RU2652155C1 - Method for producing a functional feed product for farm animals - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the food and feed industry, in particular to the field of obtaining fodder protein from waste products of milk processing, namely, whey. Method of processing whey includes the introduction of nutrients, pasteurization, fermentation with cultures of bacteria, while in the process of cultivation aeration of milk whey is carried out. Milk whey is subsequently treated with Lactobacillus casei and Propionibacterium freudenreichii cultures, the second culture being carried out by lowering the pH of the whey from the original value by at least 0.8 units. At the moment of inoculation with a second culture, the culture ratio is maintained at 0.4 to 5.0, and the total concentration of cultures is selected from 1 to 5 g / l of medium. Simultaneously with inoculation with a second culture, the whey is treated with a third culture, which is a consortium of mesophilic fodder yeast. Ratio of yeast cultures to Lactobacillus casei is between 1.0 and 5.0. Cultivation is carried out to a cell concentration of at least 10^7th CFU in 1 ml of Lactobacillus casei, Propionibacterium freudenreichii and yeast. Then it is separated by settling, followed by permeate contamination, by filtration or by separation on a separator-separator of the protein concentrate, which is a functional fodder product for farm animals. Finished protein product is obtained as a concentrate or a dry powder. Embodiment of the invention provides a functional food product with increased probiotic, preventive and functional properties.

EFFECT: feeding the food ensures better health and increased productivity of farm animals and birds.

1 cl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of food industry, in particular to the field of processing milk and dairy products, and can be used to obtain feed protein from waste from milk processing, in particular whey, as well as to the livestock industry, and in particular to a method for the production of a functional feed product for improving health and increasing the productivity of farm animals and birds.

It is known that functional feeding, which involves the use of natural and artificial origin in diets, which, when systematically or periodically fed, have a regulatory effect on physiological functions, biochemical reactions and animal behavior through the normalization of its microbiological status, helps improve animal health. Bioelements, vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, etc. belong to this category. Their presence in diets contributes not only to an increase in animal productivity, but also to enrichment of livestock products. Quality products can also be obtained only from healthy animals that receive a sufficient amount of all nutrients, including proteins, bioelements.

However, these components do not "work" if there has been a violation of the microbiocenosis of the digestive tract. Therefore, functional nutrition, and functional feed products (PCF) should be aimed primarily at improving digestion in the intestine, at normalizing microflora in the gastrointestinal tract [1].

Currently, there is a decrease in the quality of feed, including their energy and protein nutrition. Almost all types of feed used belong to the low protein group, therefore, the protein supply (in particular for cattle) does not exceed 85 g, instead of 108 g according to the norms, which is one of the most important reasons for the low productivity of animals, increased feed consumption per unit of production and its high cost price.

In leading farms, to eliminate the increasing requirements for the level of balancing diets with an increase in the level of milk feed productivity of cows, based on high quality feed, additives of domestic and foreign production are used in diets.

Studies have shown that the use of biologically active substances and probiotic microorganisms separately has lower efficiency, therefore, the task is to develop complex preparations that include at least 15% of the daily dose (by analogy with functional foods of FPP) of biologically active substances at one time, not in an antagonistic relationship. A study of the metabolism of 15 macro- and microelements revealed the existence of about 105 bilateral and 455 tripartite relations of synergism and antagonism, which must be taken into account in order to avoid the loss of some elements when prescribing others.

So iodine deficiency is accelerated with an incomplete diet of farm animals [2], a lack of vitamins A and C, calcium, phosphorus, cobalt, manganese in them, as well as an excess of molybdenum, barium, and strontium in the diet. Iodine helps to remove heavy metals and radioactive substances from the body. An increase in iodine in the diet of animals by 70% reduces the accumulation of radioactive cesium in cow's milk by 12-39%. Lack of iodine in the body can cause a lack of ovulation, growth and development retardation, etc. Cow milk yield is small; the amount of fat in milk is reduced. A characteristic low iodine content in milk is from 2 to 25 μg / l, whereas in cow's milk, if goiter is not registered, iodine contains 60-80 μg / l.

