RU2565305C1 - Method to manufacture hollow block (versions) and falsework for its realisation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: method to manufacture a hollow block includes the following operations: formation of hollow block walls from a construction material capable of hardening, and their fixation by at least one reinforcement link. These operations are carried out within a single process stage using falsework comprising a separate form for the formation of each wall. Forms are installed to form a cavity between their internal surfaces, extreme parts of at least one link are placed inside the appropriate forms, the central part of at least one link is placed in the specified cavity, afterwards they supply the specified construction material into the forms and maintain it until hardening. Also a version of the method to manufacture a hollow block and falsework for its realisation are described.

EFFECT: reduced labour intensiveness and increased speed of block manufacturing.

39 cl, 14 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to the field of land monolithic construction of industrial and civil facilities, and more specifically to a method for manufacturing a hollow block and formwork for its implementation.

In connection with the need to increase the number of housing, there is a problem of increasing the speed of construction of high-quality housing, as well as buildings and structures for other purposes.

Recently, the design of buildings has become widespread, during the construction of which there is the possibility of varying the thickness of their walls, having optimal solutions for reliability, efficiency and aesthetics.

For this, when erecting the walls of residential and other buildings, hollow blocks containing the external and internal walls made of building material capable of hardening and connected by reinforcing bridges can be used.

Hollow blocks are configured to form a building object by arranging a plurality of blocks whose outer peripheral surfaces of the outer and inner walls are placed in contact with similar surfaces of adjacent blocks.

There are many hollow blocks that have various design features. In this case, various methods and formwork for their manufacture are known.

For example, there is a known method of manufacturing hollow blocks, described in US Pat. No. 6,401,419, comprising the use of panels having large dimensions and weight as elements of a hollow block. Each block contains two opposite panels of heat-insulating material, which are connected by reinforcing bridges. The space between the panels is filled with concrete.

This method is a multi-stage process, which includes separate technological stages of manufacturing of each panel and subsequent technological stages of connecting panels with reinforcing jumpers. The manufacturing process of each panel is carried out in the factory by casting from a liquid-flowing building material capable of hardening, using a formwork that contains a single form for the phased production of panels. In each panel during its manufacture, the extreme parts of the reinforcing bridges are installed, which are completely assembled at the next stage of the manufacture of the blocks.

At the same time, the panels have a complex structural design and have a large mass and dimensions, which reduces the quality of filling the formwork with a fluid building material.

In addition, the manufacture of blocks under stationary factory conditions and their transportation from the concrete products plant to the construction site is associated with an increase in construction costs.

Moreover, the implementation of this method is associated with the need to use auxiliary equipment, which leads to a rise in the cost of facilities under construction and is unacceptable with a limited scale of construction.

In addition, the need to manufacture panels in the factory using a single form for the phased production of panels eliminates the possibility of manufacturing the walls of the block and the blocks themselves of different thicknesses.

The use of panels having large dimensions and weight as elements of a hollow block excludes the possibility of their manufacture directly at the construction site, which reduces the speed of production of blocks and construction objects as a whole.

A known method of manufacturing hollow blocks, described in US patent 6363683 and comprising separate technological stages of manufacturing each of two walls made of porous heat-insulating material, a separate technological stage of manufacturing prefabricated reinforcing lintels having extreme and middle parts fastened by connecting elements.

The manufacturing process of each panel is carried out in the factory by casting from a liquid-flowing building material capable of hardening. After the manufacture of each panel, the opposite installation of two walls with internal surfaces to one another is carried out, fastening with the help of connecting elements of the middle and extreme parts of the jumpers with the creation of a cavity between the walls for subsequent installation operations of the fittings and filling the cavity with a fluid flowing building material capable of hardening.

This method is carried out using formwork, which contains a single form for the phased production of walls and prefabricated reinforcing lintels having extreme and middle parts fastened with connecting elements. The extreme parts contain elongated elements connected to the plates. In each wall during its manufacture, the extreme parts of the reinforcing bridges are installed, which are connected to their middle parts at the next stage of block production. Thus, this method is a laborious multi-stage process, which is associated with an increase in construction costs, a decrease in the speed of construction and a decrease in quality. At the same time, the structural features of the reinforcing jumpers and the use of these connecting elements during their installation reduce the reliability of the manufactured blocks, which reduces the reliability of the buildings being erected and their earthquake resistance.

The large mass and dimensions of the panels reduce the quality of filling the formwork with a fluid building material.

In addition, the manufacture of blocks under stationary factory conditions and their transportation from the concrete products plant to the construction site is associated with an increase in construction costs.

Moreover, the implementation of this method is associated with the need to use auxiliary equipment, which leads to a rise in the cost of facilities under construction and is unacceptable with a limited scale of construction.

In addition, the need to manufacture panels in the factory using a single form for the phased production of panels eliminates the possibility of manufacturing the walls of the block and the blocks themselves of different thicknesses.

The use of panels having large dimensions and weight as elements of a hollow block excludes the possibility of their manufacture directly at the construction site, which reduces the speed of production of blocks and construction objects as a whole.

At the same time, the possibility of creating hollow blocks of various spatial shapes, which makes it possible to create various shapes of building objects having a monolithic homogeneous, strong and rigid structure exactly corresponding to the specified dimensions, while reducing the complexity and increasing the production speed of blocks and building objects as a whole, is excluded, increasing reliability of blocks and construction facilities as a whole.

At the same time, the structural features of the reinforcing jumpers and the use of these connecting elements during their installation reduce the reliability of the manufactured blocks, which reduces the reliability of the buildings being erected and their earthquake resistance.

A known method of manufacturing hollow blocks, described in patent RU 2253719, adopted by us for the prototype. When implementing this method, as the walls of the hollow block using panels having large dimensions and weight. Each block contains two opposed panels, which are connected by reinforcing bridges made of plastic. The space between the panels is filled with concrete.

This method is a multi-stage process, which includes separate technological stages of manufacturing each panel and subsequent technological stages of connecting the panels with plastic reinforcing jumpers. The manufacturing process of each panel and jumpers is carried out in the factory.

When implementing this method, first, by molding porous (foamy) materials in a formwork containing a single form, plates with the protrusions, recesses and grooves necessary for further technological operations are made. In parallel with this method of plastic deformation, parts of jumpers equipped with connecting elements are made of plastic. After that, the elongated elements of the extreme parts of the jumpers are installed (mounted) in the grooves of the plates so that the plates are located on the outer surface of the plates, and the connecting elements of the extreme parts extend onto the inner surface of the plates. Then, on the plates and the plates located on their surface, a cladding layer is applied from the outside. For this, the plates, together with the extreme parts of the jumpers installed in them, are turned with their outer surfaces down and partially immersed in a mold with a fluid flowing building material capable of hardening (facing material). After keeping in time, necessary for the hardening of this material, the plates are freed from molds. During immersion in molds with the indicated material and during exposure of the plate and mold, vibrations can be subjected. After the lining material has hardened, the extreme parts of the lintels will be fixed in the plates.

Plates with the extreme parts of the lintels fixed in them and the middle parts of the lintels are delivered to the place of erection of the wall, where the plates are installed with the inner surfaces one to the other (opposite), and the middle parts of the lintels are fastened to their extreme parts. Features of the operations of connecting parts of the jumpers depend on the design of their connecting elements.

This method, as well as the methods described above, is a laborious multi-stage process, which is associated with an increase in construction costs, a decrease in the manufacturing speed of blocks and construction objects as a whole, an increase in the reliability of blocks and construction objects in general, and a decrease in the quality of blocks. At the same time, the structural features of the reinforcing jumpers and the use of connecting elements during their installation exclude the possibility of creating a universal reinforced base of the block, which reduces the reliability of the manufactured blocks and constructed buildings as a whole. The absence of a universal reinforced block base excludes the possibility of creating hollow blocks of various spatial shapes, which makes it possible to create construction objects of various shapes that have a monolithic, uniform, strong and rigid structure that exactly matches the specified dimensions.

