RU2780312C2 - Method for extinguishing forest fires by dropping from helicopter easily collapsing paper bags with water containing surfactants, 0.5-2.0 l in volume, in amount of up to thousands of bags - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fire extinguishing.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to methods for extinguishing forest fires by dropping water from helicopters. Water is dropped in paper bags, 0.5-2.0 l in volume, in amount of up to thousands of bags. Bags with water, being compact, heavy objects, when falling, quickly gain a high speed (about 17 m/s, i.e., 60 km/h, after 2 s, ~15 m of falling) and quickly pass an area of possible horizontal movements of air (wind, air circulation due to the fire), which eliminates the impact of horizontal movements of air on a falling trajectory of bags and allows for more accurate targeting than when dropping water. Targeting adjustment can be performed, when dropping part of bags. Bags, when falling, gain a high speed, after explosive destruction of bags, when colliding with the soil and with burning objects, water is effectively dispersed, while formed burning hearths are destructed. Falling of water in the form of dense slightly dispersed and dense non-dispersed masses on the soil is eliminated. Water absorption by the soil and forest litter is significantly eliminated, as water is sprinkled during the destruction of bags. A small number of surfactants (no more than 0.1%) is added to water for increasing the efficiency of using water in a burning area, due to which water in the burning area, after dispersion, does not form drops, which are dried, poorly participating even in cooling of the burning area, but it is distributed in the form of thin film, which can both extinguish fire and cool objects in the burning area.

EFFECT: effective use of water reduces negativity of pauses between dropping water from flight to flight of a helicopter, and it can reduce a number of flights necessary for fire extinguishing, thereby reducing the cost of fire extinguishing.

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Description

The field of technology to which the invention belongs

The invention relates to methods for extinguishing forest fires from helicopters to extinguish forest and other fires. The invention is described at the level of a detailed idea. State of the art

A known method of extinguishing forest and other fires in which water is discharged from a helicopter from hanging containers of not small volume, up to 0.5 m ³ . In this case, the water is discharged by quickly opening the entire bottom of the tank and the water quickly leaves the tank. Depending on the speed of the helicopter, the water is dispersed by the oncoming air flow and the air flow from the helicopter propeller. Such dispersion is only partial, visually observed as a large, slightly dispersed mass of water falls at high speed, one might say "falls like a stone."

Due to the drift of water by a stream of oncoming air, to improve the accuracy of hitting, water is dropped from a small height. Otherwise, at not a low speed, it is difficult to achieve an accurate hit of falling and dispersing water on burning objects.

When falling on the ground, this slightly dispersed mass of water, covering a certain small area of fire, contains not small, poorly dispersed portions of water and not small, almost not dispersed dense portions of water.

With an accurate hit on the burning area, a local effective effect of water on burning objects occurs and, at the same time, a very excessive local use of water is possible. In the case of forest fires, this is the absorption of water by the litter (a small contribution to the total combustion), the soil. In other cases, a lot of water falls to the bottom of the burning object, may flow further down to where there may not be combustion. Such water does not even participate in cooling the combustion area. With a low-current ingress of discharged water onto burning objects, the extinguishing effect is even less, burning areas poorly irrigated with water can quickly dry out due to nearby burning places, due to hot air circulation, ignite again and remain a source of high temperature. The efficiency of water application depends on the accuracy of water discharge. With the described dropping of water from a flying helicopter, there are difficulties with the targeted hit of water on burning areas. The classical ballistic task of bombing, even in calm weather, in this case is complicated by dropping a large portion of flying water, flying apart due to both the oncoming air flow and the wind and for air circulation due to fire. Due to the importance of accurately hitting the fire, dropping is carried out from a low height, which is not easy, it is fraught with risk. Each act of dropping requires one flight of a helicopter with a load. With inaccurate dropping, the fire extinguishing time increases, since pauses between dropping water can greatly complicate fire suppression. The inevitable sequence of "dump - pause - drop" requires more repetitions, more time, and the cost of extinguishing increases with each flight.

A device was proposed for extinguishing fires in peatlands from the air by dropping water into funnels previously obtained with explosives RU 2452541 C1, 10.06.2012. The method is applicable only for extinguishing burning peat bogs.

