SE538994C2 - Process for controlling the rate of reduction in the preparation of a ferro alloy - Google Patents

Process for controlling the rate of reduction in the preparation of a ferro alloy Download PDF

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Publication number
SE538994C2
SE538994C2 SE1351487A SE1351487A SE538994C2 SE 538994 C2 SE538994 C2 SE 538994C2 SE 1351487 A SE1351487 A SE 1351487A SE 1351487 A SE1351487 A SE 1351487A SE 538994 C2 SE538994 C2 SE 538994C2
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nickel
fed
furnace
raw material
thesmelting
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SE1351487A
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SE1351487A1 (en
Inventor
Mäkelä Tuomo
Niemelä Pekka
Krogerus Helge
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Outokumpu Oy
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Publication of SE1351487A1 publication Critical patent/SE1351487A1/en
Publication of SE538994C2 publication Critical patent/SE538994C2/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/005—Manufacture of stainless steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/04—Making ferrous alloys by melting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C5/5264—Manufacture of alloyed steels including ferro-alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/0006—Adding metallic additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/0037—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00 by injecting powdered material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
    • C22B1/14—Agglomerating; Briquetting; Binding; Granulating
    • C22B1/16—Sintering; Agglomerating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
    • C22B1/14—Agglomerating; Briquetting; Binding; Granulating
    • C22B1/24—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating
    • C22B1/242—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating with binders
    • C22B1/243—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating with binders inorganic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
    • C22B3/04—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
    • C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
    • C22C27/06—Alloys based on chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
  • Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)

Abstract

The inveution relates to a method for improving tl1e reduction degree of metal coinporierits in a chromite concentrateWhen smelting ferroalloy suitable for manufacturing of Stainless steel. The chromite concentrate is fed together with nickel-contain -ing raw inaterial so that by means the amoimt of nickel-containing raw rnaterial it is achieved a desired reduction degree for the met-al coinpoiients of ferroalloy.

