RU2594532C2 - Sowing complex - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: sowing complex includes sowing unit and power facility for it. Power is provided by a device, which can move on soil with absolute humidity of 2 % and more, up to 100 %, above the upper limit of humidity of physical ripeness of soil at the rate of 6-80 km/h, “Bars UTES 271” or air-cushion device. Ratio of the weight of a seeder to its gripping width is not greater than 300 kg/m.

EFFECT: invention usage allows to reduce losses of spring moisture by providing the possibility of sowing seeds in hydromorphic soil.

1 cl, 8 dwg, 3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agricultural production, namely to the production of sowing agricultural (agricultural) crops.

One of the problems of obtaining a high crop yield of agricultural crops is the problem of their timely sowing, preservation of moisture in the soil and weed control.

Getting a high yield depends on the amount of moisture in the soil. For example, the probable level of spring wheat yield depending on the depth of spring soil wetting (data from Swift Carrent experimental station (Canada)), (Table 1).

As you can see, the lack of moisture during the growing season of the plant significantly reduces productivity. To preserve and use moisture, it is necessary to optimize the timing of work, which is not possible with traditional technologies that require the soil to reach physical maturity and then complete the work. The condition of the soil, showing its readiness for cultivation (physical ripeness) or for sowing and planting cultivated plants (biological ripeness). Physical S.p. It is created with some optimal moisture (ripe moisture), when the soil during mechanical processing breaks up into aggregates (lumps) ranging in size from 1 to 10 mm. At higher humidity, the soil sticks to tillage tools, at lower humidity it breaks down into large lumps, blocks. When ripe, the soil crumbles better, has the least resistance during processing, and in the plowed soil an optimal ratio is created between the solid part, water and air. S.p. determine visually, by the nature of crumbling, dropping a soil sample from a shovel (or throwing a lump of soil taken in a handful). Biological maturity occurs in well-treated, optimally moistened and warmed up soil. (Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978).

Currently, existing technologies provide for the expectation of a period when the soil will acquire physical ripeness and will have the least resistance to machining. The dependence of resistance to cultivation and soil moisture can be traced on the graph (see Fig. 8), where K is the resistance of the soil to cultivation, Wa is the absolute moisture content of the soil.

When plowing dry soils (stretch AB), blocks are formed with a diameter of up to 0.5 m or more. With plowing of waterlogged soils (section of VG), strong sticking occurs and the formation of lumps and growths of soil in front of the tillage unit. This leads to an increase in resistivity of the soil and poor incorporation of plant debris. With a further increase in humidity (segment HD), water acts as a lubricant and "Ko" decreases. But existing types of tillage and sowing units are not able to qualitatively perform their functions in high humidity. For traditional types of technology, point B is the upper limit of the physical maturity of the soil. In different types of soils, it differs and ranges from 15 to 35% of absolute humidity.

It is clearly seen that the onset of physical ripeness of the soil coincides with the onset of capillary ruptures of 17-20%, which leads to the onset of a lack of moisture to the plant.

The lack of existing technologies is manifested in an inefficient loss of time while waiting for the physical maturation of the soil, during which a large loss of moisture occurs as a result of evaporation.

Variable seeding can be applied within high humidity, but it has a serious drawback for most agricultural crops. In the absence of rain or irrigation, the use of spread sowing can lead to the death of the crop, since the tillering unit, as an example of spring tillering, appears on the surface in the zone of lack of moisture. Seeds must be immersed in the soil to a depth of at least 0.5 cm.

Sowing units are known (see RF patent No. 2227966, 05/10/2004; or RF patent No. 2297126, 04/20/2007, IPC A01 B49 / 06 - prototype).

A common disadvantage of the known devices are the insufficient efficiency of sowing agricultural work carried out by them due to their low cross-country ability, high mass-dimensional characteristics.

The objective of the invention is to increase the efficiency of sowing agricultural work, namely:

- reduction of losses of spring moisture reserves in the soil,

- optimization of sowing time,

-obtaining energetically strong seedlings,

- shift the range of sowing dates to an earlier period,

- reducing the dependence of sowing on the state of the soil,

- improving the environmental friendliness of agricultural production, and, consequently, produced crops,

- reduction of the negative impact of the sowing complex on the soil, and the soil on the elements of the sowing complex,

- increase the speed of sowing,

- increase in the period of vegetative development of crops,

- reduction in specific fuel consumption,

- reduction of weight and size characteristics of the sowing complex.

The problem is solved by the fact that the following devices (options) are offered.

