RU2791303C1 - Method for decontaminating livestock or poultry waste and obtaining organic and mineral complex fertilizer - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method for decontaminating animal or poultry waste is characterized by mixing the components of animal or poultry waste with a mineral containing magnesium sulphate and iron sulphate with an acidity of 3–4.5 and including the following main elements: SO₃, SiO₂, MgO, Fe₂O₃, CaO, K₂O, with a dispersion of 50 to 200 microns for 16–20 min to obtain a base for fertilizer which is granulated to a size of 1–5 mm, followed by aging to completion of the disinfection process, and the ratio of components is selected based on the primary moisture content of animal or poultry waste. The method for obtaining an organic and mineral complex fertilizer is characterized by its being a mixture of components of animal or poultry waste and a mineral containing magnesium sulphate and iron sulphate with an acidity of 3–4.5, including the following main elements: SO₃, SiO₂, MgO, Fe₂ O₃, CaO, K₂O, with dispersion from 50 to 200 microns for 16–20 min to obtain a base for fertilizer, which is granulated to a size of 1–5 mm, dusting of granules is carried out finely ground mineral substance, which is used as serpentinite, or monocalcium phosphate, or urea, or potassium chloride, or calcium carbonate with a particle size of not more than 55 microns, followed by aging until the disinfection process is completed, and the ratio of components is selected based on the primary moisture content of animal or poultry waste.

EFFECT: improvement of quality of decontamination of livestock or poultry waste, while reducing the hazard class of the resulting base to level 4 and obtaining a complex organic and mineral fertilizer.

2 cl, 1 tbl, 5 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of decontamination of waste (litter) of animal husbandry or poultry farming and the creation of complex fertilizers from them for soils with different acidity.

At the moment, there are about five hundred poultry farms and the same number of livestock complexes and farms in Russia. For example, one average poultry farm produces on average about a hundred tons of waste (manure) per day, which then needs to be disposed of in some way. According to bird droppings, about eighteen million tons of droppings are produced from all poultry farms per year, there are also pig complexes, farms and other livestock facilities, which is a serious problem for waste disinfection for further use. At the same time, it should be noted right away that bird droppings are an excellent organic fertilizer containing a large percentage of organic substances and nitrogen in its composition, and it also contains the most necessary elements for plants: potassium and phosphorus. However, it is not possible to immediately use manure as a fertilizer due to the presence of pathogenic microflora in it, as well as due to high humidity, which makes it difficult to store and effectively apply fertilizer to the soil. In addition, it is known that in addition to minerals, it is imperative to add organic matter to the soil, which is extracted from it along with plants. Thus, the task of effectively neutralizing the litter, drying it and presenting it in a convenient form for incorporation into the soil is urgent.

There is a known method for microbiological processing of bird droppings according to patent RU No. 2522523, which uses microbiological cultures (yeast strain Candida krusei-96 and nutritional yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) diluted in water and introduced into bird droppings. The yeast strain Candida krusei-96 and nutritional yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are taken in a ratio of 1:1 with a titer of 10 ⁸ CFU/ml. Microbial cultures are introduced in the amount of 2 ml per ton of manure once, followed by layer-by-layer laying of bird manure with the addition of up to 20% of a moisture-absorbing material. After 20 days, the amount of microflora significantly decreased, but not completely (less than 10 cells/g of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group and Enterococci were found). Ultimately, the microorganisms decompose the bird droppings and turn it into an organic fertilizer, the application of which to the soil is about 3-9 t/ha.

The disadvantages of the method are insufficient disinfection, since according to GOST 33379-2015, the presence of microorganisms is not allowed for organic fertilizers, and the use of yeast requires additional special storage conditions and a long time for processing litter (more than 20 days), in addition, a very high rate of fertilizer application is required. – 3-9 t/ha.

