SG43803A1 - Diphosphines containing silane groups immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalyst - Google Patents

Diphosphines containing silane groups immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalyst

Info

Publication number
SG43803A1
SG43803A1 SG1996001032A SG1996001032A SG43803A1 SG 43803 A1 SG43803 A1 SG 43803A1 SG 1996001032 A SG1996001032 A SG 1996001032A SG 1996001032 A SG1996001032 A SG 1996001032A SG 43803 A1 SG43803 A1 SG 43803A1
Authority
SG
Singapore
Prior art keywords
diphosphines
hydrogenation catalyst
containing silane
silane groups
immobilised
Prior art date
Application number
SG1996001032A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Manfred Muller
Benoit Pugin
Felix Spingler
Original Assignee
Ciba Geigy Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ciba Geigy Ag filed Critical Ciba Geigy Ag
Priority to EP92810026A priority Critical patent/EP0496700B1/de
Priority to SG1996001032A priority patent/SG43803A1/en
Priority to DE59205529T priority patent/DE59205529D1/de
Priority to US07/823,516 priority patent/US5252751A/en
Priority to JP4032851A priority patent/JPH07179484A/ja
Priority to US08/091,802 priority patent/US5308819A/en
Priority to US08/197,095 priority patent/US5382729A/en
Priority to US08/303,905 priority patent/US5432289A/en
Publication of SG43803A1 publication Critical patent/SG43803A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0073—Rhodium compounds
    • C07F15/008—Rhodium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0272—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255
    • B01J31/0274—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255 containing silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/1616—Coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes, immobilised on an inorganic support, e.g. ship-in-a-bottle type catalysts
    • B01J31/1625—Coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes, immobilised on an inorganic support, e.g. ship-in-a-bottle type catalysts immobilised by covalent linkages, i.e. pendant complexes with optional linking groups
    • B01J31/1633—Coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes, immobilised on an inorganic support, e.g. ship-in-a-bottle type catalysts immobilised by covalent linkages, i.e. pendant complexes with optional linking groups covalent linkages via silicon containing groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/22—Organic complexes
    • B01J31/2282—Unsaturated compounds used as ligands
    • B01J31/2291—Olefins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
    • B01J31/2404—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring
    • B01J31/2409—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
    • B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
    • B01J31/4023—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
    • B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
    • B01J31/4023—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J31/4038—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper containing noble metals
    • B01J31/4046—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper containing noble metals containing rhodium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
    • B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
    • B01J31/4053—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals with recovery of phosphorous catalyst system constituents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
    • B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
    • B01J31/4092—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals involving a stripping step, with stripping gas or solvent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0033—Iridium compounds
    • C07F15/004—Iridium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/655—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/65515—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a five-membered ring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B01J21/08—Silica
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/60—Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation
    • B01J2231/64—Reductions in general of organic substrates, e.g. hydride reductions or hydrogenations
    • B01J2231/641—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes
    • B01J2231/643—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes of R2C=O or R2C=NR (R= C, H)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/60—Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation
    • B01J2231/64—Reductions in general of organic substrates, e.g. hydride reductions or hydrogenations
    • B01J2231/641—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes
    • B01J2231/645—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes of C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/822—Rhodium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/827—Iridium
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
SG1996001032A 1991-01-25 1992-01-16 Diphosphines containing silane groups immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalyst SG43803A1 (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP92810026A EP0496700B1 (de) 1991-01-25 1992-01-16 Silangruppen enthaltende Diphosphine, immobilisierte Diophoshine und deren Verwendung als Hydrierkatalysatoren
SG1996001032A SG43803A1 (en) 1991-01-25 1992-01-16 Diphosphines containing silane groups immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalyst
DE59205529T DE59205529D1 (de) 1991-01-25 1992-01-16 Silangruppen enthaltende Diphosphine, immobilisierte Diophoshine und deren Verwendung als Hydrierkatalysatoren
US07/823,516 US5252751A (en) 1991-01-25 1992-01-21 Diphosphines containing silane groups, immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalysts
JP4032851A JPH07179484A (ja) 1991-01-25 1992-01-24 シラン基含有ジホスフィン、固定されたジホスフィン及びそれを用いる水素化触媒
US08/091,802 US5308819A (en) 1991-01-25 1993-07-14 Diphosphines containing silane groups, immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalysts
US08/197,095 US5382729A (en) 1991-01-25 1994-02-16 Diphosphines containing silane groups, immobilized diphosphins and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalysts
US08/303,905 US5432289A (en) 1991-01-25 1994-09-09 Diphosphines containing silane groups, immobilized diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalysts

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH21891 1991-01-25
SG1996001032A SG43803A1 (en) 1991-01-25 1992-01-16 Diphosphines containing silane groups immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalyst

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
SG43803A1 true SG43803A1 (en) 1997-11-14

Family

ID=25683912

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
SG1996001032A SG43803A1 (en) 1991-01-25 1992-01-16 Diphosphines containing silane groups immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalyst

