SK156097A3 - Thermomechanical transducer, in particular for placing in focal point of the heliostat - Google Patents

Abstract

Converter is made particularly by raising piston steam engine equipped on the enter into the operational space (1) with injection die (8) of the conversion liquid and on the exit from the operational space (1) with the piston (4) timed exhaust outlet (5) for steam. The basis of the solution is that opposite to the exit of the injection die (8) there is inserted hydrophilic capillary porous substance (7) made particularly on the base of compound porous graphite material, which is thermally joined with the outer or inner absorber (10) of concentrated solar and thermal radiation.

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to thermal steam engines, in particular of the piston stroke type, using concentrated solar energy or energy obtained by burning solid, liquid or gaseous fuels.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

To date, various thermal machines are known which can be used to convert solar energy into mechanical or electrical energy. By means of a directed heliostat, the solar radiation is concentrated to a small area, where a boiler is placed with the liquid that evaporates in the boiler, while the turbine of the alternators is driven by the obtained kinetic energy of the steam. Often a reservoir is connected to the hot steam circuit, which ensures a steady supply of steam to the turbines even when the intensity of the solar radiation varies. The disadvantage of the steam engines used is that steam is produced in steam boilers separately from their working areas. Recently, Stirling thermal machines have been used as solar / M electrical generators for re-location in the heliostat focus. Mainly LiF material is used for heat energy storage and heat pipes are used for heat transfer. The criterion of the technical level of the used thermal machines is in fact the achieved efficiency of the heat circulation, which is always lower than the efficiency of the ideal Carnot circulation. Steam turbines are preferred over piston steam engines because they achieve higher thermal efficiency. Losses in piston steam engines are mainly caused by harmful space, incomplete expansion, throttling and friction, imperfect flow in turbines, steam friction, leaks, etc. '. The conversion of solar energy into mechanical or electrical energy using a steam and Stirling heat engine is technically demanding and economically expensive.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The above-mentioned drawbacks are substantially eliminated by the solution of the thermomechanical converter, in particular by placing it in the focus of the heliostat, consisting mainly of a piston steam engine consisting of a high-temperature heat source and a working space of a cylinder closed by a cylinder head and slidably mounted piston. by means of timed exhaust openings, the essence of which is that in the working space of the cylinder there is a capillary porous substance located within the range of the injection nozzle of the conversion liquid, in particular distilled or demineralized water. The capillary porous material is thermally coupled to the heat accumulator and directly or indirectly thermally coupled to a high temperature heat source, for example, a concentrated solar radiation absorber or a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel combustor.

In a first example, the capillary porous material is mechanically and thermally bonded to the bottom of the piston and indirectly thermally bonded by means of a thermal accumulator to a concentrated solar radiation absorber formed in the piston from its outside and provided with a thin-walled transparent cover at the inlet of concentrated solar radiation. The injection nozzle is located in the center of the cylinder head.

In a second example, the capillary porous material is mechanically and thermally bonded to a common head of the requisite number of cylinders that is indirectly thermally bonded by means of a thermal accumulator to a concentrated solar radiation absorber. Capillary porous materials with injection nozzles are located in a common head separately each cylinder.

In a third example, the capillary porous material is mechanically and thermally bonded to the bottom of the piston. At the same time, the outer surface of the capillary porous substance is formed by a concentrated solar radiation absorber, the entrance of which is formed by a thick-walled transparent cover placed in the cylinder head, under which the necessary number of injection nozzles is located.

In a fourth example, the capillary porous material is mechanically and thermally coupled to a heat accumulator formed in a common head of at least a pair of opposing piston cylinders. At the same time, the outer surface of the capillary porous substance is formed by an absorber on the axis of the cylinders of perpendicular concentrated sunlight, the inlet of which is formed by a thick-walled transparent cover placed in a common cylinder head under which the necessary number of injection nozzles is located.

