RU2661842C1 - Method of maintaining vineyards soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely to viticulture. Method includes initial-single sowing through a row of bushes of grapes for 3-year agrotechnology cycles in winter triticale of varieties alternating in cycles, which was not sown in the previous cycle. Annually in the cycles, the green mass is mashed when the triticale plant the tube in the spring. Fixing the triticale with ears of corn in the summer with intergrowth of ripened vegetative biomass and adding two-year compost from an equidistant mixture of pulp and chopped vine trimming vine bushes. In this case, as efficient microorganisms in the compost composition, wine yeast is used in a mixture with grape squeezes in a ratio of 1:1–2 in a mixture amount of 150–160 l/t.

EFFECT: method increases the natural fertility of the soil, increases the productivity of the vineyards and improves the quality of the cultivated grapes.

1 cl, 1 tbl, 5 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to viticulture. The invention may find application in other fields of agriculture, in particular in crop production and horticulture.

Known methods and systems of inter-row tillage of vineyards: the type of black steam [Smirnov V.K. Kalechkova T.I., Morozova G.S. Viticulture. - M .: Agropromizdat "._ 1987. - S. 252-254]; soil sowing between rows between perennial herbs [Agricultural Indications for Viticulture / Ed. N. Kachanova. - Chisinau: Cartya Masu. -1989. - 524 p.]; annual sowing of green manure crops [Zeltser V.Ya. On improving the system of soil care in vineyards // Viticulture and winemaking. - 1990, No. 2. - S. 19-22]; cyclic sowing of grain feed triticale [RF Patent 2239965, Cl. 701B 79/00, A01G 17/02. Publ. 2004. Bull. No. 32] and other similar methods and systems [Kiyan A.T. Resource-saving production in viticulture based on new agricultural practices and technologies (research, development, implementation). - Krasnodar: "Enlightenment - SOUTH." - 2004. - 360 p.].

These methods and systems of inter-row cultivation and seasonal soil maintenance of vineyards are characterized by the following disadvantages: soil compaction and destructuring; mineralization of organic substances; removal of nitrogen and moisture; lack of soil rehabilitation processes from accumulated and accumulated pesticidal (toxic) residues; progressive loss of natural fertility and optimal ecological potential of agricultural lands; decrease in plant productivity (yield); decrease in the quality and, therefore, food safety of cultivated grape berries and grape-growing products.

The closest analogue of the proposed method is a method of maintaining vineyard soil according to the patent of the Russian Federation 2531001 "Method of maintaining vineyards" [RF Patent 2531001 A01N 63/00. Publ. 10/20/2014 Bull. No. 24]. The method includes initial single-sowing through a series of grape bushes according to 3-year agrotechnological cycles into the winter triticale row row sowed in the previous cycle unseeded in the cycle of varieties, annual mowing of green mass in the cycles when the triticale plant leaves the tube in the spring, and planting of ripened plant biomass in the soil between rows triticale with ears of grain in the summer, while together with the ripened biomass and ears of triticale grain, a 2-year-old compost from an equal-proportioned mixture of pulp and crushed pruning vines of grape bushes with a ratio of 1/1 by weight with a flow rate of 500 kg / ha, enriched in the process of preparation with an agrobiological stimulant solution of effective microorganisms “Baikal EM-1” based on the nutrient medium “EM-molasses” with a flow rate of 200 l / t compost a mixture of pulp and shredded vine.

The method is characterized by a sufficiently high efficiency. Meanwhile, the disadvantages of the method include the use of a stimulator of effective microorganisms "Baikal EM-1" based on the nutrient medium "EM-molasses." Its use does not provide a sufficient increase in soil fertility due to the low environmental and biological activity of the growth and development of microorganisms in soil biota due to the insufficient amount of organic substances in it, which limits the increase in natural soil fertility, productivity of vineyards, and the improvement of the quality of farmed grapes and vine-growing products. In addition, the introduction of Baikal EM-1 microorganisms together with the nutrient medium upsets the balance of soil biota and leads to the development of undesirable microflora.

The technical result consists in the fact that in the method of soil maintenance there is an increase in the natural fertility of the soil, an increase in the productivity of vineyards, an improvement in the quality of the grown grapes due to the rational use of secondary resources of the wine industry, the introduction of which into the soil provides enrichment of the soil with products of transformation of the pulp, including seeds wine yeast lysis.

The use of a mixture of grape marc and wine yeast in a ratio of 1-2: 1 in an amount of a mixture of 150-160 l / t instead of the effective microorganisms “Baikal EM-1” based on the nutrient medium “EM-molasses” leads to an increase in the environmental friendliness of wine production and recycling industry raw materials, which reduces the cost of the purchase of microorganisms "Baikal EM-1". In the process of compost preparation, the use of a mixture of wine yeast and grape squeeze is provided. Under the influence of enzymes of wine yeast, the transformation of high molecular weight components of the skin occurs with the formation of forms easily digestible by the plant. For example, starch and other polysaccharides break down to carbohydrates - oligo - and monosugars, proteins and polypeptides - to amino acids. During the lysis of wine yeast themselves, almost all amino acids that are easily digestible by the plant are formed, which increases the amount of mobile nitrogen in the soil. The relationship between grape marc squash (pulp) and wine yeast is important. The experiments showed that the number of grape marc must be equal to or exceed the amount of wine yeast by no more than two times. This is explained by the fact that when the ratio of grape squeezes and wine yeast is 1-2: 1, optimal conditions are provided for the lysis of yeast, activation of their enzyme systems, which transfer to the medium and transform high molecular weight squeeze compounds to forms easily digestible by the plant, including nitrogenous compounds, while the amount of active mobile nitrogen increases due to the transition to the environment of well-dissociable amino acids, including those indispensable for the development of plant cells. So, with a ratio of grape squeezes and wine yeast of 1-2: 1, the medium from a mixture of squeezed and yeast transfers up to 70-85% of chemicals easily digestible by the plant, including mobile nitrogen and carbohydrates. An increase in the amount of squeeze, for example, to 2.2: 1 leads to a decrease in this value to 65%, and an increase in the number of yeast in the mixture with squeeze to 2: 1.2 leads to a noticeable change in the consistency, an increase in the viscosity of the mixture and the difficulty of working with it. Thus, the optimal ratio of grape marc to wine yeast is 1-2: 1.

