RU2596140C1 - Method of increasing productivity of cucurbits crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to methods of increasing productivity of cucurbits crops. Presowing cultivation of melon seeds is done during 20 minutes and further single spraying at the beginning of their flowering water solution of a growth regulator. Melaphen is used as growth regulator in concentration 1·10^-7-1·10^-8 g/l.

EFFECT: it provides yield increase and stability enhancement to the incidence of Anthracnose and powdery mildew, improvement of quality of cucurbits crops fruits.

1 cl, 10 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to a method of increasing the productivity of gourds - melons and watermelon.

One of the agricultural practices aimed at improving the yield of many crops is the use of plant growth regulators. They can be either natural substances (phytohormones that form inside plants) or human-synthesized drugs used in crop production.

Known methods for increasing the productivity of melons using natural growth stimulants, for example an aqueous solution of the mineral bischofite [RU 2227965, publ. 05/10/2004], solutions of anolytes and catholytes of various redox potentials [RU 2301513, publ. 06/27/2007], a biostimulant based on low molecular weight chitosan, which allows to increase the germination of seeds and increase the yield of melons (watermelon "Astrakhan") and vegetable crops [RU 2504953, publ. 01/27/2014].

The closest technical solution is a way to increase the productivity of gourds, including pre-sowing seed treatment followed by three times spraying of vegetative plants with an aqueous solution of the natural Zircon growth regulator (d.v. hydroxycinnamic acids) when growing melon and watermelon. The method provides an increase in yield, an increase in the content of dry matter, sugars and vitamin C in fruits [Plant growth regulators - Zircon, Epin-Extra and Siliplant to increase the yield of vegetables and melons / Herald of the vegetable grower, No. 2, 2011, p. 36-40]. However, the prototype method is not effective enough, requires relatively high consumption rates of the growth regulator and is laborious (the need for three-time spraying of plants). So, for mechanized spraying of melons and gourds, it is necessary to remove all the lashes of plants that lie on the track for the passage of agricultural machinery. In addition, the third spraying occurs at the beginning of the formation of ovaries on the lashes, and operations to move the lashes adversely affect the productivity of melon and watermelon.

The problem to which the invention is directed, is a new, more effective and technologically advanced way to increase the productivity of gourds - melons and watermelon, expanding the arsenal of known methods.

The technical result is an increase in yield and resistance to fungal diseases (defeat by anthracnosis and powdery mildew), improving the quality of fruits of melons while reducing the complexity of their cultivation.

The technical result is achieved by the claimed method of increasing the productivity of melons using Melafen, a plant growth and development regulator that works in extremely low concentrations, including pre-sowing treatment of seeds for 20 minutes and subsequent single spraying of melon or watermelon vegetative plants at the beginning of their flowering with Melafen aqueous solution at a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-7 -1 · 10 ^-8 g / l.

To date, the creation and use of cheap, non-toxic, water-soluble chemical growth regulators, acting like phytohormones in ultra-low concentrations, is a priority for the development of crop production. Such a growth regulator of plants of a new generation is Melafen - melamine salt of bis (oxymethyl) phosphinic acid [RU 2152735, publ. 10.11.2000]. It is known for its use for presowing treatment of rice seeds [RU 2354106, publ. May 10, 2009], sunflower [RU 2354105, publ. 05/10/2009] and soy [RU 2390984, publ. 06/10/2010]. However, in the prior art there is no information on the use of the drug Melafen in the cultivation of gourds.

Melafen has a wide spectrum of biological activity, but based on the data available in the literature, it cannot be attributed to any type of known growth regulator. It was found that the stimulating effect of the drug depends on the concentration of its solutions, namely on the type of supramolecular systems formed with the participation of water. At certain concentrations, Melafen stimulates cell growth, and in the concentration range where supramolecular domains are formed (1 · 10 ^-3 -1 · 10 ^-6 g / l), an inhibitory effect on biosystems is observed [Melafen: mechanism of action and field of application / Kazan. Printing Service XXI Century. 2014, S. 25-40]. Therefore, when studying the influence of Melafen on a particular culture, its activity and the interval of optimally working concentrations of the drug are established experimentally. In the inventive method, the optimal concentration of the growth regulator is defined as 1 · 10 ^-7 -1 · 10 ^-8 g / L.