The digestibility of iodine helps selenium. Iodine, fluorine arsenic, cobalt is one of the examples of the antagonism of bioelements, therefore it is not practical to enrich iodine and cobalt in higher doses at the same time.

The most important bioelement for animals is cobalt, which is part of cobalamin - vitamin B ₁₂ . Cobalt is involved in the activation of bone and intestinal phosphatase, catalase, carboxylase, increases blood glycolytic activity, improves tissue respiration, contributing to the assimilation of the animal’s carbohydrates, nitrogen, and increased muscle protein synthesis. Young, growing animals (calves, pigs, lambs) are most sensitive to cobalt deficiency. Symptoms of hypocobaltosis in young animals have similar clinical manifestations as with vitamin deficiency: sick animals are depleted, lethargic, the skin and visible mucous membranes are pale, the skin and coat are coarsened. Feed intake is reduced, daily gain is low, as a result of which such animals grow slowly. Sick animals are prescribed cobalt salts. Cobalt chloride is given to adult cattle at 20-40 mg, young animals 10-20 mg, sheep 2.5-5 mg per day. There is a synergy of iron and cobalt.

With a lack of copper in animals [3], its content in the blood (in the blood of healthy animals is about 1 mg / l, in case of insufficiency - up to 0.2 mg / l) and the liver, hemoglobin synthesis is disturbed, resulting in the development of hypochromic anemia. At the same time, the ability of the blood to carry oxygen decreases, oxygen deficiency progresses, under-oxidized products accumulate in the body (acidosis). Animals have diarrhea, appetite is distorted, productivity decreases. Copper is required for the normal course of reproductive functions, the development of microflora of the pancreas, It improves carbohydrate metabolism, accelerating the oxidation of glucose, in addition, activates a number of enzymes, in particular bone aminoxidase. An accurate diagnosis is made according to the results of a chemical study of feed, blood and, in the case of slaughter of the animal, - the liver, since copper is deposited mainly in this organ. A decrease in liver copper below 50 mg / kg is the most reliable indicator of developing failure.

Excess copper leads to a deficiency of zinc and molybdenum, as well as manganese. Copper deficiency can occur either in the case of copper shortage, or under the influence of excessive amounts of molybdenum, and sometimes sulfur. The negative effect of molybdenum and sulfur on the reduction of copper absorption in the intestine is probably due to the formation of insoluble compounds. Copper, cobalt, manganese and iron are synergists in the process of hematopoiesis, therefore, all these trace elements are part of the preparations for the treatment of anemia. The absorption of copper by amino acids increases.

It is known that the percentage of agricultural animals with bioelements from the norm in the Vologda Oblast is (in%): zinc (30.8-45.7), sulfur (47.4-48.3), iron (153.1-156.2 ); iodine (47.3-72.7), cobalt (16.9-28.3), copper (23.6-40.0) [3].

Our studies showed [4] that, when enriched with curd whey with bioelements (zinc, sulfur, iodine, cobalt, copper, and also selenium in physiological concentrations), their synergism increases due to the inclusion of bioelements in the metabolism of races of yeast, probiotic cultures of Propionibacterium and Lactobacillus . When probiotics are cultivated in serum as a nutrient medium, its initial composition is significantly enriched with valuable metabolic products, such as proteins, immune bodies, vitamins, organic acids, bioelements in organic form, etc.

Among Lactobacillus cultures, there are cultures and strains exhibiting a high level of antibiotic properties (antagonism with respect to pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms).

It has been reliably established that yeast directly has a positive effect on the growth of indigenous scar bacteria, and also due to the high content of protein, some vitamins and bioelements affect the quality of the milk produced. It was shown that when feeding yeast probiotic preparations with various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, experimental cows, as compared to control cows, experience a faster achievement of the maximum level of milk yield, which is explained by an increase in the digestibility and eatability of the main feeds [5].