It was proposed to extinguish forest fires using an airship, by throwing water projectiles at a distance of up to 300 m, prepared immediately before throwing, RU 2342177 C2, 27.12.2008. The use of airships to deliver water to the fire site and drop water on the fire has obvious disadvantages, such as low flight speed, possible difficulties in approaching the fire due to wind and air movement. The preparation of water charges occurs before throwing, which can take time from extinguishing a fire. Throwing water projectiles at a distance of up to 300 m is also, as it seems to the author, problematic.

It has been proposed to extinguish forest fires by dropping non-aqueous foaming extinguishing agents, US 2008087444 A1, 17.94.2008. The method is not cheap. Aiming when dropping non-aqueous foaming extinguishing agents can be difficult.

It was proposed to extinguish forest fires by dropping pre-prepared explosive balls (RU 2004116927 A, 2006.02.27), 80-100 mm in diameter, filled with sand, gravel, carbon dioxide, alkali, water, granular explosives, and so on ("so on" from the authors ). This method of extinguishing fires is very expensive and has negative environmental consequences (forest pollution, damage to vegetation saved from fire by explosives).

It has been proposed to extinguish forest fires by dropping water from a strong bag, while the release of water is carried out by cutting off the lower part of the strong bag by means of an explosion, FR 2665874 A1, 1992.02.21. The method is almost identical to simply dropping water from a metal container from a helicopter, since the release of a metal container from water occurs very quickly. The method has disadvantages inherent in dumping a considerable amount of water in one portion, described above.

It was proposed (RU 2192296 C1, publ. 11/10/2002, abstract) to extinguish forest fires by dropping water from a tank transported on the external sling of a helicopter in which the valve is made float, which eliminates the need to control the position of the valve during water intake from a reservoir (prototype: Author St. USSR 1477429, class A 62 C 28/00,1987). The method has disadvantages inherent in dumping a considerable amount of water in one portion, described above. It was proposed to extinguish forest fires by dropping a device (RU 98930 U1, 11/10/2010) which is a kind of bomb containing fire extinguishing liquid (or water) with an explosive located along the axis of the bomb, with a temperature-sensitive detonator cap at the end. When hitting the ground or in a high temperature area, the explosive detonates, which, when the mesh body is destroyed, as the authors write, "provides uniform spraying of water over a considerable distance." But speaking of water, it can be said that water is a low-viscosity liquid and giving water (even from a piston) a huge speed, a powder charge, due to the interaction of ejected water with air, will quickly lead to dispersion of the thrown mass of water and then again to dispersion. It seems to us that uniform spraying of water cannot occur over a long distance by "shooting" water due to the low viscosity of water.

It is indicative, although not similar to a bomb (RU 98930 U1, 11/10/2010), spraying water with an ordinary good spray gun in spray mode: when the piston is pressed hard (high initial speed of water exit from the nozzle), fine water does not fly even 1 meter. Perhaps the best property (slightly) is possessed by some fire-extinguishing liquids having a high density and high viscosity.

The use of a spray gun in the jet mode gives a jet flying 3-4-5 m, after which the diffused water (little?) Falls and, possibly, gives a low density of soil cover. Doesn't spreading the extinguishing agent with the help of explosives give an area (~circle) devoid of extinguishing agent (water) at the point where the charge falls? What is the diameter of such a circle? 3m, 4m, 5m, more? If such a circle is formed, it is difficult to argue that extinguishing the fire within the circle will always be effective with an accurate hit.

When using a bomb with a water charge, will not water be dispersed approximately in a ring of considerable radius (medium) and even a 100 liter charge will not give a small density of soil coverage with water in a large ring? Wouldn't even 100 liters of water evenly distributed over the area of the ring be enough to effectively affect the fire.

Will a temperature-sensitive blasting cap, which increases the cost of the device, be effective for detonating the charge well above the ground? The device will enter an area of high temperature at high speed and will go to this area in a fraction of a second (hundredths?), so the operation of a temperature-sensitive detonator cap will occur almost simultaneously with a conventional detonator. How much water is supposed to be placed in such an expensive device? Less than 50-100 liters is irrational. How many devices do you need to have enough impact on a forest fire? How many charges can be applied in one flight, how many flights will have an effect? One charge is not cheap, you need devices for loading and dropping. Finally, one can note the difficulty and high cost of producing such charges in very large quantities, which is necessary to extinguish large, prolonged fires lasting more than one day.