Option 1. The sowing complex, comprising a sowing unit containing at least one working body and / or seed dispenser and energy means for it, in which according to the invention, at least one working body and / or seed sowing dispenser the unit is equipped for cleaning it with a high-pressure nozzle connected to a liquid or gas supply system with high pressure from 1 or more atmospheres, functionally connected, in turn, with a control system. In addition, an energy tool is used such that it has the ability to move on soil with an absolute moisture content of 2% or more, up to 100%, above the upper limit of moisture of the physical ripeness of the soil at a speed of 6 to 80 km / h, for example, Bars UTES 271 "or device on an air cushion.

Option 2. The sowing complex, including the sowing unit and energy means for it, in which according to the invention it is equipped with a device for automatically adjusting the pressure of the working bodies against the soil during its movement, depending on the speed and / or soil hardness.

In addition, the device for automatically adjusting the pressure of the working bodies to the soil includes at least one device for measuring the depth of sowing and a device that regulates the pressure, and an energy tool is used that is able to move through the soil with an absolute moisture content of 2% or more, up to up to 100%, above the upper limit of humidity of the physical maturity of the soil at a speed of 6 to 80 km / h, for example, Bars UTES 271 or an air cushion device.

Option 3. The sowing complex, including the sowing unit and an energy tool for it, in which according to the invention the working body forming the groove for seeds is made elastic or resiliently fixed, for example spring-loaded, the rigidity at the end of the working body forming the groove for seeds, measured in parallel ground plane, not more than 0.6 kg / mm.

In addition, an energy tool is used such that it has the ability to move on soil with an absolute moisture content of 2% or more, up to 100%, above the upper limit of moisture of the physical ripeness of the soil at a speed of 6 to 80 km / h, for example, Bars UTES 271 "or device on an air cushion.

Option 4. The sowing complex, including the sowing unit and energy means for it, in which according to the invention the ratio of the weight of the sowing unit to the width of its capture is not more than 300 kg / m, and the energy means is used that is able to move on soil having absolute humidity of 2% or more, up to 100%, is higher than the upper limit of moisture of physical ripeness of the soil at a speed of 6 to 80 km / h, for example, Bars UTES 271 or an air cushion device.

Option 5. The sowing complex, including an energy tool and a sowing unit containing working bodies, which are buried in the soil, in which according to the invention the sowing unit is made up of several sowing units with working bodies, the blocks being located separately, namely in front of the energy means, and / or from the side, and / or behind, and / or under the energy tool, and the energy tool is used one that has the ability to move through soil having an absolute moisture content of 2% or more, up to 100%, you above the upper limit of humidity of physical ripeness of the soil at a speed of 6 to 80 km / h, for example, Bars UTES 271 or an air cushion device.

The proposed set of features exhibits new properties, namely, due to their use, the loss of spring moisture is reduced and it becomes possible to optimize the sowing time, which in general leads to an increase in the efficiency of sowing.

In FIG. 1-8 schematically show the proposed technical solutions.

FIG. 1 - sowing complex with a nozzle over the vas deferens.

Figure 2 - sowing complex with a nozzle above the opener.

FIG. 3 - sowing complex with a device for automatically adjusting the pressing force of the working bodies.

FIG. 4 - sowing complex with an elastic working body.

FIG. 5 - sowing unit made of several sowing units.

FIG. 6 is a general view of the state of crops carried out on the basis of the proposed technical solution.

FIG. 7 is a general view of the state of crops carried out in the traditional way.

FIG. 8 is a graph of soil resistance to tillage versus moisture.

In FIG. 1-8 the following notation is accepted:

1 opener

2 seed dispenser

3. soil

4 energy tool

5 seeds

6 nozzle

7 device for automatically adjusting the pressure of the working bodies to the soil

8 elastic element of the working body (elastic working body)

9 sowing unit

10 seed hopper

In traditional sowing, especially in fields with poor pre-sowing preparation, or high humidity, or a large number of plant residues, clogging of the working organs occurs, which leads to poor sowing, not maintaining the depth of sowing, poor seed placement. In case of clogging, the machine operator must stop the complex and clean the clogging, which takes a lot of time.

The proposed device (Option 1, paragraphs 1, 2 of the formula), containing a coulter 1, a seed dispenser of the sowing unit 2, equipped for cleaning with a high-pressure nozzle 6 connected to a liquid or gas supply system with high pressure from 1 or more atmospheres, functionally connected, in turn, with the control system. An energy tool 4 is used such that it has the ability to move on soil with an absolute moisture content of 2% or more, up to 100%, above the upper limit of humidity of physical ripeness of the soil, at a speed of 6 to 80 km / h, for example, Bars UTES 271. "

The operation of the proposed device is as follows. When moving, as necessary, with compressed air or liquid under pressure through the nozzle 6, located near the working body of the coulter 1 (Fig. 2) or seed dispenser 2 (Fig. 1), the machine operator performs cleaning in manual or automatic mode, which allows non-stop to continue the quality sowing process. The proposed technical solution acquires the greatest significance when sowing in waterlogged soil, since increased soil moisture leads to an increase in the stickiness and cohesion of the soil, which, in turn, contributes to increased adhesion of plant debris to the working organs, while the vas deferens often clogs. Under difficult conditions, sowing non-stop cleaning can significantly increase the productivity of the sowing complex.

