RU2437951C2 - Сталь для холодной обработки металлов - Google Patents
Сталь для холодной обработки металлов Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- RU2437951C2 RU2437951C2 RU2008136562/02A RU2008136562A RU2437951C2 RU 2437951 C2 RU2437951 C2 RU 2437951C2 RU 2008136562/02 A RU2008136562/02 A RU 2008136562/02A RU 2008136562 A RU2008136562 A RU 2008136562A RU 2437951 C2 RU2437951 C2 RU 2437951C2
- Authority
- RU
- Russia
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- steel according
- maximum
- content
- carbides
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 250
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 250
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 3
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical group N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052757 nitrogen Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 27
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 19
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 14
- 241000765309 Vanadis Species 0.000 description 13
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 5
- -1 that is Substances 0.000 description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical group [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000008207 working material Substances 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000641 cold extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000005555 metalworking Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZLANVVMKMCTKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanidylidynevanadium(1+) Chemical class [V+]#[C-] ZLANVVMKMCTKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000161 steel melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002075 main ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- VCTOKJRTAUILIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);sulfide Chemical class [S-2].[Mn+2] VCTOKJRTAUILIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004901 spalling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
- C22C33/0285—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5% with Cr, Co, or Ni having a minimum content higher than 5%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/36—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.7% by weight of carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE0600841A SE0600841L (sv) | 2006-04-13 | 2006-04-13 | Kallarbetsstål |
| SE0600841-1 | 2006-04-13 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| RU2008136562A RU2008136562A (ru) | 2010-05-20 |
| RU2437951C2 true RU2437951C2 (ru) | 2011-12-27 |
Family
ID=38609787
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| RU2008136562/02A RU2437951C2 (ru) | 2006-04-13 | 2007-04-12 | Сталь для холодной обработки металлов |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20090010795A1 (es) |
| EP (1) | EP2004870B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP5323679B2 (es) |
| KR (1) | KR20080110674A (es) |
| CN (1) | CN101421430B (es) |
| AU (1) | AU2007239111B2 (es) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0709944A2 (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2644363A1 (es) |
| MX (1) | MX2008012947A (es) |
| RU (1) | RU2437951C2 (es) |
| SE (1) | SE0600841L (es) |
| TW (1) | TWI365916B (es) |
| WO (1) | WO2007120110A1 (es) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2695692C2 (ru) * | 2014-07-16 | 2019-07-25 | Уддехольмс АБ | Инструментальная сталь для холодной обработки |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATE556798T1 (de) | 2008-09-12 | 2012-05-15 | Klein Ag L | Artikel aus pulvermetallurgischem, bleifreiem automatenstahl und herstellungsverfahren dafür |
| EP2662166A1 (de) * | 2012-05-08 | 2013-11-13 | Böhler Edelstahl GmbH & Co KG | Werkstoff mit hoher Beständigkeit gegen Verschleiss |
| RU2674540C2 (ru) * | 2014-01-16 | 2018-12-11 | Уддехольмс АБ | Нержавеющая сталь и корпус режущего инструмента, изготовленный из нержавеющей стали |
| EP2896714B1 (en) * | 2014-01-17 | 2016-04-13 | voestalpine Precision Strip AB | Creping blade and method for its manufacturing |
| EP2933345A1 (en) * | 2014-04-14 | 2015-10-21 | Uddeholms AB | Cold work tool steel |