Will the cost of a water bomb with explosives (50 liters of water) justify a larger (how much?!) expansion of water with the possible absence of water in the center of expansion of water, in comparison with the expansion of water from a collapsing theoretical paper bag of 50 kg (this application), from a height > =150 m? The authors of RU 98930 U1, 11/10/2010 note that the prototype of their device is the device proposed in the work of Mokeev G.A. "Delivery of liquid chemicals to forest fires by aircraft. L .: LenNIIKhL, 1955, 13 s", which is a paper cylindrical body, the inner surface of which is coated with bituminous varnish, the ends of the body are muffled with wooden plugs. The extinguishing liquid fills the internal cavity of the hull, which collapses on impact with the ground, spraying the extinguishing liquid. As the authors write, when the prototype device hits the ground and the body is destroyed, the main dynamic load is concentrated on a small part of the body, while the rest of it may not collapse. In this case, the entire mass of the extinguishing liquid will pour out through the zone of the greatest destruction of the body, covering a small area of the combustion source. The use of chemical extinguishing agents further pollutes the environment. Again, we can note the not small cost of the device. RU 98930 U1, November 10, 2010 proposes to use explosives to increase the dispersion area of fire extinguishing liquid. According to the authors of RU 98930 U1, 10.11.2010, it was proposed to extinguish forest fires by dropping a device in the form of a spherical glass ampoule filled with an extinguishing agent (Simenesky A.M. The use of chemicals in the fight against forest fires. M - L .: Goslesbumizdat, 1950 27 s). Disadvantages, according to the authors RU 98930 U1, 11/10/2010; the accuracy of the device hitting the fire front is low. For a low-intensity fire, the device must be dropped directly into the combustion source. For fires of medium intensity, it is required to get to the front of a forest fire, with a high intensity of fire, the device is ineffective and is used only in the most dangerous areas. The device is triggered directly by hitting the surface, and the spray zone of the extinguishing agent is small. In addition, the glass fragments formed during the destruction of the spherical ampoule pollute the environment. The dropping of large amounts of water from Be aircraft is well known. This method is characterized by high water consumption, complexity of application and high cost. And it requires the presence of large reservoirs at a certain distance from the fire. Disclosure of invention

The purpose of the present invention of the method of extinguishing forest fires is to increase the efficiency of using water discharged from helicopters to extinguish fires, that is, to increase the accuracy of dropping and improve the dispersion of water over the burning area and, consequently, to reduce the negativity of pauses between drops ("negativity" is a term; "negativity "depends on the time between drops of water, on the accuracy of dropping water on fire, on burning objects and describes the state of combustion after applying the dropped water; "negativity" of the pause is assessed visually; "negativity" is zero, if the combustion is extinguished after dropping water, the following is not needed discharge of water; "negativity" is small if the combustion is stable; "negativity" is large if the combustion increases; it is possible to use the words "damage" and "loss", "damage" from a pause, "loss" from a pause). Possible reduction in the number of helicopter flights, i.e. reduction in the cost of extinguishing a fire.

This is achieved by the fact that water is pre-packed in easily collapsible, small, paper bags (up to 2 liters), and bags in large quantities (up to 2 thousand, 1 ton of water) are pre-loaded into a special device similar to a clip, if necessary, the device is quickly is loaded into a helicopter as a unit of cargo and, for use, water bags are dropped on a fire. After being dropped from helicopters, water bags gain high speed, and when the bags hit the ground, burning objects, after the explosive destruction of the bags, water without explosives is effectively scattered from each bag. The fall of water on weakly burning objects by large, dense, not dispersed masses, weakly dispersed masses is excluded, which is ineffective for extinguishing a fire. The nature of the destruction of the packages ensures the presence of water at the points of falling packages. When using water bags, the dispersion of water occurs in accordance with the dispersion of the dropped water bags and further when the water bags collide with burning objects at very many points in the fire area after the explosive destruction of the bags. That is, the water is distributed more evenly than when a water bomb explodes or when water is dumped from a container. And dropping a large number of packages will allow you to distribute water more evenly over a large area. Dropping packages in an amount less than hundreds, thousands of packages (1 m ^{3 of} water in 0.5 l packages) is not the proposed method.