The studies were conducted on melons of the Lada variety and watermelons of the Ilyasovsky variety in the climatic zone of the Volga delta in the fields of LLC Nadezhda 2 of the Kamyzyaksky District of the Astrakhan Region.

The experimental plot area is 100 m ² , the accounting plot is 50 m ² , the experiment is repeated four times. Autumn plowing by 25-30 cm, early spring cultivation with harrowing by 15 cm, milling soil by 10 cm, pre-sowing cutting of furrows by 8 cm, the first cultivation of row-spacing by seedlings by 10-8 cm, the second cultivation of row-spacing by 8 cm;

- fertilizer application (type, dose) - did not apply;

- date of pre-sowing treatment of seeds 04/27/2014; sowing 04/28/2014;

- seeding rate of 5 kg / ha (watermelon), 3 kg / ha (melon);

- watering with an interval of 7-10 days, irrigation rate of 2500 m ³ / ha, three-time manual weeding in rows (05/12/14, 05/28/14, 06/15/14).

When carrying out phenology on a melon, such developmental phases were noted: seedlings, the appearance of the first true leaf, flowering, the beginning of fruit ripening, first, second and last harvest, on a watermelon: seedlings, the “tent” phase, flowering, the beginning of fruit ripening, harvesting. The studies were conducted in accordance with [Methods of field experience in vegetable growing and melon growing / V.F. Great, M: 1979 - 200 p.]. Harvest accounting was carried out by weighing according to GOST 7178-85 “Fresh melons. Specifications "and GOST 7177-80" Fresh watermelons. Technical conditions. " When conducting a biochemical analysis of the fruit, the content was determined: a) dry matter, b) ascorbic acid, c) acidity [Methods of biochemical study of plants / A.I. Ermakov and others; under. ed. A.I. Ermakova. - L .: Agropromizdat. 1987. - 430 p.]; c) the amount of sugars - cyanide method [Workshop on agrochemistry / I.P. Deryugin and others; under. ed. B.A. Berry. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1987. - 512 p.]. Tasting assessment was carried out according to a five-point system [Methodology of field experience in vegetable growing and melon growing / V.F. Great, M: 1979 - 200 p.].

Seed germination

The results of studies on the impact of the proposed method using the growth regulator Melafen on the field germination of watermelon and melon seeds are presented in tables 1 and 2. It was found that the treatment of watermelon seeds with the growth regulator Melafen in a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-7 g / l increased the field germination of watermelon by 6.7% in relation to control, melons by 10% .; Melafen in a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-8 g / l increased this indicator by 7.2% for watermelon and by 18.2% for melon. When using Zircon in the recommended concentration (0.034 ml / l), the germination of watermelon seeds increased by only 4.8%, and melons by 4.2%.

Plant growth and development

The biometric measurements performed at the beginning of the melon fruit ripening are presented in Tables 3 and 4. They indicate that melon and watermelon plants with presowing seed soaking and spraying at the beginning of flowering with Melafen growth regulator had a large mass, respectively, were distinguished by the number of leaves , lateral lashes and ovaries in comparison with the control and prototype. So, for example, the mass of plants and the number of ovaries of watermelon plants in relation to control when using Melafen increased by 150-160%, while when using Zircon not more than 130-135%. At the same time, the maximum value of the biometric parameters of melon plants was noted in the variant using the Melafen preparation at a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-7 g / l, while for watermelon plants at a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-8 g / l.

Productivity and quality of fruits

The results of studies on the influence of the growth regulator Melafen on the yield and mass of fruits of watermelon and melon are presented in tables 5 and 6.

