RU2388321C2 - Fodder additive for improvement of egg laying qualities of laying hens and method of laying hens feeding - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to poultry keeping. Substance of invention consists in application of swollen vermiculite of Kovdorskoe deposit as mineral fodder additive for improvement of laying hens egg laying properties. Method for feeding of laying hens, according to which as fodder additive they use swollen vermiculite of Kovdorskoe deposit with particle size of 0.5-3.0 mm in amount of 3-5 wt % of the ration, besides fodder additive is added to ration of laying hens with mixed fodder starting from the 70^th day of life, periods of 60-90 days with pauses that equal their duration.

EFFECT: invention allows increasing egg laying qualities of laying hens.

2 cl, 6 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to poultry and feed additives to increase the egg production of laying hens while improving the quality of the eggs.

A known method of preparing feed for poultry, in which diatomite with particle sizes up to 2 mm in an amount of 4-5 wt.% Is used as a mineral additive (see AC No. 1635955, A23K 1/175. Publ. 23.03.91. Bull. No. 11). With an increase in the safety of chickens, such an additive does not significantly affect the egg production of chickens.

It is also known the use of sugar production waste - Defecate as a calcium-containing feed additive for birds (see AS No. 1209141, A23K 1/16. Publish. 07.02.86. Bull. No. 5). With a decrease in egg battle from the use of such an additive in an amount of 4-6%, egg production increases slightly, within 4%.

A mineral feed additive for laying hens is also known, containing diamonium phosphate 10-30 wt.% And phosphogypsum 70-90 wt.%, Introduced into the feed at a dose of 0.4 g per head for 62 days (see AS No. 1423094, A23K 1/175, publ. 15.09.88. Bull. No. 34). With an increase in the shell thickness of eggs and egg laying of chickens, such an additive has limited use due to some difficulty in its preparation and introduction into the diet.

The objective of the invention is to develop a natural mineral environmentally friendly feed additive to effectively increase the egg production of laying hens and the method of its application, which helps to increase the strength of the egg shell and reduce egg breakdown while expanding the range of feed additives from industrially produced mineral raw materials, convenient to use and reduce maintenance costs laying hens with the possibility of widespread use of such a mineral additive in poultry and with an increase in market value eggs.

The problem is solved in that as an environmentally friendly natural, industrially produced mineral feed additive, expanded vermiculite of the Kovdorsky field with particle sizes of 0.5-3.0 mm in an amount of 3-5% is used, introduced into the diet of laying hens with compound feed with 70- days of age with a duration of feeding supplements from 60 to 90 days.

The novelty of the invention is that the expanded vermiculite produced for the construction industry is used as a mineral feed additive to increase the egg production of laying hens with an increase in the commercial quality of the eggs obtained.

An unobvious effect of the invention is that when using expanded vermiculite in the indicated process parameters, the feed additive increases the shell thickness of the eggs, not being a calcium-containing preparation, with an increase in the mass of the obtained eggs and their transfer to breeding with a simultaneous increase in the live weight of laying hens and with a significant increase in them egg production.

The work was performed at the Department of Internal Non-communicable Diseases of the Ural State Agricultural Academy and at the Sverdlovskaya Poultry Farm.

At the Sverdlovskaya poultry farm, studies were conducted on chickens of the Loman White breed, starting at the age of 70 days.

In the workshops of the poultry farm, the cell maintenance of laying hens using the nipple watering system and the scraper-scraper litter cleaning system is practiced. Laying hens in the pre-litter period were kept in the KBU-3 cell batteries. At the age of 102 days, the bird was transferred to an industrial workshop. Landing density - 5 birds in a cage of type KKT.

The microclimate in the premises: the air temperature in the house in the warm season 25-30 ° C, in the cold - 19-24 ° C; humidity depending on the season and weather conditions - 57-78%; air speed - 0.1-1.5 m / s; often in the buildings there is the presence of the so-called "dead zones", where the air velocity is 0 m / s. These zones are located between the ducts usually in the middle and end of the hall.

Feeding of laying hens was carried out 2 times a day with PK-4 compound feed.

