RU2462854C2 - Method of biological reclamation of waste dumps of diamond opencasts - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of rehabilitation and ecology. The method comprises the top of the heap dumping with potentially fertile soils from the nearby alluvial deposits. And on a slope the small terraces are made on the dumping rocks, plant seeds are collected on drainage dumps, fertiliser is applied. Sowing seeds is carried out on the made and non-dumped sites, seedlings are planted on the surface of the dump. Revegetation of dump is carried out without irrigation.

EFFECT: method enables to speed up the process of recovery succession on dumps and to reduce the area of disturbed areas.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of ecology, in particular the restoration of land disturbed by industrial enterprises and the prevention of negative factors of the influence of industrial waste - dumps of empty rocks of a diamond mine on the state of the environment and the health of the population of the city by sowing grass seeds.

There are various methods of biological reclamation of industrial dumps. In particular, a method comprising introducing waste from chemical industries onto the surface of the soil, using sludge as waste from a soda plant in an amount of 10-40 kg / m ² . Then carry out plowing. After plowing, additional activated sludge from the treatment facilities of the chemical plant is added in the amount of 4-5 kg / m ² followed by sowing of plant seeds (RF Patent No. 2336684. 10.27.2008).

The disadvantage of this method is that this method can be applied on gentle slopes of the blade and work is carried out mechanically.

The closest analogue to the claimed is a method of afforestation of industrial waste dumps (RF Patent No. 2186474, 08/10/2002).

The method consists in the fact that sewage sludge from sewage treatment plants with a capacity of 15-20 cm on the slope part and up to 10 cm on the horizontal is applied to the surface of industrial waste dumps as bulk soil. After the formation of the longline dump along its entire surface, trees and shrubs are planted, followed by sowing grass seeds.

The disadvantage of this method is that wastewater sludge is not always suitable for biological reclamation, especially near settlements. To use this method, a tree nursery is required, which is not available in all regions, especially in the North.

The aim of the invention is to reduce the cost and facilitate the restoration of land disturbed by industrial enterprises, in particular the restoration of vegetation on dumps.

Reclamation of dumps in the permafrost zone has its own characteristics:

- there are no fertile or potentially fertile breeds for dumping dumps due to the insignificant thickness of the fertile layer of natural soils;

- the process of self-growth of dumps lasts a very long time, therefore it does not interfere with cryogenic and erosion processes;

- there are no forest plantation nurseries, and there are no forest areas in the north.

In such conditions, the initial task is to search for economically feasible, but at the same time sufficient methods for biological reclamation:

- sowing seeds of plants of wild flora collected from the surrounding dumps of empty rocks of diamond quarries of plant communities;

- sowing plants on the slopes of the dump with the introduction of mineral fertilizers without applying a fertile layer.

Figure 1 shows the location of the dumps of the Mir quarry. Empty mother rocks from quarries (some depth reaches up to 400 m) are scattered on the watershed areas cleaned from land cover not far from deposits. They are characterized by a large heterogeneity of the composition and size of the loose rocks. The bedrock is represented by Mesozoic and Paleozoic siltstones and sandstones with interlayers of conglomerates mixed with clays and loams with a significant pyrite content. Selective dumping of dumps was not performed.

The age of the oldest dumps does not exceed 20-30 years.

As shown by comprehensive environmental studies, technical remediation was carried out in violation of the requirements of GOST 17.5.3.04.-83. "Protection of Nature. Of the earth. General requirements for land reclamation. " On dumps, the norms of longline dumping, slope angles and dump heights are not maintained, which makes it very difficult to carry out biological reclamation works.

Pilot production works have been carried out since 2006 at dump No. 6, which is located directly above the Mir quarry itself and is a “man-made mountain” up to 60 m high and a slope up to 60 °. For plots, the western exposition of the dump is reserved.

The dump consists of blue rocks, heavily rammed and slightly susceptible to wind erosion. By mechanical composition, they range from medium loam to clay. The rocks have an alkaline reaction (pH 7.7-8.2). The degree of salinity is from weak to acidic; the type of salinity is sulfate-chloride and chloride.

First of all, the upper part of the dump (approximately 1/3 part) was scoured with potentially fertile soils from nearby placer deposits (Fig. 3).

Biological reclamation was carried out in the following order:

- manual design on the slope of the dump of small terraces on bulk rocks;

- collection of grass seeds on dragee dumps;

- Fertilizing on decorated terraces and not covered areas;

- sowing of seeds in filled and not covered areas (Fig. 4);

- planting seedlings on the surface of the blade;

- work is carried out without watering.

Seeds of the following plant species were collected: gauze, wormwood, Ivan-tea, astragalus, sweet clover, mouse peas, clover, plantain, raspberries, dogrose, grassroot, barley, bilberry, hull, grits, sorrel. Also, the seeds of zoned varieties of scallop and grassgrass were purchased at the Institute of Northern Meadow Cultivation of the Academy of Sciences of the PC (I).

The seeding rate is an average of 30 kg / ha.

In Mirny Forestry, planting material was purchased - 100 seedlings of wild rose, raspberry, and shrub birch. Seedlings were planted on the surface of the dump, and between the rows sowing seeds of grassroots was carried out.

The results of experimental work.

According to the results of observations it was established (Fig. 5-8):

- seedlings began to appear in the 3rd year, first on the dumped area, and then on the not sprayed one ”(Fig. 4);

- in 2007, the entire western side of the dump was overgrown with herbs, especially Ivan tea, sow thistle and wormwood, and since 2008, shoots of shrubs (willow, dogrose, birch) appeared (Fig. 5); currently the average projective cover of grass stands is up to 60%;

- on the surface of the dump, the survival rate of seedlings is only 25% (raspberries, rose hips, birch, alder);

- experimental work was the beginning of the development of biological remediation projects on the disturbed lands of the Mirny GOK (dumps No. 1, 2 and deposits), thus, the work received innovative development;

- Currently, biological reclamation is carried out on reclamation projects.

The technical, economic and social effect of using this method:

- reduction of areas of disturbed territories, which positively affects the state of the environment;

- acceleration of the process of recovery succession on dumps several times, because diamonds have been mined since the 1950s, but there is still no overgrown dump;

- the method helps to reduce cash costs for the biological stage of reclamation.

Claims (1)

A method for the restoration of industrial dumps of diamond pits, including the filling of the upper part of the dump with potentially fertile soils from nearby placer deposits, characterized in that small terraces on loose rocks are formed on the slope, plant seeds are collected on drainage dumps, fertilizer is applied, seeds are sown on decorated and uncultivated areas, plant seedlings on the surface of the dump, while the restoration of vegetation on the dump is carried out without watering.

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