TR201612582A1 - Oral farmasöti̇k terki̇pler - Google Patents
Oral farmasöti̇k terki̇pler Download PDFInfo
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- TR201612582A1 TR201612582A1 TR2016/12582A TR201612582A TR201612582A1 TR 201612582 A1 TR201612582 A1 TR 201612582A1 TR 2016/12582 A TR2016/12582 A TR 2016/12582A TR 201612582 A TR201612582 A TR 201612582A TR 201612582 A1 TR201612582 A1 TR 201612582A1
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- pharmaceutically acceptable
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- acceptable derivatives
- pharmaceutical composition
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- 239000008203 oral pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
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- 229940126157 adrenergic receptor agonist Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 9
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Landscapes
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Mevcut buluş; soğuk algınlığı, kronik obstruktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH), amfizem ve bronkospazm gibi akciğer hastalıkları, öksürük, balgam söktürme, sinüzit, toplumdan edinilmiş zatürre (pnömoni), kronik astım, kronik bronşit, bronşiyal astım, bronşektazi gibi kronik solunum sistemi hastalıklarının profilaktik ve/veya semptomatik ve/veya terapötik tedavisinde kullanılmak üzere mukolitik özellikteki uygun etken madde ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin, ksantin grubundaki uygun etken madde ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ve beta-2-adrenerjik reseptör agonisti olan uygun etken madde ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ile kombine tedavisini içeren farmasötik bileşim/ler ile ilgilidir.
Description
TARIFNAME
ORAL FARMASÖTIK TERKIPLER
BULUSUN ILGILI OLDUGU ALAN
Mevcut bulus; soguk alginligi, kronik obstruktif akciger hastaligi (KOAH), amfizem ve
bronkospazm gibi akciger hastaliklari, öksürük, balgam söktürine, sinüzit, toplumdan
edinilmis zatürre (pnömoni), kronik astim, kronik bronsit, bronsiyal astim, bronsektazi gibi
kronik solunum sistemi hastaliklarinin profilaktik ve/veya semptomatik ve/veya terapötik
tedavisinde kullanilmak üzere mukolitik özellikteki uygun etken madde ve/veya famiasötik
olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin, ksantin grubundaki uygun etken madde ve/veya
farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ve beta-Z-adrenerjik reseptör agonisti olan
uygun etken madde ve/veya farrnasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ile kombine
tedavisini içeren farmasötik bilesim/ler ile ilgilidir.
Mevcut bulus, mukolitik özellikteki uygun etken maddenin Ambroksol, trans-4-(2-Amino-
3,5-dibrombenzilamino)-sikloheksanol (Formül I) ve/veya famiasötik olarak kabul
edilebilir türevleri; ksantin grubundaki uygun etkeii maddenin Teofilin, 1,3-Dimetil-7H-
purin-2,6-dion (Formül 11) ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri; beta-2-
adrenerjik reseptör agonisti olan uygun etken inaddenin Terbutalin, (RS)-5-[2-(tert-
butilamino)-l-hidroksietil]benzen-l,3-diol (Formül [11) ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul
edilebilir türevleri oldugu ve uygun farmasötik formlarda etken maddeler olarak
kombinasyon halinde kullanildigi farmasötik bilesim/ler ile ilgilidir.
Formül I:
Formül II:
Formül lll:
Ayrica bulus, Ambroksol ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin, Teofilin
ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ve Terbutalin ve/veya farrnasötik
olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ile kombinasyon halinde kullanildigi farmasötik
bilesimlerin oral uygulama için uygun olan formülasyonlarini ve profilaktik ve/veya
semptomatik ve/veya terapötik tedavisinde kullanimlarim da kapsamaktadir.
ÖNCEKI TEKNIK (TEKNIGIN BILINEN DURUMU)
Kronik Obstruktif Akciger Hastaligi (KOAH), kronik bronsit ve amfizemden meydana
gelen solunum yollarinin obstrüksiyonu ile karakterize ilerleyici nefes darligina yol açan
kronik bir solunum yollari hastaligidir.
Obstruktif akciger hastaliklari bütün dünyada sik görülmektedir ve mortalitenin en önemli
sebeplerinden birisidir. Dünya Saglik Örgütü'nün istatistiklerine göre dünyada 600 milyon
KOAH” li vardir. Ülkemizde ise 3 milyon kadar KOAH' li oldugu tahmin edilmektedir.
Obstrüksiyona sebep olan hastalik her ne olursa olsun tikaniklik asagidaki belirtilmis üç
mekanizmadan biri ile gelmektedir:
a) Lumen içindeki patolojik olaylar sebebiyle
b) Solunum yollarinin duvarlarinda meydana gelen patolojik olaylar sebebiyle
c) Brons etrafindaki patolojik olaylar sebebiyle
A tipi kronik obstrüktif akciger hastaliklari (Amfizem tipi) ve B tipi kronik obstrüktif
akciger hastaliklari (Bronsit) tipi olmak üzere KOAH 'in baslica iki türü vardir.
Kronik Bronsit, brons cidarlarinda kronik iltihaplanma ve kalinlasmadan kaynaklanip,
brons agacinda asiri mukus yapimi ile seyreden bir hastaliktir. Bu hastalikta hava
geçitlerinin daralma derecesi nefes almayi bozacak kadar olabilir ve siklikla öksürük
krizleri ile sonuçlanir. Kronik bronsitli hastalarin gösterdigi semptomlar öksürük ve
iltihaplanmadan kaynaklanan asiri mukus ekspektorasyonudur. Pratikte asin
ekspektorasyon belirtileri en az iki yil ve iki yilin en az üç ayinda çogu günler
ekspektorasyon olmasidir. Kronik bronsit patolojisinde strüktür özelligi baslica büyük
bronslarda mukoz glandlarinin hipertrofisi ve küçük hava yollarinda kronik enflamatuar
degisikliklerin bulunmasidir. Kronik bronsit daha ciddi ve daha sik solunum
enfeksiyonlarina, bronslarin daralma ve tikanmasina, güçlükle nefes almaya veya
guçsüzlüge neden olabilir.
Amfizem ise; solunum yetmezligine yol açan en yaygin kronik akciger hastaliklarindan
biridir. Akcigerlerdeki hava keseciklerinin (alveol) gerilip genislemesiyle beliren bir
hastaliktir. Bu genisleme hava, keseciklerini birbirinden ayiran ince duvarlarin yirtilmasina
ve dolayisiyla akcigerlerde esneklik kaybina yol açar. Sonuçta akcigerlere hava girisi ve
hava keseciklerinde kan gazlari (oksijen-karbon dioksit) dengesi bozulur. Ilerlemis
amfizem olgularinda akcigerler genislemis, solmus ve kurumustur. Esneklikleri
kalmadigindan bir yastik gibidirler. Gögüs kafesi açildiginda, akcigerler sönmez, çünkü
esneklik kaybi nedeniyle içlerinde hava kalir. Amfizemli hastalarda hakim olan semptom,
Mukusu etkileyen ilaçlar mukolitikler, mukokinetikler (ekspektoranlar) ve
mukoregülatuarlar olmak üzere 3 sinifta toplanabilir.
° Mukolitikler mukustaki mukoproteinleri parçalayan, böylece balgamin viskozitesini
azaltarak sivi hale getirebilen ilaçlardir. Baslicalari; N-asetilsistein (NAC) ve S-
karboksimetil sisteindir (karbosistein). N-asetilsistein bir glutatyon prekürsörü oldugundan
serbest radikalleri inhibe edici etkisinden de yararlanilmaktadir.
- Mukokinetikler (ekspektoranlar) mukus akisini arttirarak balgamin öksürükle disari
atilmasini kolaylastirir. Bu grubun en bilinen ilaçlari; iyodürler, gliseril gayakolat ve
bromeksindir.
- Mukoregülatuarlar siyalomüsinin sentezini bozarak viskoziteyi azaltir ve sekresyonu
arttirir. Skarbosistein Avrupa”da en yaygin kullanilanidir. Bu ilaçlar oral veya parenteral
yolla verilir.
Orta dereceden agir dereceye degisen KOAH tedavisinde farmakolojik olan ve olmayan
terapiler kullanilmaktadir. Cazzola ve arkadaslari tarafindan yapilan çalismada
(Respiratory Medicine, Vz4, p.8ý25, 2008) farmakolojik tedavi yöntemleri arasinda
antibiyotikler, bronkodilatörler, kortikosteroidler ve mukolitik ajanlar yer almaktadir.
