RU2415231C2 - Method to erect building from finished elements - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: in method to erect building from finished elements, comprising several concrete boards, corresponding to external walls, floor and roof of building, external wall boards are installed in vertical position, and ceiling board is lifted with application of lifting accessories arranged in openings and holes made accordingly in external wall boards and ceiling slabs. Longer external wall boards are installed in vertical position first, then shorter external wall boards are installed in vertical position, afterwards ceiling slab is lifted. According fixtures are installed in specified holes and openings for connection of boards with specified lifting accessories.

EFFECT: reduced labour expenditures in erection of a building.

9 cl, 9 dwg

Description

Technical field

The present invention relates to the construction of buildings, in particular to the construction of buildings using prefabricated concrete panels. Buildings of this type include small buildings, such as private houses, warehouses, industrial premises or workshops.

State of the art

There are various methods of building small-sized buildings made of concrete, which is poured into the formwork for its subsequent curing with the formation of structural elements of the building, such as foundation slabs, supports, floor panels, etc.

Various methods of building buildings from prefabricated concrete slabs are also known, which are placed on the foundation or floor of the building with the direct creation of the walls, floor and roof of the building. In this case, concrete slabs, as a rule, are delivered to the construction site in a ready-made condition, however, sometimes they are made “on site” by making window and door openings in such slabs.

The installation of such slabs having a large mass usually requires the use of expensive lifting equipment, such as large-sized cranes, which require a large area for stable placement on the construction site. In addition, additional holding means, such as, for example, hooks, slings or similar elements, can additionally be used to hold and move said slabs during their installation by said lifting equipment. Along with high financial and time costs for installation, accidents often occur due to breakdowns of these additional holding elements, which, if the slab falls from a high height, can lead to breakdown of equipment and loss of life, as well as to complete or partial destruction of the mounted slabs and a building being built.

In this regard, it became obvious that it is necessary to provide a method of building buildings of the above type, which, thanks to the use of simple lifting devices to raise these plates, simplifies and cheapens the installation process. To this end, a method was proposed according to which several lifting devices are used installed on the foundation of a building being constructed, said devices being placed in door and window openings, and also fasteners are used to fasten said plates to such lifting devices located in said openings, providing controlled and safe movement of plates in an upright position.

The above problem is solved by creating the invention according to claim 1, the preferred embodiments of which are described in the dependent claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for erecting a building from prefabricated elements, which is formed from plates corresponding to the external walls, floor and roof of the building, the external wall panels having window and door openings.

This method is characterized in that two external wall plates are placed parallel to each other in a horizontal position on the floor plate, so that one side of each plate is aligned respectively with one of the parallel edges of the floor plate, lifting devices are fixed on the floor plate, placing them respectively in the window openings of the external wall plates, and these devices contain a fixed part and a movable part, which are made respectively stationary and movable relative to the specified floor plate, and decree these movable parts of the lifting devices are attached to the fasteners that are located in these openings and are attached to the plates; the external wall plates are lifted by deflecting them relative to their lower edge until the indicated plates reach a vertical position, and then in the window openings of the external wall plates opposite each other, a support structure is placed, which in turn is attached to both external wall plates by means of fixing elements, after which repeats the above operations for two other external wall plates and connect all four external wall plates to each other.

Then, on the floor plate, in the space between the four external wall plates, there is a ceiling plate in which holes are made, located in accordance with the location of the lifting devices that were used in the previous steps, the movable part of these devices is connected to the fasteners located in these holes, the ceiling plate raise to a height exceeding the height of the outer-wall plates, and attach to the upper edges of these four outer-new plates.

Thus, the use of simple lifting devices allows you to translate these external wall plates of the building in a vertical position and allows a simpler way to raise the ceiling plate to the required height without the need for expensive lifting equipment, such as cranes. In addition, the described method allows the use of the same lifting devices for lifting both the outer wall plates and the ceiling plate.