To determine the effect of vermiculite on physiological parameters and the state of mineral metabolism in laying hens at 70 and 116 days of age, the level of hemoglobin, the erythrocyte sedimentation reaction, and the number of leukocyte red blood cells were determined in whole blood. The concentration of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and the level of total protein were determined in blood serum. In bones, the concentration of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus. The content of heavy metals and arsenic in the muscle tissue of birds was determined by the atomic absorption method using an AA S-30 spectrophotometer. Ashing samples of the muscles of the sternum and limbs was carried out according to GOST 26929-86 "Raw materials and food. Mineralization of samples to determine the toxicity of elements. "

The study of morphological indicators of eggs was carried out according to generally accepted methods. The egg mass was determined by individual weighing on a scale. Egg density was measured by hydrometer in saline solutions. The thickness of the shell was measured with a micrometer with an accuracy of 0.01 mm in three areas - the equatorial part, the blunt and the other end. The average value was calculated.

For experimental studies used expanded vermiculite grade ABB-150 Kovdorsky deposits - a fraction of 0.5-3.0 mm The composition of vermiculite Kovdor deposits are shown in table 1.

Table 1 The chemical composition of vermiculite Kovdor deposits Content in% SiO ₂ TiO ₂ Fe ₂ O ₃ FeO MnO MgO Cao Na ₂ O K ₂ O P ₂ O ₅ Al ₂ O ₅ PP 34.2 0.5 4.9 0.4 0.08 25.12 1,02 0.02 0.14 0.02 11,4 22.1

Previously, in the regional veterinary laboratory, analysis of vermiculite and a harmlessness study using the toxico-mycological method and bioassay on white mice were carried out according to the guidelines for sanitary-mycological evaluation and improvement of feed quality, approved by the USSR Veterinary Directorate on 02.25.85. It has been established that these samples of expanded vermiculite are non-toxic.

According to the results of measurements of the activity of technogenic radionuclides Cs-137 and Sr-90, the products are recognized to meet the requirements of the technical specifications for the content of radionuclides in feed and feed additives No. 13-7-2 / 216 dated 01.12.94 on the basis of radiation. The activity of radionuclides was measured in counting samples using the Progress software (GP VNIIFTRI, 1996). The research results of vermiculite samples are shown in table 2.

Chemical toxicological studies of vermiculite samples for the content of heavy metals were carried out according to guidelines for the determination of heavy metals in soils of agricultural land and crop fractions (M., TsINAO, 1992) and arsenic according to the Zanger-Blen method (approved by the GUV Gosagroprom of the USSR 11.11.87) .

The results of a chemical-toxicological study of a vermiculite sample for the content of heavy metals and arsenic are shown in Table 3. It was found that the content of heavy metals and arsenic in the vermiculite sample is much lower than the permissible level.

table 2 The results of measuring the activity of technogenic radionuclides Sample Name Name of indicator MPC (PDU), Bq / kg Test Results, Bq / kg Vermiculite Radionuclides: swollen Strontium-90 50,0 14,4 ABB-150 Cesium-137 370.0 3.0

Table 3 The content of heavy metals and arsenic in vermiculite Indicator MPC (PDU), mg / kg Test Results, mg / kg Error Lead 5,0 1,62 0.32 Cadmium 0.4 0.22 0,077 Copper 500,0 9.87 2,37 Zinc 1000,0 79.03 19.25 Mercury 0.1 0.012 0.003 Iron 19179.5 Arsenic 50,0 0.6

Thus, preliminary studies showed that expanded vermiculite does not have toxic properties and does not contain high concentrations of radionuclides and heavy metals, which allows it to be used as a mineral feed additive with ion-exchange and sorption properties.

The experiments to include expanded vermiculite in the diet of laying hens for a new purpose in order to increase egg production were carried out at the Sverdlovskaya poultry farm. The aim of the study was to study the possibility of using expanded vermiculite from the Kovdorsky field with particle sizes of 0.5-3.0 laying hens as a feed additive with compound feed to increase egg production and egg quality.

Studies were conducted on chickens breed Lamann white. For the experiment, two groups of hens were formed, each of 20 goals, aged 70 days. Birds in both groups received PK-4 compound feed. The experimental group in the feed was introduced vermiculite in a dose of 3%. The duration of the experiment was 90 days.

During the experiment, productivity, the beginning of the egg laying period, egg mass and density, shell thickness were taken into account, hematological and biochemical blood parameters, mineral content in the tibia were determined, toxicological examination of the pectoral and femoral muscles for heavy metals was performed.

A blood test was performed monthly. The results are presented in table 4.

From table 4 it is seen that the content of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus was below the physiological level and amounted to 2.20 ± 0.07 - 2.23 ± 0.10 mmol / l in the experimental and 1.03 ± 0.01 - 1.08 ± 0.08 mmol / l in the control group.

Monthly blood tests showed that 30 days after introducing vermiculite into hens in the amount of 3% of the diet, the hemoglobin content in the experimental hens increased by 6.6%, while in the control bird - only 3.75%. A tendency toward an increase in the content of total protein and calcium was noted.

