plurality of generally flat regions 'such as - or a plurality of lip regions 44. One or more lips coplanarity. It is reported that the film 40 of the main horse H Cheng is not flat (four). A sheet 40, for example, may have a top surface 41 and a substantially bottom surface 42. The shaped sheet may have a side wall extending from the bottom wall. Side slabs 33 201144705 may include a generally arched side surface 49. The formed sheet 40 can have an open wall extending from an inner periphery of the bottom wall. The opening wall can have an open surface 48 that is generally arched and partially or completely defines a fluid passageway through the article. The formed sheet has an outer perimeter 45 and an open perimeter 47. The outer perimeter 45, the open perimeter 47, or preferably both are lip regions 44. It will be appreciated that the formed sheet may comprise a transition zone joining the bottom wall and the side walls, or the bottom and side walls may be combined into an arched wall. It will be appreciated that the formed sheet may comprise a transition region connecting the bottom wall and the opening wall, or the bottom wall and the opening wall may be combined into an arched wall. As previously mentioned, the bladder structure can include a plurality of segments configured to form a bladder structure having one or more sealed spaces and one or more fluid passages. Figures 3A, 3B, and 4 are exemplary side views of adjacent segments of the capsular structure. As shown in Figures 3A, 3B, and 4, adjacent segments may have abutting edges 9 (i.e., generally abutting edge surfaces). Such as the segments 2', 2" of Figures 3A and 3B, wherein the surfaces 4' and 6' of the two segments are substantially coplanar, and when the adjacent segments are arranged in a coplanar orientation, the segments can be docked When the two adjacent segments are displaced, the edges of the adjacent segments can be docked, so that the top and bottom surfaces 4' and 6' are not coplanar. For example, a segment can be displaced up to the segment 2'" thickness Half of it, as shown in Figure 4. Thus, the butt edge 9 of a first segment can be docked to the portion of the edge of the two stacked segments that are both adjacent to the first segment. As shown in Fig. 4, a stack of segments may include one or more (e.g., two) proportional segments 3, such as a proportional segment having half heights of other segments 2'". A portion or all of the grooves of the formed sheet 40' may be partially or substantially completely filled with a thermal energy storage material, and a substantially flat cover sheet (such as described in FIG. 2B) may be placed over the grooves such that the cover sheets are summarized.地 34 201144705 Contact lip area. The cover sheet may be sealingly attached to the formed sheet in some or even all of the lip area to form a plurality of sealed spaces containing the thermal energy storage material, as shown in Figures 5A and 5B. The formed sheet 4〇 may have a groove. The pattern, such that the bottom surface 41 of a first formed sheet 40, is generally a bottom surface 41 of the same second formed sheet 40', the abutting surface. Thus, with the formed sheet 40, the two articles can be formed with their bottom surfaces 4i opposed to each other so that the two articles are at least partially nested. Figure 5B is a plan view of a portion of the formed sheet 40' that is plucked in a plurality of sealed spaces (e.g., a base sheet) having a pattern that has a pattern near the center of the sheet. 46, which may be a circular opening. Fig. 5B shows only 1/4 of the formed sheet, and thus the opening is outlined. Figure 5B shows the formed sheet 4, the sheet formed by the bottom sheet 2 having a plurality of grooves 43 and a plurality of lip materials. The groove area 4 is disposed in a plurality of rings of the groove 50. As shown, the formed outermost ring and the innermost ring of the groove 5G" are formed as =3, and the grooved 50", or more than one additional ring, is located in the groove 5. 〇,, 5 Between the rings. As shown in the first test, some or all of the rings are corrected: 嶋, or even substantially congruent. It will be understood that the groove:::in:: may be larger than or equal to the number of slots in the outermost ring of the slot, the number of slots in the innermost ring is smaller than the number of slots in the outermost ring if 5B Shown. A portion, or preferably all, of the grooved area 43, ι has a surrounding area 44. Therefore, a trough area 43 can be separated by the smear area 4 = his trough area. The formed piece 4〇.  1 dead, m ', its piece has - outer periphery 45,. As shown in Fig. 5B, 35, 201144705, the formed sheet may have one or more recesses 51 near the outer periphery 45'. One or more recesses can be used for flow paths or flow paths along the outer perimeter. Preferably, the outer perimeter of the bottom surface of the formed sheet has a generally circular shape (one or more recesses selected are excluded). As shown in Fig. 5B, the outer periphery, the inner periphery, and preferably both may be lip regions 44'. Fig. 5A shows an exemplary relationship between a capsule structure 10' (e.g., a formed sheet 40' of a capsule structure) and a container 68. The container 68 can have an inner wall 60, an outer wall 62, an insulating layer 64, or any combination thereof. Referring to Figure 5A, the container 68 can have an insulating layer 64 between the two walls 60,62. The inner wall 60 of the container has a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the formed sheet so that the formed sheet fits within the container. The preferred diameter between the perimeter of the sheet and the inner sidewall of the container may include one or more recesses 51 in the formed sheet 40', the size of the formed sheet 40' and the cavity of the container (e.g., diameter) A gap 52 formed by the difference, one or more of the grooves 5 in one of the inner side walls 60 of the container, or any combination thereof. The article containing the thermal energy storage material is preferably capable of being stacked with other identical articles or with a second article having a generalized abutment surface, such as a generally abutted substrate. The articles are stacked in the axial layer with a space between adjacent axial layers such that a heat transfer fluid can flow between the axial layers. An axial layer will generally contain one, two or more articles. An axial layer (e.g., each axial layer) preferably contains one or two articles. For example, an axial layer can have two articles that are in contact on a surface such as a substrate surface or a cover surface so that a fluid summary cannot flow between the two objects). Thus, a portion of the article (eg, an article other than the object 36 201144705 at one end of a stack) may have a first surface (eg, a substrate surface) that is generally in full contact with a surface of a first adjacent article Causing a fluid to flow along the first surface, and a second surface separated from a second adjacent article (eg, having an opposing surface that is generally associated with the mating surface of the second surface) such that a fluid is Flowing along part, most or even all of the second surface. The separation between two adjacent axial layers can be achieved by any of the art-receiving partition members. In an example, a suitable partition member includes one or more projections on one surface of at least one of the articles, a spacer material between the two layers, a capillary structure between the two layers, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the second surface of the article has a generally arcuate shape and the article is partially nested within the second adjacent article. The separation between the partially nested two items is preferably constant (except for the protrusions or other partitions that cause adjacent objects to be separated). It will be appreciated that the stack of articles can include a rotating axial layer (e.g., rotating an object), or otherwise configured to nest the axial layer at least partially within an adjacent axial layer. The flow of a fluid between the opposing surfaces of two adjacent axial layers will generally lie in a radial direction and may be described as a substantially radial flow. The axial layers of the separated pairs will have a radial flow path. The stack of articles will generally have a plurality of radial flow paths (e.g., 2, 3 or more). Two or more (for example, each radial flow path may have the same flow length, the same thickness, the same cross-sectional shape, or any combination thereof. For example, two or more (eg, all) radial flow paths may be full It will be appreciated that if the opening (i.e., fluid passage) is located at the center of the object, the radial flow path can be generally symmetrical regardless of the flow direction. When stacked (ie, located in a containing 3, 4 or more objects) In the case of the stacking body 37 201144705, the objects preferably have at least an opening corresponding to an opening from each of the other objects (possibly except for one of the ends of the stacking body), so that the fluid-portion can be passed through Between the first and last objects, the respective openings of the object and not flowing between adjacent objects (ie, without a substantially radial flow) from the -th object in the stack to the stack - The last object. The flow through the opening is generally located in the _ axial direction and can be described as a substantially axial flow. As described above, the stack of objects can define a central axial flow path (for example, through the opening of the object). Central axis) and A plurality of radial flow paths that are generally perpendicular to the central axial flow path. The stack of objects will be generally tightly packed (e.g., except for the radial flow path), thereby making the accumulation of objects dense and containing a large amount of thermal energy storage material. Thus the 'radial flow path has - generally short height (in the direction between adjacent objects) 'such as an average height. The height of the radial flow is preferably less than about 15 mm 'better than about 5_' or even better. Less than about 2_, even more preferably less than about ^, and optimally less than about 〇. 5_. The height of the radial flow path is large enough for fluid to flow through the flow path. In general, the height of the radial flow path (e.g., the average height) is greater than about zero. 001mm (for example, greater than about 〇 〇1_). = Figure 5 C shows that multiple objects are included! In one aspect of the invention, each article 10' has - or a plurality of sealed spaces 14 accommodating the thermal energy storage material. The article 10' can comprise a formed sheet having a generally chevable surface 41". 