Ambroksol, solunum yollarinin salgi bozukluklari ile bir arada olan akut ve kronik
hastaliklari, özellikle akut ve kronik bronsitler, brons astmasi, bronsektazi ve cerrahi
girisim sonrasi bronkopulmoner kompikasyonlarin tedavisi ve profilaksisinde yararli olur.
Ambroksol solunum yollarinda toplanan salgilarin yogunlugunu ve yapiskanligini azaltan
özelliklere sahiptir. Böylece hasta, salgilarini atarken daha az zorlanir ve solunumu
kolaylasmis olur.
Teotilin astim ve bronkospazm tedavisinde oral ve intravenöz yoldan kullanilan bir ksantin
türevidir. Teofilin çok iyi bilinen bronkoprotektif etkisinin yaninda antienflamatuvar ve
immünomodülatör etki de gösterir (Weinberger M, HendelesL. Theophylline in asthma. N Engl
Ksantin türevi olan metil ksantin bilesikleri; bronkopulmoner hastaliklar, bronkospazm,
obstrüktif kronik bronsit ve spazmodik öksürük gibi hastaliklarda endikedir.
Teofilin, KOAH ve bronsiyal astim tedavisinde uzun yillardir kullanilan güvenilir ve etkili
bir ilaçtir (Milgrom H, Bender B. Current issues in the use of theophylline. Ain Rev Respir Dis
1993; l47:33-9). Noktumal dispneyi azalttigi, hava yolu asiri duyarliliginda azalma
meydana getirdigi ve bronsiyal astimda inhale steroidlere ve [32 agonistlere ilave
edildiginde daha iyi semptom kontrolü sagladigi bilinmektedir (Milgrom H, Bender B.
Current issues in the use of theophylline. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; l47:33-9),(Markham A, Faulds
D. Theophylline. A review of its potential steroid sparing effects in asthma. Drugs l998;56:1081-
SW. The changing role of theophylline in pediatric asthma. Am Family Physician 1994; 49:839-
US4187308 nolu patent dökümaninda bronsiyal ve anti-tussif aktivite gösteren doksotilin
bilesigini içeren farmasötik formülasyondan bahsedilmektedir.
Terbütalin, temel olarak ß2-reseptörlerini uyararak bronsiyal düz kaslarin gevsemesini,
endojen spazmojenlerin salgilanmasinin inhibisyonunu, endojen mediyatörlerin yol açtigi
ödemin inhibisyonunu, mukosiliyer klerensin artmasini ve uterus kasinin gevsemesini
saglayan bir adrenerjik agonisttir.
bahsedilmektedir.
BULUSUN AÇIKLAMASI
Mevcut bulus; soguk alginligi, kronik obstruktif akciger hastaligi (KOAH), amfizem ve
bronkospazm gibi akciger hastaliklari, öksürük, balgam Söktürme, sinüzit, toplumdan
edinilmis zatürre (pnömoni), kronik astim, kronik bronsit, bronsiyal astim, bronsektazi gibi
kronik solunum sistemi hastaliklarinin profilaktik ve/veya semptomatik ve/veya terapötik
tedavisinde kullanilmak üzere mukolitik özellikteki uygun etken madde ve/veya farmasötik
olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin, ksantin grubundaki uygun etken madde ve/veya
farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ve beta-2-adrenerjik reseptör agonisti olan
uygun etken madde ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ile kombine
tedavisini içeren farmasötik bilesim/ler ile ilgilidir.
Mevcut bulusun bir diger yönü; oral kullanilmak üzere mukolitik özellikteki uygun etken
madde ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin, ksantin grubundaki uygun
etken madde ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ve beta-2-adrenerjik
reseptör agonisti olan uygun etken madde ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir
türevleri ile kombine tedavisini ve farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir uygun yardimci
maddeleri içeren farmasötik bilesim/lerin hazirlanmasi ile ilgilidir.
Bulusta kullanilan mukolitik özellikteki uygun etken madde bunlarla sinirli olmamakla
birlikte, erdostein, asetilsistein, ambroksol, bromheksin, karbokistein, domiodol,
eprazinon, letostein, nelteneksin, sobrerol, stepronin, tiyopronin ve/veya farmasötik olarak
kabul edilebilir türevlerinin arasindan tercihen ainbroksol hidroklorür olarak seçilir.
Bulusta kullanilan ksantin grubundaki uygun etken madde bunlarla sinirli olmamakla
birlikte, asefilin, ambufiliii, bamifilin, doksofilin, enprofilin, etamifilin, proksifilin, teofilin
ve/Veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin arasindan tercihen teofilin olarak
seçilir.
Bulusta kullanilan beta-Z-adrenerjik reseptör agonisti olan uygun etken madde epinefrin,
isoprenalin, orsiprenalin, salbutamol, terbutalin, fenoterol, rimiterol, heksoprenalin,
isoetarin, pirbuterol, tretokinol, karbuterol, tulobuterol, salmeterol, formoterol, klenbuterol,
reproterol, prokaterol, bitolterol, indakaterol ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir
türevleri arasindan tercihen terbutalin sülfat olarak seçilir.
Bulusta “farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri” terimi ile farmasötik olarak kabul
edilebilir uygun tuzlar, esterler, solvatlar, hidratlar, kompleksler, polimortlar,
enantiyomerler, önilaçlar, asit adisyon tuzlari, analoglar, izomerler, rasematlar, amidler,
enantiyomer tuzlari, bazik tuzlar, konjugeler, tautomerler, anhidratlar, anhidritler, bazlar,
asitler, eterler, kristal ve amorf formlar veya serbest forrnlarindan bir veya daha fazlasi
ifade edilmektedir.
Oral uygulama için hazirlanan farmasötik bilesim kati ya da sivi dozaj forrnlarinda olabilir.
Bu dozaj formlari; tablet (kaplama içermeyen, çignenebilir, agizda çözünen, dagilabilen,
suda dagilabilen, film kapli, tek tabakali, çift tabakali, barsakta açilan kaplamali, mini
tablet, kontrollü salimli, sürekli salimli, hemen salimli, uzatilmis salimli, geciktirilmis
salimli, degistirilmis salimli, bukkal), kapsül (sert, yumusak, enterik kapli, film kapli,
kontrollü salimli, sürekli salimli, hemen salimli, uzatilmis salimli, geciktirilmis salimli,
degistirilmis salimli), toz, kuru toz, granül, kaplet, disk, agizda çözünen film, yigin toz
(çok dozlu), pellet, sase, suda dagilabilen toz, suda dagilabilen granül, efervesan tablet,
efervesan granül, efervesan toz, mikrokapsül, dental tabletler, pilül, surup, solüsyon,
süspansiyon, eliksir, damla, posyon, emülsiyon veya sprey gibi bir dozaj sekli halinde
formüle edilebilir.
Etkin madde ve yardimci maddeler toz halinde karistirilarak bitmis ürün elde edilir. Sase
halinde formüle edilebilir.
Oral yolla uygulanmak üzere hazirlanan granüllerin bazilari yutularak, bazilari çignenerek,
bazilari ise suda veya diger uygun bir sivi içinde çözülerek veya dagitilarak kullanilirlar.
Granüller bir veya daha fazla etkin madde, yardimci maddeler, gerekli ise renk ve koku
verici maddeler de içerirler. Yardimci madde olmaksizin da hazirlanabilirler. Granüller tek
doz veya çok dozlu olarak ambalajlanabilirler. Çok dozlu preparatlari, istenilen dozda
alinabilmeleri için uygun bir ölçekle birlikte ambalajlanir. Tek doz granüller poset, kagit
paket veya flakon gibi tek birimlik kaplarda sunulur. Üretimleri, ambalajlari, depolama ve
dagitimlari mikrobiyal kontaminasyondan uzak olarak gerçeklestirilmelidir. Uçucu veya
korunmasi gereken madde içeren granüller siki kapatilmis kaplarda muhafaza edilmelidir.
Efervesan granüller.' Kaplanmamis granüllerdir. Genellikle asit maddeler, karbonatlar veya
bikarbonatlar içeren ve su ile hizla reaksiyona girerek karbondioksit açiga çikaran
granüllerdir. Uygulamadan önce suda çözülür veya dagitilir. Etkin madde tasiyicisi olarak
kullanilirlar. Forrnülasyonlarinda sitrik asit, tartarik asit, fumarik asit gibi asit maddeler ile
sodyum karbonat, sodyum bikarbonat ve sodyum bifosfat gibi alkali maddeler içerirler.
