RU2755195C1 - Method for increasing the efficiency of growing young nelma - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: aquaculture.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the stimulation of the development of the nelma and can be used in aquaculture complexes and farms. The method provides for the enrichment of the feed with a complex of biologically active water-and fat-soluble organosulfide compounds, vitamins B1, B2, C, PP and beta-carotene contained in dried garlic powder. Dried garlic powder is included in the base feed at the rate of 5 or 30 g/kg of feed weight for four weeks.EFFECT: invention provides an increase in survival and an increase in the live weight gain of the nelma.1 cl, 7 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of aquaculture, veterinary medicine and fish farming, in particular to methods of optimizing the process of artificial breeding of juveniles of valuable fish species, specifically to stimulating the development of nelma, fish of the salmon family, a subspecies of white fish.

A known method of obtaining a complex biologically active feed additive for farm animals, poultry and fish with probiotics and medicinal herbs from the patent RU 2477614, A23K 1/16, A23K 1/14, publ. 03/20/2013 [1]. To create an additive, separate deep cultivation of strains Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-8130, Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2984, Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-4099 and Bacillus licheniformis VKPM B-4162 is carried out to obtain liquid cultures. Solid-phase fermentation of liquid cultures of Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-8130, Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2984 and Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-4099 is carried out. They are mixed in a ratio of 6: 6: 1, respectively, to obtain 65 liters and applied to a previously prepared carrier for solid-phase fermentation - sterile beet pulp in an amount of 200 kg, treated with a cellulolytic enzyme and enriched with fermentolyzed feed yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To obtain a fermentolysate of fodder yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a mixture is prepared: molasses - 255-265 g, potassium phosphate disubstituted - 98-102 g, magnesium sulfate - 25-26 g, fodder yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae - 3 kg and water up to 30 liters. The mixture is sterilized at a temperature of 120 ° C for 30 minutes and added to the carrier, into which 4 liters of a solution of celloviridin or cellulox F with a cellulase content of at least 2000 U / g carrier are added, the pH is adjusted to 6.0-6.5, the mixture is thoroughly stirred, incubated for 2 hours at a temperature of 45-50 ° C. Solid-phase fermentation is carried out under conditions of limited oxygen access at a temperature of 45-50 ° C, pH 7.5-8.0 and a mixing humidity of 43-48% for 48-50 hours. 65 L of liquid culture of Bacillus licheniformis VKPM B is added to the resulting product -4162 containing at least 5.6 × 10 ⁸ CFU / g. The mixture is thoroughly mixed and dried to a moisture content of 8-10%, after which dry powders of Echinacea purpurea herb and milk thistle fruits are added at the rate of 20-50 g of Echinacea powder and 20-50 g of milk thistle powder per 1 kg of the final product. The resulting mixture is stirred for 0.5 h and subjected to crushing until a homogeneous mass is obtained.

The disadvantage of this method is the complexity of the preparation of the feed additive.

A known drug for the prevention and treatment of invasive fish diseases and a method for the prevention and treatment of invasive fish diseases from patent RU 2259837, A61K 35/70, A61P 33/00, publ. January 27, 2005 [2]. The drug contains an avermectin derivative. As a derivative of avermectin, the preparation contains emamectin or its salt in an effective amount. The method consists in the fact that the fish are fed for 3-14 days at a dose of 25-400 μg of the emamectin derivative per 1 kg of fish biomass per day. The drug and the method make it possible to effectively fight against endo- and ectoparasites of fish at all stages of their development.

The disadvantage of the known invention is that avermectins are antibiotics, insecticides, acaricides and nematicides.

It is currently believed that the use of such drugs had an undesirable effect on the environment, promotes the formation of resistant strains of microorganisms, the accumulation of toxic metabolites in the tissues of aquaculture objects intended for human consumption. Therefore, in recent years, their mass use is prohibited in many countries of the world.

There is also known a method of growing juvenile fish carp and trout from SU 1671210, A01K 61/00, publ. 08/23/1991 [3]. The method includes feeding fish with feed containing a biologically active substance, which is a powder obtained by lyophilizing an aqueous-alcoholic extract of tissues of the Serratula inermis plant, while it is introduced into the feed in an amount of 0.002-0.003 mg / kg, carp is fed for 100 days, and trout 120 days. The introduction of this preparation into the feed provides an increase in the growth of fish.