Description

METHOD FOR IIVIPROVING THE REDUCTION DEGREE IN THE SMELTINGOF FERROALLOY This invention relates to a method for improving the reduction degree of metal components in a material to be treated when smelting ferroalloy, asferrochrome suitable for manufacturing of stainless steel. According to themethod nickel-bearing material is fed into ferroalloy. lt is known from the WO patent publication 2010/092234 a method whereinnickel ore and/or nickel concentrate or an intermediate product precipitatedfrom solutions of nickel ore and/or nickel concentrate is agglomerated in themanufacturing process of ferrochrome so that it is first produced from nickel-containing material together with iron-containing chromite concentrate andbinder agent pellets, and the drying and calcination of nickel-containing materialis carried out advantageously within one-stage heat treatment of pellets,sintering. With the heat treatment of pellets the object are strengthened so thatthe heat treated objects are conveyable, when desired, essentially completebetween separate process stages. lf needed, the pellets can be preheatedbefore sintering. Heat treated objects can be conveyed, when desired,essentially complete between separate process stages. Heat treated objectscan be downsized, when desired, when conveying object between separateprocess stages or process units. Sintered and thus strengthened pellets areused as material in a smelting process carried out in reducing conditions, inwhich case it is received as a smelting product nickel~containing ferroalloy, ferrochromenickel.
The above mentioned WO patent publication 2010/092234 thus relates mainly _ to the production of nickel-containing pellets by sintering. instead, smeltingconditions of the sintered pellets are not exactly described. When describingthe energy efficiency it is, however, mentioned that nickel containing in pelletscatalyses chromium reduction in pellets and thus decreases the specific consumption, advantageous carbon, of the reducing agent in the ferroalloy production. lt is now surprisingly observed that nickel containing in pellets not onlycatalyses the reduction of chromium in chromite pellets, but nickel containing inthe feed of a furnace used for smelting of chromite improves in the smeltingprocess the reduction of all essential metal components, iron, chromium andnickel, containing in the feed of the smelting furnace. The object of the presentinvention is to utilize this surprizing finding and to achieve a more effectivemethod than before for increasing the reduction degree in the smelting processof chromite material in which method the reduction of metal components inchromite during the smelting is improved by alloying into the material to begone into smelting nickel-containing material and simultaneously to achieve aprealloy, ferrochromenickel, suitable to the production of stainless steel. The essential features are enlisted in the appended claims.
According to the invention, it is alloyed into the raw material, as chromite, to besmelted in the ferroalloy production before the smelting nickel-containingmaterial, in which case nickel-containing improves the reduction of metalcomponents containing in the feed material simultaneously when nickel-containing material itself is managed to be reduced as a metallic component inthe ferroalloy. According to the invention, by means of the nickel amount to beadded into the ferroalloy it can advantageously be adjusted the reductiondegree of metal components in the ferroalloy and simultaneously be achieved aferroalloy containing the desired nickel content, as ferrochromenickel alloyshaving different nickel contents. Ferrochromenickel alloys containing desirednickel contents can be used for instance for the production of different stainless steels, as austenitic or duplex stainless steels. ln the method according to the invention it can be used as a nickel-containingraw material at least partly nickel oxide, at least partly nickel ore and/or nickelconcentrate or at least partly a nickel-containing intermediate product achieved by the leaching and/or by precipitating of nickel ores and/or nickel concentrates.The nickel-containing raw material is fed into a smelting process together withferrochrome raw material. Before feeding into a smelting furnace the nickel-containing raw material is pretreated either so that sintered pellets are formedfrom the nickel-containing material together with the ferrochrome raw materialor so that the nickel-containing raw material is pretreated separately to chromitepellets. lt is possible to carry out the pretreatment of the nickel-containing rawmaterial also so that one part of the nickel-containing raw material to be fed intothe smelting furnace is pretreated together with chromite pellets and one part ofthe nickel-containing raw material is pretreated separately to chromite pellets.Thanks to different pretreatments the nickel-containing raw material to be fedinto the smelting furnace and promoting the reduction of different metalcomponents can be for instance partly nickel-containing hydroxide intermediate product, partly sulphidic or lateritic nickel concentrate.
The nickel-containing raw material to be utilized in the method according to theinvention is advantageously a nickel-containing hydroxide intermediate productfrom mines or other hydrometallurgical processes, which intermediate productis precipitated from solutions of lateritic and/or sulphidic nickel ores and/ornickel-containing concentrates of sulphidic ores. This kind of nickel-containinghydroxide intermediate product is for instance a nickel-containing intermediateproduct from pressure leaching, atmosphere leaching or heap leaching oflateritic or sulphidic nickel ores or nickel concentrates as well as a nickel-containing precipitated product of solvent extraction solutions, strippingsolutions or refining solutions received from solvent extraction processes or ionexchange processes of nickel-containing materials. ln the method of theinvention it can as a raw material be used also carbonate or sulphate nickelmaterials. Further, a sulphidic nickel concentrate itself and ahydrometallurgically precipitated nickel sulphide intermediate product are suited for the nickel-containing raw material of the method.
