RU2767787C1 - Method for in-line all-year-round processing of bird manure - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, namely, to the processing of bird droppings and can be used to obtain ready-made safe organic granular fertilizers. The method for processing bird droppings includes mixing bird droppings with an aluminosilicate-based sorbent and slaked lime, grinding and granulating the resulting mixture, followed by drying. The grinding of raw materials and the formation of granules from it in the form of tablets is carried out in a granule former. Drying of the granules is carried out in a drying column for 10 min in a vortex method at a temperature of 200°C in a suspended state. The separation of the solid fraction from the gaseous takes place in cyclones, and the drying and cooling of the granules takes place on a belt conveyor.

EFFECT: fast industrial year-round processing of poultry manure on the day of its origin, simplification of the method and prevention of rapid equipment wear.

3 cl, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to the processing of poultry waste in the form of bird droppings and can be used in any climatic zone for industrial year-round production of ready-made safe organic fertilizers on the day such waste is generated.

Poultry farms are a source of a huge amount of toxic waste entering the natural environment, the main of which is bird droppings, which is classified as hazardous and subject to mandatory disposal.

Stale litter emits toxic gases - hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane; contains nitrates, sulfides, salts of heavy metals, radionuclides, antibiotics, pesticides, which are dangerous for humans, as well as helminth eggs, E. coli, salmonella, spores of harmful plants. In addition, droppings are a source of fetid odors and breeding flies. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), manure and wastewater from poultry enterprises can be a factor in the transmission of more than 100 pathogens of infectious and parasitic diseases.

One of the reasons for the emergence of environmental hazards is the open storage of manure and attempts to plow it into the soil.

With long-term storage of manure on unpaved areas, soil, ground and surface waters become contaminated. The surface soil layer of such areas at a height of 0.4 m contains up to 4950 kg/ha of mineral nitrogen, including 2500 kg/ha of nitrate, which is 17 times higher compared to uncontaminated soil.

In groundwater at bird droppings storage areas where atmospheric precipitation accumulates, the content (mL/l) of nitrate nitrogen exceeds its content in drainage water from the field by 2 times, ammonia nitrogen - by 8 times, phosphorus - by 11 times, potassium - by 10 times. Soil erosion, washout of fertilizers and organic waste lead to severe pollution of rivers and lakes.

Manure processing is carried out in such ways as composting, vermicomposting, thermal neutralization (hydrolysis) and mechanical drying. A bioenergy method is also used, in which biogas is produced.

Bird droppings are considered one of the most valuable organic fertilizers. Its chemical composition is rich in natural mineral nutrients. It contains nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium, and the concentration of these nutrients is 3-4 times higher than in other natural fertilizers of animal origin.

Chicken manure affects the yield of plants in almost the same way as complex mineral supplements. It has a pronounced aftereffect within 2-3 years after application. This is due to the fact that useful substances from bird droppings are released gradually.

A known method of vermicultivation of chicken manure according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2587549, published on June 20, 2016, includes mixing chicken manure with straw, lime and water, followed by fermentation of the resulting substrate, and then its processing using worms, and an aqueous solution of surfactants is added to the substrate. substances.

Disadvantage: long processing time.

Known accelerated method of microbiological processing of bird droppings, including the introduction of a microbial culture of Pseudomonas sp.114 deposited in VKPM under No. B-5060 in bird droppings, mixing. After 5 days, a microbial culture of Azotobacter chroococcum B 35, deposited in VKPM under No. B-6010, is added and mixed again. The titer of introduced microbial cultures is for Pseudomonas sp. 114 - 108 cells / ml and for Azotobacter chroococcum B 35 - 108 cells / ml. The volume ratio of applied cultures is 2:1, respectively, at the rate of 45 ml per 1 kg of bird droppings, with no litter keeping of birds. Under litter keeping of birds, Pseudomonas sp. 114 and Azotobacter chroococcum B 35, taken in a ratio of 2:1, are added in the amount of 15 ml per 1 kg of litter. Before introducing microbial cultures, each of them is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:2, respectively. Microbiological processing of bird droppings is carried out within 15 days.

The proposed solution requires the cost of maintaining positive temperatures and makes them impossible for the in-line processing of large, industrial volumes of waste.