In addition, when using this method there is no possibility of manufacturing blocks at the construction site, which significantly reduces its speed.

Moreover, the implementation of this method is associated with the need to use auxiliary equipment, which leads to a rise in the cost of facilities under construction and is unacceptable with a limited scale of construction.

In addition, the need to manufacture panels in the factory using a single form for the phased production of panels eliminates the possibility of manufacturing the walls of the block and the blocks themselves of different thicknesses.

The use of panels having large dimensions and weight as elements of a hollow block exclude the possibility of their manufacture directly at the construction site, which reduces the speed of production of blocks and building objects as a whole and reduces their earthquake resistance.

At the same time, the structural features of the reinforcing jumpers and the use of these connecting elements during their installation reduce the reliability of the manufactured blocks, which reduces the reliability of the buildings being erected and their earthquake resistance.

The basis of the invention is the task of creating a method of manufacturing a hollow block (options) with such techniques and formwork for their implementation with such design features that would make it possible to create hollow building blocks of various spatial shapes, which makes it possible to create different shapes of building objects, while reducing the complexity and increase the speed of manufacturing blocks, increasing the reliability of blocks, cheaper manufacturing blocks and construction objects as a whole, providing the possibility of manufacturing blocks with small dimensions and weight, which makes it possible to manufacture them directly in areas close to the area of the object under construction.

This problem is solved by creating a method of manufacturing a hollow block, including the following operations: the formation of a building material capable of hardening at least two walls of the hollow block and fastening them with at least one reinforcing bridge, while, according to the invention, these operations carried out in one technological stage using a formwork containing a separate form for the formation of each wall, these forms are established with the formation of a cavity between their inner surfaces By means of radios, place the extreme parts of at least one jumper inside the corresponding forms, place the central part of at least one jumper in the specified cavity, after which the specified building material is fed into the said forms and maintained until it hardens.

The technical result of the invention is the possibility, by simultaneously forming walls and fastening them with at least one reinforcing bridge in one technological stage, to significantly reduce the complexity and increase the speed of manufacturing hollow blocks, to increase the reliability of blocks and building objects as a whole, which significantly reduces the cost of manufacturing blocks and objects under construction, while ensuring the creation of optimal solutions for reliability, efficiency and aesthetics.

In addition, the use of separate forms for the formation of individual walls makes it possible to create walls of various configurations, which makes it possible to create hollow building blocks of various spatial configurations, which makes it possible to create construction objects of various shapes.

At the same time, it is possible to vary the thickness of the formed walls and the blocks themselves, which ensures increased reliability of the blocks and construction objects as a whole, and also ensures the creation of optimal solutions in terms of reliability, economy and aesthetics. This is because the manufacture of a separate mold for the formation of each wall makes it possible to fix the mold with different cavity widths between their inner surfaces, which makes it possible to control the thickness of the block during its manufacture. And it also makes it possible to separately change the thickness of each wall during its manufacture, which makes it possible to manufacture walls that are uneven in width.

In addition, the use of the proposed method allows to produce blocks with small dimensions and weight, which makes it possible to manufacture them directly in areas close to the area of the object under construction.

To accelerate the proposed method, it is advisable to file the building material in these forms at the same time.

To simplify the proposed method by using the same equipment to fill out the specified forms, it is desirable to file the building material in the specified forms in sequence.

In order to create optimal solutions in terms of reliability, economy and aesthetics, it is advantageous to make a groove in each form to place the corresponding jumper, and close the gaps formed after the jumper is placed by sealing elements.

In order to increase the reliability of blocks and construction objects as a whole, it is possible to fix a reinforcing element across the corresponding extreme parts of at least one bridge.

To increase the reliability of blocks and building objects as a whole, it is advisable to fasten the walls of the hollow block with at least two jumpers, the extreme parts of which are located on one side, to connect reinforcing elements that form a spatial reinforcing cage with jumpers.

To reduce the complexity and increase the speed of manufacturing blocks and building objects as a whole, it is desirable to perform each form from a building material, which is used to form the corresponding wall, while building material of the corresponding shape after hardening the building material of the corresponding wall is used as the outer surfaces of the formed wall.

To increase the accuracy of the dimensions of the walls of the block, it is useful to make each shape from a different building material than the building material that is used to form the corresponding wall, while the building material of the corresponding shape after hardening the building material of the corresponding wall is removed or used as the outer surfaces of the formed wall.

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks with different spatial configurations, which allows you to quickly create different configuration of building objects, preferably the inner surfaces of the forms to form the corresponding walls to perform various configurations.

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks having a cladding, it is reasonable to place a finishing building material inside the mold for forming at least one wall from the side of its outer surface, from which the outer finish of the hollow block is formed simultaneously with the formation of the walls.

To accelerate the creation of building objects from hollow blocks, it is convenient to simultaneously form several hollow blocks in one technological stage.

From the foregoing, it follows that the use of the proposed method provides the ability to create hollow building blocks of various spatial shapes, which makes it possible to create different shapes of building objects, while reducing the complexity and increasing the speed of manufacturing blocks and building objects as a whole, increasing the reliability of blocks and building objects as a whole , cheaper manufacturing of blocks and facilities under construction in general, providing the possibility of manufacturing blocks with small dimensions and weight, which makes it possible to manufacture them directly in areas close to the area of the object under construction.

The problem is also solved by creating a method of manufacturing a hollow block, including the following operations: the formation of the outer and inner walls of the hollow block of building material capable of hardening, and the fastening of these walls with reinforcing jumpers, while, according to the invention, these operations are carried out in one technological stage with using formwork containing a separate form for the formation of each wall and a spatial reinforcing frame, which is made by connecting ia located on one side of the extreme parts of the lintels with reinforcing elements, molds are formed with the formation of a cavity between their internal surfaces, a spatial reinforcing cage is installed by placing the extreme parts of the lintels with reinforcing elements inside the corresponding forms and placing the central parts of the lintels in the formed cavity, and then they are fed into the molds the specified building material and withstand it until it hardens.

The technical result of the invention is the possibility, by simultaneously forming walls and fastening them with reinforcing bridges in one technological stage, to significantly reduce the complexity and increase the speed of manufacturing hollow blocks, which significantly reduces the cost of manufacturing blocks and objects under construction as a whole.

Moreover, the use of separate forms for the formation of individual walls makes it possible to create walls of various configurations, which makes it possible to create hollow building blocks of various spatial configurations, which makes it possible to create construction objects of various shapes.

At the same time, it is possible to vary the thickness of the walls and the blocks themselves, which ensures increased reliability of the blocks and construction objects as a whole, and also ensures the creation of optimal solutions for reliability, efficiency and aesthetics. This is because the manufacture of a separate mold for the formation of each wall makes it possible to fix the mold with different cavity widths between their inner surfaces, which makes it possible to control the thickness of the block during its manufacture. And it also makes it possible to separately change the thickness of each wall during its manufacture, which makes it possible to manufacture walls that are uneven in width.

In addition, the use of the proposed method allows to produce blocks with small dimensions and weight, which makes it possible to manufacture them directly in areas close to the area of the object under construction.

Also the technical result of the invention is the possibility of creating hollow blocks, each of which has a universal reinforcing base, the presence of which ensures the formation in the construction object of a single power reinforced structure having a single cavity designed for the simultaneous supply of building material. This, in turn, allows you to mount and fill the construction object with building materials not in rows, but in a much larger volume, for example, on the floor, which provides a significant improvement in the quality of construction objects from hollow blocks made by the proposed method by achieving monolithic uniformity, strength and rigidity of the construction object in general, as well as the exception of its cellularity and layering.

Moreover, the use of the spatial reinforcing cage in the proposed method significantly increases the reliability of the manufactured blocks, which increases the reliability of the buildings under construction as a whole.

In addition, the use in the proposed method of a spatial reinforcing cage increases the seismic stability of the construction object as a whole, which allows the use of the blocks made by the proposed method for the construction of objects in earthquake-prone areas.