The disadvantage of the known invention is the need for preliminary production of an aqueous-alcoholic extract of the plant Serratula inermis (Serpukha dyeing), its lyophilization and manufacture of powder, which significantly increases the complexity of the preparation of feed.

In general, the disadvantage of the presented methods [1-3] is the high laboriousness of the manufacture of additives, the difficulty of their standardization and the cost of the described preventive and therapeutic measures.

In modern aquaculture, to increase its effectiveness, preparations based on food and medicinal plants, called phytobiotics, are increasingly used. These agents exhibit stress-regulating, antioxidant, immunomodulatory types of activity; effective against pathogenic microbes, viruses, helminths and protozoa; contribute to the normalization of the function of the digestive system, increase the appetite and attractiveness of food, improve its absorption and, as a result, contribute to a more effective weight gain. The biomass of various parts of plants, their preparations (extracts and tinctures), or biologically active compounds isolated from them are used as phytobiotics. They can be used both for enrichment of basic feeds and for introducing objects into the habitat.

It is expedient and economically justified to use inexpensive known medicinal plants containing a wide range of phytochemical compounds as phytobiotics in aquaculture. As such a phytobiotic plant, it is promising to use dry powder of garlic (Allium Sativum) - a popular affordable food plant well known in Russia and growing throughout its territory. Garlic is a source of a complex of biologically active water- and fat-soluble organosulfur compounds with adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties; antiviral, antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity. A variety of biological effects, lack of toxicity and "environmental friendliness" determine its numerous positive effects when used in aquaculture - the ability to increase the productivity and survival of its objects, resistance to pathogens, improve the quality of finished products and reduce its cost.

The technical objective of the invention is to create a new method for increasing the efficiency of rearing nelma juveniles - fish fish of the salmon family, a subspecies of white fish. The use of dry garlic powder in the proposed method implies indisputable advantages over antibiotics and other preparations of synthetic origin: garlic in physiological doses does not cause a damaging effect on other organs and systems; assimilation of feed, and, as a consequence, an increase in survival and an increase in live weight gain.

At the same time, it is preferable to use garlic as an additive to standard feeds in the form of a commercial product - a dry powder produced for food purposes and the corresponding state standards.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that the method for increasing the efficiency of rearing nelma juveniles includes adding dried garlic powder produced in accordance with GOST 16729-71 to the basic feed.

The essence of the proposed method lies in the fact that to increase the efficiency of growing juvenile nelma - fish of the salmon family, use a commercial product - dried garlic powder. In this case, dried garlic powder is included in the basic feed at the rate of 5 or 30 g / kg of feed weight for four weeks. At the same time, the feed is enriched with a complex of biologically active water and fat-soluble organosulfur compounds, vitamins B1, B2, C, PP, beta-carotene contained in a commercial product - dried garlic powder.

Biologically active substances of garlic have a complex effect on the fish organism, showing adaptogenic, stress-regulating and antioxidant activity; increasing survival and resistance to infectious diseases; stimulating the growth of fish by correcting metabolism and improving the absorption of nutrients; improves the quality indicators of products.

To demonstrate the claimed technical result, tests were carried out on juvenile nelma. The fish were kept in 8 plastic aquarium containers with a working volume of 30 liters, without a constant flow of water. The required oxygenation level was achieved with the Tetra APS 50-400 aquarium aquacompressors. The current water purification was carried out using Xilong XL-F130 aquarium filters with a capacity of 800 l / h. Used tap dechlorinated water, settled for 3 days. Cleaning of aquariums, partial change of water in tanks, cleaning of filters and monitoring of temperature conditions were carried out every day. The oxygenation level was assessed weekly using an Oxi 7310 laboratory oximeter (Germany) with a CellOx sensor. The weight of fish and feed was measured using electronic laboratory scales VK-300 (Russia).

