RU2717778C1 - Reactor for pyrolysis of raw material containing organic compounds - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: processing industry.

SUBSTANCE: reactor for pyrolysis of raw material containing organic compounds, comprising a working chamber with a metal plate and nipples for feeding raw material and withdrawing raw material processing products, at least one heating element, characterized in that the reactor is a flat box, the metal plate is located in the lower part of the box parallel to its long walls and is connected to it, forming a sealed space, reactor additionally comprises scraper and pressure roller configured to move along metal plate, wherein the scraper is located with a gap above the metal plate, which enables to distribute raw material containing organic compounds evenly with a given layer thickness along the surface of the plate, and pressure roller is made with possibility of packing material to plate, wherein heating element is located under plate from outer side of box and closed with heat-insulating jacket.

EFFECT: technical result consists in improvement of device efficiency, increase of reaction speed and output of amount of gases.

3 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the processing industry and can be used in installations of a fast high-temperature pyrolysis gasifier of a linear type for the processing of organo-containing raw materials, in particular litter, in the high temperature range (800-950 ° C) in order to extract gas.

A device is known for processing organo-containing raw materials by the pyrolysis method (see RF patent for utility model No. 121503, class IPC C10G1 / 00, published October 27, 2012), containing a pyrolysis reactor with a conveying device for raw materials and devices for removing the resulting vapor-gas fractions and solid components. The raw material conveying device is installed on the outside of the reactor and is made in the form of a screw conveyor containing a shaft with a flat spiral fixed on it, while a part of the conveyor body is made with perforation for supplying gas-containing coolant to the organo-containing raw material coming from the vapor-gas fraction removal device. The device is designed for the processing of manure or litter in order to extract various types of liquid and solid fuels.

However, to heat the raw materials, a gas-vapor mixture is used as a coolant, which heats the raw materials to the required temperature. Naturally, during the pyrolysis, hydrocarbons are released in the form of gases, which will be mixed with the vapor-gas mixture, which is used to heat the organic raw materials. The result is a gas mixture that has a calorific value of 3000-3500 kJ. Such gases cannot be used in internal combustion engines as fuel.

A pyrolysis reactor is also known (see RF patent No. 2613063, class IPC F23G5 / 027, published March 15, 2017), which contains a sealed chamber for heating and drying waste and a sealed metal pyrolysis chamber located below the drying chamber with external heating for thermochemical pyrolysis decomposition waste due to convective heating of waste from a red-hot metal casing, which is heated by passing hot oxygen-free gases into the outer cavity between the metal casing and the outer heat-insulating shell . The sealed drying and pyrolysis chambers in cross section are in the form of an extended oval with rectangular openings for discharging waste located at the edges of the chambers base using built-in screw feeders, and a rotary rotary activator is mounted between the rectangular openings of the chambers base to prevent hanging of the waste.

However, the reactor is intended for the processing of municipal waste, while the waste is heated to a temperature of 200 - 300 ° C. At this temperature, the reaction of low-temperature pyrolysis occurs with the release of a small amount of gases at the level of 15-20%, the resulting low-calorie gases 2500-300 kJ, since at this temperature there is no decomposition of water into H and OH, the reaction lasts 8-10 hours, and this means that a lot of thermal energy is consumed. A temperature of 200-300 ° C is not enough for a high-quality conversion of solid hydrocarbons to gaseous. At this temperature, mainly the graphitization of the feed occurs, and the formed gases contain highly toxic hydrocarbon compounds,

Closest to the claimed one is a quick peat pyrolysis reactor (see RF patent No. 2293104, class IPC C10F5 / 06, publ. 02/10/2007), containing a three-section working chamber with leads for supplying dry peat, coke outlet and discharge released as a result of pyrolysis gas peat, two horizontally oriented cylindrical gas burners installed inside the working chamber, each of which is mechanically paired with one inclined metal plate, an outlet for supplying dry peat and an outlet for removing pyrolysis released as a result of gas peat is made in the upper part of the upper section of the working chamber, the output for coke exit is made in the lower part of the lower section of the working chamber, one of the cylindrical gas burners and the inclined metal plate connected to it are located in the upper section of the working chamber, and the second cylindrical gas burner and the associated with it, an inclined metal plate is in the middle section, while the inclined metal plates of the reactor are located one below the other and are inclined in opposite directions.

However, the performance of this installation is low due to the short time spent by the organic raw materials in the reactor (within 6 seconds), which leads to inefficient use of the feedstock. In addition, the gas in the heating elements is blown with high speed through the flues passing through the reactor, and a significant part of the heat leaves the reactor is not realized, which reduces its efficiency.