In this application, to extinguish forest fires, it is proposed to drop easily collapsible paper bags with water, without explosives, of small volume up to 0.5 l, in large quantities, in one helicopter flight, and this is a qualitatively different approach. Expensive, powerful charges of fire extinguishing agent with explosives are not used, even in the amount of 10-20 units. Instead, many cheap paper bags with water are dropped, which, when they meet burning objects at high speed, due to explosive destruction, play the role of "charges" of fire extinguishing agent ( water) low power. "Charges" without explosives.

The proposed method has an essential sign-feature, and the resulting properties distinguish it from other methods and give it certainty as a method. This essential feature is a large number of dropped packets of water of small volume, which gives a qualitatively different result for extinguishing. By intentionally dispersing the packets when dropping, the distribution of water over the burning area will be even due to both the dispersion of the packets and the spraying of water from each packet, which is effective in suppressing the fire. It is proposed to drop neither 2-3, nor 10-15, nor 50-100 expensive fire-extinguishing charges with shells, detonators, high-power explosives, but hundreds and thousands (2 tons of water in 0.5 l bags or 1 ton in bags of 0.5 l) paper, easily collapsible water bags. And given the capabilities of the industry, the cost of such a number of water bags may be less than the cost of 3-5 large explosive charges.

Each package, when falling, is destroyed in an explosive manner (without explosives), and can destroy the burning areas and bring water into the burning areas and spray water around the point of impact. The rate of fall of a compact package with water near the soil from a height of ~ 200 m, without taking into account air resistance, is more than 50 m / s (from the equality of potential energy at a height h and kinetic energy when it meets the soil, it follows that the velocity of the package near the soil, v is v - sqrt(2gh), where sqrt is the square root, v is the speed, h is the height). This will lead to the explosive destruction of the package without explosives and splashing of water, but water will be present at the point of impact of the package. Let us assume a model situation: one charge of 50 liters of water from an explosive and 50 bags of 1 liter water are accurately dropped onto identical burning objects. A lot depends on the object. But we can say that 50 charges can be (will they definitely be?) More effective than 1 large charge with explosives of 50 liters. One explosive charge may not fall accurately on particularly burning areas (not very accurately). Spontaneous dispersion of 50 bags of water will result in a more uniform coverage of a certain area of fire with points of broken bags and a greater likelihood that bags will fall on especially burning areas. There will be 50 small "explosions" in the burning area, and each explosive destruction of the package is capable of somehow destroying the burning centers and extinguishing the fire and water will be present at the point of impact. The bags may also collide with tree branches, which can spray water above the soil.

In forest fires, when the fire spreads, areas of more efficient combustion are formed, due to the configuration and location of the available combustible materials. These are accidentally especially accumulated leaves (air movement, relief), fallen branches, bushes, a fallen tree, their location, vegetation growing nearby, lack of shade. For example, in dry weather, a local fire occurs (from a half-empty plastic bottle). At first, a weak fire may spread slowly, then either die out or meet a cluster of leaves, fallen branches, in a suitable place, with a suitable air movement occurring. Such an accumulation flares up and a local area of high temperature is formed. Let's call this local area of high temperature consisting of compactly located combustible and burning objects the combustion core.

That is, the combustion core occurs when an accumulation of combustible materials ignites (an analogy is a fire; unextinguished fires cause fires).

The fire starts to spread. Further, such cores of heat can be generated during the spread of fire and are responsible for the spread and maintenance of the fire. The set of combustion nuclei located close to each other forms what can be called a combustion center, a rather extended section of the forest, engulfed in fire. Terminological: the combustion core ("bonfire") is "far away" if, due to its thermal radiation, flammable materials do not start to heat up strongly, the combustion core can be 1.3-5 closely growing trees standing at a distance from other trees. Each tree was a core of combustion from which another tree caught fire. Such a description of a fairly long section of the forest engulfed in fire is theoretical, since combustion centers without pronounced combustion nuclei are possible (planted homogeneous forest, lumber warehouse), it reflects the possible nature of forest burning.

With the usual dropping of water, there is a difficulty with the targeted hit of water on such nuclei and even combustion centers. It may be difficult to localize the combustion nuclei in the combustion centers, which further complicates the aiming.