A known method for producing organomineral fertilizers and a production line for its implementation, patent RU No. 2420500C1, which includes mixing caustobiolites of the coal series with mineral fertilizers, alkalis, lignocellulosic component and highly toxic agricultural waste, disinfection, dehydration and transfer to granulation. Disinfection according to the method is as follows. The bacterial flora present in the treated mixture or suspension serves as centers for the formation of cavitation bubbles. When a mixture or suspension enters a zone of low pressure, it boils, and in bacteria, eggs and helminths, which are in the center or near the formed cavitation bubble, under the influence of the pressure difference inside them and the surrounding space, the shell is completely or partially destroyed. Fertilizer dehydration is carried out using spraying into a vacuum chamber with a residual pressure of 0.1-0.2 kg/cm ² .

The disadvantage of this method is insufficiently effective disinfection, tk. there is a complete or partial destruction of the shell (an ambiguous and non-guaranteed result is obtained), the final data on the disinfection of the fertilizer obtained are not given in the description, and other characteristics of the fertilizer obtained are not presented. The disadvantages of the method also include the complexity of the technological process and the equipment used (a total of 41 devices, including a cavitation disperser, an installation for vacuum dehydration of an organomineral suspension, a condenser, a condensate collector, a vacuum pump), multi-stage and energy consumption.

A method of obtaining an organo-mineral base for obtaining complex organo-mineral fertilizers is known, patent No. RU 2690446, taken as the closest analogue, in which a powder with a particle size of less than 60 microns is used, mainly containing one or two aqueous magnesium sulfate or a substance predominantly containing one or two aqueous magnesium sulfate and animal and/or poultry waste. The components are mixed in a ratio of 2:1-1:2 depending on the humidity in a steel mixer for 5-15 minutes. The resulting mixture is granulated and packed in a sealed container. If necessary, another mineral component is added to the resulting mixture, which is thoroughly mixed before granulation. To neutralize the mixture, at least 10% of the total mass of finely dispersed chalk or lime is also added.

The disadvantage of the known method lies in insufficiently effective disinfection, since in the process of mixing magnesium sulfate with chicken manure, only partial dehydration occurs, a decrease in moisture, in addition, the description does not provide information on the disinfection of the resulting fertilizer, does not provide information on the biological safety of the method.

The objective of the proposed technical solution is to improve the quality of decontamination of livestock or poultry waste, while reducing the hazard class of the resulting base to level 4, and to obtain a complex organo-mineral fertilizer.

The technical result is achieved by chemical binding of waste water molecules, the ingress of a substance (reagent) containing magnesium and iron sulfate inside through the pores, followed by chemical binding of water and the formation of salt crystals that destroy the plasma membranes of microorganisms both from the inside and outside, and due to thermochemical heating, pasteurization of the complex organo-mineral fertilizer takes place. In addition, due to the high acidity of the substance used, the medium is acidified to a pH of about 4, which leads to the practical cessation of the development of most bacteria. These factors are detrimental to pathogenic microflora.

The task is achieved in that the method of decontamination of animal or poultry waste includes mixing the components: organic animal and/or poultry waste with a reagent, with a dispersion of 50 to 200 microns, followed by aging until the disinfection process is completed. As a reagent, a mineral substance is used, including anhydrous and/or monohydrate magnesium sulfate (MgSO ₄ / MgSO ₄ *H ₂ O) and anhydrous and/or monohydrate iron sulfate (FeSO ₄ / FeSO ₄ *H ₂ O). The mineral substance is preferably used with an acidity of pH 3-4.5, and the mixing process is carried out for at least 10 minutes. Preferably, the resulting base is granulated to a size of 1-5 mm to increase transportability, storage and ease of application to the soil. It is preferable to choose the ratio of components based on the primary moisture content of organic waste for subsequent dehydration and/or disinfection of the resulting product to a crumbly state.

The task set to obtain a disinfected and high-quality organo-mineral complex fertilizer includes all stages of disinfection with additional dusting of the granules with a mineral substance. Preferably, the dusting of the granules is carried out with a finely ground mineral substance containing magnesium (for example, serpentinite) and/or potassium (for example, sylvite/potassium chloride) and/or calcium (for example, monocalcium phosphate or chalk/calcium carbonate) and/or phosphorus (for example, monocalcium phosphate) and/or nitrogen (eg urea). It is preferable to choose a finely ground mineral substance with a particle size of not more than 55 microns.