For the experiment, 1 control and 3 experimental groups were formed. The control group received Coppens Advance standard balanced dry food (food 1). Experimental groups ate standard food enriched with garlic powder: the first experimental group - 5 g of garlic powder per 1 kg of standard food (food 2), the second experimental group - 15 g / kg (food 3), the third - 30 g / kg (food 4 ). Feeding was carried out 8-10 times a day using Sera Feed A Plus auto feeders. The feed was fortified by introducing a calculated dose of garlic powder, followed by mixing using a laboratory mixer.

Fish death and visual assessment of its physiological parameters were carried out daily. The main morphometric indicators were weekly recorded indicators of the weight and length of the fish. Calculated the coefficient of daily fish gain, expressed in mg / object / day; fatness coefficient K according to Fulton, which was calculated by the formula:

K = M * 100 / L3, where M is the body weight of the fish in g; L - length to the end of the scale cover, see

The feeding search behavior of fish was assessed quantitatively at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment, recording the time of the first object and the first twelve individuals swimming to the food using a stopwatch. Statistical processing methods: parametric (Student's test) and nonparametric (Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's angular transformation).

The study of the effect of the fortified feed on the survival rates and growth rates of juvenile nelma showed the following.

During the entire experiment, the death of fish in the control group was the greatest. By the middle of the experiment (2-3 weeks) this figure reached 30.8%, and by the end (4 weeks) 39.6%. At the same time, in the experimental groups at the given time, the death was significantly lower than in the control. By the end of the experiment, fish survival was 60.4% in the control, and the highest was in the experimental group (food 4) with a garlic powder content in the food of 30 g / kg, where this indicator was 70.4% and was significantly higher than in the control. by 10% at рϕ <0.05 (table 1).

Table 1 - Influence of enriched feed on fish survival rates,%

Study period Feed 1
(control) Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Week 1 86.7 94.2 97.5 95.0 2 week 78.8 84.4 80.0 85.0 3 week 69.2 72.1 69.6 77.2 4 week 60.4 62.0 60.8 70.4 *

Note: * - differences are significant in comparison with control at рϕ <0.05

Fortification of the standard feed with garlic powder had a positive effect on the weight of nelma juveniles. If after a week of the experiment, the average weight in the control increased slightly by 2.8% compared to the initial one, then in the experimental group "feed 2" by 31.7%, and in the experimental group "feed 4" by 24.0% (table 2). By the end of the second week of the experiment, the average weight of juveniles in the control group increased by 14.3% compared to the initial one, and the use of feed 2 and 4 increased this indicator by 49.4% and 41.2%, respectively. By the end of the third week of the experiment, the average weight of juveniles in the control group increased by 46.8% compared to the initial one, the use of feed 2, 3 and 4 increased this indicator by 63.6%, 67.3% and 74.4%, respectively. By the end of the experiment, the average weight of juveniles in the control group increased by 90.1% compared to the initial one, and the use of feed 2, 3 and 4 increased this indicator by 127.8%, 117.4% and 125.9%, respectively. Compared to the control, by the end of the experiment, the weight gain when using enriched feed 2, 3, and 4 was 19.9%, 14.4% and 18.9%, respectively. Thus, by the end of the experiment, all three doses of garlic had an approximately equal stimulating effect on the index of the mass of nelma, but in the dynamics of feed 2 and 4 were more effective.

Table 2 - Influence of the fortified feed on the average weight (mg) of juvenile nelma

Research time Feed 1 (control) Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Initial mass 163.89 ± 24.86 Week 1 168.44 ± 17.85 215.62 ± 21.14 171.56 ± 14.70 203.12 ± 16.05 2 weeks 187.33 ± 24.22 245.33 ± 19.81 214.17 ± 14.17 231.43 ± 19.91 3 weeks 240.56 ± 23.97 268.06 ± 24.74 274.12 ± 21.94 285.83 ± 25.86 4 weeks 311.47 ± 22.85 373.40 ± 26.34 356.25 ± 22.96 370.25 ± 27.57

The average length of juvenile nelma in comparison with the initial parameters in the control increased by 26.1% by the end of the experiment, in the experimental group "feed 2" by 34.4%, in the experimental groups "feed 3" and "feed 4" by 33.2 % (table 3). The greatest difference with the control (+ 6.6%) at these periods was observed when using feed 3.