4〇”. The surface 41" of an object can be generally docked to the surface of a second object. The object can be configured to partially nest adjacent objects together. The object shown in Figure 5c has 8th order rotational symmetry and thus In 8 different positions 38 201144705 centered: turn to make the ground wire. It will be known that the object can be higher or better than the nominal. As shown, the object can have - a roughly circular cross section The outer periphery of each object may have a plurality of sides permitting - fluid grasping recesses 5116 pieces lQ, and may have a sealed space 14 disposed in the sealed space - or a plurality of the same clothes. Each object may have A body passage 46 is generally approximated in the object, so that when the object is stacked (such as in the axial direction), a vehicle-to-flow path 84 is formed. The axial flow diameter material preferably includes each object. A fluid passage 46 of 10'. Thermal storage device The articles described herein (such as a stack of articles) can be used in a thermal storage device. The thermal storage device can include a container or other housing. Having one or more heat transfer fluid streams The orifice in the vessel and one or more heat transfer fluids exit the orifice outside the vessel. The heat storage device has one or more heat transfer fluid compartments. Preferably, the heat storage device comprises a single heat transfer fluid compartment A heat transfer fluid compartment may comprise or consist essentially of one of the containers between the inlet and the outlet, wherein the heat transfer fluid is available for flow. The container is preferably at least partially insulated so that it may be reduced or Reducing heat loss from the container to the ring chamber. The heat storage device can be designed to contain a large concentration of thermal energy storage material that allows rapid and/or even transfer of thermal energy between a heat transfer fluid and the thermal energy storage material. It is compacted so that it can store heat for a long period of time, or any combination thereof. The inside of the container of the heat storage device can have any shape that can hold the object 39 201144705. The stack of good parts occupies the inside of the container. The shape system makes the thermal energy contained in the sealed space of the object 25t measured) for the total volume of the material (for example, Two value / l.  λ. A 吏佳 is greater than about 〇·6 ’ its $ vy is better than about 0. 7' and optimally greater than about 〇 8. Container H^ μ BP ^ * ° ... The upper limit of the volume of the stored material is: - the need to contact the heat transfer fluid of the article for the * door for transferring thermal energy. The total volume of the stored material (as measured at about 25 ° C) in the sealed space of the article in the container may be less than about 〇 9 9 for a ratio of & total internal volume (as measured at about 25 ° C). Gu Yi is less than about 0. 95 » •, preferably Heat Transfer Fluid Compartment/Flow Path The heat storage device has a heat transfer fluid 3 chamber that is capable of transferring a heat transfer fluid through the device; The heat transfer fluid compartment is preferably coupled to one or more orifices (e.g., one or more) for transferring a heat into the heat transfer fluid compartment. The volume transfer fluid compartment is preferably connected to one or more orifices for shifting the word L in the narrative *''', and the orifice of the ancient heat transfer fluid compartment (for example, one or more capture codes D) . The enthalpy transfer fluid compartment may be at least partially separated by one or more heats, 'T', and the space defined by the wall, at least in part by - or one of the plurality of objects' At least in part, a space defined by the arsenic arsenic or container of the heat storage device, or any combination thereof. The heat transfer fluid compartment defines a flow path through the heat storage device to the transfer fluid. The chamber system includes an axial flow path of the opening of the 40 201144705 deposit. The heat transfer fluid compartment includes a generally radial flow path between two adjacent objects. The flow may flow inwardly from one outer periphery to one of the openings of an object, or from one opening to one of the outer periphery of an object. The heat transfer fluid compartment includes a first-class diameter having an outer periphery of the object And an axial component (and optionally, a line assembly) between a wall of the container. Preferably, the combined radial flow path has a relatively high hydraulic impedance. For example, a combined radial Flow path has a large (more preferably, at least twice greater) one of the central axial flow path, the outer axial flow path, or one of the hydraulic impedances of the hydraulic impedance. The heat transfer fluid compartment is preferably sufficiently thermally conductive to the thermal energy storage material. The sealed space allows it to remove heat from the thermal energy storage material or provide heat to the thermal energy storage material. The heat transfer fluid compartment is preferably thermally coupled directly to one or more (or better all) sealed spaces. The direct thermal conduction system can be any path of the shortest distance between the sealed space and a portion of the heat transfer fluid compartment, which is free of materials having a low thermal conductivity. The low thermal conductivity material includes less than about 100 W/(nvK). a material having a thermal conductivity of less than about 10 W/(m_K), and more preferably less than about 3 W/(nrK). For example, the heat transfer fluid or heat transfer fluid compartment may contact one or more of the sealed ( Or preferably all of one of the walls, or substantially or completely by a material having a high thermal conductivity (e.g., greater than about 5 W/(m_K), greater than about 12 W/(nvK), or greater than about 110 W/(nvK) Sealed The heat transfer fluid compartment is preferably directly thermally conductive to one or more (or more preferably all) of the sealed space in the heat storage device. A direct thermal conduction can be a thermal energy storage compartment and a heat transfer fluid Any path between the part of the compartment 41 short distance of 201144705, which does not contain materials with low thermal conductivity. For example, thermal 4_ fluid or heat transfer (four) septum (four) can be contacted through the sealed chamber (such as substrate or cover) One or more (or preferably all) of one of the walls, or by having a high thermal conductivity (eg, greater than about 5 W/(m. K), greater than about 12W/(m. K), or greater than about i i〇w/(m. The material of K) is substantially or completely separated from the sealed space. It will be appreciated that a very thin layer of material having a low thermal conductivity (e.g., less than about 0 lmm, preferably less than about 〇 1 dirty, and more preferably less than about G. GGlmm) may be located between the heat transfer fluid compartment and the thermal energy storage material compartment without appreciably affecting heat transfer. The size and shape of the sealed space and/or article may be selected to maximize heat transfer to and from the phase change material contained in the bladder. The average thickness of the object may be relatively short so that heat can quickly escape from the sealed space center. The article, sealed space, or both may have an average thickness of less than about 100 mm, preferably less than about 30 mm, more preferably less than about 1 mm, even more preferably less than about 5 mm, and most preferably less than about 3 mm. The average thickness of the object, sealed space, or both may be greater than about 〇. Lmm, preferably greater than about 〇. 5mm, more preferably greater than about 0. 8mm ' and optimally greater than i. Omm. The article preferably has a relatively high surface area to volume ratio and therefore has a relatively high contact area with the heat transfer fluid. For example, the article may have a surface that is in intensive contact with a heat transfer fluid compartment, and the article may have a geometry that maximizes heat transfer between the bladder and the heat transfer fluid compartment, or both. The ratio of the total surface area of the interface between the heat transfer fluid compartment and the article in the heat storage device to the total volume of the thermal energy storage material in the heat storage device may be greater than about 〇〇2111111-1, preferably greater than 42 201144705 at about 0. . 05mm_1, more preferably greater than about 0. 1mm_1, even better than about 0. 2mm-1, and optimally greater than about 0. 3mm·1. Container/Shell The heat storage device has a container for the inclusion body containing the article. The stack of articles can be contained in one or more cavities of the container. Suitable containers have one or more orifices (such as one or more inlets) for allowing a heat transfer fluid to flow into the chamber of the vessel and one or more orifices for allowing a heat transfer fluid to flow out of the chamber of the vessel Oral (such as one or more exits). The inlet and outlet may be located on the same side of the heat storage device or on different sides (e.g., opposite sides). In addition to the orifice, the container is preferably sealed or constructed such that the fluid passing through the vessel does not leak out of the vessel, so that the fluid passing through the vessel can have a pressure greater than one of the pressures of the annulus, or both. The container can have any shape. Preferably, the container has a shape in which a large amount of thermal energy storage material is filled in the middle (e.g., in the sealed space of the accumulation of articles) so that the heat storage device can store a large amount of heat. Without limitation, the cavity of the container and/or container may have a generally circular, generally oval, generally rectangular, generally square cross section (eg, perpendicular to the stacking direction), or have a different general It has a polygonal shape. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the container has a generally cylindrical shape, the cavity of the container has a generally cylindrical shape, or both. For example, the container of the thermal storage device can have a generally cylindrical inner surface, a generally cylindrical outer surface, or both. A cylindrical cavity allows for efficient loading of articles having a generally cylindrical cross section in the cavity. In the example, a cylindrical object has a generally circular cross section. A cylindrical article, a cylindrical cavity, or both can tolerate high efficiency insulation of the heat storage device. In general, the characteristics of the container may be one of the heights of the object stacking direction (i.e., the axial direction) and one of the directions perpendicular to the stacking direction (e.g., a diameter). For example, a cylindrical container may be characterized by a height and a diameter. The height of the container may have a ratio of length (e.g., diameter) of less than about 20, preferably less than about 5, more preferably less than about 3, and most preferably less than about 2. The height of the container may be greater than about 〇·〇5, preferably greater than about 〇 2, more preferably greater than about 0, for length ratios (e.g., height to diameter ratio). 33, even better than about 〇. 5, and preferably the cavity of the container is characterized by a height in one of the stacking directions of the object and an average length (e.g., a diameter) in a direction perpendicular to the stacking direction. Most preferably, the interior of the container has a generally cylindrical cavity characterized by a cavity, a cavity height, and an axial center. The interior of the container may have a generally arcuate wall parallel to the axial direction of the cavity (having a checkerboard as previously discussed). The arched surface preferably has a generally circular cross section. The container can be used to accommodate objects. The accumulation body of the article is preferably configured to have a central axial flow path at or near the axial center of the cavity of the container (for example, the outer periphery of the fluid passage object passing through the plurality of cavities may include one or a plurality of recesses, the inner wall of the container is on the -axis W...I, one or more grooves (preferably in the direction of the axial assembly), and the object can be JL so that the length or the direct operation - The length or diameter, or any combination thereof, flows in an axial direction between the outer circumference of the article: between the inner axial surfaces. This flow can be described as - the outer axial assembly is preferably disposed in the container such that The distance between the chess-shaped inner surfaces of the outer periphery of the object is different for an object and 44 201144705; the different things are uniformly uniform (any recess in the object #" except for the groove in the container wall). Volume storage device can be used when it takes a long time to store heat , in general, (for example, "" having less than about 〇°c, or even less than about _3 (the heat stored in the clothes of the rc temperature, or both) is preferably stored, stored, and stored. The heat in the system is slowly lost to the environment. Therefore, it is better to use some form of insulation. The better the insulation of the system, the longer the storage time. Any conventional use that can slow down the heat loss rate of the heat storage device. Insulation of the type, for example, U.S. Patent No. N, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.  Any insulation disclosed in 6,889,751. The heat storage device is a (hot) container that is insulated from the surface or surfaces. Preferably, some or all of the surface exposed to the ring chamber or the exterior will have an adjacent insulator. The insulating material can be operated by reducing the convective heat loss, the heat loss, the conduction heat loss, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the insulation is permeable to an insulator material or structure that preferably has relatively low thermal conductivity. The gap between the opposing walls can be utilized to obtain insulation. The gap may be occupied by a gas medium, such as an air empty door, or may even be an empty space (for example, using an Oewar vessel), a material or structure having a low thermal conductivity, A material or structure having a low thermal emissivity, a material or structure having a low convection, or any combination thereof. Without limitation, the insulation may comprise ceramic insulation (such as quartz or glass insulation) 'polymeric insulation, or any combination thereof. The insulation can be in the form of -fibrous form...foam form, - densified layer, a coating or any combination thereof 45 201144705. The insulation can be in the form of a woven material, a knitted material, a nonwoven material, or a combination thereof. The heat transfer device can be insulated with a Dewar vessel, and more particularly a container including an opposing wall, configured to define an internal storage cavity and a wall cavity between the opposing walls The wall cavity is evacuated below atmospheric pressure. Walls can be stepped in. Use a reflective surface coating (such as a mirror surface) to minimize radiative heat loss. Preferably, a vacuum insulation around the heat storage device and or the heat storage system is provided. More preferably, the U.S. Patent No. is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for reference.  One of the vacuum insulations disclosed in 6,889,751. Densified Components The heat storage device optionally includes - or a plurality of densified components for a stack of articles to thereby generally maintain separation between the layers. The compacting component can be any component that can add to the stack of objects. The compressive force should be sufficiently high enough that the two objects do not rotate relative to each other,

In the 匕 example, one or two of the actualized components may include an object above the stack of objects

A reduction in diameter between two adjacent objects, such as solid to liquid conversion, or both, when the thermal energy storage material is heated, degraded by a dense component such as a spring, undergoes a phase transition (46 201144705) The thickness of the diameter varies. The thermal® storage device can have a plurality of flow paths for flowing a heat transfer fluid through the device. Each flow path preferably includes at least one core direction between the two adjacent objects, IL. Two or more of the flow paths through the heat storage device (§ as each) have a similar total length, a similar total hydraulic impedance, or both. 4 For example, two or more of the flow paths The characteristics of (for example, each) can be summarized in the Tichelmann system. An orifice of the heat storage device can be connected to the stack of the object by a tube or other component, so that the heat transfer fluid must be The axial path formed by the opening of the stack of objects flowing through the object. In general, the tube for connecting the orifice to the axial flow path formed by the opening of the object extends into the stack of the object. The first - (such as the -) object or Object - the accumulation of body after) the object - of any person - who. The apparatus may include - or a plurality of seals; = (e.g., at the top and/or bottom of the stack of articles) such that the heat transfer fluid from one inlet to the outlet must flow through the radial flow path. A seal may include an opening that allows the tube to connect the orifice to the opening of the article stack. A seal can be used to block the axial flow-end fluid flow along the opening of the object stack to block an axial flow path along the _periphery of the object stack - one of the fluid flows, or both . The method for making the bladder structure can utilize any encapsulation for the thermal energy storage material; it contains the thermal energy storage material_object and the capsule structure. The non-restrictive '= method may be either the following or a pure combination: 'the square-hole' is formed through a cover sheet, cut or stamped-opening (such as a hole) through a 47 201144705 base—such as a crucible sheet. For example, thermoforming, die forging, sweating or other deformation of the base sheet to the 5 _ nn T boundary pattern and its wrapping and the enamel or groove region 'formed — the base sheet to define in the sheet - the film , regret area and - or a plurality of trough areas, _ or stamping - the outer periphery of the Shiyan (such as - generally circular outer blue, cut or stamped to form a trough), to cover the filling of the sheet), sealing Attaching a cover sheet (such as a substrate sheet) to form one or more sealed voids containing thermal energy storage material, sealingly attached to the substrate along the outer periphery, attached to the periphery of an opening - a substrate sheet that is hermetically attached along the "opening perimeter" - a cover sheet (such as to a substrate sheet) or a seal-attachment along the outer periphery - such as to - a substrate sheet. Preferably, the method for forming the article comprises the steps of - embossing, or thermoforming - substrate #. The method for forming an article is known as N in the U.S. Patent No. 2, GG, February 2G, which is entitled "Thermal Storage Device". • One or more of the method steps described in 12/389,598 for creating a pouch. The method of selecting for forming an article includes one or any combination of the following: sealingly attaching a substrate sheet to one or more secondary structures such as an inner ring, an outer ring, or both; The cover sheet is sealingly attached to one or more secondary structures such as an inner ring, an outer ring, or both; or cut, stamped, or stamped along the outer perimeter of a substrate sheet and/or a cover sheet Multiple recesses. In accordance with