A known method for the production of granulated organo-mineral fertilizers from organic waste and a device for its implementation according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2458027, published on August 10, 2012, offering the supply of mixture components, removal of mechanical impurities, mixing with the addition of mineral components, grinding, disinfection, homogenization, granulation and drying. Moreover, grinding, disinfection, homogenization and granulation are carried out simultaneously on heated rollers of continuous action with the passage of the processed mass through the forming rings of the rollers and cutting into granules, and drying is carried out in a heated continuous vacuum dryer in vacuum-pulse modes.

EFFECT: invention allows to reduce the time of the technological cycle for obtaining granulated organo-mineral fertilizers while improving the performance properties of the obtained granules.

However, the known technical solution has a number of disadvantages.

The introduced mineral additives and their quantity cannot completely destroy the pungent smell of manure in a short time, and the vacuum-pulse method does not allow the manure to be processed in-line, in industrial volumes.

A method is known for processing bird droppings (international application WO9706121, publ. 20.02.1997) with odor elimination and fertilizer production using a filter material based on natural clay (bentonite, montmorillonite, waste earth, diatomite or others). 50-95% manure is mixed with 5-50% absorbent. At the same time, the manure and the filter material of the clay are mixed in the mixer until the individual fibers or grains of the manure are completely covered with the clay of the filter material. The mixture of manure and filter material is transferred to a granulator or extruder. In this case, the mixture of manure and filter material is subjected to heat and pressure to drive off excess moisture to form fertilizer granules.

Disadvantages: a large percentage of the amount of additives introduced into the litter, the transportation and cost of which makes this method of processing economically unprofitable.

A known method of processing bird droppings (RF patent No. 2647918), including mixing bird droppings with a sorbent based on aluminosilicate, drying the resulting mixture, followed by granulation. To 95-97% of the mass of bird droppings add 1.5 - 3% aluminosilicate - glauconite, 1 - 2% slaked lime and mix. Grinding and drying is carried out in a two-stage unit at a temperature of 150-200°C. At the same time, the main drying is carried out in the first block, in the second - additional drying to a moisture content of 15-20%, followed by separation of the solid fraction from the gaseous in cyclone apparatuses (taken as a prototype).

The method allows for rapid deodorization and disinfection of bird droppings with in-line processing into a ready-made safe organic fertilizer. However, in this method, after drying and grinding, the dry powdered raw material becomes an abrasive for the dies of the granulator matrix, leading to its frequent replacement, and fluff and feathers, without being crushed, are in suspension, clogging the air line. The method also includes the use of a cooling column, which complicates the process.

The objective of this technical solution is to develop a method for the industrial year-round processing of bird droppings on the day of its origin, simplify the process and prevent rapid equipment wear.

The technical result of the proposed technical solution is the rapid in-line year-round processing of poultry manure on the day of its origin, the simplification of the technological process of processing while maintaining the quality characteristics of the product, the prevention of rapid equipment wear, the reduction of energy and time costs, the increase in productivity, and the reduction in the cost of finished products.

The technical result is achieved by using natural sorbents based on aluminosilicate - glauconite and slaked lime, which make it possible to stop the smell of decomposition in 10 minutes; preliminary grinding of wet manure to a homogeneous mass and its tableting in a shaper, drying for 10 minutes in a vortex method at a temperature of 200 ° C in a suspended state, drying and cooling the finished product on a belt conveyor. Tableted raw materials, compared to granulated ones, have a much lower weight, which allows it to be dried in suspension at a much higher speed, which leads to an increase in the energy efficiency of production.

The active substance of the sorbent is aluminosilicate - glauconite, due to the strictly calibrated pore size of which, it is able to exhibit sorption properties only in relation to ions of macro- and microelements and organic compounds with small molecular sizes (methane, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, etc.), without entering into direct interaction with complex organic compounds (proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, etc.), which makes this quick method of poultry manure processing possible. In addition, glauconite, having an outstanding sorption capacity for retaining harmful substances up to 6 units per 1 unit of its own weight and low desorption, reliably retaining harmful substances such as: heavy metals, dioxins, nitrates, radionuclides, hazardous organic compounds, prevents secondary pollution, blocks the entry of toxins to plants and further to animals and humans.

The second active substance, dry calcium hydroxide or slaked lime, used for the production of lime fertilizers, is a soil acid neutralizer and is used to combat plant diseases. Calcium hydroxide is a well-known detoxifier and disinfectant used in antimicrobial and antifungal preservatives and as a natural alternative to chemicals in the fight against beetles, fleas, ticks and their larvae, any pathogenic microflora. Unlike manure processing methods that offer the use of calcium oxide (quicklime), which in reaction with humid environments leads to the rapid release of explosive ammonia gas, dry calcium hydroxide does not have this disadvantage. These properties of slaked lime, combined with the sorption properties of glauconite and thermal drying, make it possible to stop the recovery of organic matter decomposition processes in the resulting finished fertilizer, which means that it becomes possible to safely store and deliver it.