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (4) US5252751A (ja)
EP (1) EP0496700B1 (ja)
JP (1) JPH07179484A (ja)
DE (1) DE59205529D1 (ja)
SG (1) SG43803A1 (ja)

Families Citing this family (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SG43803A1 (en) * 1991-01-25 1997-11-14 Ciba Geigy Ag Diphosphines containing silane groups immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalyst
ES2150653T3 (es) * 1995-02-24 2000-12-01 Novartis Ag Ferrocenildifosfinas sililadas, ferrocenildifosfinas sililadas unidas a soportes inorganicos o polimeros organicos, asi como complejos metalicos de estas, su obtencion y empleo.
CA2216153C (en) * 1995-04-11 2008-02-05 Novartis Ag Dihalogenated ferrocenes and processes for the preparation thereof
HRP960295A2 (en) * 1995-07-06 1997-08-31 Ciba Geigy Ag Process for the hydrogenation of imines in the presence of immobilized iridium-diphosphine catalysts
JP3769050B2 (ja) * 1995-07-07 2006-04-19 三井化学株式会社 フェノールの製造方法
US5777062A (en) * 1996-02-23 1998-07-07 Novartis Corporation Diphosphines bonded to side chains of polymers, and metal complexes thereof
EP0912586B1 (en) 1996-07-10 2002-01-16 Syngenta Participations AG Functionalized ferrocenyldiphosphines, a process for their preparation and their use
BR9712273A (pt) * 1996-10-07 1999-08-31 Novartis Ag Ferrocelinas quirais
DE19702025A1 (de) * 1997-01-23 1998-07-30 Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh Verwendung perfluoralkylsubstituierter Phosphorverbindungen als Liganden für die homogene Katalyse in überkritischem Kohlendioxid
US6121184A (en) * 1997-07-29 2000-09-19 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Supported bis(phosphorus) ligands
US6229052B1 (en) 1998-05-29 2001-05-08 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Hydroformylation of olefins using supported bis(phosphorus) ligands
WO2001014060A2 (en) 1999-08-25 2001-03-01 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Surface-confined catalytic compositions
US6284865B1 (en) * 1999-09-20 2001-09-04 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Polymeric phosphite composition and hydrocyanation of unsaturated organic compounds and the isomerization of unsaturated nitriles
US6420611B1 (en) 1999-09-20 2002-07-16 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Composition comprising polymeric phosphite
GB0026890D0 (en) * 2000-11-03 2000-12-20 Ici Plc Catalyst
DE10105104A1 (de) 2001-02-05 2002-08-08 Bayer Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von nicht-chiralen und optisch aktiven Hydroxygruppen enthaltenden organischen Verbindungen
WO2003046019A1 (en) * 2001-11-26 2003-06-05 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Supported bis(phosphorus)ligands and their use in the catalysis
US6660876B2 (en) 2001-11-26 2003-12-09 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Phosphorus-containing compositions and their use in hydrocyanation, isomerization and hydroformylation reactions
US20040030199A1 (en) * 2002-01-29 2004-02-12 Maughon Robert R. Process for reducing alpha-haloketones to secondary alpha-haloalcohols
US20160158691A1 (en) 2014-12-04 2016-06-09 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Method of gas capture

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2230654B1 (ja) * 1973-05-21 1975-11-21 Rhone Poulenc Ind
DE3150917A1 (de) * 1981-12-18 1983-06-30 Schering Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 4619 Bergkamen "2-amino-1-(1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-ethanol-verbindungen, deren herstellung und verwendung zur weiterverarbeitung"
US4450280A (en) * 1982-03-04 1984-05-22 The Dow Chemical Company Phosphorous-containing polyether polyols
ATE66666T1 (de) * 1986-08-04 1991-09-15 Ciba Geigy Ag Verfahren zur herstellung von optisch aktiven sekundaeren arylaminen.
US5011995A (en) * 1987-07-28 1991-04-30 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Process for the preparation of optically active secondary amines
US4996361A (en) * 1987-07-30 1991-02-26 The University Of British Columbia Process for the preparation of optically active secondary arylamines
DE59201991D1 (de) * 1991-01-25 1995-06-01 Ciba Geigy Ag Silangruppen enthaltende Diphosphine, immobilisierte Diphosphine und deren Verwendung als Hydrierkatalysatoren.
SG43803A1 (en) * 1991-01-25 1997-11-14 Ciba Geigy Ag Diphosphines containing silane groups immobilised diphosphines and the use thereof as hydrogenation catalyst

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH07179484A (ja) 1995-07-18
US5308819A (en) 1994-05-03
US5432289A (en) 1995-07-11
US5382729A (en) 1995-01-17
US5252751A (en) 1993-10-12
EP0496700A1 (de) 1992-07-29
DE59205529D1 (de) 1996-04-11
EP0496700B1 (de) 1996-03-06

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