The advantage of the solution is the production of steam directly in the working space of the cylinder of the piston steam engine by the method of injecting the working liquid onto the surface of the capillary porous substance, which is thermally connected to the high-temperature heat source. The heat-accumulated capillary porous material optimizes the condensation conditions of the liquid in the vapor directly in the cylinder. The solution does not require a steam boiler, nor piping and equipment to supply steam to the cylinder workspace.

Overview of the drawings

In the accompanying drawings, four exemplary embodiments of a thermomechanical converter according to the invention are shown in simplified cross-sectional views where

FIG. 1 is an embodiment of the converter in a minimum and maximum cylinder capacity with a capillary porous substance mechanically and thermally coupled to the bottom of the piston and indirectly thermally coupled to a concentrated solar radiation absorber formed in the piston from the outside thereof;

FIG. 2 is an embodiment of a capillary porous material converter mechanically and thermally coupled to a common head of the requisite number of cylinders that is indirectly thermally coupled to a concentrated solar radiation absorber;

FIG. 3 is an embodiment of a capillary porous material converter mechanically and thermally coupled to the bottom of the piston, wherein the outer surface of the capillary porous material simultaneously forms a concentrated solar radiation absorber;

FIG. 4 is an embodiment of a capillary porous material converter mechanically and thermally coupled to a common head of at least a pair of opposing piston cylinders, wherein the outer surface of the capillary porous material is simultaneously a concentrated solar radiation absorber perpendicular to the cylinder axis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The thermomechanical converter of FIG. 1 to 4, comprising in particular a reciprocating piston steam engine comprising a high-temperature heat source and a working space of a cylinder 2 closed by the head 3 of a cylinder 2 and a displaceable piston 4. A heat insulating liner 6 is provided between the head 2 and the cylinder 2. In the working space 1 of the cylinder 2 there is a capillary porous substance 7 located within the range of the injection nozzle 8 of the conversion liquid, mainly distilled or demineralized water. The capillary porous substance 7 is thermally coupled to the heat accumulator 9 and directly or indirectly thermally coupled to a high temperature heat source, for example a concentrated solar absorber 10, 11 or a combustion generator for solid, liquid or gaseous fuels.

Referring to FIG. 1, the capillary porous substance 7 is mechanically and thermally bonded to the bottom of the piston 4 and indirectly thermally bonded by means of heat concentrated solar in the piston 4 from its outer to the absorber 10 which is formed by the inlet of the concentrated radiation accumulator 11.

In the case of sunlight 11, it is provided with a thin-walled transparent cover

12. The injection nozzle 8 is located in the center of the cylinder head 2.

According to FIG. 2, the capillary porous material 1 is mechanically and thermally coupled to a common head 2 of the required number of rollers 2, which is indirectly thermally coupled by means of a thermal accumulator 9 to a concentrated solar radiation absorber 10

11. The capillary porous substances 7 with the injection nozzles 8 are located in the common head 3 separately each cylinder 2.

Referring to FIG. 3, the capillary porous material 7 is mechanically and thermally bonded to the bottom of the piston 4. The outer surface of the capillary porous material 7 is simultaneously formed by an absorber 10 of concentrated sunlight 11, the inlet of which is formed by a thick-walled transparent cover 13 located in the cylinder head 2. and the necessary number of injection nozzles 8.

According to FIG. 4, the capillary porous substance 2 is mechanically and thermally coupled to a thermal accumulator 9 formed in a common head 3 of at least a pair of cylinders 2 with opposing pistons 4. The outer surface of the capillary porous substance 7 is simultaneously formed by an absorber 10 on the cylinder axis 2 of perpendicular concentrated sunlight 11. is formed by means of a thick-walled transparent cover 13 located in the common head 3 of the rollers 2, under which the necessary number of injection nozzles 8 is also located.