Propionic acid bacteria Propionibacterium - form the largest number of biologically active compounds - volatile or short-chain fatty acids that restore normobiota. They are resistant to the action of bile acids, withstand high acidity, and also stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria in the colon with the help of low molecular weight organic acids and their salts (butyrate, propionate).

The use of propionic acid microorganisms in combination with fodder yeast and Lactobacillus provides greater efficiency than cultures alone. The ratio of selected cultures ensures the unity of the probiotic properties of the finished product. The specific strain composition can change in the direction of improving the potentiation of local immunity: increasing the level of IgA in coprofiltrates, antibiotic properties (antagonism against pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms), including through bacteriocins; viability in conditions of intestinal microenvironment, which implies resistance to organic acids, physiological concentration of bile, digestive enzymes, antimicrobial substances; adhesion to the epithelium of the mucosa; increase the beneficial effect on the intestinal microflora, modifying its composition and metabolic activity.

Known methods for producing a nutrient medium using whey for individual probiotic microorganisms using physiological concentrations of bioelements [6-8]. In particular, with the help of fodder yeast from the genus Torulopsis, three types of fodder protein products are produced on the basis of whey: whole milk replacer for feeding young farm animals - “BIO-ZTSM”; liquid protein product "Promix"; dry, “Provilact” product enriched with yeast proteins.

Other methods for the production of complex preparations for animals and premixes with biologically active substances are also known, including probiotics and bioelements, for example, methods for producing feed additives from whey [9], feed salt for animal husbandry according to Patent RZ No. 30305 [10], feed probiotic preparation for farm animals according to Patent RU 0002546880 [11].

The disadvantage of these drugs and premixes is the complicated or expensive method of preparation and use of the drug, the need to use energy-intensive equipment, or the absence of the probiotic effect of the resulting product, or insufficient functional properties. In particular, yeast additives for farm animals have a high cost, since relatively expensive raw materials are usually used for their production: cake, post-alcohol distillery stillage, bran, etc. Drugs do not include biologically important substances, taking into account the nutritional status. Their bioelementosis causes functional diseases. Also, as part of the preparations, the simultaneous use of the maximum possible number of bioelements in antagonistic relationships is allowed.

In a patent similar in technical essence to the proposed method, selected as a prototype (Patent RU No. 2154386) [12], whey is fermented with two cultures of bacteria, one of which relates to propionic bacteria, followed by isolation of protein, while whey is sequentially processed cultures of Lactobacillus casei and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. It is possible to evaporate whey before fermentation to a concentration of 15-25% solids, the finished protein product is obtained in the form of a concentrate, for which a suspension of protein is further evaporated to a solids concentration of 37% in a vacuum evaporator, or dry powder obtained by spray drying.

In these methods, the resulting protein products do not have sufficient functional, in particular probiotic, properties that cost-effectively increase the profitability of animal husbandry.

The technical problem solved by the present invention is to develop an environmentally friendly, simple and cost-effective method for the industrial utilization of whey, to obtain a cost-effective and biologically effective feed product with enhanced probiotic, preventive and functional, including immunomodulating properties.

The technical essence consists in the use of cheap local raw materials: milk (curd or cheese) whey, its fermentation by a consortium of mesophilic yeast races, which give an increased yield of biologically complete proteins, as well as other symbiotic probiotics (Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium) and bioelements, the lack of which is observed in animals , and a membrane-free method for concentrating serum using hydrocolloid biopolymers (chitosan, pectin) [13]. At the same time, the cost of feed additives decreases with a simultaneous increase in its probiotic and nutritional value, functional action.

The technical result obtained as a result of the implementation of the invention is to obtain PCF from waste from milk processing, in particular whey, in the conditions of both small and large workshops for the processing of whey, as well as directly in livestock farms. At the same time, the whey processing workshop may be located at a distance of the protection zone (300 m) from the milk processing enterprise or farm. There are two options for FKP: concentrate with a mass fraction of 47-50% (shelf life in an unregulated temperature of not more than 45 days) or dry (sublimated preparation with a mass fraction of solids of 9-10% and a long shelf life).

