RU2733761C2 - Glass making method for manufacturing glasstelle glass - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: glass industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a method of making art colored glasstelle glass, used to create works of art, such as paintings, vases, panels and other art objects, decorative decoration of interiors, manufacturing of various types of exclusive jewelry, etc. Glasstelle glass manufacturing method involves the following steps: optional coating of refractory plate by separator, preventing molten glass adherence and its uneven spreading. Then glass (1) is applied on the plate covered with separator in the form of powder and layer is not necessarily punched. On glass (1) applied layers of glass (2) in form of powder, wherein coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of glasses (1) and (2) are identical. Plate, which is optionally coated with a separator, with applied glass layers is placed into the furnace and heated to glass melting point, the plate is held in the furnace for a period of time and the plate is cooled.

EFFECT: technical result of the proposed invention is providing a method for making glasstelle glass, which is less material-intensive and enables to obtain colored high-quality glasstelle glass.

1 cl, 3 dwg

Description

Technology area

The invention relates to the field of glass industry, namely to a method of making artistic colored glass glastel used to create works of art, such as paintings, vases, panels and other art objects, decorative interior decoration, making various types of exclusive jewelry and products and etc.

State of the art

Colored glass has been known for a long time, it appeared even earlier than transparent, since initially components with impurities were used in glass melting. Then, to give a certain color, people learned to add some metal additives to the glass composition. Glasses were beautiful, gem-like, expensive, and the art of painting glass was a means of personal enrichment. With the development of glassware, craftsmen learned how to obtain glasses of different colors with a bright and clean color, but the secrets of its manufacture were also kept secret and passed on from generation to generation.

Today, colored glass is an inexpensive and aesthetic material obtained in various ways - from expensive to budget. It finds application in the production and decoration of a wide variety of glass products. The possibilities of colored glass, if not endless, are very wide and versatile. Wherever colored glass is used, it adds vibrant colors and uplifts the mood.

At the moment, there are many different methods of making colored glass for different applications. Known methods make it possible to obtain monochromatic colored glass, multicolor glass, glass with images and drawings.

From the inventor's certificate SU 1253965 A1, published on 08/30/1986, a method of manufacturing decorative facing products is known, including the manufacture of a blank consisting of an internal structural and external decorative painted layers. Heat treatment of the workpiece consists in simultaneous heating of the layers to 160-200 ° C and subsequent heating to the melting temperature of the glass phase, then it is kept at the crystallization temperature of the glass phase and cooled.

From the foreign application CN 1706761A1, published on December 14, 2005, a continuous process for the production of colored glass is known, with a controlled supply of colored materials and a controlled stirrer. The process of continuous production of colored glass includes controlling the amount of inflow of the main glass material by means of the main material feeding machine and automatic liquid level controller; control of molten glass fiber with dye feeder. Agitation of the glass coloring material and the base glass material is carried out in the stirring vessel to a predetermined mixing state. The specified process is controlled by the computer. During production, the product code is entered into a computer to produce colored glass with a developed color and pattern.

Patent application RU 94035210 A1, published on 20.07.1996, describes a method for manufacturing a colored decorative facing material, which we have adopted as a prototype, including layer-by-layer filling in the form of a structural layer from a mixture of glass granules with sand and a decorative layer of glass granules and subsequent sintering. The decorative layer is obtained from a mixture of glass granules of the structural layer and a ceramic pigment mixed with glass flour of fractions less than 0.1 mm in a ratio of 1: / 9-10 /, and a 10% solution of water glass. Glass granules of the structural layer and the decorative layer have the same coefficient of thermal expansion.

The disadvantage of the prototype and other known methods is that they do not allow obtaining art glass of a certain type that would not be known from the prior art. Basically, all of them are aimed at obtaining a pattern on the surface or directly on the painted surface. Known methods do not allow obtaining volumetric products with a pattern inside. The known methods are also complex and material intensive.

The task to which the proposed invention is directed is to create a simple method for manufacturing glastel glass, which is less material-intensive and allows you to obtain painted art glastel glass of high quality.

List of drawings

Appendix - photographs (photo 1-3) of glastel glass samples obtained by the proposed method.

Disclosure of invention

The technical result of the proposed invention is to provide a method for manufacturing glastel glass, which is simple and less material-intensive and allows you to obtain painted art glastel glass of high quality. The method makes it possible to obtain glass that is not just colored, but contains a three-dimensional pattern both inside the product (in the total mass) and on the surface.

The method of manufacturing glastel glass includes the following stages:

optional coating of the refractory board with a separator to prevent molten glass from sticking and spreading unevenly,

- on the plate, optionally covered with a separator, glass (1) is applied in powder form and the layer is optionally rammed,

- at least one layer of glass (2) is applied to the glass (1) in the form of a powder, and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of glasses (1) and (2) are the same, and at least one of the glass layers (1) and (2) is colored,

- the plate, optionally covered with a separator, with applied layers of glass is placed in an oven and heated to the melting point of the glasses,

- keeping the plate with the applied glass layers in the oven for a specified time,

- plate cooling.