Table 3 - Influence of the fortified feed on the average length (cm) of juvenile nelma

Research time Feed 1 (control) Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Initial length 2.41 ± 0.12 Week 1 2.48 ± 0.09 2.72 ± 0.01 * 2.54 ± 0.08 2.70 ± 0.06 2 weeks 2.68 ± 0.09 2.82 ± 0.08 2.76 ± 0.07 2.71 ± 0.09 3 weeks 2.93 ± 0.08 2.96 ± 0.08 2.97 ± 0.06 2.92 ± 0.08 4 weeks 3.04 ± 0.08 3.24 ± 0.08 3.21 ± 0.07 3.21 ± 0.09

Note - the sign * denotes significant differences at p _t <0.01 in comparison with the control at the appropriate time.

It is known that the process of fish growth in aquaculture is not linear and is very specific for individual periods of fish growth. In this regard, in the early stages of its development, it is advisable to use the formula for the effectiveness of mass gain, expressed in mg / object / day. This indicator, in comparison with the control, was most pronounced at 0-2 weeks of the experiment (table 4).

Table 4 - Influence of fortified feed on the efficiency of weight gain in nelma (mg / object / day)

Research time Feed 1 (control) Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 0-2 weeks 1.69 ± 0.27 5.72 ± 1.23 * 3.73 ± 1.06 4.82 ± 0.94 * 2-4 weeks 8.99 ± 1.91 9.25 ± 0.41 10.02 ± 0.30 9.84 ± 0.25 0-4 weeks 5.34 ± 1.09 7.48 ± 0.41 6.87 ± 0.67 7.33 ± 0.35

Notes - the sign * denotes significant differences at рu <0.05 in comparison with the control at the corresponding time.

Statistically significant differences (рu <0.05) were observed when using feeds 2 and 4 (3.39 and 2.85 times more than in the control). In the period from 2 to 4 weeks, this indicator was higher with the use of fortified feed by 2.9-11.5%. The use of feeds 2 and 4 throughout the experiment was more effective - the efficiency of body weight gain in these groups was higher than in the control, by 40.1 and 37.3%.

Fatness indices of juveniles during the experiment in all groups did not statistically differ from the initial ones (Table 5). Compared with the control, the best indicators were when using feeds 2 and 4 in the second week of the experiment - statistically significant differences (pt <0.01) were 15.1 and 23.7%, respectively. In the third week, a significant increase of 19.8% was recorded in food 4. By the end of the experiment, the fatness indices in all groups did not differ significantly.

Table 5- Influence of fortified feed on Fulton body condition indicators

Research time Feed 1 (control) Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Experiment start 1.10 ± 0.04 Week 1 1.04 ± 0.04 1.02 ± 0.03 1.02 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.03 2 weeks 0.93 ± 0.04 1.07 ± 0.03 * 0.97 ± 0.08 1.15 ± 0.04 * 3 weeks 0.91 ± 0.03 0.99 ± 0.04 1.02 ± 0.04 1.09 ± 0.03 * 4 weeks 1.08 ± 0.03 1.10 ± 0.03 1.06 ± 0.02 1.10 ± 0.04

Note - the sign * denotes significant differences at p _t <0.01 in comparison with the control at the appropriate time.

To assess the effect of the fortified feed on the feeding search behavior of young nelma in the breaks between feedings in the morning hours (10-12 hours), a pinch of feed was added to the front wall of the container. The stopwatch recorded the time it took for the first fish to swim to the food (indicator 1) and the first 12 fish (indicator 2, focus group). At the beginning of the experiment, the average reaction time for all groups was 1) 11.02 ± 0.40 and 2) 31.98 ± 0.85 seconds. By the end of the experiment, indicator 1 in the control decreased 2.9 times, indicator 2 - 3.3 times.