The inventive method with pre-sowing treatment of seeds of the studied melons with subsequent spraying of plants with growth regulator Melafen at a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-7 g / l allowed to increase the yield of watermelon by 9.1%, melons by 26.5%, and reduce the content of diseased fruits in the crop by 1.0% and 1.3%, respectively.

The use of growth regulator Melafen in a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-8 g / l increased the yield of watermelon by 12.6%, melons by 24.2%. The number of diseased fetuses decreased by 1.5%, melons by 0.9%

The method using the Zircon growth regulator, providing a smaller protective effect against the disease, increased the yield of watermelon by 8.1%, and melons by 21.4%.

Unexpectedly high indicators of the average weight and diameter of the fruit of the gourds were obtained during the implementation of the proposed method (tables 5 and 6). It was found that Melafen has a significantly greater positive effect on these crop indicators than Zircon. So, for example, the average weight of the watermelon fetus with Melafen increased by 24.1% compared to control, and compared to Zircon by only 8.9%.

The quality and chemical composition of the fruits of watermelon and melon are shown in tables 7 and 8. The inventive method provides an increase in the content of dry matter in the fruits and the amount of sugars compared to the control, a decrease in the content of nitrates and does not affect the tasting assessment.

Protection against fungal infections

The first signs of the development of a fungal disease - anthracnose (Colletotricum laqenarium) on watermelon plants were noted during the formation of the fruit. The inventive method with presowing treatment of seeds and spraying plants during the growing season with Melafen significantly restrained the spread and degree of development of the disease (table 9). Zircon growth regulator had a less protective effect against this fungal disease. During fruit formation, the biological effectiveness of Melafen at a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-7 g / l against the disease was 51.2%, and Melafen at a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-8 g / l - 50.8%. Zircon's efficiency indicator was 49.5%. By the beginning of fruit ripening, the protective effect from all growth regulators remained in the range of 46.7-42.0%, however, during harvesting, their effectiveness decreased to 7.9-5.7%.

The main harmful disease for melon in recent years is downy mildew - peronosporosis. The causative agent of the disease is the fungus Peronoplasmopara cubensis Clin. (class Oomycetes). Melon plants in a variant of the method with presowing treatment and a single spraying of plants with the growth regulator Melafen at a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-7 g / l were more resistant to this disease. So, during the first count, the biological efficiency index of the growth regulator Melafen was 36.4%, and Zircon 18.2% (table 10). During the third survey, the effectiveness of the growth regulator Melafen at a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-7 g / l was higher than Zircon (18.6 and 11.4%, respectively).

Thus, the claimed method of increasing the productivity of melons by pre-sowing seed treatment with an aqueous solution of Melafen growth regulator at a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-7 -1 · 10 ^-8 g / l and subsequent single spraying of plants at the beginning of their flowering provides a number of positive effects - increase yield and resistance to the defeat of fungal diseases, improving the quality and size of the fruit.

Compared with the prototype, the inventive method has several advantages:

it is simpler (technologically advanced) in execution, since it requires fewer processing operations for gourds;

it is more economical, since the drug Melafen is used in incomparably smaller amounts, which helps to reduce the cost of production;

it increases the resistance of gourds to fungal diseases;

it is more effective, since it significantly increases the yield and especially the average weight and diameter of the fruit, and also improves the quality of the fruit, increasing the content of sugars and solids, reducing the content of nitrates.

Claims (1)

A method of increasing the productivity of gourds, including pre-sowing seed treatment and subsequent spraying of vegetative melon or watermelon plants with an aqueous solution of a growth regulator, characterized in that Melafen is used as a growth regulator in a concentration of 1 · 10 ^-7 -1 · 10 ^-8 g / l, pre-sowing seed treatment is carried out for 20 minutes and the subsequent spraying of plants is carried out once at the beginning of their flowering.