Dropping accuracy is influenced by wind, air movement due to fire, helicopter speed, dispersion of discharged water. Dropping water in packages reduces the effect of wind and air movement due to fire on the accuracy of dropping, since packages, having a high density and gaining high speed, are little blown away by wind, air movement,

Justification provided. The maximum speed of free fall for a compact body (water bag) from a height of 1 km is about 53 m/sec. 2 seconds after dropping from a helicopter, the fall speed of the fall packets is approximately 17 m/s (61 km/h, this is after ~15 meters of fall), Then the fall speed increases to tens of meters per second (from a height of 200 m, the speed near the ground is ~50 m / sec) and the path to the meeting with the soil, burning objects is passed quickly, especially in comparison with the falling scattered and dispersed further water. Let's introduce the term windage - the area of the average, taking into account the possible rotation of the packages, the cross-sectional vertical section of the package per unit mass of the package. The windage is proportional to the average area of the package exposed to the influence of lateral air movements. Windage does not change if the falling object does not change shape. Packets with water, having a small windage in comparison with falling scattered water, are little carried away by the usual air movement that occurs during fires in the forest and not by strong winds. That is, in comparison with falling scattered water, which has a large windage (and increases with the distance traveled with further dispersion), the horizontal movement of the packets will be less. Perhaps not even a weak wind will carry the falling packets a little because of their low windage. Packages at high speed, with low windage, will quickly pass the area of influence of horizontal air movements (the path to the ground).

Horizontal movement of packages due to their acquisition of horizontal speed when dropping packages from a flying helicopter and demolition by oncoming air flow is an inevitable phenomenon and is the subject of solving the classical ballistic problem of dropping a compact, heavy object in a practical way during flight. For packets, this problem is solved more easily than for dispersed dispersed water.

It can be noted that when using bags with water, it is useful to use bags at a low speed of the helicopter, from the minimum safe altitude for the helicopter. Packages with a small windage will quickly pass the area of air movement in a short time and the horizontal mixing of the packages will be small. There will also be less influence of the wind, if there is wind, which will increase the accuracy of the hit.

Thus, in the proposed invention, the absence of large horizontal movements of the packages during the fall, in comparison with the discharge of dispersed water, is ensured by their low windage and high falling speed. Packages with low windage and high falling speed quickly pass through the area of horizontal air movement, that is, the area of influence on their trajectory.

Water without packets is always dropped from a small height, at a high helicopter speed, and aiming requires experience that is difficult to use due to the unpredictability of horizontal air movements.

When dropping packages from a hovering helicopter, having a lot of packages on board, it is possible to correct aiming in one flight by dropping part of the packages, this cannot be done when dropping water without packages. In addition to this, to make it easier to follow the trajectory of the fall of the packages and to facilitate aiming, the bright color of the packages is useful and not long, paper ribbons attached to one of the smaller ends of the packages (length 15-25 cm, every 2nd, 3rd , 5th, to track the trajectory of the fall). It is also possible to add a bright dye to the water in small quantities (in the presence of an environmentally friendly dye capable of brightly coloring the water in small quantities). The presence of visually noticeable paint on the soil can help to drop packages more accurately.

Ribbons can also be useful to prevent packages from rotating when falling, for useful orientation of falling packages. Further explanation of this.

Here is the test result. When orienting the palm with clenched fingers across the oncoming air at a speed of 180 km / h, the use of the muscle strength of the hand to hold the palm in the air stream is very noticeable. When bending the clenched fingers on the palm (the area exposed to the oncoming air flow is ~ 2 times less), at the same speed, it is very noticeable that less muscle strength is needed to keep the hand in the air flow. The test was carried out during the trip of the Moscow-Leningrad train, through a small open window in the vestibule of the car. Kilometer poles of the railway were marked after a stable 20 seconds.

The difference in area between the 2 bag orientations (0.5L, 1.0L, dairy) is greater than the difference in area between the 2 brush configurations described, so the ribbons can be effective in orienting falling bags. The ribbons can well suppress the rotation of the packages and orient the falling packages.

Thus, the ribbons attached to the short end of the packages already 2 seconds after dropping (falling speed ~ 17 m / s) will begin to orient the packages vertically (the shape of the packages is similar to milk packages), and an increase in the speed of the packages due to this orientation (since there is less resistance of oncoming air ) will dominate the small additional resistance of the ribbon to the oncoming air flow (reducing the speed). Tests can provide the final answer.