To achieve the specified technical result is carried out sequentially:

- acceptance of whey with a mass fraction of solids of 5-5.5% (cottage cheese, cheese) in accordance with GOST R 53492-2009, which is sent to fermenters with the functions of sterilization, cooling and aeration, enriched with bioelements and pasteurized at (75 ± 1 ) ° C for 2 min;

- cooling to (70 + 1) ° С, isolation of whey proteins, without separation of the protein concentrate, by the precipitant of chitosan-pectin, which consists in the sequential introduction of biopolymers into the serum with stirring: dry pectin in an amount of 0.06%, 1% solution chitosan in a 2% solution of ascorbic acid in an amount of 10% by weight of the mixture;

- exposure of serum with biopolymers at (70 ± 1) ° C, 10 min, (70 ± 1) ° T, cooling to (30 ± 1) ° C.

- processing of whey with cultures of Lactobacillus casei, Propionibacterium freudenreichii and a consortium of fodder yeast, and processing the second culture is carried out by reducing the pH of the whey from the initial value by at least 0.8 units, at the time of sowing the second culture, the ratio of cultures is maintained from 0.4 up to 5.0, and the total concentration of cultures is chosen from 1 to 5 g / l of medium;

- processing the third culture, which is a consortium of mesophilic feed yeast, is carried out simultaneously with the second culture in the ratio of yeast to Lactobacillus casei cultures from 1.0 to 5.0, and the total concentration of yeast culture is selected from 1 to 5 g / l of medium;

- fermentation at (30 ± 1) ° C for probiotic cultures of bacteria (Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium and feed mesophilic yeast races), while aeration is carried out during the cultivation of cultures;

- cultivation at the indicated temperature for 36-48 hours with aeration, until the biomass of the cultures is not less than 10 ⁷ CFU / ml;

- cooling of protein-yeast biomass to 10 ° C, sedimentation, followed by permeate contamination, filtration or separation on a cage separator to a mass fraction of solids of 47-50%.

The finished PCF is obtained in the form of a concentrate with a mass fraction of 47-50% or a dry powder with a mass fraction of solids of 9-10% obtained by freeze-drying, in which living cells of probiotic cultures are preserved.

When choosing probiotic cultures of yeast races and strains of Propionibacterium and Lactobacillus, preliminary studies are carried out:

- their probiotic potential at various levels:

- specific antagonism towards pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora;

- nonspecific antagonism in relation to pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora;

- cellular and humoral immunity, as well as in vitro biocompatibility of probiotic microorganisms with indigenous normobiota strains of specific animals for which the drug is intended and others [14].

The following are embodiments of the invention.

Example 1. In the curd whey with a content of 5.0% solids add mineral components:

carbamide in an amount of 10 g / l,

disubstituted sodium phosphate in an amount of 2.5 g / l,

monosubstituted potassium phosphate in an amount of 2.0 g / l,

copper sulfate pentahydrate in an amount of 0.5 g / l,

manganese dioxide in an amount of 0.4 g / l,

magnesium sulfate in an amount of 0.2 g / l,

zinc sulfate in an amount of 0.1 g / l,

cobalt chloride in an amount of 10.0 mg / l,

potassium iodide in an amount of 2.0 mg / l,

sodium selenite in an amount of 1.0 mg / l.

Serum is pasteurized at (75 + 1) ° C for 2 min; it is cooled to (70 + 1) ° C, dry pectin is added in an amount of 0.06%, a 1% solution of chitosan in a 2% solution of ascorbic acid in an amount of 10% by weight of the mixture and maintained at (70 + 1) ° C, 10 min, (70 + 1) ° C, then cooled to (30 + 1) ° C.