Important and essential differences of the proposed method are the following:

1. The use of a reagent - a finely dispersed mineral substance, the active component of which is anhydrous and / or monohydrate magnesium sulfate and anhydrous and / or monohydrate iron sulfate.

2. A finely dispersed mineral is used as a reagent, the particle size of which is 50 - 200 microns.

3. A mineral substance with an acidity of pH 3-4.5 is used as a reagent.

4. The ratio reagent: waste (litter) is selected empirically, based on the primary moisture content of the waste (litter), so that after mixing, complete dehydration of the waste (litter) occurs.

5. Working time of mixing the reagent with waste (litter) is 15-20 minutes.

6. During mixing and during the subsequent time, for at least 12 hours after mixing the reagent with waste (litter), a reaction occurs until the complete decontamination of animal/poultry waste:

A) due to dehydration (chemical binding of water molecules) of waste (litter). The immediate causes of the death of bacteria and viruses are due to the ingress of magnesium and iron sulfate inside through the pores, followed by chemical binding of water and the formation of salt crystals, which destroy the plasma membranes of microorganisms both from the inside and outside;

B) due to thermochemical heating of waste (litter). It is known that at a temperature of 63 - 65 ° C for 30 - 40 minutes pasteurization occurs (destruction of vegetative forms of microorganisms),

C) due to the high acidity pH 3-4.5 of the reagent. It is known that when the medium is acidified to pH 4, the development of most bacteria practically stops.

7. The resulting mixture is granulated into 1-5 mm granules,

8. To vary the acidity, the obtained granules are pollinated with a finely ground mineral substance with an acidity of pH 8.5-12,

9. To obtain a complex fertilizer, the organomineral base is saturated by pollination with miners containing other chemical elements than granules, i.e. including important additional elements, for example, phosphorus, or the same elements as in the granules obtained by the method, but in order to increase their concentration - nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium.

Description of the implementation process of the method.

As a reagent (component 1), a dispersed mineral substance with a particle size of 50 - 200 microns and an acidity of 3-4.5 is taken, the active component in which is anhydrous and / or monohydrate magnesium sulfate (MgSO ₄ / MgSO ₄ * H ₂ O) and anhydrous and/or monohydrate iron sulfate (FeSO ₄ / FeSO ₄ *H ₂ O). Waste (component 2) is taken from animal husbandry / poultry farming in the form of litter. Both components are placed in a mechanical mixer and intensively mixed for 16-20 minutes. The ratio of components is selected empirically, based on the primary moisture content of component 2, so that after mixing component 2 dehydrates, visually it would turn into a crumbly dry mass.

During the mixing of the components, due to the exothermic reaction, the mixture is heated to 50-70 ºС (the temperature difference between before and after mixing is 30-50 ºС), which occurs during chemical binding with anhydrous and / or monohydrate magnesium sulfate and iron water in the waste ( litter). The high temperature may last more than 1 hour depending on the environmental conditions. As a result of the chemical reaction of binding water molecules, anhydrous and / or monohydrate magnesium and iron sulfate pass into 7-aqueous MgSO ₄ 7 H ₂ O and FeSO ₄ 7 H ₂ O and / or 11-aqueous MgSO ₄ 11H ₂ O and FeSO ₄ 11H ₂ O. The result of the process is also disinfection (destruction of pathogenic microflora) due to dehydration of waste (litter), due to thermochemical heating of waste (litter), due to the high acidity of the reagent (pH 3-4.5). It is known that when the medium is acidified to pH 4, the development of most bacteria practically stops. The immediate causes of the death of bacteria and viruses are due to the ingress of magnesium and iron sulfate inside through the pores, followed by chemical binding of water and the formation of salt crystals, which destroy the plasma membranes of microorganisms both from the inside and outside. These factors are detrimental to pathogenic microflora. The final process of dehydration and disinfection ends a day (24 hours) after mixing the components, when most of all biochemical processes practically stop.