If we talk about the accuracy of dropping, then the increase in the windage of the packages (taking into account the windage of the ribbons) in such an orientation is compensated by an increase in the speed of the packages that will quickly pass the area of influence of horizontal air movements. Ribbons on each package have a small increase in their value. Ready-made folded ribbons with good adhesive at the end, easy to attach to bags moving along the conveyor.

It is possible that if, when dropping packages without ribbons, the packages will not be given a strong rotation when separated from the bearing surface, the packages will spontaneously orient themselves under the influence of an oncoming air flow.

It is possible to manufacture devices for dropping packets in such a way that the packets are optimally oriented at the moment of separation from their bearing surface and then the oncoming air flow stabilizes the vertical orientation of the packets. Here we can note packages of 0.5 l, similar to milk ones, which have the shape of a short rocket, without a sharp tip and plumage.

At the same time, dropping packages without ribbons, their rotation can be noted as a positive factor, since it will increase the likelihood of packages colliding with tree branches. With large forest fires, the issue of targeted dropping is probably not often worth it. It is important to spread the falling water well over a large area to suppress combustion, and a large number of packages (moderately dispersed) collapsing upon impact with the soil can cope well with this task.

When water is dropped in bags at many points, not only scattered water will be used, but also the destruction of formed, stable combustion nuclei due to the explosive nature of the destruction of water bags.

It is known that a good fire (the core of combustion) can be put out without water, breaking it down, scattering burning branches. Scattered branches can burn through without the spread of fire and go out, there is no source of sparks, and heat radiation has decreased. So the destruction of the combustion nuclei will weaken the heat radiation from the combustion nucleus.

The weakening of the combustion nuclei can help fight fires at the periphery of combustion. When dropping water in packages, intentional dispersion of packages is possible, as a result of which, after the explosive destruction of packages, the effect of water on the burning area will occur more evenly. Dropping packages in large quantities can lead to disruption of the temporarily stable circulation of hot air formed during combustion and weakening of the combustion of combustion centers, the entire fire.

It can be noted the effectiveness of dropping packages in large numbers in dense groups onto powerful combustion nuclei. All the advantages are realized due to the absence of falling dense masses of water. The advantages of extinguishing forest fires by dropping packages include the horizontal movement of falling packages near the ground, when dropping them from flying helicopter. When dropping from a not very high altitude, with a fast helicopter flight, such movement near the ground can occur at a rather low speed and can lead to collisions between the packages and tree trunks. With a large number of packages being dropped, this will lead to the destruction of a part of the packages above the soil and even more effective spraying of water than when the packages hit the soil.

Packet drop accuracy (required drop time) depends on helicopter speed, flight altitude and distance to the desired hit point. If there is a method to measure the distance on approach to an object, from a drop hatch to an object on the ground, a simple program can do a good job of timing the drop (correcting for air resistance), i.e., solving the classic ballistic problem of dropping a heavy, compact object. Perhaps the device can work well without a display, without a computer, only with signal lights.

From a height safe for a helicopter, dropping can be carried out from a hovering helicopter, when aiming is easier than in level flight, and aiming correction can be carried out after dropping some of the packets. OPAV

The ingress of water after the explosive destruction of the bags on the foliage, bark, litter will lead to the fact that part of the water will be present in the form of droplets on the leaves, bark, litter. These droplets can evaporate at high temperatures without taking part in extinguishing the fire and participating little in the cooling of materials, the burning area. A similar formation of drops occurs when water is sprayed onto glass. To reduce the surface tension of water, which is the cause of the formation of drops on the glass, surfactants (surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water) are added to the glass detergents, after which the water, when sprayed onto the glass, is distributed over the glass in a thin layer. Thus, the addition of surfactants to water in bags will lead to the spreading of water droplets over burning objects, over hot objects, and water droplets will not evaporate at high temperature and not participate in cooling the material, which will increase the efficiency of water use. Theoretically, when packages with a ton of water are destroyed, almost a ton of water can turn into a thin layer of water for seconds (fractions of a second, tens of seconds) on burning and hot objects in the core, the seat of the fire. And this water will either put out the fire or evaporate quickly, cooling the area of the fire. Drops of water also cooling the burning area, but making it slower (much?) than a thin layer of water will not. The efficiency of water application - compare with dense masses of water falling on the soil - will be high.