The outer wall plate may have at least one window opening.

These lifting devices may, in turn, comprise hydraulic jacks, at least one of which is placed in at least two window openings of the external wall plates.

Also, according to the specified method, one lifting device can be used to lift one external wall plate (with a single window opening), while the weight of the specified plate must correspond to the carrying capacity of the specified lifting device. If the weight of the plate exceeds the capacity of the lifting device, at least two lifting devices must be used to lift each outer wall plate. The number of lifting devices is determined taking into account the properties of each specified device and taking into account the weight of the external wall plate.

At least two metal rods made in the form of brackets from a corner can be used to connect the outer-wall plates to each other. One of these rods is placed on the inner surface of these slabs, another rod is placed on the outer surface of these slabs, and they are connected to each other and to the corresponding external wall slab by subsequent pouring of concrete.

Thus, a stable and reliable connection of these four external wall plates is ensured.

In the ceiling plates and floor plates perpendicular to the connecting edges of these plates may be located a number of rods with curved ends.

The use of rods of a similar configuration and placed in a similar way allows you to make the connection between the plates more rigid and resistant to various influences to which the building can be exposed.

The rods of the ceiling plate can initially be bent, and after raising the specified plate above the upper edges of the outer-wall plates, they can be straightened.

Thus, it is possible to place the ceiling plate on the floor plate in the space formed by the four external wall plates, and after raising the specified ceiling plate, rods can be straightened, which can be used as reinforcing elements when connecting the ceiling plate to the external wall plates.

The fasteners located in the window openings of the external wall plates and connected to the movable part of the lifting devices contain at least one rod that has a curved central part for connection with the specified movable part and whose ends are inserted into the plate at the stage of its production.

These rods are used to suspend plates on the moving part of the lifting device, which includes an axis perpendicular to the direction of movement of the specified moving part relative to the fixed part.

The specified supporting structure can be formed by two parallel rods, on each of which are fixed elements for fixing the specified supporting structure to the outer wall plates. These connecting means include two clamps, one of which is located on the outer side of the outer wall plate, and the other on its inner side, and threaded bushings located behind these clamps and made with the possibility of screwing onto the threaded sections located on each of these rods.

The use of these clamps allows for rigid connection of the supporting structure with two external wall plates, forming, in turn, a reliable structure and preventing the plates from falling to the ground under their own weight.

In addition, the reinforcing rods used to connect the ceiling plate to external wall plates contain an inner bracket from the corner and an external formwork with one wavy surface, which forms a ledge of the cornice of the specified ceiling plate after it is connected to the specified external wall plates using concrete.

Thus, a reliable connection of the ceiling plate and the external wall plates is ensured. In addition, the corrugated edge surface of the cornice of the building provides the best aesthetic effect.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The present invention is presented below in the form of several possible embodiments, for a better understanding of which the accompanying drawings are given. These drawings are illustrative and do not limit the above embodiments of the present invention.

Figure 1 shows a perspective view of an example of a building constructed using the proposed method.

Figure 2 shows a top view of an example layout of a building in which rooms are built using the proposed method.

Figure 3 shows a top view of the floor slab and two slabs corresponding to two parallel external walls, at the first stage of building construction using the proposed method.

Figure 4 shows a top view similar to that shown in Figure 3 for a second variant of the proposed method, in which the external wall plates are connected to the floor plate.

On figa-5C shows several sections in the plane I-I (see figure 3), which illustrates the various stages of installation of two external wall plates using the proposed method.

6 is a section along the plane I-I (see FIG. 3), illustrating the final stage of installation of two external wall plates when they are installed in a vertical position, and the connection of the supporting structure with external wall plates is shown in detail.

7 shows a top view of a floor slab and four slabs corresponding to external walls before joining them.

On Fig shows a top view of the floor plate on which the ceiling plate is located before it is raised.