Moreover, the use of the spatial reinforcing cage in the proposed method makes it possible to create construction objects of various configurations that have a monolithic, homogeneous, strong and rigid structure that exactly corresponds to the specified dimensions. This, in turn, allows you to create arched (vertically located), radial (horizontally located), spherical and other monolithic objects that have, including concave or convex surfaces.

To accelerate the proposed method, it is advisable to file the building material in these forms at the same time.

To simplify the proposed method by using the same equipment to fill out the specified forms, it is desirable to file the building material in the specified forms in sequence.

In order to create optimal solutions in terms of reliability, economy and aesthetics, it is convenient to make grooves in each form to accommodate the spatial reinforcement cage, and close the gaps formed after the casing is placed by sealing elements.

To increase the strength, rigidity and reliability of blocks and building objects as a whole, as well as to improve their seismic stability, it is advisable to produce a spatial reinforcing frame of four jumpers, the extreme parts of which are connected on each side by reinforcing elements, which are formed in the form of first frames, each of which place along the corresponding wall.

To reduce the complexity and increase the speed of manufacturing blocks and building objects as a whole, having a different spatial configuration, which allows you to quickly create different configuration of building objects, it is advantageous to produce at least one mold before supplying the building material to form an additional wall into which building material at the same time as it is fed into the molds to form the outer and inner walls.

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks having a different spatial configuration, which allows you to quickly create various construction objects in configuration, it is useful to have at least one shape for forming an additional wall between, and / or above, and / or below, and / or side forms for forming the outer and inner walls.

To increase the strength, rigidity and reliability of the blocks, as well as to improve their seismic stability, it is preferable to place reinforcement elements in each form for forming an additional wall, which are fastened with jumpers and / or with reinforcing elements, which connect the extreme parts of the jumpers located on one side .

To increase the strength, rigidity and reliability of blocks and building objects as a whole, as well as to improve their seismic stability, it is desirable to fit reinforcing elements that are placed in each form to form an additional wall, in the form of a second frame, which is placed along this wall.

For the manufacture of a block having a complex structural design, it is reasonable to orient the shapes for forming the walls substantially vertically and / or horizontally.

To reduce the complexity and increase the speed of manufacturing blocks and building objects as a whole, it is advisable to carry out each form from a building material that is used to form the corresponding wall, while using a building material of the corresponding form after hardening the building material of the corresponding wall as the material of the outer surfaces of the corresponding formed wall .

To increase the accuracy of the dimensions of the walls of the block, it is advisable to make each form from a different building material than the building material that is used to form the corresponding wall, and to remove the building material of the corresponding shape after the building material of the corresponding wall has hardened or use it as the outer surfaces of the formed wall.

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks with different spatial configurations, which allows you to quickly create different construction objects in configuration, it is favorable to carry out various configurations of the inner surfaces of the molds to form the corresponding walls.

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks having a cladding, it is preferable to place a finishing building material inside the mold for forming at least one wall from the side of its outer surface, from which the outer finish of the hollow block is formed simultaneously with the formation of the walls.

To accelerate the creation of building objects from hollow blocks, it is useful to simultaneously form several hollow blocks in one technological stage.

To increase the strength, rigidity and reliability of building objects from hollow blocks, it is possible to connect the spatial reinforcing cages of adjacent hollow blocks with the formation of a single reinforced structure of a building object having a single cavity for simultaneous filling with building material.

From the foregoing, it follows that the use of the proposed method provides the ability to create a hollow building block with a single universal reinforcing base, which makes it possible to produce hollow blocks of various spatial shapes, which makes it possible to create various shapes of building objects having a monolithic, uniform, strong and rigid structure while reducing labor intensity and increasing the speed of manufacturing blocks and construction projects in general, increasing reliability the number of blocks and building objects as a whole, improving their seismic stability, reducing the cost of objects under construction and ensuring the possibility of using the proposed method with a limited scale of construction.

The problem is also solved by creating a formwork for the manufacture of a hollow block containing a mold for forming the walls of the block from building material capable of hardening, and at least one reinforcing bridge for fastening these walls, while, according to the invention, the formwork is adapted to form walls and fastening them with jumpers at the same time for one technological stage and contains a separate form for the formation of each wall and connecting means intended for fixed Forms I to form a cavity between their inner surfaces.

The technical result of the use of the proposed formwork is the possibility, by simultaneously forming the walls and fastening them with reinforcing bridges in one technological stage, to significantly reduce the complexity and increase the speed of manufacturing hollow blocks, which significantly reduces the cost of manufacturing blocks and objects under construction as a whole.

At the same time, there is the possibility of manufacturing individual forms for the formation of individual walls, which ensures the creation of walls of various configurations and the creation of hollow building blocks of various spatial shapes, which enables the creation of construction objects of various shapes.

Moreover, the presence of connecting means for fixing the forms with the formation of a cavity between their inner surfaces provides the possibility of varying the thickness of the walls and formed and the blocks as a whole, having optimal solutions in terms of reliability, economy and aesthetics. This is because the manufacture of a separate mold for the formation of each wall makes it possible to fix the mold with different cavity widths between their inner surfaces, which makes it possible to control the thickness of the block during its manufacture. It also makes it possible to separately change the thickness of each wall during its manufacture, which makes it possible to form walls that are uneven in width.

In addition, the use of the proposed formwork allows you to make blocks with small dimensions and weight, which makes it possible to manufacture them directly in areas close to the area of the building under construction.

To increase the reliability, rigidity and strength of blocks and building objects as a whole, it is advisable that at least one reinforcing bridge has reinforcing elements fixed across the extreme parts of this bridge.

To increase the reliability, rigidity and strength of blocks and building objects as a whole, as well as to improve their seismic stability, it is desirable that the formwork contains a spatial reinforcing cage formed by at least four reinforcing bridges, at the ends of which reinforcing elements are formed, formed in the form framework.

If necessary, it is possible that each lintel and each reinforcing element were made of a material selected from the group: metal, polymeric material, composite material, material of wood origin.

To create optimal solutions for reliability, economy and aesthetics, as well as to improve their seismic stability, it is preferable that each form has grooves for accommodating at least one reinforcing bridge or spatial reinforcing cage, while the formwork contains sealing elements adapted for closing the gaps formed after placing at least one reinforcing bridge or spatial reinforcing cage.

To simplify the supply of building material in appropriate forms, it is convenient that each form is a container having an open part for supplying the specified building material, while the formwork contains an insert adapted to close this part.

To reduce the complexity and increase the speed of manufacturing blocks and building objects as a whole, it is reasonable that each form was made of building material used to form the corresponding wall.

To increase the accuracy of the dimensions of the walls of the block, it is advisable that each form was made of a different building material than the building material used to form the corresponding wall.

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks having different wall thicknesses, it is desirable that the shapes for forming the outer and inner walls have different overall dimensions.

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks with different spatial configurations, which allows you to quickly create different configuration of building objects, it is favorable that the inner surface of the molds for the formation of the corresponding walls were made of different configurations.

In order to be able to freely change the thickness of each block, it is preferable that the means for setting the molds with the formation of a cavity between their inner surfaces be adapted to fix the molds with the possibility of installation movements relative to one another.

To facilitate changes in wall thickness and block thickness, it is useful that the means for setting the molds with the formation of a cavity between their inner surfaces be a cassette having a base and racks adapted for fixing on the base with the possibility of installation movements and fixing of components that form the surfaces of individual forms .

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks, including those having a lining, it is convenient that the formwork contains an external finish as component parts that form the surfaces of individual forms.

To increase the strength, rigidity and reliability of the unit, it is desirable that the components that form the surfaces of the respective walls have grooves for accommodating at least one bridge or spatial reinforcing cage, while the formwork contains sealing elements adapted to close the gaps formed after placing at least one jumper or spatial reinforcement cage.