The required amount of added surfactants can be small, their proportion of less than 1% by weight gives a noticeable effect. As little as 1 kg of surfactant per ton of water (0.1%) can give a good effect. And the cost of extinguishing increases a little. Perhaps there are effective surfactants in lower concentrations, since in this case the addition of surfactants only requires a decrease in surface tension (the washing effect is not required),

Thus, to extinguish forest fires by dropping easily collapsible, paper bags with water containing surfactants, 0.5-2.0 liters from a helicopter. in large quantities, up to thousands of packages, the following advantages can be noted as a way to extinguish fires:

1. When dropping water in packages, more accurate aiming is possible, since the influence of wind, air movement due to fire, on the accuracy of dropping is largely eliminated, due to the fact that compact packages gaining high speed when falling (after 2-3 seconds 60 -90 km / h) and having a small windage quickly pass the area of \u200b\u200bany horizontal air movements and are little affected by these air movements. The horizontal movement of packages due to the horizontal speed acquired when dropping packages from a flying helicopter is an inevitable phenomenon and is the subject of solving the classical ballistic problem of dropping a compact, heavy object in a practical way during the flight. For packets, this problem is much easier to solve than for dispersed dispersed water.

2. From a height safe for a helicopter, dropping can be carried out from a hovering helicopter, when aiming is easier than in level flight and it is possible to carry out aiming correction in one flight, after dropping some of the packets.

3. Dropping water in bags may be accompanied by their intentional dispersal, and after the explosive destruction of the bags when hit at high speed against burning objects, a more uniform distribution of water over the combustion area occurs,

4. The fall of water in large, not scattered portions on the soil on the forest floor, on weakly burning areas is absolutely excluded; this water does not participate either in extinguishing the fire or in cooling the burning area.

5. When dropping water, the destruction of the combustion nuclei is possible, when the packets are fired on the combustion nuclei, due to the explosive destruction of the packets from the shock wave during their destruction.

6. It is possible to more accurately drop (water) packets in large numbers on intensely burning areas, while the explosive nature of the release of water ensures efficient use of water.

7. The explosive nature of the release of water when the packages fall ensures the effective use of water in all cases: even if the packages fall on the forest floor after dispersion, the water will not be absorbed by the bedding, but may participate in cooling the burning area.

8. The explosive nature of the release of water when the packages fall allows you to create a band of fire suppression that prevents the advance of fire. So dropping 1000 bags of 1 liter, at a distance of 200 meters, giving an average fall density of 5 bags / meter, with an explosive distribution of water, can give a band that suppresses the spread of fire.

9. Moving falling packages in a horizontal direction, when dropped from a fast-flying helicopter at a low altitude, can lead to collisions of packages with tree trunks, leading to the destruction of packages above the ground and even more effective splashing of water than with a vertical fall.

10. Adding surfactants to water in bags to lower the surface tension of water will cause water droplets to spread over foliage, bark, and litter. Drops of water on foliage, bark, soil will not evaporate uselessly at high temperatures, participating little in the cooling of materials, the combustion area, which will increase the efficiency of water use. To manifest the effect of lowering the surface tension of water, small amounts of surfactants (no more than 1 kg / ton of water) are sufficient, which will not lead to an increase in the cost of the fire extinguishing procedure.

In summary: the invention of the method lies in the fact that the effective dispersion of water discharged from a helicopter does not occur at the moment of discharge from a helicopter (aircraft), after which the partially and slightly dispersed water is strongly affected by air movements along the entire fall path, which reduces the accuracy of the discharge, but occurs at the end of the fall, at the moment of impact of a large number of packets on burning objects, on the soil, on tree branches, due to the explosive destruction of the packets, which eliminates the fall of water in large dense masses and the water is more evenly distributed over the area where the packets fall, i.e. water. Water is more evenly distributed over the combustion area.