According to the invention, the amount of the nickel-containing material to befed into a smelting furnace is adjusted in the range of 5 - 25 weight %,preferably 10 - 20 weight °/°, from the total mass of the pretreated material tobe fed into the smelting furnace. When adjusting the amount of the nickel-containing to be fed into the smelting furnace it is considered the achievementof the energy-economically favourable reduction conditions and/or theproduction of a prealloy, ferrochromenickel, suitable the production offavourable stainless steel in each case. Using a small addition of nickel-containing raw material, the reduction degree remains low, in which case it iscreated a ferroalloy with low nickel content, ferrochromenickel. This kind offerroalloy with a low nickel content is a favourable prealloy especially to theproduction of duplex stainless steel grades. Using a greater addition of nickel-containing_ raw material the reduction degree increases and also the nickelcontent in the smelting product is greater. This kind of ferrochromenickel with agreater nickel content is favourable to use to the production of austenitic stainless steel grades having a high nickel content. ln the pretreatment of nickel-containing raw material to be fed into a smeltingfurnace in accordance with the method of the invention it is advantageouslyconsidered the composition and the microstructure of the nickel raw material. lfraw material is for the nickel-containing instance a nickel-containing intermediate product of mines or other hydrometallurgical processesprecipitated from solutions of nickel-containing solutions, which intermediateproduct requires to carry out as a pretreatment among others calcination at ahigher temperature, the pretreatment of the nickel-containing raw material iscarried out together with the production of chromite pellets and sintering ofpellets. instead, if the nickel-containing raw material of the method according tothe invention is material, as for instance nickel oxide, nickel ore and/or nickelconcentrate, which does not require in addition to a possible drying any otheressential pretreatment at a higher temperature, then the nickel-containing rawmaterial is possible to feed into a smelting furnace with the feeding of chromite pellets. The microstructure and composition of the nickel-containing raw material can also be such that it is advantageous to pretreat the raw materialseparately from chromite pelletizing and to feed the nickel-containing raw material into sintering of chromite pellets before feeding into a smelting furnace. ln the method according to the invention it is used advantageously a smeltingfurnace which is provided with a preheating equipment so that the feed goinginto the smelting furnace is conducted through the preheating equipment intothe smelting furnace. According to the invention the pretreated nickel~containingraw material is conducted also into the preheating equipment wherein thenicke|~containing will come at the latest into contact with other material to be fedinto the smelting furnace. ln the smelting furnace the nickel-containing togetherwith chromite pellets are smelted to ferrochromenickel having a desiredcomposition, which ferrochromenickel can be utilized in accordance with itscomposition advantageously for instance in the production of austenitic or duplex Stainless steels.
When according to the invention smelting of the nickel-containing raw materialis carried out advantageously in a closed submerged arc furnace, carbonmonoxide gases generated in the reduction and smelting can be utilized in onehand for instance in the sintering of chromite pellets and in possible otherpretreatment and preheating, in another hand for instance in different steps ofthe production path of stainless steel produced from the smelting product, ferrochromenickel.
The method according to the invention is described in more details by means of the appended example.EXA|\/lPLEFrom a chromite concentrate containing iron and chromium and an intermediate product containing nickel it was formed a mixture, into which mixture it was added as a binder 1,2 weight % bentonite and 3 weight % slag WO 2012/172168 PCT/FIZ012/050580 forming material, flux, either limestone or wollastonite. ln the table 1 it is presented the contents of chromium, iron, nickel, carbon and sulphur as weight % in mixtures, into which was added 10 weight % (Test 1) and 20 weight % (Test 2) nickel hydroxide. Further, in the table 1 it has as a reference material5 (REF) a mixture, into which mixture nickel hydroxide was not added.
Cr weight °/> Fe weight °/> Ni weight % C weight % S weight %REF 28,3 18,3 0,3 0,12 0,06Test 1 26,5 16,8 5,3 0,10 0,03Test 2 24,4 15,1 10,1 0,10 0,03Table 1 The mixtures containing a binder and representing each material of the table 110 were pelletized and sintered. A part of sintered pellets was fed representatively into a smelting furnace with a slag former and a reducing agent.
The materials according to the table 1 were smelted, and in the table 2 it ispresented the contents of chromium, iron, nickel, carbon and silicon in smelting15 products in question and further the recovery of the metal components,chromium, iron and nickel, into the smelting product. The carbon content iscomposed in accordance with the composition and the equilibrium of the metalalloy. The feed batch has carbon so much that carbon is some enough also forthe reduction of silicon into the smelting product. The feed alloy has silicon oxide in raw material and in production bulk supplies.
Contents (weight %) Recoveries Cr o/o FG % o/o C o/o o/o Cr °/o Fe c/o o/o REF 53,5 33,4 0,36 8,1 2,4 88,9 90,3 - Test 1 49,8 30,1 7,1 6,7 2,8 86,6 88,7 86,0 Test 2 46,2 26,9 13,3 6,1 4,2 91,5 90,1 88,6 Table 2 For one part of sintered pellets it was made in the laboratory scalethermogravimetric measurements in order to monitor the reduction degree ofthe metal components, chromium, iron and nickel, of pellets in the conditionsrepresenting the smelting process at different temperature zones with themaximum temperature of 1550 °C. ln the table 3 it is presented the results of the thermogravimetric measurements for the reduction degree of chromium (Crmet/Cnot), iron (Femet/Fetøt) and nickel (Nima/Nim) at the temperatures of 1400 °C and 1550 °C. (ormar/orm) % (Femet/Fetot) °/> (Nima/Nta) % REF (1400 °c) 1,1 16,6 - REF (1550 °c) 6,1 47,2 -Tes11 (1400 °c) 2,6 37,4 67,316511 (1550 °c) 15,4 70,6 76,9Test 2 (1400 °c) 5,2 56,7 79,116512 (1550 °c) 57,4 94,3 99,1 Table s The addition of the nickel-containing raw material into pellets increases thereduction degree of chromium and iron at the temperature of 1550 °Csubstantially, chromium more than 15 % and iron more than 70 %simultaneously when the reduction degree of nickel increases near to 100 %with the Test 2 nickel content. The increase of the reduction degree for all metal components, chromium, iron and nickel in sintered pellets by means of the addition of a nickel-containing raw material simultaneously decreases the needof coke used as reducing agent in the achievement of the reduction conditions of the smelting process.