According to option 2 (paragraphs 3, 4 of the formula), the sowing complex, including the sowing unit 9 and the energy tool 4, is equipped with a device for automatically adjusting the pressure of the working bodies against the soil 7.

In addition, the device for automatically adjusting the pressure of the working bodies to the soil 7 includes at least one device for measuring the depth of sowing and a device that regulates the pressure, and the energy tool 4 is used that is able to move on soil with an absolute moisture content of 2% and more, up to 100%, above the upper limit of moisture of physical ripeness of the soil at a speed of 6 to 80 km / h, for example, Bars UTES 271 or a device on an air cushion.

The force of pressing the working bodies of the sowing complex to the soil is necessary for deepening the coulters 1. Insufficient pressing force leads to pushing the coulters out of the soil, which leads to poor sowing and disruption of technology. To do this, the machine operator increases the force of pressing the working body to the soil, taking into account the characteristics of the soil in the field, based on the maximum force necessary for pressing in this field. But the soils on the same field are different, they have different moisture, hardness. Soils with different physical properties are located on the field, differences in physical parameters may differ more than two times. And the sufficient force of pressing the working body to the soil can also differ by 2 or more times. Excessive force of pressing the working body to the soil leads to excessive load on the device, limiting the depth of sowing, which leads to excessive energy consumption for sowing and soil compaction. The proposed device (Option 2) allows to reduce energy consumption during sowing without reducing the quality of sowing by using a device for automatically adjusting the pressure of the working bodies 7 (Fig. 3) to the soil, including, at least, one device for measuring the depth of sowing and a device, regulatory pressure force.

As a result of sowing, the sowing complex interacts with the soil and uneven soil. High-quality sowing in loose soil, as well as sowing in continuous soil, presents some difficulties.

The use of working bodies that do not have an elastic attachment in directions parallel to the ground plane on soils with low hardness coefficients leads to the “bulldozer effect” when the working body stops copying unevenness in the soil, which leads to poor depth and poor sowing.

The use of a working body with an elastic element 8 (Option 3, paragraphs 5, 6 of the formula, Fig. 4) in a sowing complex having a hardness of less than 0.6 kg / mm allows for soils with low hardness or with absolute soil moisture more than 2% above the upper limit of humidity of the physical maturity of the soil at its positive temperatures, it allows you to copy the field microrelief without deepening and excessive deepening of the working body, which leads to better sowing and lower energy consumption.

Using an aggregate with a ratio of working width to its weight of more than 300 kg / m on soil with an absolute moisture content of 2% or more, up to 100%, is higher than the upper limit of humidity of physical ripeness of the soil, will lead to rutting and excessive soil compaction, since soil resistivity depends on (K _beats ), where:

P _sopr - force resistance of the sowing unit, H;

A - sowing depth, cm;

B - capture width, cm;

N is the number of sowing sections.

That is, the resistance coefficient of soil cultivation depends on the width of the sowing complex, and in conditions of high humidity, the coefficient of adhesion to the soil is very low, which leads to slipping, and therefore to the formation of a rut.

Using the device according to option 4, (paragraph 7 of the formula), i.e. sowing complex, including the sowing unit and an energy tool for it, in which the ratio of the weight of the sowing unit to the width of its capture is not more than 300 kg / m, and the energy tool is used such that it is able to move through soil having an absolute moisture content of 2% and more, up to 100%, above the upper limit of moisture of physical ripeness of the soil at a speed of 6 to 80 km / h, for example, Bars UTES 271 or an air cushion device eliminates slippage, thereby improving the quality of sowing and its effectiveness.

According to option 5 (paragraph 8 of the formula), the sowing complex comprises a sowing unit 9, consisting of several sowing units with working bodies, the blocks being located separately, namely, in front of the power tool, and / or on the side, and / or behind, and / or under the energy tool (Fig. 5), which allows you to balance the weight load on the axis of the energy tool 4, i.e. carry out its "weighting" In addition, the sowing of seeds in the soil rolled up by a wheel mover is eliminated, which significantly reduces the load on the seeder elements and reduces fuel consumption.

Thus, the proposed set of features exhibits new properties, namely, that due to their use, losses of spring moisture are reduced and it becomes possible to optimize the sowing time, which generally leads to an increase in the efficiency of sowing.

