SK149698A3 - An apertured covering sheet for an absorbent article and a method of producing the covering sheet - Google Patents
An apertured covering sheet for an absorbent article and a method of producing the covering sheet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- SK149698A3 SK149698A3 SK1496-98A SK149698A SK149698A3 SK 149698 A3 SK149698 A3 SK 149698A3 SK 149698 A SK149698 A SK 149698A SK 149698 A3 SK149698 A3 SK 149698A3
- Authority
- SK
- Slovakia
- Prior art keywords
- coating layer
- liquid
- layer
- apertures
- permeable
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 167
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 206010021639 Incontinence Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 93
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 77
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 36
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002175 menstrual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011243 crosslinked material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000035807 sensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004758 synthetic textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/51—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the outer layers
- A61F13/511—Topsheet, i.e. the permeable cover or layer facing the skin
- A61F13/512—Topsheet, i.e. the permeable cover or layer facing the skin characterised by its apertures, e.g. perforations
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE9601681A SE510531C2 (sv) | 1996-05-02 | 1996-05-02 | Hålgjort höljesskikt för att absorberande alster, samt sätt att framställa höljesskiktet |
PCT/SE1997/000696 WO1997040793A1 (fr) | 1996-05-02 | 1997-04-25 | Feuille de couverture ajouree pour article absorbant et procede de production de cette feuille |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
SK149698A3 true SK149698A3 (en) | 1999-03-12 |
Family
ID=20402434
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
SK1496-98A SK149698A3 (en) | 1996-05-02 | 1997-04-25 | An apertured covering sheet for an absorbent article and a method of producing the covering sheet |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7005558B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0959842B2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2000509299A (fr) |
AU (1) | AU721362B2 (fr) |
CO (1) | CO4930342A1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69705867T3 (fr) |
PL (1) | PL329684A1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2197934C2 (fr) |
SE (1) | SE510531C2 (fr) |
SK (1) | SK149698A3 (fr) |
TN (1) | TNSN97071A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1997040793A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA973574B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (111)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE513169C2 (sv) * | 1997-06-27 | 2000-07-17 | Sca Hygiene Prod Ab | Sätt att tillverka ett hålgjort höljesskikt till ett absorberande alster,ett sådant tillverkat material samt ett absorberande alster med ett sådant höljesskikt |
US6168849B1 (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 2001-01-02 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Multilayer cover system and method for producing same |
US7589249B2 (en) | 2000-02-16 | 2009-09-15 | Mcneil-Ppc, Inc. | Multiple zone apertured web |
CA2403875C (fr) † | 2000-04-07 | 2007-08-21 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Bandes de film polymere a ouvertures et articles absorbants utilisant ces bandes |
US20040015144A1 (en) * | 2000-12-08 | 2004-01-22 | Daio Paper Corporation | Absorbent, process for producing the same, and absorbent article comprising the absorbent |
US7919169B2 (en) | 2001-06-08 | 2011-04-05 | Sca Hygiene Products Ab | Laminate made of fibrous layers for use in absorbent articles |
ATE550003T1 (de) * | 2001-08-14 | 2012-04-15 | Mcneil Ppc Inc | Mehrzonen - perforierte schicht |
US6958432B2 (en) * | 2001-12-14 | 2005-10-25 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Disposable absorbent article |
US6679104B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2004-01-20 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Matched material combinations for absorbent articles and the like |
US20040019340A1 (en) * | 2002-07-23 | 2004-01-29 | Tredegar Film Products Corporation | Absorbent article having a surface energy gradient between the topsheet and the acquisition distribution layer |
US7132585B2 (en) * | 2002-12-05 | 2006-11-07 | Uni-Charm Corporation | Absorbent article with liquid acquisition layer |
US7732657B2 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2010-06-08 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Absorbent article with lotion-containing topsheet |
EP2159043B1 (fr) * | 2002-12-20 | 2012-06-13 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Voile à texturation inverse |
US7270861B2 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2007-09-18 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Laminated structurally elastic-like film web substrate |
US7838099B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2010-11-23 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Looped nonwoven web |
US7682686B2 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2010-03-23 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Tufted fibrous web |