Kaplanmis granüller.' Çogunlukla çok dozlu preparatlardir ve çesitli yardimci madde
karisimlariyla bir veya daha fazla tabaka halinde kaplanmis granüllerden olusur. Kaplayici
olarak kullanilan maddeler çogu kez çözelti veya süspansiyon seklinde ve sivi kisimlarinin
buharlastirildigi kosullarda uygulanir.Kaplanmis granüllere, etkin maddenin uygun saliin
gösterdigini tespit etmek için uygun bir çözünme testi örnegin kati dozaj formlari için
açiklanan testlerden biri uygulanabilir.
Modifiye salim yapan graiiüller: Aktif madde veya maddelerin salim hizini, yerini veya
zamanini modifiye etmek üzere tasarlanmis, özel yardimci maddeler içeren veya özel
islemlerle hazirlanan, ayri ayri veya birlikte, kaplanmis ya da kaplanmamis granüllerdir.
Bu granüller üzerinde, etkin maddenin salim tarzini göstermek için uygun bir çözünme
testi uygulanir.
Mide ortamina dayanikli (gastro-resi'stant) granüller: Mide sivisinda dayanikli olan ve
intestmal sivi içinde etkin maddenin (maddelerin) salimi için tasarlanmis, geciktirilmis
salim yapan granüllerdir. Bu özellikleri, granüllerin mide sivisina dayanikli bir materyal ile
kaplaninasiyla (enterik kapli granüller) veya uygun diger vasitalar ile saglanmaktadir. Bu
granüller üzerinde, etkin maddenin uygun salim gösterdigini tespit etmek için uygun bir
çözünme testi örnegin kati dozaj formlari için açiklanan testlerden biri uygulanabilir.
Dozaj formlarinin hazirlanmasinda birçok teknikten yararlanilmaktadir. Bunlardan biri de
granülasyon yöntemidir. Granülasyon; ince toz partiküllerin büyümesi seklinde
tanimlanmaktadir. Farmasötik amaçli granülasyon; tabletleme için bir Ön hazirlik
asamasidir, ayni zamanda, sert j elatin kapsüle doldurma veya granülün bir final ürün olarak
bir pakete yerlestirilerek kullanimi amaciyla da uygulanmaktadir.
Granülasyonun amaci, karisima istirak eden toz maddenin partiküllerinin birim ilacinin %
iniktarlarina esdeger olacak agirlikta bir ünite olusturmaktir. Farmasötik toz karisimlarin
(etken madde veya yardimci maddeler) ayrismalarini engelleyerek bir ünite içerisinde
homojen bir sekilde kalmalarini saglamak gerekmektedir bu da granülasyon ile
mümkündür.
Granülasyonda seçilecek yöntemler 3 ana kategoride siniflandirilabilir: yas granülasyon,
kuru granülasyon ve diger granülasyon yöntemleri.
Yas Granülasyon: Yas granülasyon yönteminde, yüksek hizli akiskan yatak granülasyon,
püskürterek kurutma ve ekstrüsyon pelletleme yöntemleri kullanilmaktadir. Yas
granülasyonda, etken madde ve baglayici madde (solüsyon) belirli sürede karistirilir, yas
olarak elenir ve akiskan yatakli kurutucuda kurutulur. Kurutulan bu karisim diger dolgu
maddeleri ile birlikte belirli bir homojenlige gelinceye kadar karistirilir. Karisimin son 3-5
dakikasinda kaydirici eklenir. Elde edilen final karisimdan örnekler alinir ve laboratuvara
gönderilir. Laboratuvar sonucuna göre tablet basimina yada istenilen farmasötik form için
asamalara geçilebilir.
Yas granülasyori yöntemleri:
1. Yas granülasyon yöntemi (Klasik yöntem)
2. Akiskan yatak yöntemiyle granülasyon
3. Spray-Dryin g (püskürterek kurutma) yöntemi ile granülasyon
4. Mikrogranülasyon yöntemi
. Ekstrüsyon-Spheronizasyon yöntemi
6. Yüksek hiza sahip karistiricilarla granüle hazirlama yöntemi
Yas granülasyon islemi su sirayi izlemektedir:
- Etken maddenin (gerekli görülür ise) ögütülmesi,
- Toz maddelerle karistirilmasi,
- Baglayici ilavesiyle toz karisimin partiküllerinin kümelesmesinin saglanmasi, (Bu
isleme granülasyon denir.)
- Kümelesmis partiküllerin yas olarak elenmesi,
- Elenmis toz karisiminin kurutulmasi kurutma islemde yaygin alarak akiskan
yatakli kurutucular kullanilmasi,
- Kurutma isleminden sonra kuru ögütme yapilmasi,
- Olusan bu karisima kaydirici ilave edilerek 5 dakika daha karistirilmasi, (Bu
karisima final ürün denir.)
Kuru Granülasyon: Kuru granülasyon yönteminde, ön kompresyon ve silindirler arasi
sikistirma yöntemleri kullanilmaktadir. Kuru granülasyonda genellikle formüldeki
kaydiricinin 1/3ӟ diger toz karisimlarina karistirilir. Bunun nedeni tozlarin silindirlere
yapismasini engeller. Kaydiricinin geri kalani kuru granülasyondan sonra karisima eklenir
ve 3-5 dakika karistirilir. Karisim sonrasinda olusan final karisimdan örnekler alinir ve
çesitli testler için laboratuvara gönderilir. Laboratuvar sonucuna göre tablet basimina yada
istenilen farrnasötik form için uygun asamalara geçilebilir.
Oral kullanilmak üzere hazirlanan tablet/ler bir veya daha fazla kaplama içerebilir.
Kaplanmis tabletler; etken maddeyi genellikle çekirdek kisminda, kismen çekirdekte ve
kismende kaplamada veya yalniz kaplamada ihtiva eden formüller seklinde hazirlanir.
Kaplama maddeleri Iizyolojik bakimdan zararsiz olmali ve etken madde ile geçimsiz
olmamalidir.
Kaplama tipleri ; seker kaplama, film kaplama ve bagirsakta çözünen (enterik) kaplama
olarak sayilabilir.
Seker kaplamali tabletler, sekerden meydana gelen bir kaplairiaya sahip olan sikistirilmis
tabletlerdir. Söz konusu kaplama renklendirilmis olabilir ve rahatsiz edici bir tada veya
kokuya sahip olan etkin maddelerin kaplanmasi ve oksidasyona karsi hassasiyet gösteren
malzemelerin korunmasi bakimindan son derece faydalidir.
Film kaplamali tabletler, suda çözünebilen bir malzeme kullanilarak uygulanan ince bir
katman veya filmle kaplanmis, sikistirilmis tabletlerdir. Bu dogrultuda, film Olusturucu
özelliklere sahip olan bir dizi polimerik malzeme kullanilabilir. Film kaplamalar, seker
kaplamalar ile ayni genel özelliklere sahip olmakla beraber kaplama islemi için gerekli
süreyi önemli ölçüde azaltmak gibi önemli ek bir avantaji beraberinde getirir.
Kaplamanin Amaçlari ;
- Etken maddenin istenmeyen kokusunun ve tadinin maskelenmesi
- Tabletin estetik görüntüsünün düzeltilmesi
- Çok az boyar madde ile renkli tabletlerin elde edilmesi
- Tabletin hasta tarafindan kolay yutulabilirliginin arttirilmasi
° Üretim, ambalajlama ve tasima sirasinda mekanik dayanikliligin artmasi
- Etken maddenin sindirim salgilarina karsi korunmasi
° Yan etkilerden, örnegin mide iritasyonundan kaçinilmasi
- Ilacin taninmasinin kolaylastirilmasi, dolayisiyla ilaç kullaniminda güvenligin
artmasi
- Etken maddenin kararliliginin arttirilmasi
- Kontrollü salim karakteristiklerinin düzenlenebilmesi olarak sayilabilir.
Bulustaki farmasötik fomiülasyon/lar bir veya daha fazla tabaka içerebilir. Yeterli
terapötik etkiyi saglamak ve yan etkileri minimuma indirniek amaciyla ilacin saliminin
kontrolünü saglamak için tabaka/lar degistirilmis, modifiye, kontrollü, uzatilmis, sürekli,
hemen veya geciktirilmis salimli bir farmasötik dozaj formlarinin bir veya daha fazlasi ile
formüle edilebilir.