In the raw materials prepared in this way, after drying at a working temperature of 200 ° C, all pathogenic microflora is destroyed - the source of malodorous gases. The drying process takes 10 minutes.

Experimental studies of bedding material with inclusions of chicken manure and the addition of sorbents were carried out in the microbiological laboratory of the poultry farm OOO Chelny-Broiler, Naberezhnye Chelny:

1. 1.5 g of aluminosilicate was added to 97 g of chicken manure. After stirring for 10 minutes, the sharp pungent odor disappeared.

2. Then, 1.5 g of calcium hydroxide was added, after which the resulting raw material was dried at 200°C for 10 minutes.

Microbiological examination of the sample after drying showed the absence of pathogenic microflora.

In the laboratory conditions, the concentrations of pollutants in the air were measured:

- over wet chicken manure;

- over a mixture of 97% wt. wet chicken manure and 3% wt. sorbent (of which aluminosilicate - 1.5 g, calcium hydroxide - 1.5 g);

- over a mixture of 97% wt. chicken manure and 3% wt. sorbent (of which aluminosilicate - 1.5 g, calcium hydroxide - 1.5 g) after drying on an electric stove.

The tests were carried out on a UNIKO 1201 spectrophotometer.

Table 1 presents the measurement results obtained during the tests:

Table 1

Name of pollutant Pollutant concentration, mg/m ³ at n.o. 1. Air sampling from a container above chicken manure Ammonia NH3 48 Phenol C ₆ H ₆ O 0.34 Hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S 0.25 2. Air sampling from a container over a mixture of chicken manure and sorbent Ammonia NH3 3.8 Phenol C ₆ H ₆ O 0.05 Hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S Below detection limit <0.05 3. Air sampling from a container over a mixture of chicken manure and sorbent, after heat treatment on an electric stove (to remove moisture) Ammonia NH3 3.1 Phenol C ₆ H ₆ O 0.039 Hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S Below detection limit <0.05

Conducted laboratory and production tests of the proposed method of processing. Results were obtained confirming the effectiveness of this technology and a positive expert opinion of the Chuvash State University. I.N.Ulyanov" based on the results of scientific and technical and production and technological expertise. Industrial implementation is carried out in a pilot project of Plant Organic Fertilizers LLC, which organizes the specified production at the raw material base of the Yurma Agroholding poultry farm in the city of Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, with a processing capacity of 200 tons of bird droppings per day.

Implementation of the invention.

The raw material in the technological process is bird droppings with a moisture content of up to 70-80% and an additive in the form of a mixture of mineral sorbents in the following ratio:

Bird droppings - 92 - 97% by weight of raw materials;

Aluminosilicate - glauconite - 1.5 - 5% by weight of raw materials;

Dry calcium hydroxide - slaked lime - 1.5-3% by weight of the raw material.

The raw material is processed into a safe organic fertilizer in a production line that includes the following devices:

1. Sorbent accumulators;

2. Two-shaft receiving hopper-mixer;

3. Belt conveyor;

4. Magnetic metal catchers;

5. Hopper storage of raw materials prepared for drying;

6. Shaper;

7. Drying column;

8. Cyclones for the separation of air and granules;

9. Belt conveyor;

10. Bunker storage of finished, granulated product;

11. Filling machine with scales;

12. Belt conveyor for filled big bags.

Sorbents are delivered by trucks and pumped by a vacuum pump into storage tanks that allow storing and using a two-week supply of sorbents. The accumulators are equipped with dispensers for supplying sorbents to the mixing hopper for connection and mixing with manure.

Litter is delivered by dump trucks and unloaded into a 20 m3 mixing hopper equipped with a twin-shaft mixer. There, too, a mixture of sorbents enters in an amount of up to 8% of the total mass of the litter and is mixed for 10 minutes.

Sorbents perform the function of quickly destroying a pungent odor, neutralizing methane, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia vapors, which, during further thermal drying, prevents its spread through the steam pipe.

Further, the finished mixture is delivered by a belt conveyor equipped with magnetic traps to remove foreign inclusions to the storage hopper of raw materials ready for processing, and from there to the shaper.