ES2873898T3 (es) | 2002-12-20 | 2021-11-04 | Procter & Gamble | Banda fibrosa con mechones |
US7507459B2 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2009-03-24 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Compression resistant nonwovens |
CA2507166C (fr) | 2002-12-20 | 2010-01-12 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Voile lamine tufte |
EP2604238A3 (fr) * | 2003-08-07 | 2015-09-02 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Film perforé et procédé pour la fabrication du même |
US8241543B2 (en) | 2003-08-07 | 2012-08-14 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method and apparatus for making an apertured web |
US7910195B2 (en) | 2003-12-16 | 2011-03-22 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Absorbent article with lotion-containing topsheet |
US7812213B2 (en) * | 2003-12-29 | 2010-10-12 | Sca Hygiene Products Ab | Absorbent article with through-slits surrounded by binding areas |
WO2006059922A1 (fr) * | 2004-11-30 | 2006-06-08 | Sca Hygiene Products Ab | Article absorbant |
US7323072B2 (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2008-01-29 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Multi-roll bonding and aperturing |
EP1767177B1 (fr) * | 2005-09-23 | 2016-06-15 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Couche d'acquisition de liquides perforée presentant une propriété de récupération de l'épaisseur |
EP1787608B1 (fr) * | 2005-09-23 | 2008-12-31 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Feuille supérieure et couche d'acquisition de liquides perforée |
EP1776940B1 (fr) * | 2005-09-23 | 2012-06-06 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Double couche d'acquisition de liquides perforée |
WO2007038964A1 (fr) * | 2005-10-05 | 2007-04-12 | Sca Hygiene Products Ab | Article absorbant comprenant des regions hydrophiles et hydrophobes |
US20070135787A1 (en) * | 2005-12-14 | 2007-06-14 | Maria Raidel | Extensible absorbent layer and absorbent article |
PL1965739T3 (pl) * | 2005-12-16 | 2013-11-29 | Essity Hygiene & Health Ab | Wyrób chłonny i sposób wytwarzania wyrobu chłonnego |
WO2007069965A1 (fr) * | 2005-12-16 | 2007-06-21 | Sca Hygiene Products Ab | Produit absorbant |
BRPI0520752A2 (pt) * | 2005-12-16 | 2009-05-26 | Sca Hygiene Prod Ab | produto absorvente |
AU2005339201A1 (en) * | 2005-12-16 | 2007-06-21 | Sca Hygiene Products Ab | Absorbent product |
US7854754B2 (en) | 2006-02-22 | 2010-12-21 | Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc. | Cooling device for removing heat from subcutaneous lipid-rich cells |
JP4703724B2 (ja) | 2006-04-28 | 2011-06-15 | ゼルティック エステティックス インコーポレイテッド | 皮下の脂質リッチ細胞の冷却が改善された治療装置に使用する凍結防止剤 |
US20070270925A1 (en) * | 2006-05-17 | 2007-11-22 | Juniper Medical, Inc. | Method and apparatus for non-invasively removing heat from subcutaneous lipid-rich cells including a coolant having a phase transition temperature |
US9132031B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2015-09-15 | Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc. | Cooling device having a plurality of controllable cooling elements to provide a predetermined cooling profile |
US8192474B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2012-06-05 | Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc. | Tissue treatment methods |
US20080077201A1 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2008-03-27 | Juniper Medical, Inc. | Cooling devices with flexible sensors |
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US8502013B2 (en) | 2007-03-05 | 2013-08-06 | The Procter And Gamble Company | Disposable absorbent article |
US7935207B2 (en) | 2007-03-05 | 2011-05-03 | Procter And Gamble Company | Absorbent core for disposable absorbent article |
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US7994387B2 (en) * | 2007-10-17 | 2011-08-09 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Tampon having zoned apertured overwrap |
WO2009062998A1 (fr) * | 2007-11-13 | 2009-05-22 | Tesalca-99, S.A. | Matériau perforé et traité |
AU2009206370B2 (en) | 2008-01-24 | 2012-10-04 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Extrusion bonded laminates for absorbent articles |
US8275442B2 (en) * | 2008-09-25 | 2012-09-25 | Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc. | Treatment planning systems and methods for body contouring applications |
US8603073B2 (en) * | 2008-12-17 | 2013-12-10 | Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc. | Systems and methods with interrupt/resume capabilities for treating subcutaneous lipid-rich cells |
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US8153226B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 | 2012-04-10 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Capped tufted laminate web |
BRPI1014623B1 (pt) | 2009-04-30 | 2020-01-07 | Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc. | Sistema para tratamento de celulas subcutâneas ricas em lipídeos em uma área alvo |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3814101A (en) * | 1970-09-17 | 1974-06-04 | Union Carbide Corp | Disposable absorbent articles |
US3344789A (en) * | 1964-12-29 | 1967-10-03 | Azur Associates | Diaper with film enclosed absorbent |
US3403681A (en) * | 1965-09-23 | 1968-10-01 | Kendall & Co | Sanitary napkin |
US3703897A (en) * | 1969-10-09 | 1972-11-28 | Kendall & Co | Hydrophobic non-adherent wound dressing |
US3886941A (en) * | 1974-06-18 | 1975-06-03 | Union Carbide Corp | Diaper insert |