After mixing the components, if necessary, granulation is carried out into granules with a size of 1-5 mm. In addition, the granules are convenient and technologically advanced to store, transport and apply to the soil.

The resulting base has low acidity (pH 3.5-5.5). To vary the acidity of the fertilizer base granules, if necessary, pollinate with a finely ground mineral substance, namely: monocalcium phosphate, serpentinite, or chalk with an acidity of pH 8.5-12, after which the acidity of the granules decreases to a pH of 6.0-7.5. If necessary, to saturate the organomineral base with other elements, the granules are pollinated with a finely ground mineral containing these elements.

The technical implementation of the proposed method essentially requires a mechanical mixer, a mass feeder and, if necessary, a granulator.

As a result of mixing the initial components, it is possible to simultaneously disinfect the waste (litter) of animal husbandry / poultry farming and granulate the organo-mineral base to obtain a complex fertilizer containing various macro and microelements.

The recommended application rate of complex fertilizer obtained by this method is no more than 1 t/ha, however, a specialist can independently calculate the fertilizer application rate based on a specific crop, soil and region.

The resulting complex fertilizer after passing through the disinfection stage belongs to low-hazard, practically non-hazardous substances (hazard class 4 according to GOST 12.1.007), and in terms of complex fertilizers it corresponds to GOST R 50611-93 "Complex organo-mineral fertilizer".

To confirm the proposed method, examples are given using waste from different poultry farms.

Example 1

As component No. 1 (reagent), we took a mineral containing magnesium sulfate and iron sulfate, weighing 50 kg with an acidity of 3.68 and the following chemical composition according to X-ray fluorescence analysis (main elements):

SO ₃ - 56.086%,

SiO ₂ - 27.107%,

MgO - 10.005%,

Fe ₂ O ₃ - 4.26%,

CaO - 0.885%,

K ₂ O - 0.672%.

As component No. 2 (waste), we used bird droppings from the Reftensky poultry farm (Sverdlovsk region) weighing 63 kg with a moisture content of 73% and an acidity of 7.3.

The mixing of the components took place in a two-shaft mixer of the SGU type made of stainless steel for 20 minutes. Next, the mixture was fed into a drum granulator with an inclined axis, and after 15 minutes the granulated mixture was unloaded into a receiving tank. Within 24 hours, the basis for the fertilizer was aged and after that a microbiological analysis was carried out in an accredited laboratory, which showed the absence of pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs, therefore, it was ready for use.

Agrochemical indicators of the resulting fertilizer are presented in table 1.

Example 2

As component No. 1 (reagent), we took a mineral containing magnesium sulfate and iron sulfate, weighing 50 kg with an acidity of 3.68 and the following chemical composition according to X-ray fluorescence analysis (main elements):

SO ₃ - 56.086%,

SiO ₂ - 27.107%,

MgO - 10.005%,

Fe ₂ O ₃ - 4.26%,

CaO - 0.885%,

K ₂ O - 0.672%.

As component No. 2 (waste), we used bird droppings from the Kunashaksky poultry farm (Chelyabinsk region) with a weight of 51 kg, a moisture content of 66% and an acidity of 4.5.

The mixing of the components took place in a two-shaft mixer of the SGU type made of stainless steel for 18 minutes. Next, the mixture was fed into a drum granulator with an inclined axis, and after 15 minutes the granulated mixture was unloaded into a receiving tank. Within 24 hours, the basis for the fertilizer was aged and after that a microbiological analysis was carried out in an accredited laboratory, which showed the absence of pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs, therefore, it was ready for use. Agrochemical indicators of the resulting fertilizer are shown in table 1.

Example 3

As component No. 1 (reagent), we took a mineral containing magnesium sulfate and iron sulfate, weighing 33 kg with an acidity of 3.68 and the following chemical composition according to X-ray fluorescence analysis (main elements):

SO ₃ - 56.086%,

SiO ₂ - 27.107%,

MgO - 10.005%,

Fe ₂ O ₃ - 4.26%,

CaO - 0.885%,

K ₂ O - 0.672%.