To speed up the creation of building objects from hollow blocks, it is possible that the formwork contains components that form surfaces of individual shapes, for the simultaneous formation of several hollow blocks in one technological stage.

From the foregoing, it follows that the use of the proposed formwork provides the ability to create hollow building blocks of various spatial shapes, which provides the ability to create different shapes of building objects, while reducing the complexity and increasing the speed of manufacturing blocks and building objects as a whole, increasing the reliability of blocks and building objects as a whole , cheaper manufacturing of blocks and facilities under construction in general, providing the possibility of manufacturing blocks with small dimensions and weight, which makes it possible to manufacture them directly in areas close to the area of the object under construction.

In addition, from the above it follows that the use of the proposed formwork provides the ability to create a hollow building block with a single universal reinforcing base, providing the ability to create blocks with different spatial configurations, which allows you to create different configuration of building objects with a monolithic, uniform, strong and rigid structure exactly matching the given sizes. This allows you to create arched (vertically located), radial (horizontally located), spherical and other monolithic objects that have, including concave or convex surfaces. The indicated design features of a hollow block made using the proposed formwork increase the seismic stability of the construction object as a whole, which allows the use of blocks for the construction of objects in earthquake-prone areas. Moreover, the presence in the proposed formwork of a spatial reinforcing cage significantly increases the reliability of the manufactured blocks, which increases the reliability of the buildings under construction as a whole. Moreover, the blocks made using the proposed formwork in a building object form a single reinforced power structure with formed walls, having a single cavity, designed for simultaneous filling or pouring with construction mixtures or mortars. This, in turn, allows the building object to be mounted and filled with building materials not in rows, but in a much larger volume, for example, on the floor, which ensures monolithic uniformity, strength and rigidity of the construction object as a whole, eliminates its cellularity and lamination, and the formation of “bridges” is excluded cold ”, which reduces the thermal conductivity of the object and increases the thermal insulation properties of the object, and also significantly increases the speed of construction. At the same time, the ability to mount and fill a building object with building materials not in rows, but in a much larger volume ensures the absence of joints in hardened building materials, which makes it possible to use the invention in the construction of swimming pools and other construction objects that are in contact with the aquatic environment.

For a better understanding of the invention, examples of its implementation are given below, which do not limit the essence and scope of the present invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 schematically depicts a snap-in made according to the invention, with a hollow block manufactured by the proposed method, isometry, embodiment;

FIG. 2 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention, designed to implement the proposed method for manufacturing a hollow block, isometry, an embodiment;

FIG. 3 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention, designed to implement the proposed method for manufacturing a hollow block, isometry, an embodiment;

FIG. 4 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention with a hollow block manufactured by the proposed method, isometry, embodiment;

FIG. 5 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention, intended for implementing the proposed method for manufacturing a hollow block, cross section, embodiment;

FIG. 6 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention, designed to implement the proposed method for manufacturing a hollow block, cross section, embodiment;

FIG. 7 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention, designed to implement the proposed method for manufacturing a hollow block, cross section, embodiment;

FIG. 8 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention, designed to implement the proposed method for manufacturing a hollow block, cross section, embodiment;

FIG. 9 schematically depicts a formwork with a spatial reinforcing cage, made according to the invention, designed to implement the proposed method for manufacturing a hollow block, isometry;

FIG. 10 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention, with a hollow block manufactured by the proposed method, a cross section, an embodiment;

FIG. 11 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention, with a hollow block manufactured by the proposed method, a cross section, an embodiment;

FIG. 12 schematically depicts a formwork made according to the invention, with a hollow block manufactured by the proposed method, a cross section, an embodiment;

FIG. 13 schematically depicts a formwork with a spatial reinforcing cage, made according to the invention, designed to implement the proposed method of manufacturing a hollow block, isometry, an embodiment;

FIG. 14 schematically depicts a formwork with a spatial reinforcing cage, made according to the invention, designed to implement the proposed method of manufacturing a hollow block, isometry, an embodiment.

The proposed method for the manufacture of hollow blocks (options) is as follows.

A method of manufacturing a hollow block 1 (Fig. 1) includes the following operations:

the formation of the walls 2, 3 of the hollow block 1 from building material capable of hardening, and their fastening, at least one reinforcing bridge 4. Moreover, according to the invention, these operations are carried out in one technological stage using a formwork containing a separate form 5 , 6 for the formation of each wall 2, 3. These forms 5, 6 are installed with the formation of a cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8, 9. The extreme parts 10 of at least one jumper 4 are placed inside the corresponding forms 5, 6, ra commoners central portion 11, at least one web 4 in the cavity 7 and then fed into said mold 5, 6, said building material and held it until solidification.

The great advantage of the proposed method is that these operations are carried out simultaneously in one technological stage, which significantly reduces the complexity and increases the speed of manufacturing hollow blocks 1, and also significantly reduces the cost of manufacturing blocks 1 and construction objects as a whole.

The number of simultaneously formed walls 2, 3 of block 1 in different embodiments of the invention may be different. It depends on the given spatial form of the building hollow block 1, which provides the ability to create various forms of construction objects. Moreover, in different embodiments of the invention, the fastening of the walls 2, 3 of the hollow block 1 can be carried out using a different number of jumpers 4. The number of jumpers 4 depends on the specified stiffness, size and configuration of the manufactured blocks 1. The more rigid, overall and complex configuration of the block 1 is required to manufacture, the greater the number of jumpers 4 should be used.

As a building material capable of hardening, for example, the following materials can be used: concrete, foam concrete, crumb concrete foam, expanded clay concrete, concrete with fillers, cement-particle mixes, fiber concrete, polymeric materials, metal, wood, clay and the like similar materials.

Since the block 1 in space can be placed in different positions, then to facilitate understanding of the present invention, we will further consider the proposed block 1 in the spatial position, which is shown in the accompanying drawings, where the position of the top and bottom of block 1 is determined. that, for example, wall 2 is an external wall, wall 3 is an internal wall. However, in another embodiment of the invention, wall 2 may be an external wall, and wall 3 may be an end wall, and the like.

Before the formation of walls 2, 3 and their fastening by at least one reinforcing bridge 4, that is, before the indicated one technological stage, a separate mold 5, 6 is made for the formation of each wall 2, 3 and, as mentioned above, these molds 5 are installed , 6 with the formation of a cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8, 9. The shapes 5, 6 for forming the walls 2, 3 are oriented essentially vertically and / or horizontally, and any other orientation of shapes 5, 6 is also possible, which is suitable for formation of walls 2, 3.

After placing the extreme parts 10 of at least one jumper 4 inside the corresponding forms 5, 6, and the central part 11 of this jumper 4 - in the specified cavity 7, the specified building material is fed into the molds 5, 6 and maintained until it solidifies, as a result of which carry out the formation of the walls 2, 3 of the hollow block 1 and their fastening, at least one reinforcing bridge 4 at the same time in one technological stage.

To accelerate the proposed method, the building material is fed into these forms 5, 6 at the same time. Moreover, to simplify the proposed method by using the same equipment to fill the specified forms 5, 6, the building material can be fed into the specified forms 5, 6 in series. In the latter case, first the building material is fed, for example, into the mold 5 for forming the first wall 2, and then, before the building material of the first wall 2 hardens, the building material is fed into the mold 6 to form the second wall 3. However, any other sequence of supply of the building material to said forms 5.6.

The use of individual forms 5, 6 for the formation of individual walls 2, 3 makes it possible to create walls 2, 3 of various configurations, which makes it possible to create hollow building blocks 1 of various spatial configurations, which makes it possible to create construction objects of various shapes.