The bacteria Lactobacillus casei are seeded and the aerobic fermentation process is carried out. When the pH of the medium is decreased by 1.0 unit, the whey is inoculated with the culture Propionibacterium freudenreichii and a consortium of feed yeast. Further cultivation is carried out for 36-48 hours with more intensive aeration, maintaining the level of dissolved oxygen 10% of saturation.

Then the biomass is cooled to 10 ° C, sedimentation is carried out, followed by permeate contamination, filtration or separation on a cage separator to a mass fraction of solids of 47-50%.

A preservative (in particular sodium benzoate) can be added to the resulting protein concentrate, followed by packaging in an airtight container.

Example 2. The protein concentrate obtained in Example 1 (without the addition of a preservative) is freeze-dried to obtain the finished protein product in powder form.

Information sources

1. Product safety in the aspect of complete feeding. - Compound feed. 2015, No4. S. 48-50.

2. The biological role of selenium and iodine in animals. - Access mode: http://www.uraliodis.narod.ru/sel-animy.php.htm

3. Teraevich A.S., Polyanskaya I.S., Serebryakov I.A. Enrichment of cattle diets with bioelements of zinc and copper groups. Science time. 2016. No1 (25). S. 491-495.

4. Polyanskaya I.S., Zakrepina E.N. Optimization of the composition of the nutrient medium for serum-based probiotics. Electronic scientific journal. 2016. No2 (5). S. 32-36.

5. Smirnova L.V., Mechanikova M.V., Khoshtaria E.E. Fodder yeast in the diets of dairy cows. Vologda-Dairy, 2014.

6. Patent RU No. 1521769. Nutrient medium for the accumulation of biomass of propionic acid bacteria used in the production of bacterial concentrate.

7. Patent RU No. 2309982. A method of obtaining a bacterial concentrate of propionic acid bacteria.

8. Patent RU No. 2372782. A method of obtaining a frozen concentrated sourdough based on the symbiosis of probiotic bacteria.

9. The technology of fodder additives of the new generation from secondary dairy raw materials. Ed. A.G. Khramtsova. M .: DeLi print, 2006 .-- 288 p.

10. Patent RZ No. 30305. A method of obtaining feed salt for livestock.

11. Patent RU No. 2480024 A method for producing fodder yeast.

12. Patent RU No. 2154386 A method for processing whey.

13. Tulipina O.V. Complex processing of curd whey using biopolymers. - Diss. for a job. Art. Ph.D. - 2012 218 p.

14. Norms and rations for feeding farm animals. Reference manual. 3rd edition revised and expanded. / Ed. A.P. Kalashnikova, V.I. Fisinina, V.V. Shcheglova, N.I. Kleimenova. - M., 2003 .-- 456 p.

Claims (1)

A method of processing whey, including the additional introduction of nutrients into it, fermentation of whey with bacterial cultures, one of which relates to propionic bacteria, during the cultivation aeration of whey is carried out, whey is successively treated with cultures of Lactobacillus casei and Propionibacterium freudenreichii, and processing the second culture is carried out with a decrease in the pH of the whey from the initial value by at least 0.8 units, at the time of sowing the second The ratio of the cultures is maintained from 0.4 to 5.0 by the ice, and the total concentration of the cultures is selected from 1 to 5 g / l of medium, subsequent protein isolation is carried out, the finished protein product is obtained in the form of a concentrate or dry powder, characterized in that after introduction into whey of additional nutrients conduct whey pasteurization, protein isolation without separation of the protein concentrate by chitosan and pectin hydrocolloids, simultaneously with the second culture sowing, the whey is treated with a third culture, which is is a consortium of mesophilic feed yeast, the ratio of yeast cultures to Lactobacillus casei is maintained from 1.0 to 5.0, cultivation is carried out to a cell concentration of at least 10 ⁷ CFU in 1 ml of Lactobacillus casei, Propionibacterium freudenreichii and yeast, then a protein concentrate representing It is a functional feed product for farm animals, sedimentation followed by contamination of permeate, filtration or separation on a cage-separator.