the teachings herein, a bladder structure (or a segment of a bladder structure) can be formed by a method that includes sealingly attaching two sheets along their perimeter. Preferably, at least one of the 201144705 grounds is embossed, swaged, or otherwise formed to accommodate a liquid. More preferably, both pieces are embossed, stamped or otherwise formed. For example, the capsule structure, or a segment thereof, can be formed by one or more of the following steps: only one portion of an outer periphery of a first sheet is partially joined to a second sheet, A thermal energy storage material can be used to fill a space between the two sheets; at least a portion of the space between the two sheets is filled with the thermal energy storage material; and the remaining portions of the sheets are joined to form a thermal energy storage material. Sealed space. The steps may be repeated - or a plurality of these steps to provide a structure comprising a plurality of sealed spaces. The film that is too rich for the sake of bribery, including durable, anti-corrosion $, or both thin metal sheets (such as metal), so that the sheets can contain thermal energy storage materials, and preferably No leaks. The metal sheet may be capable of operating in a load-and-energy environment with a multiple thermal cycle of greater than one year and preferably greater than five years. The metal sheet may additionally have a substantially inert outer surface that is in operation in contact with the thermal energy storage material. The outer part of the metal sheet that is in contact with the thermal energy storage material should include when the riding heat _ storage material (4) is not reacted with the surface, not ft or Μ — - or a plurality of materials or substantially composed of it.示范 Exemplary metal sheet systems that can be used include those having at least a layer of vapor, copper, copper, iron-alloy, bronze metal K stainless steel or the like. „海片 can be—the general precious gold and the test piece can be a piece of metal including an emulsion layer (such as a layer of native oxide or an oxide layer thereon). The ten-slice film is a material containing one or one of the three alloys (for example, containing a large (four) weight percentage of Shao, and 49 201144705 is better than 90 weight percent of the alloy). The other - exemplary metal sheet is not town Steel. Appropriate non-recorded steel sheeting consists of Worthian iron, no grain steel, fat or fine material (4). Miscellaneous, non-recorded steel may include more than about 1% by weight 'better than about 13 More than about 15 weight percent, and more preferably greater than about 5% by weight concentration of chromium. The unrecorded steel may comprise less than about (four) weight percent, preferably less than about 0.15 weight percent, more preferably less than about Q 12 weight percent. And preferably less than about 0.10 weight percent carbon. For example, a stainless steel 3〇4 (SAE code) containing 19 weight percent/knife ratio chromium and about 0.08 weight percent carbon. Suitable stainless steel also includes molybdenum. Stainless steel such as 316 (SAE code). There may be any conventionally known coating that eliminates or reduces the stagnation of the metal sheet. The metal sheet has a high enough thickness to form a sheet, when the pouch is filled with a thermal energy storage material, and during use of the pouch. Or any combination thereof will not form holes or cracks. For applications such as transportation, the metal sheet is preferably relatively sturdy, so that the weight of the heat storage device is not greatly increased by the metal sheet. The thickness of the metal sheet can be greater than about ΙΟμπι Preferably, it is greater than about 2 (^m, and more preferably greater than, scoop 50 μηι. The metal tantalum may have a thickness of less than about 3 mm, preferably less than about 1 mm, and more preferably less than 0.5 mm (e.g., less than about 〇25 mm). Figure 8 shows a cross-section of an exemplary thermal storage device 80 having a plurality of articles 1 〇, and 1 〇", a plurality of articles 1 〇, and 1 〇", each having an envelope of a plurality of The heat energy storage material 26 in the sealed space 14. The object is disposed in the insulated container 82 which may have a substantially cylindrical shape. The apparatus includes a first adjacent object, '(a) and a first Two adjacent objects 50 201144705 Η),》 Its object ⑽ first object 1〇 ,, - adjacent item i (), "is set so that it covers each of the flat sheet ⑽ _ surface (i.e. outer surface) takes the form of contact. The object 10" and the second adjacent material _,, (b) may have surfaces that are generally butted (for example, the outer surface of each of the respective base sheets may be a surface that is generally butted) and may be configured to partially embed Sleeve together. A spacer (not shown) can be used to maintain a distance between the object 10" and its second adjacent object 10, (b), so that the heat transfer fluid can be in the two objects 10" And l〇,, between (b) in a radial direction, a radial flow path 83. The object 10, and the space between the second adjacent object 丨〇,, (b) Transferring the portion of the fluid compartment for heat. As shown in Figure 8, each item may have a surface that contacts the heat transfer fluid compartment (e.g., a surface of the substrate sheet) so that the heat transfer fluid can be in direct contact with each The article is preferably in direct contact with each sealed space. As shown in Fig. 8, each radial flow path μ may have the same length, the same cross section 'or even may be congruent. Each object has an opening close to its center. The opening is also part of the heat transfer fluid compartment. The objects 10" and 10, are configured such that Forming a central axial opening flow path 84. The space between the outer periphery of the articles 10" and 10" and the inner surface of the container 85 is also part of the heat transfer fluid compartment and forms an outer axial flow path 86. The heat storage device has a first orifice fluidly coupled to the central axial flow path 84. The heat storage device can have a first seal or plate 88 that separates the first orifice 87 from the outer axial flow path 86. The container 82 has a second aperture 89' which may be located on the side of the same container as the first aperture 87, or on a different side of the container, as shown in FIG. The heat storage device can have a second seal 90' that separates the second orifice 89 from the central axial flow path. The first seal, the second seal, or both prevent a fluid from flowing between the two axial flow paths 51 201144705 84 and 86 without flowing through a radial flow path 83. Referring to Fig. 8, a fluid flowing between the first orifice 87 and the second orifice 89 must flow through a portion of the central axial flow path 84 and through a portion of the outer axial flow path 86. The heat transfer fluid must also flow through one of the radial flow paths 83 between the two axial flow paths 84,86. Preferably, the size of the two axial flow paths is such that the hydrodynamic resistance of the fluid is substantially constant regardless of which radial flow path is used for a portion of the fluid. Therefore, the heat transfer fluid flow through the heat storage device is preferably a Tichelmann system. The container 82 is preferably insulated. For example, the container can have an inner wall 91 and an outer wall 92, and the space 93 between the two walls can be emptied. The device may also have one or more springs, such as one or more compression springs 94, that apply a compressive force to the stack of objects. Figure 9 shows a heat storage device 80' having two apertures 87' and 89' on one side of the container. The apparatus can employ a tube 95 coupled to the first orifice 87 for flowing fluid between the first orifice and a zone 96 furthest from the central axial flow path 84 of the first orifice. Referring to Fig. 9, the first sealing member 88' and the second sealing member 〇 can be used to prevent a fluid from flowing through a radial flow path 83, i.e., from the first orifice 87 to the second orifice 89. . Again, by selecting the dimensions for the two axial flow paths 86 and 84', the heat storage device 80 of Figure 9 can be characterized by a Tichelmann system. Thermal Storage System The thermal storage device can be used in a thermal storage system that uses one or more heat transfer fluids to transfer heat into the thermal storage device to transfer heat out of the thermal storage device. 52 201144705 Heat transfer fluid / working fluid Used to transfer heat into and/or out of heat storage. The transfer fluid may be any liquid or gas that causes the fluid to flow through the heart and flow through it. < "For example - a thermal read supply assembly, one or more connection tubes or a line removal assembly, or any combination thereof." The heat transfer fluid may be any technology capable of nuclear storage device wipes with temperature (four). Volume = fluid or cold (4). The heat transfer read can be - liquid or gas: = (iv) The transfer fluid can flow at the lowest operating temperature (eg, the lowest expected ring chamber temperature) that may be exposed during use. For example, helium fluid At a pressure of about 1 atm and about pit, preferably about, better and most preferably. (: at a temperature, it can be a liquid or a gas. Without limitation, for heating and/or cooling one or more The preferred heat transfer fluid system of the electrochemical cell is about 4 liters. The heat transfer fluid should be capable of transporting a large amount of thermal energy that is typically sensible heat. Suitable heat transfer fluids can have at least about 1 J/gK, #交佳至约约2J/gK, even more preferably at least about 25J/gK, and preferably at least about a specific heat of tearing & (e.g., measured at about 25t). Preferably, the heat transfer stream system is a liquid. For example, any art cooling can be used. As a heat transfer fluid, the system preferably employs a single heat transfer fluid for transferring heat into the thermal energy storage material in the human heat storage device and removing heat from the thermal energy storage material in the heat storage device. a second heat transfer fluid for transferring heat to the thermal energy