Claims (16)

WO 2012/172168 PCT/F 12012/050580 CLA|l\/IS
1. Method for improving the reduction degree of metal components in a chromiteconcentrate when smelting ferroalloy suitable for manufacturing of Stainlesssteel, characterized in that the chromite concentrate is fed together with nickel-containing raw material so that by means the amount of nickel-containing rawmaterial it is achieved a desired reduction degree for the metal components of ferroalloy.
2. l\/lethod according to the claim 1, characterized in that the nickel-containingraw material is fed 5-25 weight %, advantageously 10-20 weight % of the total amount of the material to be fed into the smelting furnace.
3. l\/lethod according to the claims 1 or 2, characterized in that during thesmelting it is reduced at least 2,6 % of chromium containing in the chromite COFICGHÉFHÉG.
4. l\/lethod according to any of the proceeding claims, characterized in thatduring the smelting it is reduced at least 37,4 % of iron containing in the chromite concentrate.
5. Method according to any of the proceeding claims, characterized in that atleast one part of the nickel-containing raw material is fed into the smelting furnace within pellets produced from the chromite concentrate.
6. l\/lethod according to any of the proceeding claims, characterized in that atleast one part of the nickel-containing raw material is pretreated separately from the chrome concentrate pellets before feeding into the smelting furnace.
7. l\/lethod according to any of the proceeding claims, characterized in that it isfed into the smelting furnace as the nickel-containing raw material at least partly nickel oxide. WO 2012/172168 PCT/FI2012/050580
8. Method according to any of the proceeding claims, characterized in that it isfed into the smelting furnace as the nickel-containing raw material at least partly nickel ore and/or nickel concentrate.
9. Method according to any of the proceeding claims, characterized in that it isfed into the smelting furnace as the nickel-containing raw material at least partlya nickel-containing intermediate product achieved by the leaching and/or by precipitating of nickel ores and/or nickel concentrates.
10. Method according to the claim 9, characterized in that it is fed into thesmelting furnace at least partly nickel-containing intermediate product achieved by pressure leaching of lateritic or sulphidic nickel ores or nickel concentrates.
11. Method according to the claim 9, characterized in that it is fed into thesmelting furnace at least partly nickel-containing intermediate product achievedby atmospheric leaching of lateritic or sulphidic nickel ores or nickel concentrates.
12. Method according to the claim 9, characterized in that it is fed into thesmelting furnace at least partly nickel-containing intermediate product achieved by heap leaching of lateritic or sulphidic nickel ores or nickel concentrates.
13. Method according to the claim 9, characterized in that it is fed into thesmelting furnace at least partly nickel-containing precipitated product of nickel- containing solvent extraction solutions.
14. Method according to the claim 9, characterized in that it is fed into thesmelting furnace at least partly nickel-containing precipitated product of nickel- containing stripping solutions. WO 2012/172168 PCT/FI2012/050580
15. Method according to the claim 9, characterized in that it is fed into thesmelting furnace at least partiy nickel-containing precipitated product of nickel- containing refining solutions. 5
16. Method according to the claim 1-9, characterized in that it is fed into thesmelting furnace as nickel-containing material partiy nickel concentrate, partiy anickel-containing intermediate product achieved by the leaching and/or by precipitating of nickel ores and/or nickel concentrates.
SE1351487A 2011-06-13 2012-06-08 Process for controlling the rate of reduction in the preparation of a ferro alloy SE538994C2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI20110200A FI123241B (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Process for improving the degree of reduction in melting of a ferro-mixture
PCT/FI2012/050580 WO2012172168A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-08 Method for improving the reduction degree in the smelting of ferroalloy

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Publication Number Publication Date
SE1351487A1 SE1351487A1 (en) 2014-03-04
SE538994C2 true SE538994C2 (en) 2017-03-14

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US (1) US20140116202A1 (en)
EP (1) EP2718476A4 (en)
JP (1) JP6148230B2 (en)
KR (2) KR20160087397A (en)
CN (1) CN103732774A (en)
AP (1) AP3866A (en)
AT (1) AT513441B1 (en)
AU (1) AU2012270290B2 (en)
BR (1) BR112013031991A8 (en)
CA (1) CA2843210A1 (en)
DE (1) DE112012002439T5 (en)
FI (1) FI123241B (en)
MX (1) MX2013014524A (en)
NO (1) NO347489B1 (en)
RU (1) RU2600788C2 (en)
SE (1) SE538994C2 (en)
TW (1) TWI612147B (en)
UA (1) UA115863C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2012172168A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA201309401B (en)

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EP3813474A1 (en) 2011-07-29 2021-04-28 Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc. Method and apparatus for radio resources management in multi-radio access technology wireless systems
FI126718B (en) * 2013-12-17 2017-04-28 Outotec Finland Oy Process for utilizing dust from a ferro-nickel process and sintered pellets prepared by the process
CN105506271B (en) * 2014-09-24 2018-05-08 宝钢不锈钢有限公司 Chrome ore composite pellet and its production method and application are used in a kind of argon oxygen decarburizing furnace reduction
EA201990103A1 (en) * 2016-07-11 2019-06-28 Оутотек (Финлэнд) Ой METHOD OF MAKING A FERROCHROMIC ALLOY WITH THE DESIRABLE CONTENT OF MANGANESE, NICKEL AND MOLIBDEN
BR112019000149B1 (en) * 2016-07-11 2023-02-23 Outotec (Finland) Oy PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING AGGLOMERATES CONTAINING CHROME AND IRON WITH DIFFERENT ADDITION OF MATERIALS CONTAINING MANGANESE, NICKEL AND MOLYBDENUM
FI128814B (en) * 2016-12-30 2020-12-31 Outotec Finland Oy Method for producing nickel containing indurated chromite pellets, method for producing ferrochrome nickel alloy and indurated chromite pellet

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