The capillary porous material 7, for example based on cured powdered graphite, porous agents and water glass, must meet the required thermophysical and thermodynamic properties, in particular it must rapidly receive and transmit heat, suppress the boiling crisis of the injected liquid at high working temperature and pressure. absorb, convert to steam while resisting violent heat and pressure changes. In addition to the favorable conversion effect of the capillary pressure, dynamic pressure changes in the capillary porous substance layer 7 in particular are favorably influenced. 7. Further, an intensive temperature equalization between the capillary porous substance 7 and the liquid takes place, the liquid is supplied with heat of evaporation and turned into steam, causing overpressure and rapid expulsion of steam from the capillaries to the working space 1. Part of the heat is consumed for phase change and overheating steam. Expansion of the steam in the cylinder 2 results in a working stroke of the piston 4. The vapor that transmitted the energy of the piston 4 is discharged through the exhaust opening 5 on the side of the cylinder 2 away from the working space 1 of the machine. This is followed by the return of the piston 4 to the starting position associated with the compression of the gas particles in the cylinder 2. The movement of the piston 4, the dosing frequency and the dosing volume are derived from the heat supply and the machine load.

Industrial usability

The thermomechanical converter can be used mainly in the process of greening electricity production, where solar energy is used as a thermal energy source or other ecological energy sources, such as chemically bonded hydrogen energy. In principle, it is possible to utilize waste heat from technological processes but mainly natural heat sources such as wood and fossil fuels, combustible waste and the like.

Another possible use of the converter is to drive pumps and various utility and technological equipment.

Claims (5)

PATTERN CLAIMS M A thermomechanical converter, in particular - pxa - located in a heliostatic focus, comprising in particular a reciprocating piston steam engine comprising a high-temperature heat source and a working space of a cylinder closed by a cylinder head and a sliding piston, the cylinder being equipped with one or more timed exhaust ports. characterized in that in the working space (1) of the cylinder (2) there is a capillary porous substance (7) located in the range of the injection nozzle (8) of the conversion liquid, mainly distilled or demineralized water, the capillary porous substance (7) being thermally connected with a heat accumulator (9) and directly or indirectly thermally connected to a high temperature heat source, for example a concentrated solar radiation absorber (10) or a combustion generator for solid, liquid or gaseous fuels. Solution according to claim 1, characterized in that the capillary porous substance (7) is mechanically and thermally connected to the bottom of the piston (4) and indirectly thermally connected by means of a thermal accumulator (9) to an absorber (10) of concentrated sunlight (11) which is formed in the piston (4) from its outside and at the inlet of concentrated sunlight (11) is provided with a thin-walled transparent cover (12), the injection nozzle (8) being located in the center of the cylinder head (3). Solution according to claim 1, characterized in that the capillary porous substance (7) is mechanically and thermally connected to a common head (3) of the required number of rollers (2), which is indirectly thermally connected by means of a thermal accumulator (9) to an absorber ( 10) of concentrated sunlight (11), wherein the capillary porous substances (7) with injection nozzles (8) are placed in the common head (3) separately - each cylinder (2). The solution according to claim 1, characterized in that the capillary porous substance (7) is mechanically and thermally connected to the bottom of the piston (4), wherein the outer surface of the capillary porous substance (7) is simultaneously a absorber (10) of concentrated sunlight (11). ), whose inlet is formed by a thick-walled transparent cover (13) located in the head (3) of the cylinder (2), under which the necessary number of injection nozzles (8) is also located. The solution according to claim 1, characterized in that the capillary porous substance (7) is mechanically and thermally connected to a thermal accumulator (9) formed in a common head (3) of at least a pair of cylinders (2) with opposing pistons (4), at the same time, the outer surface of the capillary porous material (7) forms an absorber (10) on the axis of the cylinders (2) of perpendicular concentrated sunlight (11), the inlet of which is formed by a thick-walled transparent cover (13) located in the common head (3) of the rolls (2) , which also contains the necessary number of injection nozzles