storage (4) - a heat transfer fluid and a second heat transfer fluid for removing heat from the thermal energy storage material - including a 53 201144705 first heat transfer fluid and a second heat transfer In a fluid system, a first heat transfer fluid system flows through a first heat transfer fluid compartment and a second heat transfer fluid flows through a second heat transfer fluid compartment, wherein the heat transfer fluid compartment is summarized by a relatively low Thermal conductivity material, such as thermal energy storage material, is separated. For example, at least 20%, at least 50%, or at least about 80% of the surface area of the first heat transfer fluid compartment may be in contact with or be the surface of the article containing the thermal energy storage material. This is in contrast to a heat exchanger in which the two heat transfer fluids are in relatively good thermal conduction. The heat transfer fluid system, which may be used alone or in a mixture, includes heat transfer fluids well known to those skilled in the art and preferably includes water, one or more alkylene glycols, one or more polyhydrocarbons. a fluid of a diol, one or more oils, one or more refrigerants, one or more alcohols, one or more betaines, or any combination thereof. The heat transfer fluid can be added or replaced, for example, for the fluids described above. Means) comprises, or consists essentially of, a working fluid such as the following. Suitable oil systems which may be employed include natural oils, synthetic oils, or combinations thereof. For example, the heat transfer fluid may contain or consist essentially of the following items (e.g., at least 80 weight percent, at least 90 weight percent, or at least 95 weight percent): mineral oil, castor oil, alumite oil, fluorocarbon oil, or any combination thereof. A particularly preferred heat transfer stream system comprises, or consists essentially of, one or more olefinic diols. Non-limiting, preferred olefinic diols include from about 1 to about 8 alkylene oxy groups. For example, the olefin diol can include an olefinoxy group containing from about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. The olefinoxy groups in the monoolefin diol molecules may be the same or may be different. Alternatively, 54 201144705 an olefin diol may comprise a divalent group of different olefins having different fluorenyloxy groups or different ratios including an epoxy group, a preferred olefin oxy group (IV) and Epoxy Institute. Alternatively, it can be replaced. For example, a 'smoke diol can be - or two alkyl groups or one alkyl group containing from about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms is substituted by a thiol (IV) including - or a plurality of olefin diols. Gexi diol diol dialkyl ether, or a combination thereof, or a solid f. (4) A preferred diol group which may include a lysine diol includes B-leano'diethylene glycol propylene glycol, and butylene glycol. Any of the above ethylene glycols may be used alone or in a mixture. For example, ethylene glycol can be used as a mixture with water. (d) a bulk transfer stream - comprising substantially (for example, at least 8% by weight or at least 96% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid) or entirely composed of a mixture of ethylene glycol and water mixture. Preferably, the concentration of water in the conjugate is greater than about 5 weight percent, more preferably greater than about 5% by weight, even more preferably greater than about 15 weight percent, and most preferably greater than about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid. The concentration of water in the mixture is preferably less than about "weight percent, more preferably less than about 90 weight percent", even more preferably less than about weight percent, and most preferably less than about 80 weight percent. The concentration of ethylene glycol in the mixture is greater than the heat transfer fluid. Preferably, the total weight is greater than about 5 weight percent, more preferably greater than about 10 weight percent ' even more preferably greater than about 15 weight percent, and most preferably greater than about 20 percent. The ethylene glycol concentration in the mixture is preferably less than about 95 weight percent. More preferably, it is less than about 90% by weight, even more preferably less than about 85% by weight, and most preferably less than about 80% by weight. 55 201144705 Selectively, the entire area of the county is made up of 复 咏 玉 玉 玉 玉 玉 玉 或 或For example, the system may include a working fluid, ι#, Αι9Λ flowing through the heat storage: the enthalpy fluid causes the workpiece fluid to be condensed and heated to the one or more heat storage devices: a component (eg, will be heated) Component). Therefore, the heated _ can act on the evaporator of the working fluid, and the one that will be used as the fluid, is supplied to the condensate: the condenser of the fluid.埶 。 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 工作 工作 工作 工作 工作The heat circuit, the line and the heat circuit for removing the working fluid are preferably capable of being enclosed when the working fluid flows through the primary circuit. When the heat storage device (such as the heat energy storage material in the heat storage device) is sufficient to cause When the combined vapor pressure of all components of the fluid exceeds one of the temperatures of about 1 atmosphere and the valve is opened to allow the working fluid to flow, the operating fluid may a) be delivered by the capillary structure; b) be at least partially vaporized; Being at least partially transported to the condenser; and ... at least partially condensing in the condenser; thereby removing the load from the heat storage device. Thus, the system optionally includes a capillary feed circuit. The fluid working fluid may be any fluid that can be shouted (converted from liquid to gaseous) in the hot (four) storage device portion when the fines are at or above their liquidus temperature. Appropriate workflow (for example, for capillary delivery circuits) is a pure substance and mixture that has the following characteristics - or any combination: good chemical stability at a maximum temperature, low viscosity (eg less than about 1 〇〇) mPa.s), good capillary structure ^ 56 201144705 Wetting (for example, good wicking and wetting), materials with capillary pumping circuits (such as container materials, materials used to encapsulate thermal energy storage materials, vapor and liquid lines) The chemical compatibility of materials, and the like (for example, the working fluid causes low corrosion), is beneficial to the temperature of the evaporator and condenser temperature due to the denatured vapor pressure, vaporized high volume latent heat (for example, in millions of joules) The product of the latent heat of fusion per unit of liter and the density of the working fluid at about 25 ° C may be greater than about 4 MJ / liter), less than or equal to the freezing point of the freezing point of the heat transfer fluid of the condenser (for example, less than or equal to frost resistance) The freezing point of the freezing point of the agent, or a freezing point of less than or equal to about -40 °C. For example, the equilibrium state of the working fluid can be at least 90 percent liquid at a temperature of -40 ° (: and 1 atmosphere). Without limitation, an exemplary working fluid can include one or more alcohols, one or more ketones. One or more hydrocarbons, monofluorocarbons, monofluorocarbons (such as a conventional hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant, such as a conventional hydrofluorocarbon automotive refrigerant), water, ammonium, Or substantially any combination thereof. The working fluid should have a high vapor pressure in the evaporator to produce a vapor stream sufficient to pump the working fluid. Preferably, the vapor pressure of the working fluid is in the evaporator. High enough to generate a vapor stream that carries the ideal thermal power measured in watts from the evaporator to the condenser. The vapor pressure of the working fluid in the evaporator is preferably sufficiently low that the capillary pumping circuit does not leak and The working fluid is wetted to the capillary structure and may be characterized by a contact angle on the material of the capillary structure. Preferably, the contact angle is less than about 80°, more preferably less than about 70°, even better. Less than about 60°, and optimally less than about 55. 57 201144705 The working fluid preferably condenses at a moderate ink force below about (iv). For example, the working body can condense at less than about 9g °c. Preferably, it is less than about 0.8 MPa, more preferably less than about G 3 MPa, even more preferably less than a pressure of sharpening & and preferably less than about 0.1 MPa. The working fluid is preferably at a low cost. For example, Wei Zuo The fluid can be exposed to a very low ring chamber temperature and preferably can be condensed from a coagulated filament at a temperature of about, preferably about 1, 1 C, more preferably about -25 X:, even better, about _ thief, and optimally about Russian. The heat storage device. Wei Zuo (4) minus # is in a gaseous state at the temperature of the fully charged thermal storage device. For example, the working fluid can have a phase transition temperature lower than that of the energy storage device in the heat storage device at 1 atmosphere. Preferably, the Buddha point preferably has a phase transition temperature of at least 2 G ° C less than the thermal energy storage material, and is preferably at least less than the phase transition temperature of the thermal energy storage material. In various aspects of the invention, it may be desirable to The fluid has the following boiling point at 1 atm (or, to make the fluid The temperature at which the component is combined with the vapor pressure of 1 atmosphere may be greater than about thief, preferably greater than about 35t, more preferably greater than about 耽, even more preferably greater than about, and preferably greater than about 70 °C (eg, working fluid) In the different conditions of the present invention, the boiling point of the working fluid at i atmosphere may be (or the temperature of all components of the working