US3927673A (en) * | 1974-08-12 | 1975-12-23 | Colgate Palmolive Co | Quilted diaper |
US3929135A (en) * | 1974-12-20 | 1975-12-30 | Procter & Gamble | Absorptive structure having tapered capillaries |
DE2614160C3 (de) † | 1976-04-02 | 1980-04-30 | Ramisch Kleinewefers Kalander Gmbh, 4150 Krefeld | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Perforieren bahnförmiger thermoplastischer Vliese, insbesondere von Faservliesen |
EP0080383B1 (fr) † | 1981-11-24 | 1987-02-11 | Kimberly-Clark Limited | Non-tissé de microfibres |
SE449298B (sv) * | 1984-05-15 | 1987-04-27 | Moelnlycke Ab | Absorberande produkt, sasom dambinda, bloja eller sarforband |
US4588630A (en) | 1984-06-13 | 1986-05-13 | Chicopee | Apertured fusible fabrics |
US5188625A (en) * | 1985-09-09 | 1993-02-23 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Sanitary napkin having a cover formed from a nonwoven web |
ZA866658B (en) | 1985-09-09 | 1987-04-29 | Kimberly Clark Co | Apertured nonwoven web |
EP0235309B1 (fr) | 1986-01-31 | 1989-10-11 | Uni-Charm Corporation | Feuille de recouvrement pour des articles absorbants et leur procédé de fabrication |
US4908026A (en) | 1986-12-22 | 1990-03-13 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Flow distribution system for absorbent pads |
US4798603A (en) * | 1987-10-16 | 1989-01-17 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Absorbent article having a hydrophobic transport layer |
US5180620A (en) | 1989-07-18 | 1993-01-19 | Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. | Nonwoven fabric comprising meltblown fibers having projections extending from the fabric base |
US5591149A (en) * | 1992-10-07 | 1997-01-07 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Absorbent article having meltblown components |
WO1992018078A1 (fr) * | 1991-04-18 | 1992-10-29 | Smith & Nephew Plc | Articles absorbants hygieniques |
CA2053930C (fr) * | 1991-07-17 | 1997-01-07 | Robert Emmet Kirby | Membrane de recouvrement pour un article absorbant |
CA2073849C (fr) * | 1991-07-23 | 1997-12-23 | Clemson University Research Foundation | Fibres et materiaux pouvant etre utilises dans des articles absorbants |
SE508961C2 (sv) | 1992-11-17 | 1998-11-23 | Sca Hygiene Prod Ab | Absorberande struktur och absorberande alster innehållande strukturen ifråga |
DE69210403T3 (de) † | 1992-11-17 | 2000-08-03 | Pantex S.R.L., Agliana | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen einer Membrane oder einer Folie zum Überziehen von Damenbinden oder Leinentückern oder für Filtersysteme oder dergleichen |
JP3215262B2 (ja) * | 1994-06-03 | 2001-10-02 | ユニ・チャーム株式会社 | 使い捨ての体液吸収性物品 |
JP3091374B2 (ja) * | 1994-10-27 | 2000-09-25 | ユニ・チャーム株式会社 | 生理用ナプキン |
SE508245C2 (sv) † | 1994-12-30 | 1998-09-21 | Moelnlycke Ab | Förfarande och anordning för att perforera en materialbana |
US5628097A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1997-05-13 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method for selectively aperturing a nonwoven web |
US5925026A (en) * | 1997-03-10 | 1999-07-20 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Apertured absorbent pads for use in absorbent articles |
SE513169C2 (sv) * | 1997-06-27 | 2000-07-17 | Sca Hygiene Prod Ab | Sätt att tillverka ett hålgjort höljesskikt till ett absorberande alster,ett sådant tillverkat material samt ett absorberande alster med ett sådant höljesskikt |
US6039906A (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 2000-03-21 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method for aperturing a laminate |
US6168849B1 (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 2001-01-02 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Multilayer cover system and method for producing same |
-
1996
- 1996-05-02 SE SE9601681A patent/SE510531C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-04-24 ZA ZA9703574A patent/ZA973574B/xx unknown
- 1997-04-25 AU AU27961/97A patent/AU721362B2/en not_active Expired
- 1997-04-25 WO PCT/SE1997/000696 patent/WO1997040793A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1997-04-25 DE DE69705867T patent/DE69705867T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-25 EP EP97922239A patent/EP0959842B2/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-25 US US09/171,520 patent/US7005558B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-04-25 RU RU98121703/14A patent/RU2197934C2/ru active
- 1997-04-25 JP JP9538804A patent/JP2000509299A/ja active Pending
- 1997-04-25 PL PL97329684A patent/PL329684A1/xx unknown
- 1997-04-25 SK SK1496-98A patent/SK149698A3/sk unknown
- 1997-05-02 TN TNTNSN97071A patent/TNSN97071A1/fr unknown
- 1997-05-02 CO CO97023501A patent/CO4930342A1/es unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0959842B2 (fr) | 2006-06-21 |
ZA973574B (en) | 1997-11-19 |
SE510531C2 (sv) | 1999-05-31 |
PL329684A1 (en) | 1999-04-12 |
DE69705867T3 (de) | 2007-03-15 |
RU2197934C2 (ru) | 2003-02-10 |
DE69705867T2 (de) | 2002-04-11 |
AU721362B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 |
EP0959842A1 (fr) | 1999-12-01 |
TNSN97071A1 (fr) | 1999-12-31 |
SE9601681L (sv) | 1997-11-03 |
CO4930342A1 (es) | 2000-06-27 |
JP2000509299A (ja) | 2000-07-25 |
SE9601681D0 (sv) | 1996-05-02 |
AU2796197A (en) | 1997-11-19 |
EP0959842B1 (fr) | 2001-07-25 |
WO1997040793A1 (fr) | 1997-11-06 |
DE69705867D1 (de) | 2001-08-30 |
US7005558B1 (en) | 2006-02-28 |
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