As component No. 2 (waste), bird droppings from the Golyshmanovskaya poultry farm (Tyumen region) weighing 49 kg, moisture content 37.6% and acidity 4.4 were used.

The mixing of the components took place in a two-shaft mixer of the SGU type made of stainless steel for 16 minutes. Next, the mixture was fed into a drum granulator with an inclined axis, and after 15 minutes the granulated mixture was unloaded into a receiving tank. Within 24 hours, the fertilizer base was aged and after that a microbiological analysis was carried out in an accredited laboratory, which showed the absence of pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs, therefore, it was ready for use. Agrochemical indicators of the resulting fertilizer are shown in table 1.

Example 4

As component No. 1 (reagent), we took a mineral containing magnesium sulfate and iron sulfate, weighing 50 kg with an acidity of 3.68 and the following chemical composition according to X-ray fluorescence analysis (main elements):

SO ₃ - 56.086%,

SiO ₂ - 27.107%,

MgO - 10.005%,

Fe ₂ O ₃ - 4.26%,

CaO - 0.885%,

K ₂ O - 0.672%.

As component No. 2 (waste), we used bird droppings from the Kunashaksky poultry farm (Chelyabinsk region) with a weight of 51 kg, a moisture content of 66% and an acidity of 4.5.

The mixing of the components took place in a two-shaft mixer of the SGU type made of stainless steel for 18 minutes. Next, the mixture was fed into a drum granulator with an inclined axis. From this moment, the stage of dusting begins, after 10 minutes in the amount of 6 kg, a mineral (thermoactivated serpentinite) with an acidity of 9.9 and an average particle size of 50 microns was fed into the drum through a dispenser. After 5 minutes, the granular and the mixture powdered with thermally activated serpentinite were unloaded into a receiving tank. Within 24 hours, the resulting complex fertilizer was aged and after that a microbiological analysis was carried out in an accredited laboratory, which showed the absence of pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs, therefore, it was ready for use. Agrochemical indicators of the resulting fertilizer are shown in table 1.

Example 5

As component No. 1 (reagent), we took a mineral containing magnesium sulfate and iron sulfate, weighing 50 kg with an acidity of 3.68 and the following chemical composition according to X-ray fluorescence analysis (main elements):

SO ₃ - 56.086%,

SiO ₂ - 27.107%,

MgO - 10.005%,

Fe ₂ O ₃ - 4.26%,

CaO - 0.885%,

K ₂ O - 0.672%.

As component No. 2 (waste), we used bird droppings from the Kunashaksky poultry farm (Chelyabinsk region) with a weight of 51 kg, a moisture content of 66% and an acidity of 4.5.

The mixing of the components took place in a two-shaft mixer of the SGU type made of stainless steel for 18 minutes. Next, the mixture was fed into a drum granulator with an inclined axis. Next, the process of dusting was carried out, i.e. after 10 minutes, in the amount of 6 kg, the mineral fertilizer monocalcium phosphate with an average particle size of 55 microns was fed into the drum through a dispenser. After 5 minutes, the granulated and powdered mixture was unloaded into a receiving container. Within 24 hours, the basis of the fertilizer was aged and after that a microbiological analysis was carried out in an accredited laboratory, which showed the absence of pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs, therefore, it was ready for use.

Granules obtained, powdered with a finely ground mineral substance containing magnesium (eg serpentinite) and/or potassium (eg sylvite/potassium chloride) and/or calcium (eg monocalcium phosphate or chalk/calcium carbonate) and/or phosphorus (eg monocalcium phosphate) and/or nitrogen (for example, urea), as a result of this process, are a complex fertilizer that is easily transported and stored for a long time.

Agrochemical indicators of the resulting fertilizer are shown in table 1.

Table 1 presents agrochemical indicators of examples according to GOST R 50611-93 "Complex organo-mineral fertilizer" and presents the corresponding values from this GOST, this GOST refers to complex organo-mineral fertilizers. Other things being equal, the final parameters of the fertilizer are primarily affected by the parameters of the feedstock, manure (humidity, acidity, content of organic matter and microelements), which depend, among other things, on the place of origin of the waste/manure.