Therefore, the invention meets the criteria of "Novelty" and "Inventive step".

Compliance with the criterion of "Industrial applicability" is proved by the following example of a specific application of the invention.

Testing of the proposed technical solution was carried out on the example of a sunflower crop in the economy of LLC “UNI” in the Olkhovatsky district of the Voronezh region. In order to increase the reliability of the experiment, the field with a total area of 123 hectares was divided into two sections. In the first section of the field, sunflower cultivation was carried out in the traditional way and device, in the second - the proposed one.

The proposed technical solution, like the traditional one, provided for the autumn preparation of the soil, including its loosening and destruction of weeds. However, in the spring prior to sowing, no operations with the soil were carried out. Sowing was carried out in the soil prepared in the fall, directly on the emerged weeds, without prior cultivation. Sowing in the field treated by the proposed device was performed 18 days earlier than traditional (since the temperature of the soil at that time reached the optimum for the development of cold-resistant sunflower seeds), and immediately after rain, with a soil moisture of 50% using universal transport and technological equipment on the ultra-low pressure tires "Bars-271".

5 days after sowing with the help of universal transport and technological equipment on the ultra-low pressure tires "Bars-271", chemical treatment with continuous action herbicides was carried out. The wheel mover of this product exerts pressure on the soil of about 17 kPa, therefore, there was no rut formation, therefore, with a seed placement depth of about 5 cm, there was no injury to the germinated seedlings in the soil.

Carrying out chemical weeding before germination allowed to destroy weeds and not inhibit the growth of cultivated plants. High efficiency of chemical treatment was achieved by using a low-volume sprayer with a flow rate of 20-60 l / ha. Withered weeds created a subsoil “umbrella” (Fig. 6), which allowed protecting the aisle from direct sunlight and, as a result, reducing moisture evaporation and cracking of the soil, as well as preventing the growth of second-wave weeds.

Sunflower in the second section of the field ripened 10 days earlier than in the traditional way. Sunflower ripening occurred earlier due to the fact that the seeds were laid in soil with optimal temperature conditions; there was no direct contact of cultivated plants with the herbicide; withered weeds did not allow the soil to heat up much and crack, so moisture was retained in the soil.

According to the traditional method, chemical treatment was carried out after germination of sunflower with a self-propelled sprayer, the soil was not protected from sunlight. A characteristic feature was that during the whole summer period there was not a single rain on this field. In this section of the field, the soil was covered with deep cracks (Fig. 7).

The yield in the field cultivated by the proposed device was 22.39 kg / ha, and the traditional one was 9.1 kg / ha, the difference in yield was 13.29 kg / ha (the results were confirmed by the act).

Additionally, testing was carried out in LLC Rusagro-Invest on a field of 108 hectares. The harvesting results showed that the yield of sunflower cultivated by the proposed sowing complex was 24.1 c / ha, with an average yield of sunflower on the farm 16.2 c / ha. The difference in yield was 7.9 c / ha (the results are confirmed by the act).

Thus, the use of the proposed technical solution allows to obtain the following technical result, namely:

- reduction of losses of spring moisture reserves in the soil,

- optimization of sowing time,

- getting energetically strong seedlings,

- shift the range of sowing dates to an earlier period,

- reducing the dependence of sowing on the state of the soil,

- improving the environmental friendliness of agricultural production, and, consequently, produced crops,

- reduction of the negative impact of the sowing complex on the soil, and the soil on the elements of the sowing complex,

- increase the speed of sowing,

- increase in the period of vegetative development of crops,

- reduction in specific fuel consumption,

- reduction of weight and size characteristics of the sowing complex.

- allows you to increase crop yields;

- reduces the impact of weather conditions on productivity;

- increases resource savings in the cultivation of crops, because:

a) fuel consumption of UTES-271 Bars - 0.2 l / ha, and the cost of fuel consumed per shift is 1,692 rubles; self-propelled sprayer JohnDeere 4930 - 1.2 l / ha, the cost of fuel consumed per shift 5200 rubles .;

b) savings in transporting water for preparation of the drug: the cost of transporting water per shift for UTES-271 “Bars” is 302 rubles; and for a self-propelled sprayer JohnDeere 4930-1646 rub .;

c) the savings of the herbicide in the processing of UTES-271 Bars is 20-30%.

Claims (1)

A sowing complex, including a sowing unit and an energy tool for it, characterized in that the ratio of the weight of the sowing unit to the width of its grip is not more than 300 kg / m, and an energy tool is used that is able to move through soil having absolute humidity on 2% or more, up to 100%, is higher than the upper limit of humidity of physical ripeness of the soil, at a speed of 6 to 80 km / h, Bars UTES 271 or an air cushion device.

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