RU2741652C1 - Method of harvesting grain crops and a cereal harvesting machine for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: inventions relate to agriculture. Harvesting method of cereal crops harvesting includes harvesting of the crop mass from the field, its threshing, grain cleaning, pneumatic selection from the earth's surface of grain losses behind the combine cutting head, their supply for threshing, wherein in addition from the selected crop losses, a fraction of grain and spikes suitable for further use is separated, which is directed into the threshing separating device, and fraction of selected crop losses is not suitable for further use and is directed together with selected seeds of weeds for recycling. Combination machine includes a harvester, a threshing device, an air-screen cleaning system, a pneumatic baler, and it is additionally equipped with a separating device, a material pipeline and a slope for extraction and transportation to the threshing separating device of seeds and spikes selected from the field, which are suitable for further use, and separation and recycling of seeds of weeds and crop losses, which are unsuitable for further use.

EFFECT: inventions allow improving the quality of grain crops harvesting and reducing the treated fields contamination.

2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for combine harvesting of grain crops with the selection of losses of grain and weed seeds.

There is a known method of combine harvesting of grain crops, including the removal of the crop mass from the field, its threshing, grain cleaning, pneumatic pick-up from the ground surface of grain losses behind the header of the combine, their supply to threshing, and to increase the completeness of the selection and reduce injury to the selected grain, before pneumatic pick-up, pick from the surface of the ears, the free grain collected by pneumatic picking is sent for cleaning, and the selected ears are fed to threshing. / SU 1713483 A1 Method of combine harvesting of grain crops /.

The disadvantages of this method are:

- high contamination of the working process, since air jets are directed to the zone of raising crop losses, which, in addition to grain losses, raise field dust, chaff, etc., contamination of the suction flow complicates the process of extracting useful grain and increases overall energy consumption;

- the method is aimed at the selection of crop losses and does not provide for the selection of weed seeds, and the collection and removal of weed seeds from cultivated fields helps to reduce weediness and reduce the amount of plant protection products used;

- the raised ears and free grain are sent for threshing and cleaning without dividing them into suitable for use, that is, those that have a high-quality external consistency and are suitable for further use as food and / or seed, and unsuitable, i.e. those that found themselves on the soil as a result, for example, of self-falling asleep, a break in the stem and were exposed to pathogenic bacteria and rot. Infected caryopses worsen the total weight of the harvested crop and it is advisable to send them for disposal.

Known is a grain pick-up containing a suction device mounted on a chassis by means of hinges and spring-loaded relative to it with a suction nozzle and a pneumatic line, which is connected to a grain collector, and the nozzle is made with side and also with front and rear walls regulating the pneumatic flow, and to increase the completeness of collection grains from the surface of the field, the front and rear walls are made of flexible material and are spring-loaded relative to the pneumatic line, and the lower edge of the front wall is located above the lower edge of the rear wall. / SU 1245280 A1 Grain pick-up /.

The disadvantages of this design are:

- spikelets, free grain, etc., are directed in a single flow to the grain elevator and then to the threshing apparatus, which contributes to the injury of free grain;

- the offered pick-up does not provide separation of weed seeds, it sends them together with the crop products to the combine harvester, thereby deteriorating the quality of the bunker grain and predetermines additional energy consumption for processing the selected weed seeds.

The technical task is to improve the quality of harvesting grain crops and reduce weediness of the cultivated fields due to the selection of crop losses and weed seeds from the surface of the field, dividing crop losses into a fraction suitable for use, which is sent for threshing and cleaning, and into a fraction unsuitable for further use , which is sent for utilization together with weed seeds.

The technical result is the creation of a grain harvester that ensures the selection of crop losses and weed seeds from the surface of the field, the allocation of high-quality grain in the yield losses in the form of free grain and spikelets, which are sent for cleaning and threshing-cleaning, respectively, and the crop losses affected by the disease, rot and the like, are utilized together with weed seeds.

Dividing the selected crop losses into "usable" and "unusable" will help to protect the harvested bunker crop from pathogenic bacteria, rot, diseases, etc., occurring on caryopses that have been on the soil for a long time and have been infected.

Utilization of infected grains and weed seeds contributes to maintaining a favorable microbiological environment in the agrocenosis and reducing weediness of cultivated agricultural areas.

This is achieved by the fact that in the process of harvesting grain crops, crop losses and weed seeds are selected from the surface of the field, yield losses are divided into a fraction suitable for further use, for example, in the food industry, agriculture, etc., which is sent to threshing and cleaning, and into a fraction unsuitable for further use, which is separated with a separating device and sent for disposal together with weed seeds.

To implement this method, a grain harvester is used, consisting of a header, a threshing device, an air-sieve cleaning system, a pneumatic pick-up system from the ground surface of weed seeds and crop losses, and the latter are separated using an additionally installed separating device according to their external state into suitable for further use and direct the spikelets to the threshing device, and free grain to the cleaning system, and to those not suitable for further use, which are sent together with the weed seeds for disposal. This grain harvester performs mowing, threshing and separation of grain, separation of the non-grain part into separate streams of straw and chaff, scattering of straw and chaff over the field, pneumatic pick-up of crop losses and weed seeds, separation of grain losses using an additionally installed separation device into a fraction suitable for further use, from which the spikelets are sent to the threshing-separating device, and the free grain is sent bypassing the threshing device to the cleaning system, and the fraction unsuitable for further use, which is sent along with the weed seeds for disposal.

FIG. a grain harvester for implementing the harvesting method is shown schematically.

Combine harvester 1 consists of a header 2, a threshing device 3, a straw walker 4, a cleaning system 5, a pneumatic pickup 6, a cyclone 7 and an elevator 8 with a separating device 9, a material pipeline 10 and an outlet 11.

Combine harvester 1 works as follows:

The grain mass is mowed by the header 2 and transported to the threshing device 3, where it is threshed and divided into streams that go to the straw walker 4 and the air-sieve cleaning system 5. The air flow drawn into the pneumatic collector 6 carries away crop losses and weed seeds from the soil surface under the combine harvester machine. In cyclone 7, light impurities, dust and small-sized weed seeds are separated. Grain, spikelets, large-sized weed seeds are sent to the elevator 8, in which grain and spikelets, which have a natural external consistency and are suitable for further use, are directed through the material pipeline 10 for cleaning and threshing, using the separating device 9, for cleaning and threshing, respectively. Spikelets and grain exposed to diseases, rot, pathogenic bacteria, unfavorable weather conditions and unsuitable for further use, like weed seeds, are separated by a separating device 9 and sent through an outlet 11 for connection with lightweight impurities, dust, small-sized seeds isolated in the cyclone 7 weeds for subsequent disposal.

This ensures the reduction of crop losses without contamination of bunker grain with crop losses that are exposed to contamination, rot, etc.

Claims (2)

1. The method of combine harvesting of grain crops, including the removal of the crop mass from the field, its threshing, grain cleaning, pneumatic pick-up from the ground surface of grain losses behind the header of the combine, their supply for threshing, characterized in that additionally from the selected crop losses, suitable for further use is isolated fraction of grain and spikelets, which is sent to the threshing-separating device, and the fraction of the selected yield losses unsuitable for further use is sent together with the selected weed seeds for utilization. 2. Combine harvester, including a header, a threshing device, an air-sieve cleaning system, a pneumatic pick-up, characterized in that it is additionally equipped with a separating device, a material pipeline and a slope for separating and transporting to the threshing-separating device grain and spikelets picked up from the field, suitable for further use, and separation and disposal of weed seeds and crop losses unsuitable for further use.

Images