In addition, it is possible to vary the thickness of the walls 2, 3 of the blocks 1 and the thickness of the blocks 1 themselves, which provides increased reliability of the blocks 1 and construction objects as a whole, and also ensures the creation of optimal solutions for reliability, efficiency and aesthetics. This is because the manufacture of a separate mold 5, 6 for the formation of each wall 2, 3 makes it possible to fix the mold 5, 6 with different widths of the cavity 7 between their inner (for example, facing one another) surfaces 8, 9, which allows regulation the thickness of the block 1 in its manufacture. And it also makes it possible to separately change the thickness of each wall 2, 3 during its manufacture, which makes it possible, if necessary, to produce any wall 2, 3 uneven in width.

Using the proposed method allows you to create blocks 1 with small dimensions and weight, which makes it possible to manufacture them directly in areas close to the area of the object under construction.

Reinforcing lintels 4 are made of reinforcing elements that can be rigid (profiles of any cross-sectional shape, for example, rolling stocks, I-beams, channels, angles, and also plates, for example, with stiffeners) or flexible (individual rods of a smooth and periodic profile, pipes of any shape sections, rods of any section shape, flat plates or strips, as well as welded or knitted nets and frames). In this case, the jumpers 4 can be made of reinforcing elements of any other form suitable for similar purposes.

Jumpers 4 are made of metal, for example steel, of plastic, for example fiberglass or wood-based material, for example bamboo or any other material capable of imparting rigidity and strength to hollow blocks 1, for example composite material.

In construction projects, in which hollow blocks 1 made using the proposed method are used, reinforcing steel rods are mainly used as reinforcement elements of jumpers 4.

Each jumper 4 is made integral, which increases the reliability of the manufactured blocks 1 and the reliability of the buildings under construction as a whole, and also improves their seismic stability. In this case, it is possible to make jumpers by teams.

If necessary, the proposed method can be made block 1 containing one reinforcing bridge 4, the extreme parts 10 of which are located, for example, on top (or bottom or side) of forms 5, 6 and are made, for example, in the form of a metal panel (as shown in FIG. . one). Moreover, the shape of the jumper 4 may be any other suitable for similar purposes.

For one technological stage, the formation of the outer and inner walls 2, 3 and their fastening with a jumper 4. At the same time, at the same technological stage, it is possible to form a tool 12 adapted to the upper (or lower or side) end surface of the outer and inner wall 2, 3 connecting adjacent blocks 1. This tool 12 is formed, for example, in the form of a spike 13 and a groove 13a, which are joined together with the corresponding walls 2, 3. In other embodiments of the invention, said connecting medium your 12 can be performed by any other known construction intended for similar purposes, while this tool 12 can be performed separately from the specified one technological stage.

In each form 5, 6, a groove 14 is made (Fig. 2) to accommodate the corresponding jumper 4. This is done for any number of jumpers 4, and after placing the jumpers 4 in the corresponding grooves 14, the formed gaps 15 are closed by sealing elements 16. This ensures the creation of optimal the reliability, cost-effectiveness and aesthetics of blocks 1 and building objects as a whole, a significant reduction in the complexity and speed of manufacturing hollow blocks, as well as a significant reduction in the cost of manufacturing blocks and those ektov.

The jumpers 4 are placed at a certain level in the grooves 14 of the corresponding forms 5, 6. This placement can be performed in any known manner, for example using a threshold 17 formed in the corresponding form 5, 6 in the manufacture of the corresponding grooves 14 to accommodate the jumpers 4, or any other element, for example, a pin 17a (Fig. 3), simulating a threshold 17, attached to the inner wall 8, 9 of the corresponding form 5, 6 and suitable for supporting the corresponding jumper 4.

To increase the reliability of the blocks 1 and construction objects as a whole, a reinforcing element 18 is fixed across the corresponding extreme parts 10 of at least one jumper 4. This element 18 can be fixed along, across or obliquely corresponding shape 5, 6. The reinforcing element 18 is performed , for example, from the same material and the same configuration as the jumper 4. However, the reinforcing element 18 may be made of another material and a different configuration suitable for similar purposes.

To increase the reliability of blocks 1 and building objects as a whole, the walls 2, 3 of the hollow block 1 are fastened with at least two jumpers 4 (Fig. 4), while before placing the extreme parts 10 of the jumpers 4 inside the corresponding molds 5, 6 are made spatial reinforcing frame 19 of block 1 by connecting the extreme parts 10 of the jumpers 4 located on one side (that is, inside the corresponding form 5 or 6), using reinforcing elements 18.

To eliminate the displacement of the jumpers 4 or the spatial reinforcing cage 19 in the respective molds 5, 6, for example, when supplying building material, these molds 5, 6 are fastened together by any known method, for example, using means for setting the molds with the formation of a cavity 7 between their internal surfaces 8, 9, which is, for example, a strip 20, which is attached, for example, to the bottom of each mold 5, 6. In this case, means for mounting the molds 5, 6 with the formation of a cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8, 9 are adapted for iksirovaniya forms 5, 6 with the possibility of adjusting movements with respect to one another. This can be accomplished by any known method intended for similar purposes, for example, by means of a tongue-and-groove connection (not shown in the drawing). As a means for mounting forms 5, 6 with the formation of a cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8, 9, for example, a corner (not shown) or any other known means suitable for similar purposes can also be used.

In FIG. 5, 6, 7, 8 depict the formwork options with different placement of forms 5, 6, in which jumpers 4 with reinforcing elements 18 are installed.

In FIG. 5 shows a formwork variant in which the molds 5, 6 are made rectilinear, with one mold 5 being placed essentially perpendicular to the other mold 6, FIG. 6 shows a formwork variant in which the molds 5, 6 are L-shaped and similar, with one mold 5 being placed substantially opposite to the other mold 6 and having external and internal overall dimensions smaller than mold 6, in FIG. 7 shows a formwork variant in which the form 5 is made L-shaped and the form 6 is made rectilinear, with the form 5 being placed substantially opposite to the leg of form 6. Thus, in FIG. 6, 7 depict forms 5, 6, which are made with different overall dimensions and with different internal configurations.

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks 1 having a rounded spatial configuration, which allows you to quickly create rounded building objects, the inner surfaces of forms 5, 6 to form the corresponding walls 2, 3 are made convex or concave. In FIG. 8 shows a variant in which the shapes 5 and 6 are convex, while the shape 5 is placed essentially opposite to the shape 6.

The above described formwork and placement of forms 5, 6 with jumpers 4 installed in them with reinforcing elements 18 provide acceleration of the creation of hollow blocks with different spatial configurations, which allows you to quickly create various construction objects in configuration.

An embodiment of the proposed method is possible, in which each form 5, 6 is made of building material that is used to form the corresponding wall 2, 3, while the building material of the corresponding form 5, 6 after hardening the building material of the corresponding wall 2, 3 is used as external surfaces 21 of the formed wall 2, 3. This provides a decrease in the complexity and an increase in the speed of manufacturing blocks and construction objects as a whole.

An embodiment of the proposed method is possible, in which each form 5, 6 is made of a different building material than the building material that is used to form the corresponding wall 2, 3, while the building material of the corresponding form 5, 6 after hardening the building material of the corresponding wall 2, 3 are removed or used as the outer surfaces 21 of the formed wall 2, 3. This ensures, respectively, an increase in the accuracy of the dimensions of the walls 2, 3 of block 1, a decrease in the labor intensity and the increase in the production speed of blocks 1 and construction objects as a whole.

Inside the mold 5 or 6 for forming at least one wall 2 or 3 from the side of at least one of its outer surface 21 (Fig. 5), a finishing building material is placed, from which simultaneously with the formation of walls 2, 3 they form an external finishing 22 of the hollow block 1. This speeds up the creation of hollow blocks 1 having a lining. Depending on the spatial configuration of block 1, the outer finish 22 of block 1 can be formed on all outer surfaces 21 of the corresponding wall 2, 3.

A variant is possible in which a solid phase material, for example, artificial stone, is used as a finishing building material. It is also possible that the finishing material used is a material in the liquid phase having a viscosity that excludes the possibility of mixing building materials of finish 22 and the corresponding wall 2, 3, for example concrete with the addition of expanded clay.