Farmakokinetik özellikleri, kullanim beklentilerine uygun olmayan, örnegin yarilanma
ömrü kisa olan, istenmeyen etkileri ortaya çikaracak biçimde hizli/yüksek doruk
konsantrasyona ulasan, çesitli nedenlerden biyoyararlanimi iyi olinayan v.b. ilaçlar için
farmasötik biçimleri degistirilerek, mide barsak kanalinda serbestlenme patemleri amaca
daha uygun hale getirilmis preparatlar gelistirilmektedir. Bunlar çoklukla degistirilmis,
kontrollü, yavaslatilmis ve uzatilmis salinimli formülasyonlar olarak anilmaktadir.
Degistirilmis salinimli formülasyonlarin bilesimleri islevleri açisindan önem tasir.
Degistirilmis salinimli ilaç formülasyonlari, daha pahali olabilmelerine ragmen, hastanin
tedaviye uyumunun tedavi basarisinda önemli oldugu kisa yarilanma ömürlü, doruk
konsantrasyona hizli ulasan, farmakokinetigi degiskenlik gösteren ilaçlar için daha
kullanislidir ve son tahlilde tedavi maliyetini azaltirlar. Degistirilmis salim sistemleri
transdermal sistemler ve oral sistemler olarak siniflandirilir. Geciktirilmis salim
sistemlerinde etkin maddenin sistemden salimi belli bir bölgede olmaktadir. Genellikle
enterik kapli tabletler için kullanilir.
Enterik kaplama formülasyonun stabilitesini arttirmak, asit kaynakli bozunmalari önleinek
için kullanilan madde veya madde karisimlari olarak ifade edilir. Bu enterik kaplamalar
ayrismaya baslamadan önce mide asidine direnç göstermekte ve ayni zamanda midenin alt
kisminda veya ince bagirsagin üst kisminda yavas bir ilaç salinimini saglamaktadir.
Kapsüller; tek dozda ilaç koninaya mahsus jelatin, selüloz esterleri, polivinil alkol vb.
maddelerden biriyle yapilmis kaplardir. Kapsüllere dozlar, kati ve yarikati maddeler,
kapsülü eritmeyen sivi ilaçlar konabilir. Kapsüller genel olarak ikiye ayrilir; sert/iki parçali
kapsüller ve yumusak kapsüller.
Sert kapsüller: kab ve kapak kismi olmak üzere iki parçadan ibarettir. Tadi aci, yutulmasi
zor, havadan çabuk bozulan tozlar ile absorbsiyonu hizli olmasi istenen ilaçlarin kapsül
içinde verilmesi öngörülür. Sert jelatin kapsüllerin esas maddesi makromoleküler bir
protein olan yüksek degerli jelatinden ibarettir. Sert jelatin kapsüller jelatin, Arap zamki,
boya ve su karisimindan özel teknikler ve özel makinelerle hazirlanir. Sert kapsüller
daldirma (dipping) yöntemi ile hazirlanir. Bu yöntemin prensibi paslanmaz çelikten
yapilmis çubuklarin eritilmis kapsül duvari çözeltisine batirilarak bu çubuklarin yüzeyinde
kapsül duvari filminin olusturulmasidir. Jelatin, boyalar, koruyucu maddeler ve su , sert
jelatin kapsül duvarini olusturan maddelerdir.
Sert kapsüllere toz, granül, pellet, tablet, sivi, ve yari kati sekiller doldurulabilir.
Kapsüllere doldurulan her türlü formülasyon için iki temel gereklilik söz konudurKapsüle,
formülasyon dogru dozda doldurulmalidir ve etkin madde hastanin tedavisi için kapsülden
yeterli miktarda salinmalidir. Sert jelatin kapsül formülasyonlarinin hazirlanmasi amaciyla
etkin madde, dolgu maddeleri, akis özelliklerini düzelten maddeler, glidaiitlar, sürtünmeyi
önleyiciler, lubrikantlar, dagiticilar, yüzey etkin maddeleri kullanilir.
Yumusak kapsüller: j elatin gliserin, sorbitol, arap zamki ve su karisimlari ile hazirlanan tek
parçadan ibaret yuvarlak, elips ve tüp biçiminde kapsüllerdir. Gerekli olan maddeler
konulduktan sonra açilmamak üzere kapatilirlar. Yumusak kapsüller,sivi bir içerigin jelatin
kapsül duvari ile çevrelenmesi ile hazirlanir. Sert kapsüllere göre daha esnektirler.
Yumusak kapsüller yuvarlak, oval, oblong (dikdörtgen çubuk) veya tüp seklinde
olabilirler. Tek parçadan olusurlar. Yumusak jelatin kapsüllere genelde çözelti veya
süspansiyon seklindeki sivi ilaç sekilleri doldurulur. Ancak yari kati ve tozlar da
doldurulabilir. Yumusak kapsüllerin imalati, çözünmeyen maddeler, dozu düsük etkin
maddeler, yüksek aktivite gösteren bilesikler, oksijene duyarli maddeler, tadi kötü
inaddeler için uygundur. Yumusak jelatin kapsüllerm üretiminde, kapsül duvarinin
hazirlanmasi, materyalin doldurulmasi ve kapsülün kapatilmasi birbirini takip eden bir dizi
islemden olusur.
Suruplar, sakkaroz veya diger sekerlerin yüksek derisimdeki çözeltilerinin içindeki etkin
madde ve yardimci maddelerin çesitli yöntemlerle çözünmesi ile olusmus sivi ilaç
sekilleridir. Sadece % 64 oraninda sakkarozun suda çözünmesi ile hazirlanmis suruplara
Basit Surup (Sirupus Simplex) denir. Suruplar, USP 24°e göre % 85 a/h de seker içerirler.
Suruplara seker ve diger tatlandiricilarin yani sira kristallenmeyi engellemek, çözünürlügü
ve tadi degistirmek için sorbitol veya gliserin ve koku vermek için aromatik maddeler ilave
Suruplarin hazirlama yöntemleri:
- Sicakta veya sogukta basit çözündürme yoluyla hazirlananlar
- Ekstre ve tentürlerle hazirlanan suruplar
- Maserasyon ve dijestiyon yöntemi ile hazirlananlar
- Meyva usareleri ile hazirlanan suruplar
- Perkolasyon yolu ile hazirlananlar
Tekrar çözündürme yöntemi
ile hazirlananlar olarak siralanabilir.
Mevcut bulustaki oral kullanim için hazirlanan farmasötik formülasyon; farmasötik olarak
kabul edilebilir uygun etken maddeler yaninda baglayici madde, dagitici madde, dolgu
maddesi, tamponlayici ajan, yüzey aktif madde, lubrikant, glidant, seyreltici madde,
koruyucu madde, aroma ajani, tatlandirici madde, viskozite arttirici madde, köpük önleyici
ajan, çözünürlük arttirici ajan, antistatik ajan, islatici madde, pH ayarlayici madde,
renklendirici madde, kaplama maddesi, çözücü, yumusatici madde, emülgatör, tasiyici,
geçirgenlestirici madde, antioksidan, selat yapici ajan, alkalilestirici ajan, fotokoruyucu
ajan, kivam arttirici madde, izotoni ayarlayici ajan, jel yapici ajan, mikrobiyal koruyucu
madde, sertlestirici ajan, sivag, salim kontrol edici ajan, plastifiyan, antiadherent, film
yapici ajan, opaklastirici madde, nemlendirici madde, granülasyon çözücüsü, süspansiyon
ajani ve stabilizörün de dahil oldugu gruptan seçilen bir veya daha fazla yardimci madde
içerebilen bir bilesimi tanimlar.