The technical problem of the claimed invention is the creation of an effective and high-performance reactor for the pyrolysis processing of organic raw materials at high temperatures (800-950 ° C) in order to extract gas.

The technical result consists in increasing the efficiency of the device, increasing the reaction rate and the output of the amount of gas.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the reactor for the pyrolysis processing of organo-containing raw materials containing a working chamber with a metal plate and pipes for supplying raw materials and removal of products of processing of raw materials, at least one heating element, according to the solution, the reactor is a flat box, the metal plate is located in the lower part of the box parallel to its long walls and connected to it, forming an airtight space, the reactor further comprises a scraper and a pressure roller, made which can be moved along the metal plate, while the scraper is positioned with a gap above the metal plate, which makes it possible to distribute the organo-containing raw materials evenly with a predetermined layer thickness over the surface of the plate, and the pinch roller is configured to roll the raw materials to the plate, while the heating element is located under the plate with the outer side of the box and is closed by a heat-insulating casing.

The scraper and pinch roller are movable by means of a screw drive.

The box contains a steel frame located around the perimeter of the box to place a metal plate on it.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing, which shows a diagram of a linear type pyrolysis plant for the processing of organic raw materials.

In the drawings, the positions indicated:

1 - loading hopper with nozzles;

2 - pyrolysis reactor;

3 - block removal of ash residue;

4 - metal frame;

5 - a metal plate;

6 - a scraper;

7 - pressure roller;

8 - gas heater;

9 - steel casing;

10 - mechanical (screw) drive;

11 - pipe to remove the resulting gas;

K, F - extreme points of movement of the scraper.

The pyrolysis installation consists of an organic feed power supply unit, a pyrolysis reactor 2 and an ash residue removal unit 3. The organic feed power supply unit consists of a feed hopper, a pipe connecting the hopper to the tray feeder and a pipe through which feedstock is fed to the pyrolysis reactor.

The reactor 2 is a flat box made of heat-resistant steel. Inside the box is placed a metal (steel) frame 4, on which is fixed a metal heat-resistant plate 5 made of a composite alloy, for example alloy steel. The box and plate, interconnected, form a sealed reactor zone. The internal volume of the box is isolated from the external environment, to prevent air from entering the reactor zone. For uniform distribution of raw materials over the entire area of the metal plate 5, the reactor contains a scraper 6, which provides an increase in the contact force of the raw materials with the reaction surface of the metal plate 5. A pinch roller 7 is located behind the scraper. To heat the metal plate 5, gas heaters are attached to the steel frame 4 from the outside of the box 8, for example, infrared emitters, in the amount necessary for uniform heating of the entire surface of the plate. To reduce heat loss during the heating of the metal plate 5, gas heaters 8 are placed in a steel casing 9, covered with heat-insulating material and attached to the bottom of the frame 4. To drive the scraper 6 and the pressure roller 7, a screw drive 10 is used. The reactor is connected via a pipe to the ash removal unit residue 3 in the form of an ash collector equipped with a screw screw. The reactor contains a pipe 11 to remove the gas formed during the pyrolysis.

The scraper 6 is located with a gap above the metal plate 5, which makes it possible to distribute the organo-containing raw materials evenly with a predetermined layer thickness over the surface of the plate, and the pressure roller 7 is configured to roll the raw materials to the plate 5. The ash residue is shipped to the tank as necessary.

The gas formed during the pyrolysis process through the pipe 11 is evacuated to the gas treatment system and stored in a container under pressure.

This installation uses a half-batch flat reactor in which the main organ is a metal plate made of a composite material with increased thermal conductivity and having a rectangular surface shape with the following dimensions: length - 3.0 meters, width - 1.2 meters.

The device operates as follows.

From the loading hopper, a source of organic crushed raw material, for example, litter, is metered into a metal plate 5 in a dosed manner.

A scraper 5 performs a reciprocating movement over the metal plate 5 with a certain time interval, which moves from one extreme point of the plate 5 (point Ф) to the other extreme point of the plate (point K) and back from point K to point Ф performs the following operations: moving from point F, the scraper draws raw materials on a plate preheated to a temperature of 900 ° C, which, with the help of a loading hopper 1, is poured through a branch pipe onto a metal plate, evenly distributing the raw material over the entire area and stops in point K. When moving from point F to point K, the scraper is above the plate 5 at a fixed height. After a certain period of time, the scraper 6 returns from point K to point F, while it descends to the surface of the plate and cleans the ash residue, which was formed from the feedstock due to high temperature exposure of the feedstock.