fluid combined with the vapor pressure equal to the atmospheric pressure may be less than about 18 (TC, preferably less than about 15 (rc, more preferably less than about 12 ° C, and most preferably less than about 95. (-: - The better work includes water and recording, or real f consists of it. For example, the water in the working fluid and the combined concentration may comprise at least about 80 weight percent of the total weight of the working fluid, more preferably at least about 9 weight percent and 58 201144705 is preferably at least about 95 weight percent water and recorded. The ammonium may have a sufficient concentration to maintain the boiling point of the working fluid below the boiling point of water (e.g., at least 10 C below the boiling point of water). The concentration of ammonium can be greater than about 2 weight percent, preferably greater than about 1 weight percent, more preferably greater than about 5% by weight, and most preferably greater than about 18 weight percent, based on the total weight of the working fluid. The concentration of ammonium can be less than about 80 weight percent, preferably less than about 6 weight percent, more preferably less than about 40 weight percent, and most preferably less than about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the working fluid. The concentration of water in the working fluid may be greater than about 2 weight percent, preferably greater than about 40 weight percent, more preferably greater than about 6 weight percent, and most preferably greater than about 70 weight percent, based on the total weight of the working fluid. The concentration of water in the working fluid may be less than about 98 weight percent, preferably less than about 95 weight percent, more preferably less than about 90 weight percent, even more preferably less than about 85 weight percent, and most preferably less than about 82 weight percent of the total weight of the working fluid. Weight percentage. For example, a solution of about 21 weight percent ammonium and about 79 weight percent water has a liquidus point of about -40 c and an upper limit of less than about 10 (the boiling range of rc at atmospheric pressure. Stored in an unpressurized vessel at room temperature (in a liquid). Preferably, the working fluid has a combined vapor pressure of all of its components equal to 1 atmosphere at a temperature from about 〇 to about 25 Torr. The working fluid is capable of efficiently transferring thermal energy from the heat storage device to remove a small amount of working fluid from the heat storage device - the amount of working fluid is relatively small (for example, compared to H, which is not a heat transfer fluid of the working fluid) Preferably, the heat transferred by the turbine fluid is - mostly transferred in the form of heat of vaporization. Compared to - employed - is not a working heat transfer fluid of the working body of 2011. For systems of the same initial power, the volume of the working body, the flow rate of the working fluid, or both may be relatively low in thermal energy storage. The container of the heat storage device per liter of working fluid (ie, inflow) The flow rate of the storage device in the (four) servant fluid can be less than the scoop liter/knife 4 and the car traverse is less than about 2 liters/min, more preferably less than about aliquots, and even more preferably less than 5 liters/ Minutes, and optimally less than · w minutes. The volume of working fluid in the system should be sufficiently low for the total volume in the container of the heat storage device, or for the volume of the reduced storage (four) in the heat storage device, so that the total weight of the system is not The weight of the fluid is excessively impacted. The ratio of the total volume of the container in the system (for example, in the capillary pumping circuit) to the total volume of the container of the heat storage device (ie, the volume inside the container) (or even the system towel) The ratio of the volume of the fluid to the volume of the thermal energy storage material of the thermal device may be less than about 20; preferably less than about 1 Torr, preferably less than about 4, even more preferably less than about 2, and most preferably less than about 1. In the above, the working fluid can transfer part of the heat energy by vaporizing the heat of the heat. The working fluid preferably has a high heat of vaporization, so that a high amount of heat can be transferred. The appropriate working fluid for the heat storage device can have more than about 20 0kJ/mole, preferably greater than about 500kJ/ mole, more preferably greater than about 75〇kJ/ mole, even more preferably greater than about 1000kJ/ mole and most preferably greater than about 12〇〇kJ/ mole of heat of vaporization. In applications less than 〇C, the working fluid is preferably not water (such as 'not freezing the working fluid, causing fracture, or both.) It will be appreciated that the material in contact with the working fluid is resistant to corrosion from the working fluid. 'There may be contact with the working fluid's heat storage device or 60 201144705 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , The surface of the fluid compartment, the inner surface of one or more valves, the condenser; the surface of one of the working fluid compartments, the inner surface of a working fluid reservoir, and the like) may be made of stainless steel. It will be appreciated that any working fluid or heat transfer fluid employed in the thermal energy storage devices described herein can include an add-on package. Such additive packaging systems are systems well known to those skilled in the art and suitable for use with the devices in which they may be invented. For example, the additive package can include a stabilizer, a corrosion inhibitor, a lubricant, an extreme pressure additive, or any combination thereof. Optional Heaters = The storage system optionally includes - or multiple heaters. The temperature of the thermal energy storage material in the heating storage device is increased. The energy can be repaired: 2::: heater. Heating _ is the conversion of (10) _, : 7 or any combination thereof into a hot electric heater. - or more than one heating _ is one or more... A heating benefit can be used to heat the heat storage device. Guide: 22 or 4 thermal energy storage. Preferably, the system includes - or a plurality of thermal conduction to a heat $ storage dream w #如, (4) may include in the ''', 里:子, the insulation _ or a plurality of twisters may be from ― Or more ',,, electric... or both. Xin is from an external source, the exit of the object, the capacity; / plugged eight-connected to - static storage device can be from the external source of electricity 201144705 force is maintained in the heat storage device thermal energy Stores one of the temperatures above the liquidus temperature of the material. When the carrier is not inserted into an outlet connected to a static object, the heat storage device can be maintained above the liquidus temperature of the thermal energy storage material in the thermal storage device by using electricity generated from an electrochemical cell. a temperature. The heat storage device can be used in a method for heating one or more components. The method can include flowing a heat transfer fluid through the heat transfer device. The step of flowing a heat transfer fluid through the heat storage device may include: flowing a heat transfer fluid having an initial temperature through an inlet of the device; causing the heat transfer fluid to flow through an axial flow path, so that the heat transfer fluid may Divided into a plurality of radial flow paths; the heat transfer fluid is passed through a radial flow path so that it can remove heat from the thermal energy storage material, wherein the thermal energy storage material has a temperature greater than one of the initial temperatures of the heat transfer fluid; The heat transfer fluid is caused to flow through a different axial flow path so that the plurality of radial flow paths can be recombined; the heat transfer fluid having an exit temperature is passed through an outlet of the apparatus; or any combination thereof. Preferably, the heat transfer fluid exits the temperature temperature greater than the initial temperature of the heat transfer fluid. The method for heating one or more components can employ a flow path through the heat storage device that includes one of a selection of radial flow paths and a biaxial flow path having a total flow length, wherein The total flow length is constant for different radial flow paths. The heat storage device and/or the heat storage system can be characterized by having a relatively high power (e.g., as measured during the initial 30 or 60 seconds of heating) so that it can rapidly heat a component, such as an internal combustion engine. The thermal storage device and/or the thermal storage system can be characterized by an average power greater than about 5 watts, preferably greater than about 10 watts, more preferably greater than about 15 watts, and most preferably greater than about 20 watts. The thermal 1 storage device and/or the thermal storage system can be characterized by having a relatively high power density so that it can accommodate a significant amount of thermal energy in a relatively small compartment. For example, the heat storage device and/or the heat storage system can be characterized by having a power density greater than about 4 kW/L, preferably greater than about 8 kW/L, more preferably greater than about 10 kW/L, and most preferably greater than about i2 kW/L. The heat storage device and/or the heat storage system can be characterized by a relatively low pressure drop of the heat transfer fluid (measured at a heat transfer fluid flow rate of about 10 L/min). For example, the heat storage device and/or the heat storage system may be characterized by a heat transfer fluid pressure drop of less than about 2.0 kPa, preferably less than about 1.5 kPa, more preferably less than about 1.2 kPa, and most preferably less than about 1.0 kPa. In an example, the thermal energy storage system can be used in a transport vehicle (e.g., a vehicle) to store energy from an engine exhaust. When the engine produces exhaust, a bypass valve directs the