Bulusta “baglayici madde” terimi; içerikteki maddeleri bir arada tutmak, tablet, pellet veya
granüllerin gerekli olan mekanik güçte formüle edilmesini saglamak ve düsük aktif dozaj
birimlerine hacim vermek için kullanilan madde veya madde karisimlari olarak ifade
edilmektedir, Baglayici madde olarak; prejelatinize misir nisastasi, prejelatinize nisasta,
hidroksi propil nisasta, jelatin, mikrokristalin selüloz, selüloz, zamklar, poliVinil pirolidon,
polimetakrilatlar, sodyum karboksi metil selüloz, nisasta, parafinler, stearik asit, zamklar,
metil selüloz, etil selüloz, polietilenglikol, magnezyum alüminyum silikat, karboksi
metilselüloz, hidroksi propilselüloz, hidroksi etilselüloz, propilen glikol, polioksietilen-
polipropilen kopoliineri, polietilen ester, polietilen sorbitan ester, polietilen oksit,
polisakkaritler, polaksamerler, aljinik asitler, kolajen, albumin, krospovidon, povidon,
kopovidon, maltodekstrin, hipromelloz veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “dagitici madde” terimi, dozaj formunun su içinde kolay ve hizli bir sekilde
dagilmasini saglayan maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Dagitici madde olarak; agar agar,
kalsiyum karbonat, sodyum karbonat, aljinik asit, patates nisastasi, misir nisastasi, bugday
nisastasi, prejelatinize nisasta, sodyum nisasta glikolat gibi nisastalar, mikrokristalin
selüloz, çapraz-bagli poliVinil pirolidon, sodyum aljinat, hidroksipropil selüloz, çapraz
bagli hidroksipropil selüloz, kroskarmelloz sodyum, kil, iyon degistirici reçine,
krospovidon, ksilitol, D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, laktoz, sükroz, üre, yüksek molekül agirlikli
polimerler, povidon, aljinik asit, ksantan zamki, kolloidal silikon dioksit veya bunlarin
karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “dolgu maddesi” terimi; tablet ya da kapsüllerin üretim için pratik, hasta
kullanimina uygun büyüklükte olmasi için kullanilan madde veya madde karisimlari olarak
ifade edilmektedir. Dolgu maddesi olarak; talk, laktoz, sukroz, dekstrin, inannitol, laktilol,
laktitol, ksilitol, sorbitol, izomalt, mikrokristalin selüloz, toz selüloz, dekstroz, dekstrat,
prejelatinize nisasta, modifiye nisasta, misir nisastasi, laktoz anhidröz, laktoz monohidrat,
dibazik kalsiyum fosfat, silisik asit, kaolin, hidroksi propil metilselüloz, tribazik kalsiyum
fosfat, polihidrik alkoller veya selüloz eterleri, kalsiyum hidrojen fosfat dihidrat, kalsiyum
sülfat trihidrat, selüloz kalsiyum sülfat, kalsiyum sülfat dihidrat, maltodekstrin, kalsiyum
karbonat, kaolin, sodyum hidroksit veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “tamponlayici ajan” terimi, kompozisyonun asitlik ve bazligini düzenleyen
maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Tamponlayici ajan olarak; sitrik asit anhidrus, sodyum
sitrat dihidrat, sodyum fosfat, sodyum dihidrojen fosfat, potasyum sitrat, fosforik asit,
amonyum hidroksit, sitrik asit, diizopropanolamin, sodyum karbonat, sodyum silikat,
disodyum ortofosfat, kalsiyum karboiiat, magnezyum karbonat, magnezyum hidroksit,
magnezyum alüminat, dietanol amin, sodyum aljinat, etilendiamin, meglümin, hidroklorik
asit, laktik asit, sodyum sitrat, sodyum hidroksit, trietanolamin, trolamine, sodyum
benzoat, sodyum hidrojen karbonat veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “yüzey aktif madde” terimi suda veya sulu bir çözeltide çözündügünde yüzey
gerilimini etkileyen kimyasal bilesigi ifade etmektedir. Yüzey aktif madde olarak
polisorbatlar, sodyumlauril sülfat, sodyumstearil fumarat, non-iyonik polioksietilen
polioksipropilen ko-polimeri, hekzadesil trimetil amonyum bromür, alkil polietilen oksit,
polokzamerler, oktil glukozid, yag asitlerinin seker esterleri ve gliseritleri, dodesil betain,
dodesil dimetilamiii oksit, polioksil stearat, sodyum stereat, polietilen glikoller, L-lösin,
alkil benzen sülfonat, yag asitleri, kuatemer amonyum bilesikleri veya bunlarin karisimlari
kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “lubrikant” sürtünmeyi azaltan veya engelleyen bir toz karisiminin akis
özelliklerini iyilestiren ajan veya ajan karisimlan olarak ifade edilmektedir. Lubrikant
olarak; talk, kalsiyuin stearat, magnezyum stearat, alüminyum stearat, polietilen glikol,
tristearin, stearik asit, sodyum lauril sülfat, magnezyum lauril sülfat, kolloidal silikon
dioksit, stearik asit, sodyum stearil fumarat, polioksietilen glikol, oleik asit, tripalmitil,
potasyum oleat, hidrojene bitkisel yaglar, lösin, alanin, glisin, kaprilik asit, gliseril behenat,
gliseril palmitostearat, sodyum benzoat, sodyum asetat, fumarik asit, çinko stearat, çinko
oleat, çinko palmitat, parafinler, yag alkolleri veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “glidant” terimi; tablet basimi aninda matris bosluguna materyalin akisini
kolaylastiran ekstra küçük partiküllü, dansitesi düsük madde olarak ifade edilmektedir.
Glidant olarak; talk, magnezyum stearat, hidrojene nebati yag, kalsiyum stearat, stearik
asit, kolloidal silikon dioksit, sodyum stearilfumarat, polioksietilenglikol, lösin, sodyum
benzoat, sodyum klorür, sodyum asetat, sodyum fumarat, silika, kolloidal anhidrus silika,
polietilenglikol, selüloz türevleri, nisasta veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “seyreltici madde” terimi; tablet ya da kapsüllerin üretim için pratik, hasta
kullanimina uygun büyüklükte olmasi için kullanilan madde veya madde karisimlari olarak
ifade edilmektedir. Seyreltici madde olarak; laktoz, maltoz, sukroz, dekstrin, mannitol,
laktilol, ksilitol, sorbitol, izomalt, mikrokristalin selüloz, dekstroz, dekstrat, prejelatinize
nisasta, modifiye nisasta, misir nisastasi, laktoz anhidröz, laktoz monohidrat, dibazik
kalsiyum fosfat, hidroksi propil metilselüloz, tribazik kalsiyum fosfat, polihidrik alkoller
veya selüloz eterleri, kalsiyum hidrojen fosfat dihidrat, kalsiyum sülfat trihidrat, kalsiyum
sülfat dihidrat, maltodekstrin, kalsiyum karbonat, kaolin, sodyum hidroksit veya bunlarin
karisimlan kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “koruyucu madde” terimi; su ve suda çözünen, yag ve yagda çözünen maddelerin
mikroorganizmalara karsi korunmasini saglayan maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir.
Koruyucu madde olarak 2-fen0ksietanol, sodyum benzoat, benzoik asit, benzil alkol,
etilendiamintetraasetik asit, sodyum metil parahidroksi benzoat, sodyum propil para
hidroksi benzoat, sorbik asit, potasyum sorbat, benzetonyum klorür, klorokresol,
benzalkonyum klorür, butil paraben, metil paraben, propil paraben, etil paraben, butil
hidroksi anisol (BHA), butil hidroksi toluen (BHT), kalsiyum asetat, sitrik asit, disodyum
edetat, gliserin, propil gallat, sodyum bisülfit, sodyum sitrat, sodyum metabisülfit, borik
asit, sorbik asit, sodyum propionat, propilen glikol veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “aroma aj am” terimi, karisima aroma katmak için kullanilan maddeler olarak ifade
edilmektedir. Aroma ajani olarak; dogal aroma yaglari (nane yagi, keklik üzümü yagi,
maydanoz yagi, portakal yagi, üzüm, turunç, greyfurt, limon yagi, vb.), portakal aromasi,
muz aromasi, seftali aromasi, greyûirt aromasi, limon aromasi, elma aromasi, çilek
aromasi, vanilya aromasi, nane aromasi, tutti-furitti aroinasi, frambuaz aromasi, mentol,
mentan, anetol, tarçin, metil salisilat, okaliptal, adaçayi, bögürtlen, sitrus meyvalari veya
bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “tatlandirici madde” olarak; sodyum sakkarin, sakkaroz, D-glukoz, galaktoz,
ksiloz, maltoz, maltodekstrin, maltol, eritritol, laktitol, izomalt, izomaltol, misir surubu, D-
triptofan, glisirizik asit, monoamonyum glisirrizinat, fruktoz, maltitol, dekstroz, sükroz,
ksilitol, sorbitol, mannitol, laktoz, aspartam, asesülfam potasyum, neohesperidin
dihidrokalkon, sükraloz, sodyum siklamat veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “viskozite arttirici madde” terimi, sivinin kalinligini arttirarak yavas akmasini
saglayan bir ajan veya ajan karisimlari olarak ifade edilmektedir. Viskozite arttirici madde
olarak; ksantan zamki, guar zamki, acacia, povidon, aljinik asit, etilselüloz, jelatin,
hidroksietil selüloz, hidroksipropil selüloz, setil alkol, polivinil pirolidon, hidroksi propil
metil selüloz, polidekstroz, karragenan, metil selüloz, sukroz, sorbitol, ksilitol,
hidroksipropil metilselüloz, polivinil alkol, ketearil alkol, kolloidal silikon dioksit veya
bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “köpük önleyici ajan” terimi ürün saklanirken köpürrne reaksiyonunun baslamasini
engelleyerek ürünü mevcut sistemde bulunan suya karsi stabilize eden inaddeler olarak
ifade edilmektedir. Köpük önleyici ajan olarak; simetikon emülsiyon, dimetilsiloksan,
Silikon yagi, monosodyum karbonat, susuz trimagnezyum disitrat veya bunlarin karisimlari
kullanilabilir. Köpük önleyici ajan dogrudan efervesan granüle veya dis fazda tabletin
diger eksipiyanlarina toz halde karistirilarak veya hein efervesan granüle hem de tabletin
eksipiyan karisimina paylastirilarak ilave edilebilir.
