RU2806136C1 - Method for increasing physiological maturity of meat when fattening broilers - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: veterinary medicine.

SUBSTANCE: concerns non-drug prevention of diseases of internal organs, which are the portals of infection, as well as for the prevention of the development of secondary immunodeficiency conditions in broiler chickens. The BSH-VIT feed mineral additive is included in the feed as an adaptogen from the 1st day of life at a dose of 2 g per 1 kg of feed for 42 days. The introduction of the BSH-VIT feed mineral additive into the diet does not disrupt the feeding regime of broilers and is added to the feed by mixing in dry form. The introduction of the BSH-VIT feed mineral additive into the diet is carried out to normalize metabolic processes, stimulate the growth and formation of muscle fibers, as well as to restrain the processes of vitauct in the entire body of the poultry.

EFFECT: increasing the physiological maturity of meat.

4 cl, 3 tbl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of veterinary medicine and concerns non-drug prevention of diseases of internal organs, which are the gates of infection, as well as for the prevention of the development of secondary immunodeficiency conditions in birds, improving the veterinary and sanitary quality of meat.

At present, interest in drugs that influence the maintenance of the natural resistance of the bird body is not waning. This is especially important in agricultural production due to the large concentration of poultry in limited areas, which increases the influence of unfavorable environmental factors: microclimate, overcrowding of poultry, insufficient feeding front, unsatisfactory quality of feed, contamination of feed with mycospores, competition, use of antibiotics, large number of vaccines etc.

Research is constantly being conducted around the world in the field of use of adaptogens. Problems of the aggressive influence of any environmental parameters on the poultry body are manifested by stress, which leads to the development of secondary immunodeficiency states, a decrease in their productivity, and an increase in the incidence of both non-contagious and contagious diseases. Increasing the productivity of meat poultry is an increase in the quality and quantity of meat products, which depends on the quality of the development of muscle tissue such as skeletal muscles, this is mainly the muscle tissue of the pectoral muscles, the femoral muscle group and offal meat - the muscle tissue of the heart muscle. In assessing the quality of muscle tissue, the maturity of the muscle fiber, its development and good functional state are important. Finding effective means to promote not only an increase in the weight of broiler chickens, but also the preservation and development of its structure and function, as well as its age-related development and maturity, is the main task of poultry specialists when fattening broilers.

Changes in housing conditions and the technological cycle cause the poultry to develop stress, against the background of which the body’s resistance decreases and a second infection develops or non-contagious diseases develop, which can become a favorable environment for the emergence and development of infection. Changes and disturbances in the microclimate in poultry houses also cause changes in the body of birds, which can lead to the development of various secondary immunodeficiencies, which negatively affect the development of muscle tissue, reduce the quality of muscle tissue, and prevent its full maturation. In addition, the entire musculoskeletal system of the bird suffers.

The development of immunodeficiency conditions leads to a decrease in production performance due to a decrease in the daily weight gain due to loss of appetite and increased heterogeneity of the herd, as well as possible death of chickens, all of which leads to significant economic losses.

To prevent the development of diseases of internal organs, various drugs and feed additives are constantly used, which neutralize the negative effects of toxins and other pathogens and increase the nonspecific resistance of the body. Such drugs include vitamins, mineral supplements, additives, etc. Many of them belong to the group of adaptogens. Therefore, the search for effective agents with protective and adaptogenic properties is ongoing. Involvement of known and search for new adaptogens of mineral, bacterial, organic, mineral and organomineral origin can help in solving the problems of poultry adaptation to living conditions and obtaining more meat and eggs from it. Despite the constant interest in this issue and a significant number of publications, many questions remain unexplored. To level out errors in keeping and feeding poultry, adaptogens are often used to increase its resistance to adverse factors and to obtain products of high sanitary and taste quality.

There are ways to boost your immune response using natural mineral supplements. Various feed additives are known, enriched with biologically active substances, including zeolite, which is mainly used as varieties of this mineral - clinoptilolite, permaite.

A mineral additive containing permaite is known (see RF Patent No. 2103885. Publ. 02.10.98, Bull. 4). This additive is introduced into the diet to normalize metabolic processes, but it does not have pronounced immunomodulatory properties and there is no information about the quality of the resulting meat products.