| EP3165308B1 (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2018-07-18 | CRS Holdings, Inc. | Free-machining powder metallurgy steel articles and method of making same |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4224060A (en) * | 1977-12-29 | 1980-09-23 | Acos Villares S.A. | Hard alloys |
| US4249945A (en) * | 1978-09-20 | 1981-02-10 | Crucible Inc. | Powder-metallurgy steel article with high vanadium-carbide content |
| SE457356C (sv) * | 1986-12-30 | 1990-01-15 | Uddeholm Tooling Ab | Verktygsstaal avsett foer kallbearbetning |
| SE456650C (sv) * | 1987-03-19 | 1989-10-16 | Uddeholm Tooling Ab | Pulvermetallurgiskt framstaellt kallarbetsstaal |
| JPH01152242A (ja) * | 1987-12-10 | 1989-06-14 | Sanyo Special Steel Co Ltd | 粉末冶金法による高靭性高速度鋼 |
| JPH06240418A (ja) * | 1992-12-21 | 1994-08-30 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | 熱間圧延用焼結ロールおよびその製造方法 |
| JP3221468B2 (ja) * | 1993-06-14 | 2001-10-22 | 関東特殊製鋼株式会社 | 熱間圧延用ロール材 |
| US6057045A (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 2000-05-02 | Crucible Materials Corporation | High-speed steel article |
| JP3772202B2 (ja) * | 1998-04-06 | 2006-05-10 | 日鉄ハイパーメタル株式会社 | 冷間圧延用複合ワークロール及びその製造方法 |
| SE514226C2 (sv) * | 1999-04-30 | 2001-01-22 | Uddeholm Tooling Ab | Kallarbetsverktyg av stål, dess användning och tillverkning |
| SE514410C2 (sv) * | 1999-06-16 | 2001-02-19 | Erasteel Kloster Ab | Pulvermetallurgiskt framställt stål |
| JP2001011564A (ja) * | 1999-06-23 | 2001-01-16 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | 耐摩耗耐焼付性熱間圧延用ロール |
| WO2002086177A1 (en) * | 2001-04-25 | 2002-10-31 | Uddeholm Tooling Aktiebolag | Steel article |
| SE519278C2 (sv) * | 2001-06-21 | 2003-02-11 | Uddeholm Tooling Ab | Kallarbetsstål |
| ATE518969T1 (de) * | 2002-06-13 | 2011-08-15 | Uddeholms Ab | Kaltarbeitsstahl und kaltarbeitswerkzeug |
| CN101018880B (zh) * | 2004-09-13 | 2011-06-01 | 日立金属株式会社 | 轧辊用离心铸造外层及其制造方法 |
| DE102005020081A1 (de) * | 2005-04-29 | 2006-11-09 | Köppern Entwicklungs-GmbH | Pulvermetallurgisch hergestellter, verschleißbeständiger Werkstoff |
-
2006
- 2006-04-13 SE SE0600841A patent/SE0600841L/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2007
- 2007-04-12 MX MX2008012947A patent/MX2008012947A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2007-04-12 RU RU2008136562/02A patent/RU2437951C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-04-12 BR BRPI0709944-4A patent/BRPI0709944A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-04-12 KR KR1020087027788A patent/KR20080110674A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-04-12 CN CN2007800132009A patent/CN101421430B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-04-12 CA CA002644363A patent/CA2644363A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-04-12 EP EP07748400.4A patent/EP2004870B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-04-12 WO PCT/SE2007/050239 patent/WO2007120110A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-04-12 JP JP2009505332A patent/JP5323679B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-04-12 AU AU2007239111A patent/AU2007239111B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-04-12 US US12/281,609 patent/US20090010795A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-04-13 TW TW096112984A patent/TWI365916B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2695692C2 (ru) * | 2014-07-16 | 2019-07-25 | Уддехольмс АБ | Инструментальная сталь для холодной обработки |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2007239111B2 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
| RU2008136562A (ru) | 2010-05-20 |
| TW200745352A (en) | 2007-12-16 |
| AU2007239111A1 (en) | 2007-10-25 |
| JP5323679B2 (ja) | 2013-10-23 |
| SE0600841L (sv) | 2007-10-14 |
| CN101421430A (zh) | 2009-04-29 |
| TWI365916B (en) | 2012-06-11 |
| EP2004870A1 (en) | 2008-12-24 |
| EP2004870B1 (en) | 2014-02-12 |
| EP2004870A4 (en) | 2012-03-28 |
| US20090010795A1 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
| JP2009533554A (ja) | 2009-09-17 |
| KR20080110674A (ko) | 2008-12-18 |
| MX2008012947A (es) | 2008-10-15 |
| WO2007120110A1 (en) | 2007-10-25 |
| BRPI0709944A2 (pt) | 2011-08-02 |
| CN101421430B (zh) | 2012-03-14 |
| CA2644363A1 (en) | 2007-10-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MM4A | The patent is invalid due to non-payment of fees |
Effective date: 20150413 |