On figa and 9B shows the cuts along the plane II-II (see Fig.8), which illustrates the steps of lifting the ceiling plate relative to the external wall plates and floor slabs.

Description of one embodiment of the invention

Figure 3 shows a top view illustrating the first stage of the construction process using the proposed method. The drawing shows a floor slab (1), which forms the floor of a building being constructed and is made of a ready-made concrete slab, with two external wall slabs (2-2 ') located on it, which are also made of ready-made concrete slabs and in each of which there are two window the opening, respectively (3-4) and (3'-4 '), the number of which, however, can vary from one or more.

The indicated openings (3-4) and (3'-4 ') were made in the manufacture of concrete slabs by molding from reinforced concrete.

In the window openings are located lifting devices (5-6) and (5'-6 '), which are attached to the plate (1) and which, in particular, are hydraulic or pneumatic jacks or similar lifting devices.

In turn, the window openings also have holders, which in this embodiment of the invention are corrugated steel rods (7-7 '), in the middle of which there are bends and which are inserted into the concrete slabs (2-2') at the stage of forming these plates . The bending zone of the rods (7-7 ') determines the connection with devices (5-6) and (5'-6'), and in particular with the movable part (8) of these lifting devices, which is carried out using the axis (9), mounted perpendicular to the specified movable part.

The devices (5-5 ') and (6-6') are interconnected by respective rods 31 for securing the relative position, which, in turn, are attached to the plate (1) using known means, such as screws and rivets. The devices (5-6) and (5'-6 ') are made with the possibility of rotation relative to the plate (1) due to the hinge (10). The rotation is carried out in a plane perpendicular to the plate (1) and perpendicular to the plates themselves (2-2 ').

As can be seen from the drawings, the plate (2) is connected with the rod (7), which, in turn, is connected to the movable part (8) of the lifting device, while the devices (5-6) remain fixed relative to the plate (1). When activating the devices (5-6), the moving parts (8) begin to move relative to the fixed parts and relative to the plate (1). Thus, the plate (2) is rotated or, better to say, deviates relative to the axis coinciding with one of the lower edges, which serves as a support when lifting the plate (1).

The deflecting movement is illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5C. The rod (7) can be rotated about the axis (9), thus ensuring the conversion of the linear movement of the devices (5-6) into the rotary movement of the plate (2).

The lifting process continues until the stove (2) reaches a vertical position, i.e. the position in which it is perpendicular to the plate (1).

The rise of both plates (2-2 ') is carried out in one operation, as a result of which these plates are installed parallel to each other. To prevent the plates from falling to the ground under the influence of their own weight, an auxiliary supporting structure (11) is used, which is inserted through the openings (3-3 ') or (4-4') corresponding to the opposite windows of the corresponding plates (2-2 ').

The specified structure (11) is formed by at least two parallel rods (30), interconnected using a number of rods, which are inclined to the specified rods (30), forming a spatial structure. Connecting means for connecting with window openings are located at the ends of each of said rods (30), providing, in particular, the ability to connect to the sides of the window openings. These connecting means include two clamps (13-14), with one clamp (14) located on the outside of the outer wall plate, and the other clamp (13) on the inside, as shown in Fig.6, and the corresponding threaded bushings (15) located behind these clamps and made with the possibility of screwing onto threaded sections made on each of these rods (30). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, devices commonly used for moving and lifting scaffolding that are welded to the ends of the rods (30) can be used, so that the distance between them is greater than the thickness of these plates (2-2 ').

By attaching the structure (11) to the slabs (2-2 '), the rigidity of the structure increases and the possibility of slabs falling to the ground under its own weight is prevented.

Similar actions are repeated in relation to two other external wall plates (16-16 ') of the structure, perpendicular to the plates (2-2'), i.e. they are placed horizontally on the plate (1) and use the same devices (5-6) and (5'-6 '), so that you can use the same elements that were used to raise the plates (2-2'), or other lifting fixtures and similar support structure (11). Thus, four slabs, that is, slabs (16-16 ') and slabs (2-2') of the structure, are placed to allow their subsequent connection with each other, as shown in Fig.6.

Plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') are connected perpendicular to each other by means of corrugated rods (17) with bent ends, which are embedded in the plates at the stage of their manufacture. These rods (17) correspond to the ends of the reinforcing cage placed inside the concrete slab during its manufacture "in place".

The plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') of the four external walls are connected using the corresponding metal reinforcing rods (18-19) located on the edges of these building plates. In particular, two metal reinforcing rods are used, made in the form of brackets from a corner, moreover, one said rod (18) is placed on the inner surface of said plates, and the other said rod (19) is placed on the outer surface of said plates. These rods are interconnected and connected to the corresponding external wall slabs for subsequent pouring concrete into the gap between these adjacent slabs, thus ensuring a reliable and durable connection of the four plates (2-2 ') and (16-16').

Thus, the walls of the building are installed. It remains to establish the roof, which is as follows.

On Fig shows a ceiling plate (20) located on the plate (1) in the space formed by four plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') after their connection. At least four holes (21) are made in the plate (20), in this case having a circular shape, in order to ensure the installation of the corresponding lifting devices (5-6) and (5'-6 '). Each of these openings is equipped with connecting means similar to those used for external wall plates. These funds have the form of curved rods (22), the ends of which are mounted in the plate (20) at the stage of its production. In addition, these rods determine the connection with the lifting devices (5-6) and (5'-6 '), so that while lifting the moving parts of these four lifting devices, the plate (20) in turn can rise parallel to the plate (1) until it reaches a height approximately equal to the height of the external wall plates. In this case, the devices (5-6) and (5'-6 ') are fixed on the plate (1) to prevent their rotation relative to this plate, using a sleeve attached to the plate (1), or a similar element that can hold the fixed part of the devices (5-6) and (5'-6 ') from turning.

The plate (20), in turn, has a number of rods (23) having a hook-shaped shape and made of corrugated steel. These rods are introduced into the plate when forming the specified plate using a reinforcing frame. In particular, the rods (23) are bent while the plate (20) is on the plate (1), so that the plate (20) and its curved rods (23) are placed in the space formed by these external wall plates. After raising the plate (20) to the desired height, the rods (23) are straightened, so that they extend beyond the upper edges of the plates (2-2 ') and (16-16').

As shown in FIG. 9A, the upper edges of the plates (2-2 ′) and (16-16 ′) and the plates (20) are connected using the indicated rods (23) and the rods (24) of the corresponding external wall plates using the corresponding metal reinforcing rods , which, as a rule, have a flat shape, one of which is made in the form of a corner (25) and it is placed on the inner surface of the plate (20) and the corresponding external wall plate, and the other in the form of a cornice or external formwork (26), which is fixed on the outer surface of these external wall plates, limiting the space ud subsequently poured reinforced concrete to connect these plates.

Figure 4 shows a top view similar to that shown in figure 3, in which grooves (27) are made in the plate (1), into which the rods of the lower edge of the plates (2-2 ') are placed when lifting these plates (2-2 ') and their subsequent installation in a vertical position.

On the upper part of the windows, step-shaped overlays can be located (see Fig. 1) to provide a more aesthetic appearance of the structure after its construction. These pads can be independently mounted on both sides of the window frame or can be in the form of a one-piece structure and can be installed on the entire window frame.

The specified formwork (26) used to connect the slab (20) to the slabs (2-2 ') and (16-16') may have a wavy configuration and form a wavy edge, as shown in figure 1, to simulate the appearance of a traditional a tiled roof, thus providing a better aesthetic effect.