flow of gas through the heat storage device, causing the thermal storage device to be loaded or passed through a bypass line to prevent overheating of the thermal storage device. When the engine is stopped, for example, during a period of time when the vehicle is parked, a significant portion of the heat stored in the heat storage device can be retained for a long period of time (e.g., due to vacuum insulation surrounding the heat storage device). Preferably, at least 50% of the thermal energy storage material in the thermal storage device is still in a liquid state after the carrier has been parked for 16 hours at a ring chamber temperature of about -40 °C. If the vehicle is parked for a long period of time (such as 'at least two or three hours') to cool the engine substantially (for example, to make the temperature difference between the engine and the ring chamber less than about 2 ° C), a heat of 63 201144705 can be used. A transfer fluid (such as an engine coolant) flows through a heat exchanger including a condenser for the work fluid, such that the heat stored in the heat storage device is indirectly discharged into the cold engine or other heat receiver. . The utility model utilizes a capillary structure inside the heat storage device for vaporizing the working fluid in the state, and the working fluid and the working fluid flow into the capillary pumping circuit. Heat from the working fluid is transferred to the engine coolant in the heat exchanger. Using the heat storage left kiss 1 device, you can extract the heat that was originally wasted during a previous trip, and #Α from mitigating the cold start and/or providing immediate seat heating. - heat for storing heat, such as heat from the exhaust of the vehicle. (4) The storage system may include some or all of the features shown in Fig. 10. The storage system 100 includes a heat storage device 101. Thermal energy storage = a heat exchanger or condenser 102 having a first population 117 and a first outlet 117 for the first heat transfer fluid for the heat transfer fluid. The thermal energy storage system may have a tube (e.g., _ line) (1), and the tube 113 connects the first heat transfer fluid inlet Hi of the hot parent converter 1〇2 to the first heat transfer fluid outlet of the heat storage device 101. The thermal energy storage system 100 can have a tube (10) to which the first heat transfer fluid outlet of the bay heat exchange is connected to the first heat transfer fluid inlet of the heat storage device ωι. The first heat transfer fluid 107 flows through a first heat transfer fluid compartment of the heat storage device ι〇ι. [The heat transfer fluid can flow through the heat exchanger 102 - the first heat transfer is separated by the n heat transfer fluid can be a working grab mass storage device 101 to the heat exchange II1G2 line system can be - steam line, heat exchanger (10) The first thermal transfer fluid compartment may be a working fluid compartment. Thus, 64 201144705 thermal energy storage system 100 can include a capillary pumping circuit including a working fluid compartment in a heat storage device, a working fluid compartment in a condenser, a working fluid vapor tube 109, and a working fluid liquid tube 113. The thermal energy storage system also includes one or more heat transfer fluids or working fluid reservoirs 110. When used in a capillary pumping circuit, the reservoir 110 preferably has a filling level that is higher than the working fluid inlet of the heat storage device 101 and lower than the working fluid outlet 117 of the condenser, the condenser Working fluid inlet 111, or both. Thermal energy storage system 100 can include a valve 118 to regulate a first heat transfer fluid stream in tube 113 for connecting heat storage device 101 and heat exchanger 102. For example, valve 118 can be utilized to prevent the transfer of heat transfer fluid when the heat storage device is being loaded and while the heat storage device is storing heat. Valve 118 can be opened when it is desired to dissipate heat from the heat storage device. Referring again to Fig. 10, the thermal energy storage system can include a heat transfer fluid inlet line 108 and a heat transfer fluid outlet line 106 for a second heat transfer fluid to flow into and out of the heat storage device 101. The thermal energy storage system can also have a heat transfer fluid bypass line 105 and a steering valve (such as a bypass valve) 104 to divert some or all of the second heat transfer fluid to the bypass line 1〇5 (eg, when heat When the storage device is fully loaded, or when the temperature of the second heat transfer fluid is lower than a temperature of the thermal energy storage material in the heat storage device 101). The thermal energy storage system can also include a cold line 116 for providing another heat transfer fluid to the heat exchanger, and a heat line 115 for removing the heated heat transfer fluid from the heat exchanger 102. Cold line 116 and heat line 115 are part of a heat transfer fluid circuit 114. The heat transfer fluid circuit 114 can contain an engine cooling 65 201144705 agent. The heat transfer fluid circuit 114 can be coupled to an internal combustion engine 103. Thus, thermal energy storage system 100 can utilize an energy stored in thermal storage device 101 to heat an internal combustion engine 103. The transfer of heat from the working fluid can be initiated by opening the working fluid valve (i.e., the discharge valve). A sealed working fluid reservoir connected to the circuit via an additional liquid line can be used to accommodate changes in the volume of working fluid liquid inside the circuit without substantial pressure changes. The discharge valve can be closed once sufficient or all of the effective heat has been transferred from the heat storage device. The remaining working fluid system in the heat storage device can evaporate (e.g., from the heat retained in the heat storage device or when the heat storage device begins to charge) and then condense in the condenser. When the heat storage device becomes emptied of the working fluid, the level of the liquid at the working fluid level may change (e.g., rise). The heat storage device can optionally be a cross-flow heat exchanger (i.e., having a flow direction for the working fluid and a vertical flow direction for the exhaust flow). For example, during operation, the heat storage device can include three chambers occupied by: 1) exhaust; 2) stagnant phase change material (eg, inside the pocket, such as a blister pack); and 3) Working fluid. All three chambers are separated by a thin wall of a suitable material, preferably stainless steel. The exhaust gas may flow between the surface of the pocket of the phase change material inside the blister (such as a curved surface), and the working fluid may flow in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the exhaust flow to the inside of the blister. Between different surfaces of the bag of material (such as a flat surface). The liquid working fluid entering the chamber preferably wets a capillary structure (such as a metal wicking member) and acts against the gravity and steaming by the capillary force acting on the meniscus of the working fluid liquid formed on the inside of the capillary tube. The combined power is carried up. This flow is maintained by continuous evaporation of the liquid using the heat extracted from the phase change material inside the blister. The vapor of the working fluid exits the capillary structure and escapes to the top of the device via a vapor path between the capillary structure columns that are squeezed between the surface of the bladder (such as a flat surface) that may be interlaced with the phase change material on the inside of the blister. . The vapor of the working fluid flows into the condenser where it transfers its heat of vaporization and sensible heat to the cold coolant and again becomes liquid to return to the heat storage device and continue its circulation in the circuit, only by being present Capillary forces on the inside of a capillary structure (such as a metal wicking) that is partially impregnated by a liquid working fluid are pumped. All of the columns of the capillary structure can be joined to a common porous substrate. This porous substrate can be utilized to distribute the liquid working fluid entering from the bottom of the unit to different columns. Still further, the invention may be combined with additional components/components/steps. For example, an absorption or adsorption cycle refrigeration system for an air conditioner may be used as a heat receptor for the addition or replacement of a cold coolant (for example, a condenser may also be used as an evaporator for the refrigerant to circulate to an air conditioner. Inside the fluid circuit of the device). In another application, a steady-state waste heat recovery system using a thermal engine such as a Rankine cycle can be constructed to utilize the same or different capillary pumped circuit working fluids and add a mechanical power generating turbine. A vapor line to the heat storage device and the condenser (for example, to overcome high vapor pressure from upstream of the turbine), and/or a liquid pump is added to the liquid line between the condenser and the heat storage device. The turbine can convert a portion of the exhaust heat from the exhaust into effective mechanical or electrical power and thereby improve the overall fuel efficiency of the vehicle. 