RU2365570C1 - Reclamation method of down-feather crumbs by composting - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention pertains to agriculture and may be used for reclamation of down-feather crumbs by composting. Down-feather crumbs are reclaimed by composting adding 10 wt units of soil, humidity whereof does not increase 18-20%, and 8 wt units of liquid manure or dung per 1 wt unit of raw material of down-feather crumbs, mass is stirred followed by alkaline hydrolyses by adding aqueous solution of quicklime in the amount of 5% of the raw material weight.

EFFECT: receiving organic fertiliser with high content of macro-microelements increasing fertility of soils and yield of agricultural crops.

3 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used for the disposal of down-feather crumbs by composting, as well as the production of organic fertilizers with a high content of macro- and microelements to increase soil fertility and crop productivity.

Known methods for the disposal of down and feathers of birds based on their processing in order to obtain feed flour, that is, for use in fodder production (Technology for processing poultry products. / Under the editorship of prof. Tretyakov NP, 1974. p.153-167; Tretyakov N.P., Bessarabov B.F. Processing of poultry products, 1985. P.214-220).

In the native state, the keratin of the pen (the main component of the keratinized substance of the pen) is not absorbed by the body of farm animals, therefore it is subjected to special treatment, the purpose of which is to destroy the compact structure of the keratin molecule to obtain polypeptides, peptides and individual amino acids (Nikitin B.I., Nikitina N. B. . Production of feather-down products, 1985. S.5-19). The destruction (hydrolysis) of keratin is carried out by acting on it with solutions of acids and alkalis or by treatment in water with elevated temperature under certain conditions. Thus, acidic, alkaline, and aqueous hydrolysis of keratin feathers are used. When acidic and alkaline hydrolysis requires expensive raw materials: hydrochloric and phosphoric acid, caustic soda. The use of water hydrolysis requires special technical equipment - a vacuum boiler, crusher. In related industries, for example, in the processing of waste fur raw materials, alkaline hydrolysis of the resulting waste is also used (AS No. 1718774, Bul. 10, 1992).

All this in the conditions of small enterprises requires additional economic costs and becomes unprofitable. Therefore, enterprises of light industry for the production of fluff and feather products are forced to bring waste to industrial landfills for disposal, which is impractical and economically disadvantageous. In most cases, small batches of waste are burned, which is a gross violation of environmental laws.

The disposal of fluff by composting in the generally accepted way in the field, carried out in our experiment, showed an extremely weak degree of decomposition of fluff. Thus, interbedding fluff, manure and straw (after 12 months of composting) in a conventional manner results in compost with very unfavorable properties): composted compost layers are obtained, which are poorly decomposed water-saturated layers of fluff with a very poor structure in an agronomic sense that are difficult to transport and loading, as well as uniform application to the fields.

An object of the invention is to simplify the method of disposal of down-feather crumbs by composting in small-scale production in order to obtain organic fertilizer with a high content of macro- and microelements.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method for the disposal of down-feather crumbs, including alkaline hydrolysis of the feedstock, composting is carried out with the addition of 1 unit weight of the feedstock of down-feather crumb 10 units of soil mass, the moisture content of which does not exceed 18-20%, and 8 mass units of bedded manure or litter, stirring is carried out, followed by alkaline hydrolysis by adding an aqueous solution of quicklime in the amount of 5% by weight of the raw material.

The addition of soil in a ratio of 1:10 allows you to evenly distribute down-feather crumb between the soil aggregates. With a ratio of less than 1:10, lumpy accumulations of waste form. With soil moisture greater than 18-20%, the process of mixing waste with soil is difficult due to aggregation. In addition, soil particles absorb nitrogen compounds released during the composting process, preventing air loss. The use of bedless manure or litter is necessary to start microbial fermentation processes.

Alkaline hydrolysis of fluff and feather leads to the destruction of keratin and the release of protein nitrogen. The destruction of organic waste takes place in 2 stages: ammonification and nitrification.

After the first week of fluff composting under optimal temperature and humidification conditions under laboratory conditions, the greatest amount of nitrate nitrogen was observed in the control variant (without lime). It is likely that an increase in the content of alkaline reagent leads to a decrease in the activity of nitrifying microorganisms in comparison with the control variant. After 2 weeks of composting, the highest content of nitrate nitrogen was observed in the variant with the addition of 10% alkaline reagent (9.1 mg per 100 g of fluff when the content in the control, that is, without lime 5.8 mg per 100 g). This is due to the fact that in the control version there is a gradual weakening of nitrification due to weak decomposition of organic material and a decrease in nitrification sources, while alkaline hydrolysis of waste leads to replenishment of these sources due to the gradual decomposition of fluff. However, when the concentration of alkaline reagent is increased to 25%, nitrification decreases to 4 mg / 100 g of waste, which is associated with sterilization of the microbial medium.

The most environmentally sound and economically sound option was the addition of 5% lime from the mass of down-feather waste.

A study of the dynamics of the content of nutrients (C, N, P) in composts prepared on the basis of down-feather waste showed (Table 1) that these organic composts contain a large amount of nitrogen (11-12.5%) when it contains in manure about 0.5%. The content of total phosphorus also exceeds its content in manure and bird droppings. The ratio between carbon and nitrogen is 3: 1, which indicates that when decomposed, compost is able to enrich the soil with available forms of nitrogen. Composting for 3 months shows no loss of carbon and nitrogen.