Bulusta çözünürlük arttirici ajan olarak; sodyum kazeinat, polisorbat, metakrilikasit
kopoliineri veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “antistatik ajan” terimi; içerikteki statik elektrigi azaltan veya elimine etmek için
kullanilan madde veya madde karisimlari olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bahsi geçen antistatik
ajan olarak; uzun zincirli alifatik aminler ve amidler, kuartemer amonyum tuzlari, fosforik
asit esterleri, polietilen glikol esterleri, polioller, mono ve digliserid, yag asit esterleri veya
bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “islatici madde” terimi hidrofobik ilaçlarin dispersiyon ortaminda kolayca
dagilmasina yardim etmek amaciyla kullanilan maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. lslatici
madde olarak; sodyum lauril sülfat, sodyum doküsat, polisorbatlar, sorbitan monolaurat,
oktoksinol-9, nonoksinol-lO, poloksamerler, sodyum karboksimetil selüloz, bentonit,
benzalkonyum klorür, tetradesiltrimetil amonyum bromür, setilpiridinyum klorür, gliseril
monostearat, makrogol setostearil eter, sorbitan tristearat, aluminyuin magnezyum silikat
veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “pH ayarlayici madde” terimi, kompozisyonun asitlik ve bazligini düzenleyen
maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. pH ayarlayici madde olarak; sitrik asit anhidrus,
sodyum sitrat dihidrat, sodyum fosfat, sodyum dihidrojen fosfat, potasyum sitrat, fosforik
asit, amoiiyuiii hidroksit, sitrik asit, diizopropanolamin, sodyum karbonat, sodyum silikat,
disodyum ortofosfat, kalsiyum karbonat, magnezyum karbonat, magnezyum hidroksit,
magnezyum alüminat, dietanol amin, sodyum aljinat, etilendiamin, meglümin, hidroklorik
asit, laktik asit, sodyum sitrat, sodyum hidroksit, sodyum klorür, trietanolamin, trolamine,
sodyum benzoat, sodyum hidrojen karbonat veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “renklendirici madde” terimi hos bir görünüs veren ve iki formülasyon arasinda
optik olarak ayirt edilme saglayan maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Renklendirici
madde olarak, bunlarla sinirli kalmamakla birlikte, sari demir oksit, kirmizi demir oksit
gibi demir oksit pigmentleri, ß-karoten, kirmizi pancar tozu, klorofil, tartrazin, sari
portakal, kinolin sarisi, eritrosin, titanyum dioksit pigmentleri, karamel, gün batimi sarisi
veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “kaplama maddesi” terimi formülasyon içerigini havadaki nem tarafindan
bozunmaya karsi korumak ve tadi hos olmayan formlari yutma kolayligi saglamak için
kullanilan madde veya madde karisimlari olarak ifade edilmektedir. Kaplama maddesi
olarak; metil selüloz, hidroksietilselüloz, hidroksibutilselüloz, hidroksipropilmetilselüloz,
etil selüloz, hidroksimetil selüloz, hidroksipropilselüloz, karboksimetiletilselüloz, sodyum
karboksimetil aiiiilopektin, polivinil asetat ftalat, polioksietileii glikol, polivinil
alkol(opadry çesitleri), polivinil asetal dietil aminoasetat, aminoalkil metakrilat kopolimer,
metakrilik asit kopolimeri, hidroksipropil metil selüloz asetat, dioksi metil selüloz süksinat,
karboksi metil etil selüloz, poliakrilik asitler, metakrilik asit kopolimerleri, metil akrilat,
etilakrilat, inetilmetakrilat, etilirietakrilat, akrilik ve metakrilik asit esterleri, hipromelloz,
hipromelloz ftalat, hipromelloz asetat süksinat, hidroksimetil selüloz süksinat asetat,
selüloz butirat ftalat, selüloz hidrojen ftalat, selüloz propiyanat ftalat, selüloz asetat ftalat,
hidroksipropilmetilselüloz ftalat, selüloz asetat trimelitat, jelatin, selak, hint yagi, kitosan,
aljinik asit, Irlanda yosunlari, galaktomanonlar, tragakant, Hint tutkali, arap zamki, guar
zamki, ksantan zamki veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Çözücü olarak saflastirilmis su, etil alkol, metil alkol, isopropil alkol, butil alkol gibi
alkoller, aseton, diaseton, polioller, polieterler, esterler, alkil ketonlar, metilen klorür, metil
asetat, etil asetat, izopropil asetat, kastor yagi, etilen glikol monoetil eter, dietilen glikol
monobutil eter, dietilen glikol monoetil eter, dimetil sülfoksit, dimetil formamid,
tetrahidrofuran veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “yumusatici madde” teriini; cilt üzerinde ince bir film tabakasi olusturarak suyun
uçmasina engel olan maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Yumusatici madde olarak vazelin,
kati vazelin, sivi parafin, sorbitol, gliserin, hidrokarbonlar, lanolin, mumlar, yag asitleri,
seti] alkol, oktildodekanol, kaprilik/ kaprik trigliserit, setil stearil alkol, kakao yagi,
diizopropil adipat, gliserin, polihidrik alkoller ve polieter türevleri, polihidrik alkol
esterleri, gliseril monooleat, gliseril stearat, linoleik asit, oleik asit, polipropilen glikol-15
stearil eter (PPG-15 stearil eter), polietileii glikol, polioksietilen glikol yagli alkol eterleri,
polioksipropilen stearil eter, propilen glikol stearat, stearik asit, stearil alkol, fosfolipidler,
lesitin, steoroller, kolesterol, kolesterol yag asidi esterleri ve amidleri, üre, gliseril
inonostearat, isopropil miristat, isopropil palmitat, ketostearil alkol, dimetikon, mineral
yaglar, beyaz kati parafin, setearil alkol veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir. Ayrica
hint yagi, Hindistan cevizi yagi, zeytinyagi ve bitkisel mumlar gibi `bitkisel yumusatici
ajanlar da kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “emülgatör” terimi, birbiri içerisinde karismayan iki SlVl faz arasinda homojen
dagilimi saglayan maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Emülgatör olarak polietilen glikol
stearat, polisorbat, poligliseril oleat, polioksietilen lauril eter, etoksillenmis lanolin, stearil
alkol, setostearil alkol, makrogol setostearil, gliseril nionostearat, setil alkol, polioksietilen
lauril alkol, polioksi etilen sorbitan monostearat, polioksietilen stearat, sorbitan
monostearat, propilen glikol stearat, alüminyum nisasta oktenilsuksinat, amonyum
hidroksit, beyaz bir balmumu, sentetik bir balmumu, karbomer, setearil alkol,
siklometikon, digliseritler, dimetikon, disodyum monooleamido sülfosüksinat,
pentaeritritol, gliseritler, gliseril monooleat, gliseril stearat, lanolin, magnezyum hidrojene
stearat, mineral yag, monogliseridler, polietilen glikol, polietilen glikol distearat, polietilen
glikol monosetil eter, polietilen glikol monostearat, polioksietilen glikol, polioksil
setostearil eter, polioksil stearat, simetikon, sorbitan monolaurat, sorbitan monooleat,
sorbitan monopalmitat, sorbitan palmitat, stearik asit, trietanolamin veya sodyum lauril