67 201144705 While the invention may be susceptible to various modifications and alternatives, the exemplary embodiments discussed above are shown by way of example. However, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed herein. In fact, the technology of the present invention covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A is a diagram of an exemplary article having one or more sealed compartments and a fluid passage; FIG. 1B is a diagram of an exemplary article having a plurality of segments, Each segment contains one or more sealed compartments configured to provide a fluid passage for the article; Figure 2A is a diagram of an exemplary article having a sealed compartment and a fluid passage; Figure 2B Is a pattern that can be used for an exemplary cover sheet having one of the fluid passages in the article; FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary article, such as the object shown in FIG. 2A; FIG. 2D is a usable A cross-section of an exemplary embossed base sheet in an article; Figure 3A is a side view of two exemplary adjacent segments that can be used in an article, the segments can have a generally butted edge; The figure is a side view that can be used for two exemplary adjacent segments in an object, the segments can have a generally butt edge; Figure 4 is a segment of one of which is shifted such that the segments are adjacent End table 68 201144705 When the faces are on different parallel planes, along the edge Side view of adjacent sections of the edge butt joint; Figure 5A is a diagram of an exemplary embossed base sheet that can be used in a plurality of articles having a plurality of sealed compartments containing thermal energy storage material having a plurality of grooves Figure 5B is a diagram of an exemplary portion of the embossed sheet of Figure 5; Figure 5C shows an exemplary stack of articles having corresponding fluid passages; Figure 6A is one with one or more A pattern of an exemplary object of the surface, the one or more surfaces comprising a plurality of grooves extending from the opening to the outer periphery; and FIG. 6B is a bottom surface of the first object and a top surface of the second object A pattern of interfaces between a plurality of surfaces having a plurality of curved grooves; Figure 6C is a diagram of two segments of an exemplary object; and Figure 6D is a stack of segments of Figure 6C. Side view of the body; Figure 7 is a top plan view showing an exemplary article having a top surface that is non-circular and/or has a non-circular opening; Figure 8 shows an exemplary heat storage a cross section of the device comprising a container A stacked body; FIG. 9 is a cross section of another exemplary apparatus of the heat storage, which includes a stacked body of a container object; FIG. 10 is a graph showing an exemplary schematic of a thermal energy storage system configuration of features. 69 201144705 [Description of main component symbols] 2', 2", 2'"··· Section 3···Proportional segmentation 4..·Top surface of the capsule structure 4', 6'... segmented surface 6··· The bottom surface of the capsule structure 8··· The outer edge surface of the capsule structure 9···The abutting edge of the first segment 10,10′...the capsule structure, the object 10”,10′”...object 12... encapsulant material 14... sealed space 15... radial groove 16... object, fluid passage, opening 18, 41... top surface 19... outer perimeter 20... bottom surface 21, 47... opening perimeter 22... side surface 23 Area 24 of the outer periphery 19 on the bottom surface 38... edge surface 26... thermal energy storage material 27... unfilled volume 28... cover sheet 29, 31, 46... opening 30... base sheet 32... outer ring 38... cover sheet The bottom surface 40, 40', 40" of the bottom surface of the sheet 40' is formed. The bottom surface 41 of the formed sheet 40' is formed on the bottom surface 43, 43'·· Slot area 44, 44'... lip area 45, 45'... outer periphery 46'... fluid passage 48... opening surface 49... generalized arched side surfaces 50, 50', 50", 50'"... Slot 51···concave Defect 52... gap 53...groove 60,91···inner wall 62,92...outer wall 64...insulation layer 68,85...container 80...exemplary heat storage device 70 201144705 80',101...heat storage device 82··· Through the insulating container 83... radial flow diameter 84, 84'... central axial flow path 86... outer axial flow path 88... first seal, first seal 87, 87'... first orifice 89, 89' ...the second orifice 90,90'...the second seal 93...the space 94 between the two walls...compressed magazine 95,109...tube 96...zone 100···thermal energy storage system 102···heat exchanger or condenser 103...internal combustion engine 104."steering valve 105···heat transfer fluid bypass line 106···heat transfer fluid outlet line 107···first heat transfer fluid 108···heat transfer fluid inlet line 109...work Fluid vapor tube 110···heat transfer fluid or working fluid reservoir 111···first heat transfer fluid inlet 113··· working fluid liquid tube 114...heat transfer fluid circuit 115···heat line 116···cold Line 117···First exit 118.·· Valve 71

Claims (1)

201144705 Seven' patent application scope: An object comprising: a capsule structure having - or a plurality of sealed spaces, wherein the sealed spaces are encapsulated - or a plurality of thermal energy storage materials; wherein the capsule structure has a Or a plurality of sufficiently large fluid passages to allow the heat transfer fluid to flow into the cargo passage, and when a heat transfer fluid contacts the bladder structure, the thermal energy storage material is isolated from the heat transfer fluid. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the capsule structure comprises two sheets enclosing the thermal energy storage material, the sheets having an outer periphery and the sheets being sealingly attached along the outer periphery To each other and/or to - or a plurality of additional substructures and forming the one or more sealed spaces containing the thermal energy storage materials therebetween. 3. The article of claim 2, wherein the sheets are sealed to each other along the outer circumference and along the sides of the opening thereof. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the capsule structure has a top surface and an outer perimeter; wherein the surface comprises two or more grooves each extending from the fluid to the outer periphery of each of the four A fluid connection is provided between the channel and the outer perimeter. The object of claim 1, wherein the hexagonal structure has a meandering surface and a second outer surface, and the capsule structure has an average separation between the first outer surface and the second outer surface. Defining one of the thicknesses; 72 5. 201144705 wherein the bladder structure is sufficiently thin to allow heat to be quickly transferred out of the one or more sealed spaces; the thermal energy storage material is one having greater than about 30 ° And a phase change material having a solid to liquid transition temperature of less than about 350 ° C; and the one or more sealed spaces having a total internal volume at a temperature of about 25 ° C, and the sealed spaces are A temperature of about 25 ° C contains a total volume of thermal energy storage material, wherein the ratio of the total volume of the thermal energy storage material to the total internal volume is at least about 0.50; thus the article can store a substantial amount of thermal energy. 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the fluid passageway is near a geometric center of the first outer surface. 7. The article of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the article comprises 3 or more sealed spaces. 8. The article of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the outer periphery of the article comprises one or more recesses, such that when a stack of the objects is placed in a hollow cylinder a heat transfer fluid can flow through the space formed by the recesses; the article has a thickness of less than about 1 cm, the article has a dimension greater than about 5 cm; and a surface of the article includes one or more protrusions, Therefore, when a plurality of such objects are stacked, there will be a space between the objects for the flow of a heat transfer fluid. A device comprising a container and a plurality of articles according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the plurality of articles are stacked such that fluid passages of the articles such as 73 201144705 are axially aligned. 10. The device of claim 9 wherein i) the two articles are aligned with the generally planar surface of the adjacent two articles such that the two articles form an axial layer of the sealed space; or a single article forming an axial layer of the sealed bladder; and wherein the apparatus includes a heat transfer fluid flow path including an axial flow path through the fluid passage of the deposit of the article, one including the sealed space a radial flow path of a space between adjacent axial layers, and a different axial flow path including a space inside the container beyond the outer periphery of the articles; and a fluid passage through the objects The axial flow path and the axial flow path including a space beyond the outer periphery of the articles are separated by the radial flow path. 11. A method for removing heat from a heat storage device according to claim 9 or 10, comprising the step of flowing a heat transfer fluid through the device; wherein the heat transfer fluid flows through the device The steps include: a. flowing a heat transfer fluid having an initial temperature through an inlet of the apparatus; b. causing the heat transfer fluid to flow through an axial flow path, so the heat transfer fluid can be divided into plural a radial flow path; c. causing the heat transfer fluid to flow through a radial flow path such that it can remove heat from the thermal energy storage material, wherein the thermal energy storage material has 74 201144705 greater than an initial temperature of the heat transfer fluid a temperature; d. causing the heat transfer fluid to flow through a different axial flow path, so that the plurality of radial flow paths can be recombined; e. causing the heat transfer fluid having an exit temperature to flow through the device An outlet; wherein the heat transfer fluid exit temperature is greater than an initial temperature of the heat transfer. 12. A method for forming an article according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the method comprises cutting an opening in a substrate sheet; embossing a substrate sheet to have one or more a slot; filling one or more slots with a thermal energy storage material; cutting an opening in a cover sheet; and sealingly attaching the cover sheet to the base sheet at least along an outer periphery and an open perimeter to form a An article having an opening and containing one or more sealed spaces containing the thermal energy storage material. 13. A system comprising a heat storage device according to claim 9 or 10 and a heat transfer fluid, wherein the heat transfer flow system thermally conducts the heat energy storage material in the one or more sealed spaces . 75