The “Method for the prevention of mycotoxicosis when raising broilers” is known (RF Patent No. 2555354. Published 07/10/2015, Bulletin No. 19). In this method of preventing mycotoxicosis, an artificial zeolite feed mineral additive (FMD) BSh-VIT was used as an enterosorbent to increase the amount of meat productivity and improve the safety of broilers during the fattening period. At the same time, the biochemical status of the chickens was determined, weight gain was monitored, the morphological state of the liver was given when CMD BSh-VIT was given as an enterosorbent, but the state of the immune system organs was not monitored and hemato-immunological parameters were not determined in broilers. This study does not contain information on the effect of enterosorbent on the condition of the musculoskeletal system and, in particular, on the quality of development, functional activity and maturity of skeletal and cardiac muscles.

The objective of the invention is to develop a method of immunoprophylaxis in birds using a domestically produced mineral feed additive from local raw materials to increase the physiological maturity of broiler meat.

The problem is solved by using a feed mineral additive enriched with stabilized iodine in the mass composition as an additional adaptogen to increase the physiological maturity of meat. %: Al ₂ O ₃ - 20-30; SiO ₂ - 20-25; Fe ₂ O ₃ - 10-15; CaO - 8-12; Na ₂ O - 12-15; SO ₃ - 3-5; K ₂ O - 0.3-0.5; KJ - 0.2, in which the drug is administered daily for 42 days, while the drug produced by Sorbent-K LLC, Karpinsk, is used in the feeding process. The drug is used in dry form, mixed with food by stirring.

Feed mineral additive enriched with iodine, under the trade name "BSH-VIT" belongs to mineral biologically active substances (BAS) to the class of artificial zeolites, and its basis - the drug BS was originally intended to stimulate the growth of broilers. Certificate of conformity ROSS RU. HP24. VO2220 dated December 23, 2008. The drug is an environmentally friendly product, harmless to people and animals, does not have a negative effect on the skin and does not irritate the mucous membranes, it is not flammable or explosive, highly effective at low concentrations, at a dose of 2 g per 1 kg stern.

The basis of the feed mineral additive (FMA) “BSH-VIT” - BS is produced in accordance with RF patent No. 2473230, A23K 1/16. Publ. 01/27/2013, Bulletin. No. 3, and is a finely ground light brown powder. Previously, BS was used without additives for the prevention of mycotoxicosis when raising broilers (see RF Patent No. 2555354, A61K 33/06. Publ. 07.10.2015. Bulletin No. 19). The feed additive is produced according to TU 2160-001-62028061-2014. Certificate of conformity ROSS RU. HP24. VO2220 dated December 23, 2008. The instructions for the use of the feed mineral additive (FMD) “BSH-VIT” do not provide for its use as a drug used as an adaptogen and to increase the physiological maturity of meat, which is the use of a known drug for a new purpose.

The novelty of the method is that the feed mineral additive (FMD) "BSH-VIT" is used additionally for a new purpose as an adaptogen for broiler chickens to increase immunoresistance and the quality of the resulting products and prevent immunodeficiencies in poultry, as well as to increase the safety of livestock and growth live weight at a dose of 2 g per 1 kg (2 kg per 1 ton) of feed and product quality (physiological maturity of muscle tissue) throughout the entire fattening period, starting from the 1st day of life.

After conducting a literature and patent search, laboratory studies, preliminary exploratory production experiments and theoretical justification of the doses and timing of administration of CMD "BSH-VIT" for the proposed purpose in food, a number of experimental studies were carried out on laboratory animals - white outbred rats, and production experiments for practical confirmation and justification of the proposed method on broiler chickens, taking into account the characteristics of their development and the quality of the resulting products, taking into account the physiological maturity of the meat.

The method is carried out as follows: in the feed shop of a poultry farm, when preparing feed for broiler chickens, an adaptogen - feed mineral additive (FMA) "BSH-VIT" is additionally introduced into the dry compound feed by mixing at the rate of 2 kg per ton of compound feed for 42 days daily. , which practically does not change the physical properties of the feed (density, viscosity, flowability) and does not affect the process of mechanized feed distribution in the building according to the accepted feeding system, without causing any undesirable reaction in broilers actively eating such feed.