Enrichment of the feed with garlic powder slightly increases its attractiveness and palatability for the bulk of juvenile fish. This is evidenced by the data given in Table 6. Focus groups of young nelma fed the enriched food responded more quickly to the introduction of such food into the aquarium compared to the control. So, by the end of the experiment, indicator 2 in the experimental groups was less than in the control, by 4.1-35.7%. The time for the first individual to swim to the food in all groups decreased during the experiment by 12.6-42.7%, but the differences between the groups in certain periods of the experiment were not statistically significant. The most effective was food 4 with a maximum dose of garlic of 30 g / kg. It is believed that in order to increase the attractiveness of the fortified feed, garlic powder should be included in the pellets at the stage of their manufacture. In this case, the loss of the main active compound of garlic - allicin, which has the properties of an attractant to the greatest extent, will not exceed 3%.

Table 6 - Average time of fish reaction to food, sec

Period Control (feed 1) Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Experiment start 10.95 ± 0.55 32.04 ± 1.12 11.13 ± 0.50 32.18 ± 0.96 10.98 ± 0.43 31.92 ± 0.65 11.02 ± 0.48 31.80 ± 0.24 The middle of the experiment
(end of 2nd week) 6.93 ± 0.98 18.22 ± 3.45 6.06 ± 0.44 16.03 ± 1.15 5.62 ± 0.85 16.49 ± 2.34 5.14 ± 1.03 15.88 ± 2.14 End of experiment
(end of 4th week) 3.75 ± 0.85 9.80 ± 0.30 2.5 ± 0.75 9.40 ± 0.40 2.65 ± 0.50 8.35 ± 1.55 2.15 ± 0.35 6.30 ± 0.70 *

Note - 1 - reaction time to feed of the first fish, 2 - reaction time to feed of the first 12 fish; sign * denotes significant differences with the corresponding control at p _U <0.05.

The study of the substantiation of the optimal dose of dried garlic powder for enriching the feed of juvenile nelma, providing the maximum increase in productivity, showed the following.

In the course of the experiment, for four weeks, a more pronounced effect, judging by the indicators of weight gain and fish length, was exhibited by foods 2 and 4 containing 5 and 30 g of garlic powder per 1 kg of feed. The use of feed 4 provided the best safety (70.4%) and microbiological purity of the aquatic habitat, and when using feed 2, the highest indicators of fish weight gain (209.51 mg) and weight gain efficiency (7.48 mg / object / day) were observed. (table 7).

Table 7 - Total indicators of survival and productivity of juvenile nelma at the end of the experiment (4 weeks)

Index Feed 1 (control) Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Survival,% 60.4 62.0 60.8 70.4 Weight gain, mg 147.58 209.51 192.36 206.36 Increase in length, mm 0.63 0.83 0.80 0.80 Weight gain efficiency, mg / object / day. 5.34 ± 1.09 7.48 ± 0.41 6.87 ± 0.67 7.33 ± 0.35 Fulton fatness 1.08 ± 0.03 1.10 ± 0.03 1.06 ± 0.02 1.10 ± 0.04

Thus, the application of the claimed invention has a number of advantages. Enrichment of the basic feed for juvenile nelma (salmonids) with dried garlic powder at doses of 5 and 30 g / kg promotes fish survival by 1.6-10%; an increase in the length of fry by 5.6-6.6%, live weight by 14.4-19.9%, the efficiency of daily weight gain by 28.7-40.1% compared to the control. These technical results are associated with stress-regulating, antioxidant, immunomodulatory activities; the ability to prevent infection with pathogenic microbes, viruses, helminths and protozoa and, as a result, helps to reduce the morbidity and mortality of juvenile salmon; and also allows you to normalize the functions of the digestive system, increase the appetite and attractiveness of food, improve its absorption and, as a result, contribute to a more effective weight gain.

The method is recommended to improve the efficiency of sturgeon fish production in aquaculture complexes and farms.

Claims (1)

A method of increasing the efficiency of growing young nelma, characterized by the fact that the feed is enriched with a complex of biologically active water- and fat-soluble organosulfur compounds, vitamins B1, B2, C, PP and beta-carotene contained in dried garlic powder, while dried garlic powder is included in the base feed at the rate of 5 or 30 g / kg of feed weight for four weeks.