Water is discharged in a dispersed state, like many packets, and at the same time in a compact form (in packets), and gaining high speed, having a small windage in packets, it quickly passes the area of \u200b\u200bpossible horizontal air movements, which allows better aiming, In one helicopter flight it is possible to carry out aiming correction by dropping some of the packets. By dropping water in bags, it is possible to control the distribution of water to burning objects on the ground to a greater extent. Due to the greater efficiency of water use, the negativity of pauses between water drops in successive helicopter flights is reduced. The cost of extinguishing a fire may decrease as the number of helicopter flights may decrease. Modern industry has the ability to easily produce bags of water and PVA at low cost, of various volumes, in large quantities.

For application, packet dropping can be implemented using devices known from RU 2015126845 A, 01/10/2017. Packets can be dropped with or without dispersion. Devices with water are prepared in advance, in the right amount, can be stored for a long time and are promptly loaded into the helicopter as a unit of cargo before departure. Implementation of the invention

The invention of a method for extinguishing forest fires is presented as an idea. The implementation of the inventive method of extinguishing forest fires due to the essence of the invention - the use of a large number of small drop bags of water - is described in the "Disclosure of the Invention" section. This is the behavior of falling water bags in the presence of horizontal air movements, their possible intentional dispersion, their properties when colliding with burning objects, the impact of falling water bags when they are destroyed on a fire.

Modern industry has the ability to easily produce bags of water and PVA at low cost, of various volumes, in large quantities.

It is important that modern industry can easily and quickly produce water bags in large quantities. The finished water bags leave the conveyor not slowly, the drop load portion builds up quickly and can be quickly loaded into the drop devices. Further use for extinguishing a fire. This will allow you to quickly renew exhausted supplies of water bags. There are well-known examples of large fires, fires over large areas, multiple fires in large areas of the forest, when burning continues for more than one day. The rapid production of water bags allows, even if the stock of water bags is exhausted, to produce a sufficient number of water bags and use them to extinguish fires that occur over a long time, which occur at a distance. This requires only an unlimited source (large supply) of water. For example, one enterprise can create a large stock of water bags in spring-summer-autumn and, if necessary, after an unexpected exhaustion of the stock of bags, in case of distant fires, quickly produce the required number of water bags. The conveyor for one flight of the helicopter can produce a sufficient number of bags with water.

The use of water bags allows extinguishing in a mode in which the fire will be suppressed in fewer flights than when dropping water from a bucket (due to greater accuracy and efficiency of water use). Due to the greater accuracy and efficiency of the use of water, the negative impact of the pauses in fire extinguishing needed to deliver the next batch of packages is reduced. Here we can once again note the difficulty and high cost of producing charges with water and explosives in very large quantities, which can interfere with fire extinguishing in the mode of sequential, continuous use of helicopters.

When fighting distant fires, it is more likely that the number of helicopters available and the distance to the fire may be the limiting factor limiting continuous fire fighting. A conveyor for one flight of a helicopter to a distant fire can produce a sufficient number of bags of water. It is positive that non-drinking water is also suitable for filling bags. Water reserves can be created using flood water after minimal filtration. As a cheap, fast filter element, 2 or more layers of gauze can serve.

Unused stocks of packages can be quickly delivered over long distances by conventional aircraft and then use the usual procedure - repeated loading of packages, delivery to a fire - in case of fires close to the place of delivery. You can also stock packages in advance.

More efficient firefighting requires fewer helicopter flights, and the freed helicopters can be used for other firefighting.

No method of extinguishing forest fires from helicopters makes it possible to apply water so uniformly over large areas in large quantities and to do this for an almost unlimited time at an acceptable cost.

For application, packet dropping can be implemented using devices known from RU 2015126845 A, 10.01.2017. Packets can be dropped with or without dispersion. Devices with water are prepared in advance, in the right amount, can be stored for a long time and are promptly loaded into the helicopter as a unit of cargo before departure.

Claims (3)

1. A method of extinguishing forest fires, in which water is dropped from a helicopter onto the fires, characterized in that surfactants (surfactants) are added to the water in an amount of 0.1% by weight of water, water with surfactants is dumped in paper bags with a capacity of 0.5-2.0 l, collapsing from impact when falling, accompanied by splashing of water, paper bags containing water with surfactants are dropped in an amount of up to four thousand bags per flight, while aiming is corrected by dropping part of the bags. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the water contains a dye. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that paper ribbons are attached to part of the bags.