sülfat veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “tasiyici” olarak propilen glikol, saflastirilmis su, hint yagi, diizopropil adipat,
etoksilatli alkol, yagli alkol sitrat, gliserin, heksilen glikol, izopropil alkol, izopropil
miristat, izopropil palmitat, mineral yag, fosforik asit, polietilen tereftalat glikol, polietilen
glikol, polietilen glikol monostearat, polioksil ketostearil eter, polioksipropilen stearil eter,
polisorbat, oktildodekanol, propilen karbonat, doymus yag asidi trigliseritler, benzoik asit,
etanol veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “geçirgenlestirici madde” terimi, tükürügün penetrasyonunu kolaylastiran ve
böylece tabletin daha iyi dagilmasina katkida bulunan bir hidrot'il ag olusmasini saglayan
maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Geçirgenlestirici madde olarak çökeltilmis silisler,
maltodekstrinler, ß-siklodekstrinler veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “antioksidan” terimi serbest radikallerin neden oldugu oksidasyonlari önleyen,
serbest radikalleri yakalama ve stabilize etme yetenegine sahip maddeler olarak ifade
edilmektedir. Antioksidan olarak; tokoferol (E Vitamini), askorbik asit (C vitamini), A
vitamini, K vitamini gibi vitaminler, karotenoitler, karotenler (örnegin, d-karoten, ß-
karoten, likopen, lutein, zeaksantin), mineraller (Se, Zn), butil hidroksi anisol (BHA), butil
hidroksi toluen (BHT), etilgalat, propilgalat, dodesilgalat, taurin, organosülfür bilesikleri
(allium, alil sülfit, indoller), düsük molekül agirlikli antioksidanlar (GSH-Px, ürik asit)
veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta selat yapici ajan olarak EDTA (etilen diainin tetraasetik asit), disodyum EDTA
(disodyum etilen diamin tetraasetik asit) veya kalsiyum EDTA (kalsiyum etilen diamin
tetraasetik asit) veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta alkalilestirici ajan olarak; sodyum karbonat, sodyum hidrojen karbonat, sodyum
hidroksit, sodyum silikat, primer aininler, sekonder aininler, tersiyer amiiiler, siklik
aminler, kalsiyum gliserofosfat, kalsiyum glukonat, kalsiyum asetat, N,N”
dibenziletilendiamin, dietanolamin, etilendiamin, meglümin, disodyum hidrojen ortofosfat,
sodyum alüminat, kalsiyum karbonat, kalsiyum hidroksit, magnezyum karbonat,
magnezyum hidroksit, magnezyum sülfat, monosodyum glutamat, polakrillin sodyum,
sodyum aljinat, dibazik kalsiyum fosfat, tribazik kalsiyum fosfat, kalsiyum sülfat,
magnezyum asetat, magnezyum silikat, magnezyum alüminat, magnezyum oksit veya
bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta fotokoruyucu ajan olarak; demir oksit türevleri, metal oksitler, titanyum oksit veya
bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “kivam arttirici madde” terimi formülasyonlarin çesitli basinç ve kuvvetlere karsi
güçlendirilmesi için kullanilan maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Kivam arttirici madde
olarak; setil alkol, alüminyum stearat, dimetikon, setearil alkol, stearil alkol, arap zamki,
kitre zamki, aljinat, karragen, ksantan zamki, guar zamki, setostearil alkol, setil esterlerin
mumu, dekstrin, gliseril monostearat, hidroksipropil selüloz, kaolin, polietilen beyaz
vazelin, propilen glikol stearat, nisasta, mum, beyaz mum, bentonit, balmumu, beyaz
balmumu, sentetik balmumu, parafin, beyaz kati paratin, beyaz yumusak paratin, kati
vazelin, pektin, karbomer, polivinilprolidon veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “izotoni ayarlayici ajan” terimi, standart referans madde ile ayni osmotik basinca
sahip maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bahsi geçen izotoni ayarlayici ajan olarak;
sodyum klorür, inannitol, sorbitol, borik asit, potasyum nitrat, glukoz veya bunlarin
karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “jel yapici ajan” olarak karbopol, karbomer, hidroksi propilmetilselüloz,
metilselüloz, sodyum karboksi metilselüloz, poliakrilat polimerleri veya bunlarin
karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “mikrobiyal koruyucu madde” terimi mikrobiyal aktiviteye karsi koruyan
maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bahsi geçen mikrobiyal koruyucu madde olarak;
sodyum beiizoat, sodyum metil para hidroksibenzoat, sodyuni propi] para hidroksibenzoat,
benzalkonyum klorit, borik asit, sorbik asit, etanol veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “sertlestirici ajan; terimi formülasyonlarin çesitli basinç ve kuvvetlere karsi
güçlendirilmesi için kullanilan maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Sertlestirici ajan olarak;
setil alkol, alüminyum stearat, dimetikon, setearil alkol, stearil alkol, arap zamki, kitre
zamki, aljinat, karragen, ksantan zainki, guar zamki, setostearil alkol, setil esterlerin
mumu, dekstrin, gliseril monostearat, hidroksipropil selüloz, kaolin, polietilen beyaz
vazelin, propilen glikol stearat, nisasta, mum, beyaz mum, bentonit, balmumu, beyaz
balmumu, sentetik balmumu, parafin, beyaz kati parafîn, kati vazelin, pektin, karbomer,
polivinilprolidon veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta sivag olarak; makrogol türevleri, vazeliii, mumla modifiye vazelin, sivi vazelin,
beyaz vazelin, lanolin veya lanolin türevleri, hint yagi, hindistan cevizi yagi, zeytinyagi,
pamuk tohumu yagi gibi bitkisel yaglar, polietilen glikol, parafin, anhidröz, beyaz
yumusak parafin veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “salim kontrol edici ajan” olarak; polivinil asetat ftalat, polietilen glikol-polivinil
alkol kopolimeri, poliakrilik asit türevleri, polisakkarit türevleri, metakrilat polimeri,
polimetakrilat, etil metakrilat kopolimeri, metakrilik asit-metilmetakrilat kopolimeri,
metakrilik asit-etil akrilat kopoliineri, polilaktik asit, polilaktik asit kopolimeri,
polivinilpirolidon, polivinilalkol, gliserit, polietilen oksit, gliseril behenat, metakrilik asit
kopolimeri, hidroksipropil metil selüloz, hidroksipropil selüloz, hidroksipropil metil
selüloz asetat, karboksi inetil etil selüloz, sodyum karboksi metil selüloz, etil selüloz, metil
akrilat, etilakrilat, metilmetakrilat, etilmetakrilat, akrilik ve metakrilik asit esterleri,
sodyuin aljinat, hipromelloz ftalat, hipromelloz asetat süksinat, selüloz butirat ftalat,
selüloz hidrojen ftalat, selüloz propiyanat ftalat, selüloz asetat ftalat, selüloz asetat
trimelitat, jelatin, selak, ksantan zamki veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “plastifiyan” terimi, kaplamanin esnekligini arttirmak, filmin kirilma riskini
azaltmak ve filmin çekirdege adhezyonunu arttirmak için kullanilan maddeler olarak ifade
edilmektedir. Polimerle geçimli olmalari ve uçucu özellikte olmamalari gerekmektedir.