It should also be noted the enrichment of the soil with vitamin-like substances introduced by the grape pulp.

An example of a specific implementation of the proposed method.

Example 1. The prototype. The method provides for the initial single sowing through a series of grape bushes in 3-year agrotechnical cycles in the winter triticale aisle, alternating in the cycles of varieties not sown in the previous cycle. To do this, pre-two agricultural years before the start of the use of the proposed method, compost was prepared in the required volume from pulp and chopped vine after pruning the vine bushes, enriched in the process of its preparation with a solution of agrobiological stimulator EM.

The experimental work on the application, verification and evaluation of the agrotechnical, economic and environmental effectiveness of the proposed method for maintaining vineyard soil was carried out in a 3-year agrotechnological cycle. In each of the 3-year agrotechnological cycles, about 2.2-2.3 million / ha of germinating winter triticale grains were initially sown in aisles through a series of grape bushes. In the following years of each cycle, in spring the green mass of triticale plants emerging in the tube was mowed and their ripened biomass was discarded in summer with the simultaneous incorporation of 500 kg / ha of two-year-old compost from pulp and chopped vine into the soil of the row spaced during its preparation with an agrobiological EM stimulator solution. An agrobiological EM stimulator was prepared in the form of an aqueous working solution with a concentration of 1: 250 from the microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1 and the special nutrient medium EM-molasses [Sukhamera S.A. EM technology biotechnology of the XXI century. The collection of materials on the practical use of the drug "Baykam-EM-1", Almaty, 2006. 77 s]. In the manufacture of a 1% solution of the agrobiological EM stimulator in 4 l of non-chlorinated filtered water without extraneous impurities and odors at a temperature of +20 + 25 ° C, 40 ml of the Baikal EM-1 microbiological preparation were dissolved and 100 ml of special nutrient medium (EM syrup) was added "). All components were thoroughly mixed.

Next, a working solution of an agrobiological EM stimulator was prepared by mixing 4 l of its 1% solution prepared the day before with 1000 l of non-chlorinated filtered water and 4 l of special nutrient medium (“EM-molasses”) was added. Once again, all components were thoroughly mixed. At the same time, along with the ripened biomass and ears of triticale grains, 500 kg / ha of 2-year-old compost was planted in the row-spacing soil from an equal-laced mixture of pulp and chopped vine with a ratio of 1/1 by weight, enriched in the process of its preparation with an agrobiological stimulator EM with a flow rate of 200 l / t equal mixture of pulp and chopped vine.

Example 2. Similar to the prototype, but instead of the preparation "Baikal EM-1" based on the nutrient medium "EM-molasses" as an effective microorganism in the compost used a mixture of grape marc and wine yeast in a ratio of 1: 1 in the amount of a mixture of 150 l / t .

Example 3. It is similar to the prototype, but instead of the Baikal EM-1 preparation based on the EM-molasses nutrient medium, a mixture of grape marc extracts and wine yeast in a 2.5: 1 ratio in the amount of a mixture of 160 l was used as effective microorganisms in the compost / t

Example 4. Similar to the prototype, but instead of the preparation "Baikal EM-1" based on the nutrient medium "EM-molasses" as effective microorganisms in the compost used a mixture of grape marc and wine yeast in a ratio of 2.5: 1 in the amount of a mixture of 170 l / t

Example 5. It is similar to the prototype, but instead of the Baikal EM-1 preparation based on the EM-molasses nutrient medium, a mixture of grape marc extracts and wine yeast in a 0.5: 1 ratio in the amount of a mixture of 145 l was used as effective microorganisms in the compost / t

The results of experimental work are presented in the table.

Note: HOS - organochlorine compounds; FOS - organophosphorus compounds; ^{* the} numerator is in the soil, the denominator is in berries and wine material; traces - less than 0.001 mg / kg

The results of the experiments showed (table) that the soil content of the rows of vineyards according to the proposed method with the simultaneous incorporation into the soil of biomass of ripened triticale and 2-year compost of pulp and chopped vine enriched in the process of composting with effective microorganisms consisting of a mixture of grape marc and wine grapes yeast in a ratio of 1-2: 1 in the amount of a mixture of 150-160 l / t increases the yield of grapes in comparison with the prototype by an average of 6 kg / ha. The increased bioactivity of microorganisms in soil biota detoxifies pesticidal residues in the soil, which increases the food safety of grape and vine products.

Claims (1)

The method of maintaining the soil of vineyards, including the initial single-seeding through a series of grape bushes according to 3-year agrotechnological cycles to the winter triticale rows not sown in the previous cycle, alternating in the varieties cycles; annual mowing of green mass in cycles when the triticale plant leaves the tube in spring; planting triticale with ripened plant biomass in the soil between the rows in summer and adding two-year-old compost from an equal mixture of pulp and chopped vine pruned grape bushes, characterized in that wine yeast mixed with grape marc extracts is used as effective microorganisms in the compost in the ratio 1: 1-2 in an amount of a mixture of 150-160 l / t.