Moreover, inside the corresponding form 5, 6, on the surface facing the finish 22, a predetermined relief or pattern is applied (not shown in the drawing), which simultaneously with the formation of walls 2, 3 is performed on the outer surface of the finish 22. The same technique is carried out if necessary outer surfaces 21 of walls 2, 3 without finishing 22.

To accelerate the creation of building objects from hollow blocks 1, several hollow blocks 1 are formed simultaneously in one technological stage (not shown in the drawing).

As described above, the proposed method can be used for the manufacture of blocks 1 having a different number of walls 2, 3, which depends on the given spatial configuration of the blocks 1 and building objects as a whole.

Let us consider in more detail the specific version of the proposed method for manufacturing a hollow block 1 (Fig. 9), which includes the following operations: the manufacture of two walls, namely, the outer wall 2 and the inner wall 3 of the hollow block 1 from building material capable of hardening, and the bonding of these walls 2, 3 by reinforcing jumpers 4. These operations are carried out in one technological stage using formwork containing a separate form 5, 6 for the formation of each wall 2, 3 and the spatial reinforcing frame 19, which The second one is made by connecting the extreme parts 10 of the jumpers 4 on one side 4 with reinforcing elements 18. The molds 5, 6 are installed with the formation of a cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8, 9, and then the spatial reinforcing frame 19 is installed by placing the extreme parts 10 of the jumpers 4 with reinforcing elements 18 inside the corresponding forms 5, 6 and the placement of the Central parts 11 of the jumpers 4 in the formed cavity 7. Then, simultaneously or sequentially served in the form 5, 6 of the specified building material and yderzhivayut it to solidify.

As described above, these operations are carried out simultaneously in one technological stage. At the same time, the spatial reinforcing cage 19 is made before this technological stage. In parallel (or sequentially), separate molds 5, 6 are made to form the outer and inner walls 2, 3.

The manufacture of a spatial reinforcing cage 19 provides the creation in each block 1 of a universal reinforcing base, which makes it possible to create blocks 1 having a different spatial configuration, which allows you to create various construction objects with a monolithic, uniform, strong and rigid structure that exactly matches the specified dimensions. This allows you to create arched (vertically located), radial (horizontally located), spherical and other monolithic objects that have, including concave or convex surfaces.

To increase the strength, rigidity and reliability of blocks 1 and building objects as a whole, as well as to improve their seismic stability, the spatial reinforcing cage 19 is made of four jumpers 4, the extreme parts 10 of which are connected on each side by reinforcing elements 18, which are formed in the form of first frames 23 At the same time, the ends of the reinforcing elements 18 may protrude beyond the dimensions of the respective frames 23. Each first frame 23 is advantageously made in the shape of a rectangle and is oriented so that it is dimensioned schena inside respective mold 5, 6 for its location in the formation of the block 1 along the respective wall 2, 3, i.e. the length of the walls 2, 3. Said first type and location of frame 23 imparts uniform stiffness and strength appropriate wall 2, 3.

In this case, the first frame 23 has two essentially horizontal parts 24 and two essentially vertical parts 25. The horizontal parts 24 are longitudinal reinforcement that accepts tensile stresses. The vertical parts 25 are transverse reinforcement, which prevents the formation of cracks from the occurring shear stresses near the supports. The first frame 23 can be made in a different shape, for example in the form of a truncated trapezoid or triangle, or in any other shape that provides the specified rigidity and strength required to create a building object (not shown in the drawing).

Thus, from the jumpers 4 and the reinforcing elements 18 of the first frames 23, the above spatial reinforcing frame 19 of the block 1 is created.

The jumpers 4 can be connected to the reinforcing elements 18 of the first frames 8 detachably or indivisibly by any known method suitable for similar purposes. For example, using welding, riveting, screw connections, threaded connections, tightening, gluing, compression, soldering and the like. In a similar manner, reinforcing elements 18 forming the corresponding first frames 23 can be fastened together.

A possible variant of the invention, in which each form 5, 6 is made of building material, which is used to form the corresponding wall 2, 3, while the building material of each form 5, 6 is used as the material of the outer surfaces of the corresponding formed wall 2, 3. This provides a decrease in complexity and an increase in the manufacturing speed of blocks 1 and construction objects as a whole.

A possible variant of the invention, in which each form 5, 6 is made of a different building material than the building material that is used to form the corresponding wall 2, 3, while the building material of the corresponding form 5, 6 after hardening the building material of the corresponding wall 2, 3 removed by any known method, for example by vibration, or used as the material of the outer surfaces of the corresponding formed wall 2, 3.

To reduce the complexity and increase the manufacturing speed of blocks 1 and building objects as a whole, having a different spatial configuration, which allows you to quickly create different configuration of building objects, before applying the building material in forms 5, 6 to form the outer and inner walls 2, 3 make the mold 26 (FIG. 10) for forming at least one additional wall 27 into which building material is supplied simultaneously or sequentially (as described above with respect to form 5, 6) with its feeding into molds 5, 6 for forming the outer and inner walls 2, 3, i.e., for the same unified technological stage, during which the outer and inner walls 2, 3 are made. , 6, 26 building material before it hardens.

The mold 26 for forming at least one additional wall 27 is located between (Fig. 11) and / or above and / or below (the additional wall 27 shown in Fig. 10 can be perceived as either located above or below, depending on directions of visual inspection), and / or sideways (Fig. 12) of forms 5, 6 for forming the outer and inner walls 2, 3. It is possible to form several additional walls 27, and a different combination of the arrangement of additional walls 27 is possible. For example, in FIG. 11 depicts an embodiment of the present invention in which additional walls 27 are placed opposite between the outer and inner walls 2, 3, and in FIG. 12 depicts an embodiment of the present invention in which additional walls 27 are placed between and on the side of the outer and inner walls 2,3.

Various options for the placement of additional walls 26 accelerate the creation of hollow blocks 1 having a different spatial configuration, which allows you to quickly create different configuration of building objects.

In the mold 26, for forming at least one additional wall 27, reinforcing elements 28 are placed which are fastened with jumpers 4 (FIG. 12) or with reinforcing elements 18, which fasten the extreme parts 10 of jumpers 4 located on one side, i.e. in one form 5 or 6, or simultaneously with jumpers 4 and reinforcing elements 18. This increases the strength, rigidity and reliability of blocks 1, and also improves their earthquake resistance.

The inner surfaces of the molds 26 for forming the corresponding walls 27 can be made of various configurations.

The reinforcement elements 28, which are placed in each mold 26 to give rigidity and reliability to the additional wall 27, can be formed in the form of a second frame (not shown), which is placed along this additional wall 27. This gives uniform rigidity and strength to the wall 27. The second frame is performed similarly to the first frame 23 described above.

Molds 26 for forming additional walls 27 are oriented substantially vertically and / or horizontally.

Everything described above regarding walls 2, 3 and forms 5, 6 for their formation also applies to additional walls 27 and forms 26 for their formation.

That is, inside each mold 26 for forming each additional wall 27 from the side of the outer surface, there can be a change in the finishing building material, from which the outer finish 22 of the hollow block 1 is formed in the same one technological stage.

As described above, the additional walls 27 can be a different number, which depends on the options for spatial configurations of objects under construction.

In each form 26, grooves 14 are made to accommodate the spatial reinforcement cage 19, after which the formed gaps 15 are closed by sealing elements 16.

If necessary, several hollow blocks 1 are formed simultaneously in one technological stage. In this case, the spatial reinforcing cages of 19 adjacent hollow blocks 1 are connected with the formation of a single reinforced structure of a construction object having a single cavity for simultaneous filling with building material (not shown in the drawing).

Thus, the use of the proposed method makes it possible to create a hollow building block with a single universal reinforcing base, which makes it possible to produce hollow blocks of various spatial shapes, which makes it possible to create various shapes of building objects having a monolithic, uniform, strong and rigid structure while reducing labor intensity and increasing speed the manufacture of blocks and construction objects in general, increasing the reliability of blocks and building objects in general, improving their seismic stability, reducing the cost of facilities under construction and ensuring the possibility of using the proposed method with a limited scale of construction.