From the presented table it can be seen that the obtained values correspond to GOST and, most importantly, that the used waste - litter was decontaminated in all the examples given. The most interesting in terms of indicators are examples 4 and 5, where an additional additive is used in the form of dusting granules. In example 5, the granules were powdered with monocalcium phosphate, which made it possible to significantly increase the concentration of phosphorus, it should be noted that in examples 1 and 3 organics have a rather high content, therefore, they can also be used both as a basis for fertilizer and as fertilizer itself.

The mixture of reagent and manure waste includes a large amount of the mineral component (reagent), so the organic content is less in the final fertilizer. The same situation is with humic acids, which are tied to organics, because. These are organic acids, so it is logical that with a decrease in organic matter, the content of humic acids also decreases.

Thus, according to the presented method, waste (bird droppings) from various poultry farms was effectively and technologically neutralized in a short time and a complex organo-mineral fertilizer was obtained. The recommended application rate of the complex organomineral fertilizer obtained by this method is no more than 1 t/ha, but in the end, the agronomist selects its doses based on a specific crop, soil and region for which top dressing is required.

Table 1. Summary comparative table of examples.

Example GOST R 50611-93 "Complex organomineral fertilizer" #1 #2 No. 3 #4 #5 Origin of the litter Reftensky poultry farm (Sverdlovsk region) Kunashak poultry farm (Chelyabinsk region) Golyshmanovskaya poultry farm (Tyumen region) Kunashak poultry farm (Chelyabinsk region) Kunashak poultry farm (Chelyabinsk region) Humidity of litter, % 73 66 67 66 66 - Mass fraction of organic matter in litter (in terms of dry matter), % 43 32.5 44 32.5 32.5 40-95 litter pH 7.3 4.5 5 4.5 4.5 6.0-7.5 Fertilizer index by
GOST R 50611-93 Mass fraction of organic matter (in terms of dry matter), % 16.5 20 18.5 26.5 21.2 40-95 Mass fraction of humic acids (in terms of dry matter),% <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 At least 10 Mass fraction of total nitrogen (in terms of dry matter),% 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.2 Not less than 0.9 Mass fraction of ammonia nitrogen (in terms of dry matter), % 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.94 0.5 Not less than 0.4 Mass fraction of phosphoric anhydride (P ₂ O ₅ ) (in terms of dry matter),% 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 2.9 Not less than 0.9 Mass fraction of potassium oxide (K ₂ O) (in terms of dry matter),% 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.2 Not less than 0.1 pH 3.8 3.8 3.5 6.3 6.0 6.0-7.5 Pathogenic microflora Absence Absence Absence Absence Absence Absence helminth eggs Absence Absence Absence Absence Absence Absence

Claims (2)

1. A method for decontamination of animal or poultry waste, characterized in that it includes mixing the components of animal or poultry waste with a mineral containing magnesium sulfate and iron sulfate with an acidity of 3-4.5, including the following main elements: SO ₃ , SiO ₂ , MgO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , CaO, K ₂ O, with a dispersion of 50 to 200 microns for 16-20 minutes to obtain a basis for fertilizer, which is granulated to a size of 1-5 mm, followed by aging until the disinfection process is completed, and the ratio of components is chosen based on the primary moisture content of animal or poultry waste. 2. A method for producing an organomineral complex fertilizer, characterized in that it includes mixing components of animal or poultry waste with a mineral containing magnesium sulfate and iron sulfate with an acidity of 3-4.5, including the following main elements: SO ₃ , SiO ₂ , MgO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , CaO, K ₂ O, with a dispersion of 50 to 200 microns for 16-20 min to obtain a basis for fertilizer, which is granulated to a size of 1-5 mm, the granules are dusted with a finely ground mineral substance, which is used as serpentinite , or monocalcium phosphate, or urea, or potassium chloride, or calcium carbonate with a particle size of not more than 55 microns, followed by aging until the disinfection process is completed, and the ratio of components is selected based on the primary moisture content of animal or poultry waste.