Figure 2 schematically shows an example of the internal layout of a structure constructed using the proposed method. The specified structure has a rectangular prismatic base, also there are several rooms (40-46) and a number of supporting columns (35) installed at certain points of the structure to ensure the maintenance of the slab (20). These columns are installed immediately before the removal of devices (5-6) and (5'-6 ') after the completion of the rise of the plate (20) and its connection to the plates (2-2') and (16-16 '). In addition, these columns are securely attached to the plates (20) and (1) using known mounting methods.

Claims (9)

1. A method of erecting a building from prefabricated elements, which is formed from plates corresponding to the external walls, floor and roof of the structure, while said external wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') have window and door openings (3-3 ') and (4-4'), characterized in that two external wall plates (2-2 ') are placed parallel to each other in a horizontal position on the floor plate (1), so that one side of each plate (2-2') is combined respectively, from one of the parallel edges of the floor plate (1), on the floor plate (1), the lifting devices (5-6) and (5'-6 ') are fixed, placing them respectively in the window openings (3-4) and (3'-4 ') of the outer wall plates (2-2'), moreover, said devices comprise a fixed part and a movable part (8), which are respectively fixed and movable relative to said floor plate, and said movable parts (8) of the lifting devices are attached to fasteners (7), which are located in said openings and are attached to the plates; the external wall plates (2-2 ') are lifted by deflecting them relative to their lower edges until the indicated plates reach a vertical position, and then in the window openings (4-4') of the external wall plates located opposite each other, the supporting structure (11) is placed which, in turn, is attached to both external wall plates (2-2 ') by means of fixing elements, after which the above operations are repeated for two other external wall plates (16-16') and all four external wall plates (2-2 ') and ( 16-16 ') with each other; then on the floor plate (1) in the space between the four external wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') there is a ceiling plate (20) in which holes (21) are made, which are located in accordance with the location of the lifting devices ( 5-6) and (5'-6 '), which were used in the previous steps, the movable part (8) of these devices is connected with fasteners (22) located in these holes, the ceiling plate (20) is raised to a height exceeding the height external wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16'), and attach it to the upper edges of the decree GOVERNMENTAL four outer wall slabs (2-2 ') and (16-16'). 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that each of these external wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') has at least one window opening. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the lifting devices (5-6) and (5'-6 ') contain hydraulic jacks, at least one of which is placed in at least two window openings of the outer wall plates (2- 2 ') and (16-16'). 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least two metal reinforcing rods (18-19) made in the form of brackets from the corner are used to connect the external wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') moreover, one specified rod (18) is placed on the inner surface of these plates, and another specified rod (19) is placed on the outer surface of these plates, while these rods are connected to each other and connected to the corresponding external wall plate by subsequent pouring concrete. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer-wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') and the ceiling plate (20) have rods, respectively (24) and (23), perpendicular to the edges of these plates and having bent ends. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the rods (23) of the ceiling plate (20) are initially bent, and after lifting the ceiling plate (20) above the upper edges of the outer wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') these rods straighten. 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fasteners (7), which are located in the window openings of the outer wall plates and which are connected to the moving parts (8) of the lifting devices (5-6) and (5'-6 '), contain at least one rod (7), which has a curved middle part placed on the specified movable part (8), and the ends of which are inserted into the outer wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') at the stage of forming these plates . 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the supporting structure (11) is formed by at least two parallel rods (30), while the fixing elements for attaching the supporting structure (11) to the outer wall plates (2-2 ') and ( 16-16 ') are placed on each of these rods, said connecting means comprising two clamps (13-14), one (14) of which is placed on the inside of the outer wall plate, and the other clamp (13) is placed on the outside of the outer wall plate , and corresponding threaded bushings are placed behind said clamps (15), made with the possibility of screwing onto threaded sections made on each of these rods (30). 9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that reinforcing rods made in the form of an inner bracket (25) are used to connect the ceiling plate (20) and external wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') ) from the corner and the outer formwork (26) with a wavy front surface on both sides, forming a ledge of the cornice of the specified ceiling plate (20) after it is connected to the specified external wall plates (2-2 ') and (16-16') using concrete.

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