In this case, when forming walls 2, 3, 27 and hardening the building material fed into the molds 5, 6, 26, well-known techniques are used to compact the specified building material, for example, pressing this material using a vibrating press, vibrating the formwork.

To implement variants of the proposed method of manufacturing a hollow block can be used formwork made according to the invention.

As described above, the proposed formwork contains forms 5, 6 (Fig. 13) for forming the walls of the hollow block of building material capable of solidification, and reinforcing bridges 4 for fastening these walls. The formwork is adapted to form walls and fasten these walls with jumpers 4 at the same time in one technological stage and contains a separate form 5, 6 for forming each wall and means (for example, plate 20) for installing forms 5, 6 with the formation of a cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8 , 9.

The proposed formwork has components for the manufacture of any number of forms, for example, three forms 5, 6, 26, as shown in FIG. 14, where molds 5 and 6 are for manufacturing the outer and inner walls, and mold 26 is for manufacturing an additional wall. The benefits of having a third additional form 26 have been described in detail above.

The use of the proposed formwork provides the opportunity, by simultaneously forming any number of walls and fastening them with reinforcing bridges in one technological stage, to significantly reduce the complexity and increase the speed of manufacturing hollow blocks, which significantly reduces the cost of manufacturing blocks and construction objects as a whole.

At the same time, it is possible to manufacture individual forms 5, 6, 26 for forming individual walls, which ensures the creation of walls of various configurations and the creation of hollow building blocks of various spatial shapes, which enables the creation of construction objects of various shapes.

The presence of the means described above for mounting forms 5, 6 with the formation of a cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8, 9 (for example, plates 20) makes it possible to vary the thickness of the formed walls and blocks as a whole, having optimal solutions for reliability, economy, and aesthetics. This is because the manufacture of a separate mold 5, 6 for the formation of each wall makes it possible to fix the mold 5, 6 with different widths of the cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8, 9, which makes it possible to control the thickness of the block during its manufacture. It also makes it possible to separately change the thickness of each wall during its manufacture, which makes it possible to form walls that are uneven in width.

In addition, the use of the proposed formwork allows the manufacture of blocks with small dimensions and weight, which makes it possible to manufacture them directly in areas close to the area of the building under construction.

To increase the reliability, rigidity and strength of blocks and building objects as a whole, the formwork contains at least one jumper 4, across the extreme parts 10 of which the reinforcing elements 18 described above are fixed (similar to those shown in Fig. 3).

To increase the reliability, rigidity and strength of blocks and building objects as a whole, as well as to improve their seismic stability, the formwork contains the spatial reinforcing frame 19 described above, formed by at least four reinforcing bridges 4, at the ends of which reinforcing elements 18 are formed, which are formed in the form of first frames 23, each of which interconnects the extreme parts 10 of said jumpers 4 located on the corresponding side.

To increase the reliability, rigidity and strength of the blocks and buildings under construction as a whole, as well as to improve their seismic stability, each jumper 4 and each reinforcing element 18 is made integral. However, each reinforcing element 18 can be made and precast.

Moreover, each jumper 4 and each reinforcing element 18 are made of a material selected from the group: metal, polymeric material, composite material, material of wood origin.

To create optimal solutions for reliability, economy and aesthetics, as well as to improve their seismic stability, each shape has grooves 14 for accommodating at least one jumper 4 (as shown in FIG. 2) or spatial reinforcing cage 19 as shown in FIG. 13), while the formwork contains sealing elements 16 (similar to those shown in Fig. 2), adapted to close the gaps 15 formed after placing at least one jumper 4 or spatial reinforcing cage 19 in the grooves 14 of the corresponding forms 5, 6.

Each form 5, 6 represents a container 28 having at least one open part 29 for supplying the specified building material, while the formwork contains a liner 30, adapted to close this part 29.

The function of the open part 29 can be performed, for example, by the upper end part of the container 28 or holes (not shown in the drawing) made in the closed upper end part of the container 28 or any other embodiment of the container 28 suitable for similar purposes.

Each mold 5, 6, 26 can be made of building material used to make the corresponding wall. This reduces the complexity and increases the speed of manufacturing blocks and construction objects as a whole.

An embodiment is possible in which each mold 5, 6, 26 is made of a different building material than the building material used to make the corresponding wall. This increases the accuracy of the dimensions of the walls 2, 3, 27 of block 1.

Forms 5, 6 for forming the outer and inner walls 2, 3 may have different overall dimensions. This speeds up the creation of hollow blocks 1 having different wall thicknesses 2, 3.

The inner surfaces 8, 9 of forms 5, 6 for the manufacture of the corresponding walls 2, 3 can be made in various configurations. This speeds up the creation of hollow blocks 1 having a different spatial configuration, which allows you to quickly create various construction objects in configuration.

The connecting means for mounting the molds 5, 6 with the formation of a cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8, 9 (for example, the strip 20) is adapted to fix the molds 5, 6 with the possibility of installation movements relative to one another. This makes it possible to freely change the thickness of each block.

An embodiment of the present invention is possible in which the connecting means for mounting the molds 5, 6 with the formation of a cavity 7 between their inner surfaces 8, 9 is a cassette 31 (Fig. 13) having a base 32 and racks 33 adapted for fixing them on the base 32 with the possibility of installation movements and fixing of component parts forming the surfaces of individual forms 5, 6. This facilitates the possibility of changing the wall thickness and the thickness of the block as a whole.

As components that form the surfaces of individual forms 5, 6, the formwork contains outer panels 34, inner panels 35, end side plates 36 and end upper and lower plates 37.

At least one end strip 36 or 37 has, for example, an inlet (not shown in the drawing) for supplying a building material capable of hardening, for the simultaneous formation of the block walls and their fastening with jumpers 4.

To accelerate the creation of hollow blocks, including those having a lining, as components that form the surfaces of individual forms 5, 6, the formwork contains an external finish 22 (as shown in Fig. 5).

The formwork contains embedded parts (not shown in the drawing) for the formation of holes, channels, grooves and any other cavities in the walls 2, 3.

In addition, the formwork contains means for placing jumpers 4 or spatial reinforcing cage 19 in the grooves 14 of forms 5, 6 at a given level. This placement can be performed by any known method, for example, using a threshold 17 (Fig. 3) formed in the corresponding form 5, 6 in the manufacture of the corresponding grooves 14 for accommodating jumpers 4, or any other element, for example, a pin 17a simulating a threshold 17, attached to the inner wall 8, 9 of the corresponding form 5, 6 and suitable for supporting the corresponding jumper 4.

To accelerate the creation of building objects from hollow blocks, the formwork contains components for the simultaneous formation of several hollow blocks 1 in one technological stage.

Using the proposed formwork makes it possible to create hollow building blocks of various spatial shapes, which makes it possible to create construction objects of various shapes, while reducing labor intensity and increasing the production speed of blocks and building objects as a whole, increasing the reliability of blocks and building objects as a whole, reducing the cost of manufacturing blocks and facilities under construction as a whole, providing the possibility of manufacturing blocks with small dimensions and weight, which makes it possible to manufacture them directly in areas close to the area of the object under construction.