To increase the rate of thermal decomposition of organic matter, following the scraper 6, a pressure roller 7 moves at a fixed distance, which rolls the raw materials to the heated surface of the plate 5. In this case, the pressure roller 7 destroys the formed heat-insulating layer and enhances the contact of the raw material with the reaction surface. This operation helps to increase the rate of chemical reactions, as it allows to increase the rate of heat transfer from the heated surface of the sheet to the raw material. When the scraper moves to the starting point, the pinch roller moves in front of the scraper, again presses the ash-carbon mass to the surface of the sheet and destroys the resulting carbon structures. This allows you to increase the completeness of the transition of the feedstock from solid to combustible gas and to support the continued transition of solid hydrocarbons to gas.

After the first pass, a pause occurs, which is held up to 10 seconds. During this time, i.e. in the pause between the movement of mechanisms, thermal conversion of organics occurs.

Then, the scraper 6 moves in the opposite direction, while in front of the scraper 6 a pinch roller 7 moves, which again presses the feed to the surface of the plate 5. The pinch roller 7 again pushes the feed on the plate, destroying the carbon layers, and the conversion reaction continues. Since the scraper 6 is located at a fixed certain distance from the pinch roller 7 (the distance can be adjusted depending on the nature of the raw material), the decomposition reaction has time to end.

The scraper 6, which moves behind the pressure roller 7, when moving in the opposite direction, drops to the level of the plate 5, removes the ash residue from the surface of the plate 5 and dumps it into the ash removal unit 3. At the moment the scraper 6 is in the initial position, the dispenser ( in the drawing is not shown) through the inlet pipe of the loading unit 1, the next portion of the raw material is fed to the plate 5 and the cycle is repeated.

The residence time of the scraper 6 at the starting point is selected sufficient so that the dispenser drops another portion of the feedstock onto the metal plate. The process is designed to go through two cycles per minute.

The metal plate 5, which lies on the frame 4, is heated by gas infrared emitters 8 to a temperature of 900-950 ° C.

The gas formed during the pyrolysis process is evacuated through the pipe 11 to the gas treatment system and stored in a container under pressure.

At the inventive installation, it is possible to process almost any waste from the processing of agricultural products, waste products of poultry, livestock, silt waste, human waste products. Due to the ability to control the time of the reaction of decomposition of organics as a raw material, it is possible to use not only organic waste of natural origin, but also to process artificial materials of various compositions.

The novelty of this invention is as follows:

- a semi-batch reactor is used for pyrolysis;

 - the reaction surface is a plane that is heated by infrared gas heaters, which allows you to smoothly control the pyrolysis processes;

- to increase the reaction rate, a metal plate made of a composite material is used as a reaction material;

- to increase the output of the amount of gases and the completeness of processing, the raw materials in the reactor are subjected to mechanical action using a pressure roller.

In the inventive device, heat is supplied to the raw material through the contact of a metal surface heated to a temperature of 950 ° C. At the same time, the gases emitted include only those products that are in organic raw materials. Combustion products and gases from the atmosphere do not fall into the resulting composition of gases; therefore, the calorific value of the gases received by the described installation is 5-8 times higher in calories.

When using the inventive device, the reaction time is 10-15 seconds, the energy consumption for pyrolysis reactions is much less than in known analogues.

The conversion of organic residues using the installation with the proposed reactor produces two products:

Combustible gas with a calorific value of at least 22,000 kJ / kg.

The ash residue in an amount (depending on raw materials) of 2-5%.

The output of combustible gas from the amount of processed raw materials is at least 85%.

The high calorific value of the gas and its purity allow it to be used as fuel in internal combustion engines.

Productivity of the plant allows to process up to 1,500 kg of organic raw materials per hour.

Claims (3)

1. The reactor for the pyrolysis processing of organo-containing raw materials containing a working chamber with a metal plate and nozzles for supplying raw materials and removal of products of processing of raw materials, at least one heating element, characterized in that the reactor is a flat box, a metal plate is located in the lower part the box parallel to its long walls and connected to it, forming a sealed space, the reactor further comprises a scraper and a pressure roller, made with the possibility of movement along m metal plate, while the scraper is located with a gap above the metal plate, which allows to distribute organo-containing raw materials evenly with a given layer thickness on the surface of the plate, and the pressure roller is made to roll raw materials to the plate, while the heating element is located under the plate on the outside of the box and is closed thermal insulation casing. 2. The reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that the scraper and pinch roller are movable by means of a screw drive. 3. The reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that the box contains a steel frame located along the perimeter of the box for placing a metal plate on it.

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