Plastifiyan olarak; polietilen glikoller (Makrogol), gliserin, propilen glikol, asetil sitrat,
arnil oleat, miristil asetat, butil oleat, butil stearat, triasetin, dietilftalat, asetillenmis
monOgliseridler veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “antiadherent” terimi, pürüzlü tablet yüzeyi olusmasini önleyen maddeler olarak
ifade edilmektedir. Antiadherent olarak; talk, kolloidal silikon dioksit (Aerosil, Syloid,
Cab-O-Sil), magnezyum stearat, misir nisastasi, magnezyum trisilikat veya bunlarin
karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “film yapici ajan” terimi, bir baglayicinin bir film, örnegin ince tabaka veya örtü
olusturmak için gerekli komponentler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Film yapici ajan olarak;
polivinil alkol-kismen hidrolize, metil selüloz, etil selüloz, hidroksipropil selüloz,
hidroksietil selüloz, hidroksipropil metil selüloz, polietilen glikol, polietilen oksit,
Makrogol, jelatin veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “opaklastirici madde ” terimi, istenilen sistemi opak hale getirmek için ilave edilen
maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Opaklastirici madde olarak; titanyum dioksit, kalsiyum
karbonat, çinko asetat, alüminyum stearat, çinko stearat veya bunlarin karisimlari
kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “nemlendirici madde” terimi; preparat ile hava arasindaki nem miktarini
düzenleyen ve kontrol eden maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Nemlendirici madde
olarak; gliserin, sorbitol, propilen glikol, üre, kolloidal yapidaki maddeler, likit paraiin,
vazelin (petrolatum), sivi vazelin, selüloz ve selüloz yapisindaki maddeler, zamklar (kitre),
bazi elektrolitler (Al tuzlari, civa tuzlari boraX) veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta granülasyon çözücüsü olarak saflastirilmis su, etil alkol, metil alkol, isopropil
alkol, butil alkol gibi alkoller, metilen klorür veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “süspansiyon ajani” terimi viskoziteyi artirmak ve çökmeyi yavaslatmak
ainaciyla kullanilir. Bulusta ”süspansiyon ajani” olarak, ksantan gami, guar gam,
karragenan, etilselüloz, hidroksietil selüloz, hidroksipropil selüloz, polivinilpirolidon,
hidroksipropil metilselüloz (HPMC), metil selüloz veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Bulusta “stabilizör” terimi; eklendiginde kristallenmeyi ya da faz ayrimini önleyen
maddeler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Stabilizör olarak benzoik asit, edetik asit, salisilik asit,
sorbik asit, sodyum dehidroasetat, tokoferol, butillenmis hidroksianisol, butillenmis
hidroksitoluen, propilgallat, kastor yagi, oleil alkol, poloksamer ve poloksaminler
(polioksietilen ve polioksipropilen blok kopolimeri), ksantan zamki, sorbitan yag
asitlerinin etoksillenmis esterleri, polisorbat 80 veya Tween 80 gibi polisorbatlar,
etoksillenmis mono- ve digliseritler, etoksillenmis lipidler, etoksillenmis yag alkolleri veya
yag asitleri, diasetil fosfat, fosfatidil gliserol, doymus veya doymamis yag asitleri, sodyum
kolat, sodyum glikolat, sodyum taurokolat, paraoksibenzoik asit, etilen diamin tetraasetik
asit (EDTA), dietilen triamin penta asetik asit veya bunlarin karisimlari kullanilabilir.
Mevcut bulustaki uygun etken madde/ler ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir
türevlerini içeren farmasötik bilesimdeki Ambroksol ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul
edilebilir türevleri miktari 5-750mg tercihen lSmg ve 30mg; Teofilin ve/veya farmasötik
olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri miktari;lO-1000 mg tercihen 400ing; Terbutalin ve/veya
farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri miktari; 0.1-100mg tercihen 2.5mg ve Smg
olup hastanin bireysel ihtiyaçlarina ve uzmanin degerlendirilmesine göre ayarlanmaktadir.
Bulus esas olarak, oral kullanilmak üzere mukolitik özellikteki Ambroksol ve/veya
farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin, ksantin grubundaki Teofilin ve/veya
farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ve beta-Z-adrenerjik reseptör agonisti olan
Terbutalin ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ile kombine tedavisini ve
farinasötik olarak kabul edilebilir uygun yardimci maddeleri içeren farmasötik
bilesim/lerin hazirlaninasi ile ilgilidir. Böylece, hazirlanan Ainbroksol ve/veya farmasötik
olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin, Teofilin ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir
türevleri ve Terbutalin ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ile
kombinasyonunu içeren formülasyon/lar sinerjistik bir sekilde kombine edilmis,bakteriyel
direncin kirilmasi ile birlikte farmasötik formülasyonlarin antibakteriyel akvitivesi ve
dolayisiyla terapötik etkinligi arttirilmistir ve sasirtici bir sekilde fiziksel ve kimyasal
kararlilik açisindan oldukça stabil bir davranis sergiledikleri gözlenmistir.
Claims (1)
- ISTEMLER . Oral kullanilmak üzere mukolitik özellikteki uygun etken madde ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin, ksantin grubundaki uygun etken madde ve/veya farinasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ve beta-Z-adrenerjik reseptör agonisti olan uygun etken madde ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri ile kombine tedavisini ve farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir uygun yardimci maddeleri içeren farmasötik bilesim/lerin hazirlanmasi. . lstem l”deki gibi farrnasötik bilesim/ler olup özelligi; mukolitik özellikteki uygun etken maddenin erdostein, asetilsistein, ambroksol, bromheksin, karbokistein; domiodol, eprazinon, letostein, nelteneksin, sobrerol, stepronin, tiyopronin ve/veya fannasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin arasindan seçilmesidir. . Istem 1'deki gibi farmasötik bilesim/ler olup özelligi; mukolitik özellikteki uygun etken maddenin tercihen ambroksol hidroklorür olmasidir. . Istem 1'deki gibi farmasötik bilesim/ler olup özelligi; ksantin grubundaki uygun etken maddenin; asefilin, ambufilin, bamifilin, doksofilin, enprofilin, etamifilin, proksifilin; teofilin ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin arasindan seçilmesidir. . Istem l”deki gibi farmasötik bilesim/ler olup özelligi; ksantin grubundaki uygun etken maddenin tercihen teofilin olmasidir. . Istem 1”deki gibi farrnasötik bilesim/ler olup özelligi; beta-Z-adrenerjik reseptör agoiiisti olan uygun etken maddenin; epinefrin, isoprenalin, orsiprenalin, salbutamol; terbutalin; fenoterol, rimiterol, heksoprenalin, isoetarin, pirbuterol, tretokinol, karbuterol, tulobuterol, salmeterol, formoterol, klenbuterol, reproterol; prokaterol; bitolterol, indakaterol ve/veya farrnasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerinin arasindan seçilmesidir. . Istem lideki gibi farmasötik bilesim/ler olup özelligi; beta-2-adrenerjik reseptör agonisti olan uygun etken maddenin tercihen terbutalin sülfat olmasidir. . Istem l'deki gibi farmasötik bilesim/ler olup özelligi; farmasötik dozaj formunun tablet (kaplama içermeyen, çignenebilir, agizda çözünen, dagilabilen, suda dagilabilen, film kapli, tek tabakali, çift tabakali, barsakta açilan kaplamali, mini tablet, kontrollü salimli, sürekli salimli, hemen salimli, uzatilmis salimli, geciktirilmis salimli, degistirilmis salimli, bukkal), kapsül (sert, yumusak, enterik kapli, film kapli, kontrollü salimli, sürekli salimli, hemen salimli, uzatilmis salimli, geciktirilmis salimli, degistirilmis salimli), toz, kuru toz, granül, kaplet, disk, agizda çözünen film, yigin toz (çok dozlu), pellet, sase, suda dagilabilen toz, suda dagilabilen granül, efervesan tablet, efervesan granül, efervesan toz, mikrokapsül, dental tabletler, pilül, surup, solüsyon, süspansiyon, eliksir, damla, posyon, emülsiyon veya sprey arasindan seçilen bir veya daha fazla farmasötik dozaj formunu içermesidir. Yukaridaki istemlerden herhangi birine göre farmasötik bilesim/ler olup özelligi; uygun etken madde/ler ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevlerini içeren farmasötik bilesimdeki Ambroksol ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri miktarinin 5-750mg; Teofilin ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri miktarinin lO-lOOOmg; Terbutalin ve/veya farmasötik olarak kabul edilebilir türevleri miktarinin 0.1-100mg olmasidir. Yukaridaki istemlerden herhangi birine göre farmasötik bilesim/ler olup özelligi; soguk alginligi, kronik obstruktif akciger hastaligi (KOAH), amfizem ve bronkospazm gibi akciger hastaliklari, öksürük, balgam söktürme, sinüzit, toplumdan edinilmis zatürre (pnömoni), kronik astim, kronik bronsit, bronsiyal astim, bronsektazi gibi kronik solunum sistemi hastaliklarinin profilaktik ve/veya semptomatik ve/veya terapötik tedavisinde endike olmasidir.
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN108785307A (zh) * | 2018-09-13 | 2018-11-13 | 沈涛 | 含有盐酸丙卡特罗和盐酸氨溴索的组合物 |
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Cited By (1)
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CN108785307A (zh) * | 2018-09-13 | 2018-11-13 | 沈涛 | 含有盐酸丙卡特罗和盐酸氨溴索的组合物 |
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