The scientific and production experiment was carried out in the production conditions of the Kuratye poultry farm LLC in the Sverdlovsk region. The object of the study were broiler chickens of the Arbor Acres cross. The age of the bird (broiler chickens) when starting the experiment is the 1st day of life.

The duration of the experiment was 42 days. The purpose of the study was: to evaluate the effect of the adaptogen - CMD "BSH-VIT" on the microstructure of the immune system organs and the quality of the physiological maturity of striated skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue during the period of active growth in broilers against the background of technological preventive vaccination. To achieve the goal of the study, the following tasks were set: - to determine the effect of the adaptogen - KMD "BSH-VIT" in the indicated doses on the morphological assessment of changes in striated muscle tissue in meat chickens during the period of intensive fattening against the background of technological preventive vaccination and preventive use as enterosorbent and a source of macro- and microelements, on the safety of the livestock, the increase in live weight in meat chickens.

To solve the set tasks, two groups of Arbor Acres cross-breed meat chickens were selected during the period of intensive fattening: experimental and control, 22 thousand heads each. Groups were selected based on analogues. In the experimental group, from the 1st day of life until slaughter (day 42), chickens received an adaptogen - KMD "BSH-VIT" mixed with feed at a dose of 2 g per 1 kg of feed, in the control group - only feed and the water regime were the same. The production experience diagram is shown in Table 1.

Over the entire period of feeding, the efficiency of feed use was recorded, attention was paid to the activity in the consumption of feed and water, the condition of the feather cover, visible changes in bone and joint pathology and motor activity of chickens and to the increase in live weight of chickens, the number of dead chickens was counted and the causes of death were determined, and also carried out a daily clinical examination of the chickens of the experimental and control groups. At the same time, after the slaughter of chickens, carcasses and offal were weighed to take into account the post-slaughter yield of meat products and the quality of meat. To do this, 50 carcasses from each group (25 cockerels and hens each) were selectively weighed. The efficiency of fattening is shown in Table 2.

After feeding the adaptogen - feed mineral additive (FMD) "BSH-VIT" during the slaughter period, a veterinary and sanitary examination of carcasses and offal was carried out, then material was selected for histological examination to determine the physiological maturity of striated muscle tissue from the skeletal muscles (pectoral and femoral) and the heart , and to determine the quality of meat products, samples of the chest and thigh muscles that did not have visible macroscopic pathological changes were additionally taken. The selected material was fixed in 10% neutral formalin according to the generally accepted method, then dehydrated in alcohols of increasing concentration and embedded in paraffin.

Sections were prepared on a rotary microtome in licensed laboratories of the Central Research Laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education USMU. Preparation of paraffin blocks, sections and staining of histological sections were carried out according to generally accepted methods. Sections were prepared on a rotary microtome NM-450 Microm. The finished sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Van Gieson. Histological preparations were studied using an Olympus CX41 light microscope at magnification x 100, 400, 1000. Microphotography was carried out with a Levenhuk C130 NG digital camera to document the most common changes in the comparison groups.

During the study, it was noted that on the 7th day of life, the weight of chickens in both groups was on average the same. Feed and water consumption was active throughout the study period. Throughout the entire study period, chickens from the experimental group were ahead of chickens from the control group in terms of body weight. The live weight of broiler chickens before slaughter was higher in the experimental group than in the control group, on average by 100 grams per head. In the chickens of the experimental group there were no signs of calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders, and in the chickens of the control group there were “sitting” chickens of up to 5 birds per cage. Based on observations of chickens in the experimental group, one can note the stability of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, which prevents the development of osteoarticular pathology in chickens during the period of intensive fattening. Livestock survival in the experimental group was higher throughout the entire study period than in the control group (the total mortality rate in the experimental group was 2.5% of the group's population, in the control group - 4.5% of the total population in the group). Based on the results of laboratory tests to determine antibody titers, all infections against which vaccination is carried out at the poultry farm were excluded.