In the course of research, it was found that the elemental composition of compost is favorable for replenishment of soil organic matter. When composting these wastes, a large amount of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen is released, and its content is 10-15 times higher than the content in chernozem soils.

Table 1 Dynamics of the content of biogenic elements (general forms) in composts,% (2006) Type of compost Time exposure Biogenic elements,% Carbon C Nitrogen, N Phosphorus, P ₂ O ₅ Aerobic July August 35.5 11.0 0.12 Aug. Sept 33,2 11,4 0.11 September October 36.1 11.8 0.13 Hcp ₀₅ 0.6 0.8 0.1

An example of the method

They conducted an experiment on gray forest soils at the agrobiostation of Kursk State University (Kursk). Composts were laid in May 2007. The fluff was mixed with soil and ameliorants and loaded into a 2 × 2 × 0.6 m pit. The bottom of the pit was covered with plastic wrap. The pit was covered with straw above.

8 compost varieties were laid, and gray forest soil was investigated as control (option 0).

Option 1: for every 10 units of soil mass, 1 unit of down mass was added (1)

2. (1) + 5% CaO (quicklime).

3. (1) + 8 units of the mass of manure.

4. (1) + 10% nitrate.

5. (1) + 5% CaO + 8 units of the mass of manure.

6. (1) + 5% CaO + 10% nitrate.

7. (1) + 8 weight units of manure + 10% nitrate.

8. (1) + 8 weight units of manure + 10% nitrate + 5% CaO.

CaO and nitrate in% by weight of down-feather crumbs.

After 5 months of composting in October 2007, compost samples were taken for analysis. The following analyzes were carried out in the samples: the amount of humus (according to Tyurin), the amount of nitrates (according to the TsINAO method), exchange ammonium (according to the TsINAO method), mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium (according to the Chirikov method), exchange calcium and exchange (mobile) magnesium ( TsINAO methods), pH, hydrolytic acidity (by Kappen method). The data are presented in tables 2 and 3.

table 2 Physico-chemical properties of composts Option Number The determined indicator PH Ng, mEq / 100 g humus,% N-NO ₃ mg / 100 g N-NH ₄ mg / 100 g Ms. g mg / 100 g 0 6.8 1.14 4.01 1.06 0.28 7.79 one 5,6 3.60 3.16 8.18 0.24 8.90 2 5,4 4,51 3.99 14.44 0.72 14.06 3 5.9 3,51 5.12 42.91 0.94 22.96 four 4.8 7.28 3.90 23.32 2.11 16.50 5 6.2 1.95 4.06 11.51 0.53 15,64 6 6.0 3.06 3,50 7.65 0.39 12.05 7 5.4 4.77 4.27 15,51 0.87 16.07 8 5,6 4.40 4.11 26.49 0.80 17.08

Table 3 The content of mobile and metabolic nutrients in composts Option Number Movable mg / 100 g, (according to Chirikov) Exchangeable, mg / 100 g P ₂ O ₅ K ₂ O Ca Mg 0 48.9 35.6 190.5 3.4 one 62.1 30.8 16.8 3,7 2 70,4 29.7 16.8 3,7 3 92.5 125.0 17.6 5.7 four 59.3 30.8 16.8 3,7 5 64,4 41.0 16.8 4.9 6 57.1 28.7 17,2 4.1 7 68.9 41.5 17.2 3,7 8 71.3 40,0 16,4 5.3

With the addition of mineral components, it was found that the use of lime smoothly shifts the reaction of the medium towards alkalization, and in composts with the addition of saltpeter, composts have an acid reaction (Table 1). It should be noted that this type of down-feather raw material decomposes during composting with a significant replenishment of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (2 times more than in the control). Thus, with the gradual decomposition of down-feather crumbs, the soil will be enriched with mobile forms of nutrients.

When composting down-feather waste, a large number of mineral forms of nitrogen are released: nitrate (7.65-42.91 mg / 100 g of soil) and ammonium (0.24-2.11 mg / 100 g of soil), and the largest amount is also characteristic for option 3 (table 2).

The introduction of manure significantly increases the percentage of humus. The amount of humus is on average higher by 0.38% compared with the control and by 0.39% in the variants without the addition of manure.

The most favorable properties, including acidity (all other composts caused acidification compared to the original soil), had compost 5 options, which we identified as optimal and was the basis for the development of this invention.

Thus, as a result of using the proposed method, the main problem is solved - the disposal of down-feather crumbs with minimal costs for technical equipment and the use of expensive chemicals. In addition, they obtain organic fertilizer with a high content of macro- and microelements to increase soil fertility and crop productivity, as a result of which the productivity of potato tubers increased by 40 c / ha, barley by 3 c / ha.

Claims (1)

A method of disposing of down-feather crumbs, including alkaline hydrolysis of the feedstock, characterized in that composting is carried out with addition of 1 unit of the weight of the feedstock of down-feather crumb of 10 units of soil mass, the moisture content of which does not exceed 18-20%, and 8 units of the mass of litterless manure or litter, stirring is carried out, followed by alkaline hydrolysis by adding an aqueous solution of quicklime in the amount of 5% by weight of the raw material.