The refractory plate used in the invention is any heat-resistant structure (plate, oven shelf, flake) that has a flat surface. It can be part of the furnace structure, or an independent structure placed in the furnace.

The choice of the furnace is not limited to any specific design, but the most optimal option is a high-temperature muffle furnace with an operating temperature of up to 1500 ° C.

The refractory board is optionally further coated with a spacer. A separator (separator) for a plate is a special compound that prevents molten glass from sticking to the plate (hereinafter referred to as a separator). A separator is a composition of various substances (kaolin, gypsum, talc, silica, etc.) that performs two functions: 1) preventing molten glass from sticking to the heat-resistant furnace plate; 2) prevention of excessive wettability of the molten glass, as a result of which the molten glass does not spread evenly over the surface of the plate, but holes form, the glass gathers into lumps (drops).

The type of separator does not affect the method and can be powder, film, but is not limited to these options. The spacer may not be present at all for certain types of refractory boards that have no affinity for the glass used.

The plate, optionally covered with a spacer, is coated with glass (1) in powder form and the layer is optionally rammed. Glass (1) is used in two stages, for two purposes. At the first stage, the glass (1) acts as the second component of the separator and is always used. In the second step, glass (1) is used for the visual components of the texture. In the second step, glass (1) may not be used. Glass (1) can be transparent or colored.

Next, layers of glass (2) are applied to glass (1) in the form of a powder, and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of glass (1) and CTE of glass (2) should be the same. Glasses (2) are colored or transparent.

It is important that at least one of the glass layers (1) and (2) is colored to obtain the visual effect of the pattern. For example, glass (1) can be transparent, and at least one of the glass layers (2) can be colored. Also glass (1) can be colored, and glass (2) transparent or also colored. Different layers of glass (2) can be transparent or colored. The color of the glasses can be completely different.

Thermal expansion of glass is a change in size during heating. The thermal expansion coefficient characterizes the ratio of the change in glass dimensions to the temperature change that caused it and to the initial dimensions. The CTE of glass (both colored and transparent) is determined by a specialized device - a dilatometer. CTE is influenced by the chemical composition and the primary process for making glass from silica. Therefore, CTE is a property of a particular glass sample. Subsequently, upon heating and melting of a glass sample, its CTE does not change.

Only glasses with the same CTE can be melted. In glasses with different CTEs during fusion, physical stresses and cracks are formed, which can lead to physical destruction of the glass after the molten glass begins to cool. Glass fused from glasses with different CTEs can crack and after a while after it cools down to room temperature, after an hour, after several days, due to the presence of internal physical stress and changes in the ambient temperature.

The method is applicable to any glass with the same CTE. The temperature of softening and melting of glass changes depending on the CTE value. For each type of texture, manufactured according to the technological map, a range of CTE values and, accordingly, a range of temperature values in which this texture can be manufactured ("grown") is determined. Experimental samples were obtained for CTE values from α _20-300 = 50 × 10 ^-7 deg. ^-1 to α _20-300 = 200 × 10 ^-7 deg. ^-1 This method is not limited to this range of CTE (from 50 to 200) and can be implemented for any kind of glass with the same CTE known from the prior art.

In this way, texture samples were obtained, for example, from glasses with the same CTE of the following brands: Star'Glass® (Russia), Wissmach® (USA), Uroboros® (USA), Spectrum® (USA), Bullseye® (USA), Moretti® (Italy). This method is not limited to the specified brands of glasses with the same CTE and can be implemented for any kind of glass with the same CTE known from the prior art.

The combination of powder particle size, amount of powder, glass color, consistency and number of layers of glass powder determines the texture of the glastel glass (see Photo 1-3).

Texture is the preferred orientation of color elements (particles) on the surface and in the thickness of the glass. Texture is a set of color elements (particles) that form a characteristic pattern.

Basically, the color is determined at the stage of making the silica glass and depends on the chemical composition and the manufacturing process. In the manufacture of glastel glass, particles of already made and colored (or transparent) glass are used.

Glastel glass texture dependence on: glass type; glass particle size; structure, thickness and sequence of layers; the amount of powder and the temperature regime in the oven is straight. The texture of glass is the result of the physical interaction of colored and transparent glass particles with each other under the influence of different temperatures. The texture of glastel glass arises as a result of a combination of movements of molten glass particles: horizontal (as a result of expansion, contraction, flowing from one area to another, etc.) and vertical (ascending, sinking, as a result of density changes, etc.).

The particle size of the glass powder is selected based on the size of the product to be made and depending on the desired texture of the product. The particle size can be from several tens of microns and up to several centimeters in the case of large, bulky products.

For each type of glastel glass texture (there are currently more than 100 of them), a technological map is described - a formalized instruction containing descriptions of all the materials used, tools, and operations necessary to obtain the appropriate texture. Glass type, glass particle size, structure, thickness, sequence of layers, amount of powder, temperature conditions, etc. described in the technological map. Thus, the meaning of the glastel glass production technology is precisely in ensuring the repeatability of the texture when performing actions in accordance with the technological map. All elements affecting the texture are described in the technological plan. There are elements adding and changing which do not change the texture, they are not included in the technological map.