When slaughtering broilers, a veterinary and sanitary examination of the carcasses was carried out in the slaughterhouse according to organoleptic indicators. When conducting organoleptic indicators, broiler carcasses of the experimental and control groups had similar characteristics and did not have pronounced signs of pathological changes. A veterinary and sanitary assessment of offal was carried out on the conveyor. At the same time, it was noted that practically no by-products from the broilers of the experimental group were discarded, no signs of damage to the gastrointestinal tract were noted, the liver, stomach and heart were released without loss. After a veterinary and sanitary examination of internal organs from poultry from the control group, it was noted that about 10% of the total number of examinations were sent to industrial processing.

Carrying out a veterinary and sanitary assessment of the quality of broiler meat that received the proposed mineral adaptogen - feed mineral additive (FMD) "BSH-VIT", made it possible to determine their quality (Table 3) according to organoleptic indicators, cooking test and according to the results of chemical tests with copper sulfate, reaction for peroxidase and acidity of the sample. When assessing organoleptic indicators, it was found that the appearance is good; color - uniform; smell - pleasant; aroma - strong; consistency - delicate; meat - juicy; the overall assessment of meat quality was practically the same in the experimental and control groups and had a score of 7-8 points.

The reaction with copper sulfate did not change the transparency, the reaction to peroxidase was positive (the extract is blue-green, turning into a brown-brown color within 1 minute) and the acidity of the samples from both groups was also at the same level (pH 5.6-5 ,7).

When conducting a study on the quality of meat products, the broth from broilers from the experimental group was boiled and the broth was clear, aromatic, with a small amount of fat on the surface of the broth. When assessing meat samples from broilers of the control group, the broth was aromatic, transparent, slightly opalescent, and there were a few fat drops on the surface of the broth. The conducted studies showed that meat samples from broilers of both groups meet the requirements of veterinary and sanitary examination for fresh meat (Table 3).

The studies have shown that the quality of meat products and offal meets the requirements of veterinary and sanitary examination for fresh meat. The quality indicators of broiler meat in the control and experimental groups corresponded to standard indicators.

Histological studies of striated muscle tissue of skeletal muscles and cardiac muscle from broilers of the experimental group showed a pronounced physiological maturity of the muscle fibers that form the muscular frame of the broiler body. The maturity of the muscle fibers of the heart muscle also showed the maturity and functional activity of the myocardium.

Histological studies at the microscopic level of the state of the striated skeletal muscles in the thigh and pectoral muscles in broilers of the control group showed that the muscle fibers of the skeletal muscles have signs of degenerative changes and functional immaturity.

In FIG. Figure 1 shows a photograph of striated muscle tissue from a broiler of the experimental group; the muscle fibers had a characteristic structure for the mature state of muscle tissue, which is clearly visible in the longitudinal section in the pectoral muscles. The muscle fibers have a striated pattern, and the nuclei have a characteristic structure.

In FIG. 2 striated muscle tissue of the pectoral muscle from broilers of the control group with destruction of the muscle fiber membrane, areas of destruction of the cytoplasm and degenerative changes in the nuclei. Individual myofibrils are defragmented and have areas with immature muscle elements. In this condition, muscle tissue cannot fully perform its main function. In the future, this affects the usefulness of the amino acid composition and the quality of meat. The larger the affected area, the lower the quality of the meat. It was previously proven that during degenerative processes in muscle tissue, protein is destroyed, this leads to a decrease in the amount of amino acids, accordingly, the quality of the protein decreases and products of its breakdown (autolysis) accumulate, which have a toxic effect.

In FIG. 3 striated muscle tissue from a broiler of the experimental group, muscle fibers in a cross section in the thigh muscles. The structure of muscle fibers has the characteristic structure of a mature muscle fiber, with characteristic staining of myofibrils; the nuclei also have a characteristic functionally active structure.

In FIG. 4 in the femoral muscle group of broilers of the control group, the structure is generally well defined, but along with mature muscle fibers there are immature muscle fibers and muscle fibers in a state of degenerative-destructive changes, which can be attributed to signs of early vitaukt.