In addition, the use of the proposed formwork makes it possible to create a hollow building block with a single universal reinforcing base, which makes it possible to create blocks with different spatial configurations, which allows you to create various construction objects with a monolithic, uniform, strong and rigid structure that exactly matches the specified dimensions . This allows you to create arched (vertically located), radial (horizontally located), spherical and other monolithic objects that have, including concave or convex surfaces. The indicated design features of a hollow block made using the proposed formwork increase the seismic stability of the construction object as a whole, which allows the use of blocks for the construction of objects in earthquake-prone areas. Moreover, the presence in the proposed formwork of a spatial reinforcing cage significantly increases the reliability of the manufactured blocks, which increases the reliability of the buildings under construction as a whole. Moreover, the blocks made using the proposed formwork in a building object form a single reinforced power structure with formed walls, having a single cavity, designed for simultaneous filling or pouring with construction mixtures or mortars. This, in turn, allows the building object to be mounted and filled with building materials not in rows, but in a much larger volume, for example, on the floor, which ensures monolithic uniformity, strength and rigidity of the construction object as a whole, eliminates its cellularity and lamination, and the formation of “bridges” is excluded cold ”, which reduces the thermal conductivity of the object and increases the thermal insulation properties of the object, and also significantly increases the speed of construction. At the same time, the ability to mount and fill a building object with building materials not in rows, but in a much larger volume ensures the absence of joints in hardened building materials, which makes it possible to use the invention in the construction of swimming pools and other construction objects that are in contact with the aquatic environment.

Claims (39)

1. A method of manufacturing a hollow block, comprising the following operations: forming from a building material capable of hardening at least two walls of the hollow block and fastening them with at least one reinforcing bridge, characterized in that these operations are carried out in one technological stage using a formwork containing a separate form for the formation of each wall, set these forms with the formation of a cavity between their inner surfaces, place the extreme parts, at least one jumper inside the respective forms, place the Central part of at least one jumper in the specified cavity, after which the specified building material is fed into the specified forms and kept until solidified. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the building material is fed into these forms simultaneously or sequentially. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that in each form a groove is made to accommodate the corresponding jumper, while the gaps formed after the jumper is placed are closed by sealing elements. 4. The method according to p. 3, characterized in that across the corresponding extreme parts of at least one jumper fasten the reinforcing element. 5. The method according to p. 3, characterized in that the fastening of the walls of the hollow block is carried out by at least two jumpers, the extreme parts of which are located on one side, are connected by reinforcing elements forming a spatial reinforcing frame with jumpers. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, characterized in that each form is made of building material that is used to form the corresponding wall, and the building material of the corresponding shape after the building material of the corresponding wall has hardened is used as the outer surfaces of the formed wall. 7. The method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs. 1-5, characterized in that each form is made of a different building material than the building material that is used to form the corresponding wall, while the building material of the corresponding shape after hardening the building material of the corresponding wall is removed or used as the outer surfaces of the formed wall. 8. The method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs. 1-5, characterized in that the inner surface of the molds for forming the corresponding walls perform various configurations. 9. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that inside the mold for forming at least one wall from the side of its outer surface, a finishing building material is placed, from which simultaneously with the formation of the walls they form a hollow block finish. 10. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that at the same time for one technological stage form several hollow blocks. 11. A method of manufacturing a hollow block, including the following operations: the formation of the outer and inner walls of the hollow block of building material capable of hardening, and the fastening of these walls with reinforcing jumpers, characterized in that these operations are carried out in one technological stage using a formwork containing a separate a mold for the formation of each wall and a spatial reinforcing cage, which is made by connecting the extreme parts of the AC located on one side tabs with reinforcing elements, they establish forms with the formation of a cavity between their internal surfaces, establish a spatial reinforcing cage by placing the extreme parts of the jumpers with reinforcing elements inside the respective forms and placing the central parts of the jumpers in the formed cavity, after which the specified building material is fed into the molds and held for hardening. 12. The method according to p. 11, characterized in that the building material is fed into these forms simultaneously or sequentially. 13. The method according to p. 11, characterized in that in each form, grooves are made to accommodate the spatial reinforcement cage, while the gaps formed after the casing is placed are closed by sealing elements. 14. The method according to p. 11, characterized in that the spatial reinforcing cage is made of four jumpers, the extreme parts of which are connected on each side by reinforcing elements, which are formed in the form of first frames, each of which is placed along the corresponding wall. 15. The method according to p. 11, characterized in that before supplying the building material, at least one mold is made for forming an additional wall, into which the building material is fed simultaneously with its feed into the molds for forming the outer and inner walls. 16. The method according to p. 15, characterized in that at least one form for forming an additional wall is placed between and / or above and / or below and / or side of the forms for forming the outer and inner walls. 17. The method according to p. 16, characterized in that in each form for forming an additional wall fittings are placed that are fastened with jumpers and / or with reinforcing elements, which connect the extreme parts of the jumpers located on one side. 18. The method according to p. 17, characterized in that the reinforcement elements, which are placed in each form to form an additional wall, are formed in the form of a second frame, which is placed along this wall. 19. The method according to p. 15, characterized in that the forms for forming the walls are oriented essentially vertically and / or horizontally. 20. The method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs. 11-19, characterized in that each form is made of a building material that is used to form the corresponding wall, and the building material of the corresponding shape after the building material of the corresponding wall has hardened is used as the outer surfaces of the formed wall. 21. The method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs. 11-19, characterized in that each form is made of a different building material than the building material that is used to form the corresponding wall, while the building material of the corresponding shape after hardening the building material of the corresponding wall is removed or used as the outer surfaces of the formed wall. 22. The method according to any one of the preceding paragraphs. 11-19, characterized in that the inner surfaces of the molds for forming the corresponding walls perform various configurations. 23. The method according to p. 11 or 15, characterized in that inside the mold for forming the corresponding wall from the side of the outer surface is placed finishing building material, from which simultaneously with the formation of the walls form the outer finish of the hollow block. 24. The method according to p. 11, characterized in that at the same time in one technological stage form several hollow blocks. 25. The method according to p. 24, characterized in that the spatial reinforcing cages of adjacent hollow blocks are connected with the formation of a single reinforced structure of a construction object having a single cavity for simultaneous filling with building material. 26. The formwork for the manufacture of a hollow block, containing a form for forming the walls of the block from building material capable of hardening, and at least one reinforcing bridge for fastening said walls, characterized in that the formwork is adapted to form walls and fasten them, according to at least one reinforcing bridge at the same time for one technological stage and contains a separate mold for the formation of each wall and means for setting shapes with the formation of a cavity between their internal surfaces surfaces. 27. The formwork according to claim 26, wherein the at least one reinforcing bridge has reinforcing elements fixed across the extreme parts of this bridge. 28. The formwork according to claim 26, characterized in that it comprises a spatial reinforcing cage formed by at least four reinforcing bridges, at the ends of which reinforcing elements formed in the form of the first frames are fixed. 29. Formwork according to any one of the preceding paragraphs. 26-28, characterized in that each jumper and each reinforcing element are made of a material selected from the group: metal, polymeric material, composite material, material of wood origin. 30. The formwork according to claim 26 or 28, characterized in that each form has grooves for accommodating at least one reinforcing bridge or spatial reinforcing cage, while the formwork contains sealing elements adapted to close the gaps formed after placement, according to at least one reinforcing bridge or spatial reinforcing cage. 31. The formwork according to claim 26, wherein each form is a container having an open part for supplying said building material, wherein the formwork comprises an insert adapted to close this part. 32. The formwork according to claim 26, wherein each form is made of building material used to form the corresponding wall. 33. The formwork according to claim 26, wherein each form is made of a different building material than the building material used to form the corresponding wall. 34. The formwork according to claim 26, characterized in that the forms for forming the outer and inner walls have different overall dimensions. 35. The formwork according to claim 26, characterized in that the inner surfaces of the molds for forming the corresponding walls are of various configurations. 36. The formwork according to claim 26, characterized in that the means for installing the molds with the formation of a cavity between their inner surfaces is adapted to fix the molds with the possibility of installation movements relative to one another. 37. The formwork according to claim 36, characterized in that the means for setting the molds with the formation of a cavity between their inner surfaces is a cassette having a base and racks adapted for fixing on the base with the possibility of installation movements and fixation of components that form the surfaces of individual forms . 38. The formwork according to claim 37, characterized in that, as component parts forming the surfaces of the individual forms, the formwork contains an external finish. 39. The formwork according to claim 26, characterized in that it contains components that form the surfaces of individual forms, for the simultaneous formation of several hollow blocks in one technological stage.

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