Next, a refractory board, optionally covered with a spacer, with layers of glass (1) and (2) applied, is placed in a furnace. The operating temperature of the furnace is calculated for each type of glastel glass texture and also depends on the type of glass used. Under the influence of temperature, the glass melts, the color of the glass changes, the glass enters into various interactions with each other.

The melting point of glass can be different. The initial softening point of glass is characterized by the temperature at which its viscosity becomes about 10 ¹² poise. For ordinary industrial glasses, softening begins in the temperature range of 400-600 ° C. The temperature at which the glass has a viscosity of 2 × 10 ⁸ poise is taken as the end of glass softening, which for most ordinary glasses corresponds to the temperature range from 700 to 750 ° C.

The glass melting point (or the beginning of softening) is significantly affected by its chemical composition. In particular, the following oxides contribute to lowering the melting point of glass, as well as its viscosity: В ₂ О ₃ , ВаО, Na ₂ O, K ₂ O, Li ₂ O, Fe ₂ O ₃ , MnO and PbO. The melting point of glasses and their viscosity are increased by such metal oxides as Al ₂ O ₃ , CaO, MgO, SiO, ZrO ₂ , TiO ₂ .

Glasses with a high melting point should be noted. These include: quartz glass of various types, silica glass, sitall and sitall glass. For example, the melting point of quartz glass can reach 1300 ° C. In the temperature range from 630 to 730 ° C, heat-resistant glasses and glasses for medical use begin to melt (soften). Window, laboratory, glassware and crystal have a softening onset temperature of 530 to 600 ° C.

During melting, particles of colored and transparent glass (or colored glasses) physically interact with each other under the influence of different temperatures. Glass particles of different colors are used. When melted, they mix and flow to form colorful streaks, just like mixing paints. Only these movements (spreading) occur without human intervention and, when the conditions of the technological map are met, lead to a similar texture. There is no chemical interaction between glass particles of different colors. The color change of particles of different types of glass occurs only under the influence of temperature.

Under the influence of different temperatures for a certain time during melting, in the molten glass and during cooling, texture elements are formed. Some of the movements occur when warming up, some in the already molten glass, some during cooling. The operating temperature of the furnace for each specific type of texture determines: to what temperature the furnace should be heated, how long the given temperature should be kept in the furnace, to what temperature the furnace should be cooled in what time (controlled cooling), at what point to turn off the furnace (natural cooling), when turn on the supply ventilation of the furnace (forced cooling). Thus, starting from certain temperatures, the texture “growth” process begins, which continues until a certain temperature, below which the texture “growth” process stops and the texture remains in the cooling and cooled glass.

The holding time of the sample in the oven and cooling in general can range from a few minutes or less to several weeks.

It should be noted that the fulfillment of the conditions of the flow chart is not a prerequisite for obtaining glastel glass and is only necessary to ensure repeatable serial products. It is possible to manufacture individual products with a non-repeatable (random) texture if the method is not implemented in accordance with the flow chart. During the production of glastel glass, the operator can change various process parameters, for example, the particle size of the glass powder, the color of the glass, the number of glass particles of different colors, the processing temperature, etc. A specialist can easily select the necessary parameters for implementing the method to obtain various unique color solutions.

Moreover, in the case of manufacturing products according to the technological map, the process can be automated and computerized. Depending on the given texture of the glass, powder of a certain color and type of glass is dosed in a certain way, temperature and time modes of processing are set, etc. For this, a specially developed automated / robotic device can be used to perform all the above actions.

The method has been tested experimentally and has shown its high efficiency in obtaining art glass Glastel. Photo 1-3 shows the samples obtained by the proposed technology in accordance with the flow chart.

The method is quite simple and does not require any special equipment and a large amount of auxiliary materials. Using glass with the same CTE eliminates cracking of finished products and obtains high quality samples. The method allows you to get a huge number of both repeatable products and individual exclusive designs, due to the possibility of varying a large number of parameters.

Claims (8)

A method of manufacturing glastel glass, including the following stages: - optional covering of the refractory plate with a separator to prevent the molten glass from sticking and its uneven spreading, - application of glass (1) in powder form to the plate, optionally covered with a separator, and optional tamping of the layer, - applying on the glass (1) at least one layer of glass (2) in the form of a powder, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of glass (1) and the coefficient of thermal expansion of glass (2) are the same, and at least one of the layers of glass (1) and glass (2) is colored, while the uncolored layer, if present, is transparent; - placing in the oven a slab, optionally covered with a separator, with applied layers of glass (1) and (2) and heating to the glass melting temperature, which is set depending on the value of the thermal expansion coefficient of the glasses; - keeping the plate with the applied glass layers in the oven for a period of time, - plate cooling, in this case, the modes of heat treatment are set to ensure only the physical interaction of glass particles.

Images