In FIG. 5 microstructure of muscle tissue of the heart muscle of a broiler from the experimental group with preserved muscle fiber structure. Myofibrils retained striations, and the cell nuclei were in a functionally active state.

In FIG. 6 histological sections of the heart muscle of a broiler of the control group with dystrophic and degenerative changes in muscle fibers (defragmentation of muscle fibers, loss of striation), perivascular edema of the myocardial stroma. In places there is fatty infiltration in the stroma of the organ.

The presented FIGS. 1-6 confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

After analyzing the research results, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. During the period of active growth and fattening of broiler chickens, the microstructure of striated muscle tissue of skeletal and cardiac muscles when feeding the proposed adaptogen - feed mineral additive (FMA) "BSH-VIT" matures (forms) faster and remains in a functionally active state for more for a long time, which indicates the inhibition of vitaukt processes, and in chickens that did not receive the adaptogen - feed mineral additive (FMD) “BSH-VIT”, the microstructure of muscle fibers is characterized by a delay in maturation (formation) Fig. 2, 4, 6, in addition, muscle fibers are subject to degenerative-dystrophic changes at an earlier date.

2. Feeding the mineral adaptogen - feed mineral additive (FMA) "BSH-VIT" to broilers according to the proposed scheme during the period of intensive fattening reduces histopathological disorders in the muscle tissue of the broiler body and has a pronounced cytoprotective effect on the muscle tissue of both skeletal and cardiac muscles. Fig. 1, 3, 5.

3. Adaptogen - feed mineral additive (FMD) "BSH-VIT" has a positive effect on meat maturity when fattening broiler chickens during the period of intensive fattening when given daily at a dose of 2 kg per ton of feed from the 1st day of life of chickens.

4. Post-mortem veterinary and sanitary examination of meat and offal from broilers of the experimental group indicates the full physiological maturation of muscle tissue according to organoleptic and laboratory quality indicators and complied with the requirements of GOST for fresh poultry meat, showing the effectiveness of the adaptogen and the proposed method.

5. A comprehensive study of the influence of the adaptogen - feed mineral additive (FMA) "BSH-VIT" on the quality of poultry meat products showed that the accumulation of nutrients for the functioning of muscle tissue directly affects the determination of the physiological maturity of muscle fibers of skeletal and cardiac muscles. With age, the thickness of the muscle fiber increases, its structure is formed, and transverse striations appear. At the same time, changes occur in the connective tissue membrane. If the conditions of feeding, housing and physical activity are optimal, then the muscle fiber develops and grows evenly and by the time the bird is slaughtered for meat, the muscle fiber should be physiologically mature.

6. When conducting a veterinary and sanitary examination to determine the physiological maturity of meat using a microscopic method, it is necessary to determine the percentage of damage to muscle fibers per unit area, if it exceeds 10% in the field of view - this indicates a decrease in the quality of meat, which should be reflected in GOST standards for determining quality poultry meat.

7. The proposed method can be recommended for use in raising broilers both in private farms and in industrial poultry farming and poultry processing enterprises.

Claims (4)

1. A method for increasing the physiological maturity of meat when fattening broiler chickens, including introducing into the diet of broiler chickens, taking into account vitamin supplements and premixes according to the farm recipe, a feed mineral additive, characterized in that a feed mineral additive is additionally introduced into the feed as an adaptogen under trade name "BSH-VIT" from the 1st day of life for 42 days at a dose of 2 g per 1 kg of feed. 2. A method for increasing the physiological maturity of meat when fattening broilers according to claim 1, characterized in that the introduction of the feed mineral additive “BSH-VIT” into the diet is carried out in dry form with mixed feed by mixing. 3. A method for increasing the physiological maturity of meat when fattening broilers according to claim 1, characterized in that the introduction of the feed mineral additive “BSH-VIT” into the diet is carried out to normalize metabolic processes, stimulate growth and formation of muscle fibers, as well as to restrain the processes of vitaukt in throughout the body, contributing to its full development. 4. A method for increasing the physiological maturity of meat when fattening broilers according to claim 1, characterized in that the feed mineral additive “BSH-VIT” produced by Sorbent-K LLC, Karpinsk, is introduced into the diet.