Due to the fact that the bird in the process of growth repeatedly sheds down and feathers that fall into the litter, a system for grinding raw materials to a homogeneous, pasty mass is provided in the pellet former. The shaper is equipped with a screw auger, on the axis of which, alternately, there are six movable and six fixed disc knives with different, decreasing in size dies, which makes it possible to grind not only the litter, but also fluff, feathers and other small inclusions contained in the litter, to a homogeneous mass. . The fore part of the shaper has a taper that compresses and compacts the crushed raw materials moving to the drying outlet.

Then, with a screw through the die of the shaper matrix, with a diameter of 6.5 mm and the knife following it, which cuts off the granules in the form of tablets with a given height, the formed granules are fed into the drying column for heat treatment. The granules are dried in a suspended state, in a vortex method, at a hot air speed of 20 m/s and a volume of 18,000 m3/h. In the drying column, 6.5 mm granules are combined with hot air at a temperature of 200 ° C, being picked up by the heat carrier, rotate in the drying column, drying in 10 minutes to a moisture content of 12% and 6 mm in diameter.

The heat generator, which creates a stream of hot air, is equipped with a gas burner, an afterburner, a spark arrester and a heat exchanger.

Dried particles in the drying column rise up and enter the cyclone block with the air flow, where the granules and air are separated. In cyclones, finished granules are deposited on a conveyor belt, dried naturally by air flow and delivered to packaging.

After thermal exposure and complete destruction of pathogenic microflora, the product passes into the 5th hazard class of waste "Practically not dangerous" for humans and the environment.

The bulk density of the final product is 650-700 kg/m ³ .

The full processing cycle of each batch of raw materials takes no more than one hour.

The productivity of the created standard equipment, the claimed technological process for processing chicken manure into ready-made organic fertilizer, is up to 300 tons per day.

Advantages of the claimed invention:

- The proposed method allows you to get away from the multi-day preparation of raw materials for processing using active bacteria, to process all the manure coming from poultry farms all year round, to completely abandon the storage areas and its accumulation in the fields.

- Possibility of carrying out the processing process at ambient temperatures from -35 to +35°C.

- In the process of processing, the pungent smell of organic decomposition is stopped.

- Exclusion from the technological chain of the classic granulator, the working parts of which have a considerable cost and a small resource.

- The use of a shaper in the processing line, which allows in one device to combine the grinding of wet raw materials and the formation of tableted granules from it, in contrast to the traditional method of drying, grinding and granulating dry, powdery raw materials, which become an abrasive for the dies of the granulator matrix, leading to frequent replacement of expensive matrices.

- Application of the method of supplying wet tablet-type granules of small diameter to the dryer and the use of a drying column, which allows for a quick drying process and the destruction of pathogenic microflora in them. Tableted raw materials, compared to granulated ones, have a much lower weight, which allows it to be dried in a suspended state at a much higher speed. This reduces energy and time costs, increases productivity, and reduces the cost of finished products. The small size and volume of the tablets allow hot air to penetrate much faster, evaporating moisture and destroying pathogenic microflora.

- Rejection of the classic cooling column, allows you to simplify the process while maintaining the specified quality characteristics of the finished product. Due to the smaller volume and weight of finished tablet products, compared to granules, cooling and final drying takes place on a belt conveyor without the use of additional equipment.

- Availability and a small amount of consumables, make the proposed method the most cost-effective.

- The method allows to obtain a safe organic fertilizer based on bird droppings on the day of its formation.

- The almost free raw material base makes it possible to organize highly profitable production of demanded organic fertilizers.

Claims (3)

1. A method for processing bird droppings, including mixing bird droppings with a sorbent based on aluminosilicate and slaked lime, grinding and granulating the resulting mixture, followed by drying, characterized in that grinding wet raw materials and forming granules from it in the form of tablets is carried out in a granule former, drying the granules are carried out in a drying column for 10 min in a vortex method at a temperature of 200°C, in a suspended state, followed by separation of the solid fraction from the gaseous fraction in cyclones and drying and cooling of the granules on a belt conveyor. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sorbent is introduced at a ratio of components, wt.%: aluminosilicate - glauconite - 1.5-5, slaked lime - 1.5-3, to 92-97 wt.% bird litter and stirring for 10 min. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the formation of granules is carried out in the form of tablets with a diameter of up to 6.5 mm.