By the end of the experiment (after 90 days) in the bird receiving the vermiculite feed supplement, the hemoglobin content was 17% higher than in the control and amounted to 110.0 ± 0.28 in the experimental and 94.0 ± 0.34 in the control group due to the high content of iron in vermiculite, which stimulates hematopoiesis.

Table 4 The effect of vermiculite on the hematological and biochemical parameters of laying hens (n = 10) Groups n = 10 Research days 70 one hundred 130 160 ESR, mm / h Experienced x ± Sx 4.0 ± 0.24 6.0 ± 0.28 9.0 ± 0.31 8.0 ± 0.28 Control x ± Sx 5.0 ± 0.31 4.0 ± 0.24 4.1 ± 0.29 2.0 ± 0.27 Hemoglobin, g / l Experienced x ± Sx 76.0 ± 0.32 91.0 ± 0.3 100.0 ± 0.29 * 110.0 ± 0.28 * Control x ± Sx 70.0 ± 0.28 73.0 ± 0.29 85.0 ± 0.26 94.0 ± 0.34 White blood cells, 10 ⁹ / L Experienced x ± Sx 37.8 ± 0.16 38.2 ± 0.2 38.5 ± 0.21 38.5 ± 0.19 Control x ± Sx 39.0 ± 0.17 39.2 ± 0.16 39.4 ± 0.19 39.4 ± 0.18 Red blood cells, 10 ¹² / L Experienced x ± Sx 3.1 ± 0.1 3.15 ± 0.12 3.25 ± 0.15 3.28 ± 0.15 * Control x ± Sx 2.75 ± 0.17 2.72 ± 0.11 2.7 ± 0.17 2.58 ± 0.16 Total calcium, mol / L Experienced x ± Sx 2.2 ± 0.07 2.95 ± 0.12 * 3.68 ± 0.03 * 5.26 ± 0.12 * Control x ± Sx 2.23 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.11 3.17 ± 0.1 3.75 ± 0.26 Inorganic phosphorus, mol / l Experienced x ± Sx 1.03 ± 0.01 1.29 ± 0.1 * 1.52 ± 0.06 * 1.54 ± 0.02 Control x ± Sx 1.08 ± 0.08 1.28 ± 0.09 1.49 ± 0.1 1.47 ± 0.07 Calcium / phosphorus Experienced x ± Sx 2.26 2.28 2.42 3.4 Control x ± Sx 2.06 1.95 2.12 2,31 Total protein, g / l Experienced x ± Sx 38.0 ± 0.5 59.0 ± 0.43 70.0 ± 0.62 * 70.2 ± 1.02 Control x ± Sx 38.2 ± 0.8 48.5 ± 0.7 64.1 ± 0.53 65.3 ± 0.93 * - difference with control is significant p <0.05

By 130 days of age, the total protein level in blood serum reached 70.0 ± 0.62 g / l in the experimental group and 64.1 ± 0.53 g / l in the control group and remained at this level until the end of the study. In the bird of the control group, the increased protein content was accompanied by an increase in the number of leukocytes to 39.4 ± 0.19 × 10 ⁹ l (with a norm of 37-38.5 × 10 ⁹ l). In the birds of the experimental group, the number of leukocytes was at the upper limit of the physiological norm.

The greatest difference was found in mineral metabolism. Biochemical studies found that by the age of 130 days, the blood serum of experimental laying hens increased calcium by 16%, and phosphorus by 2%. By 160 days of age, in birds receiving vermiculite, the concentration of calcium and phosphorus was within the upper limit of the physiological norm and amounted to 5.26 ± 0.12 and 1.54 ± 0.02 mmol / l, respectively, while the calcium level in blood of hens of the control group was lower by 40%, and phosphorus - by 4.8% and amounted to 3.75 ± 0.26 mmol / L and 1.47 ± 0.07 mmol / L.

When examining the bone tissue of laying hens of the experimental group at 160 days of age, the calcium content was higher by 13.4%, and phosphorus by 5.6%.

When studying muscle tissue for the content of heavy metals, it was found that experimental chickens had a higher iron content (11.34 mg / kg at 8.8 mg / kg in the control). The copper content in both groups was the same, and toxic elements such as cadmium and arsenic were not detected (table 5).

In the course of the experiment, the bird was constantly weighed. It was found that the live weight of chickens treated with vermiculite was 3.4% more than the control, and amounted to 1.35 kg versus 1.305 kg.

Studies have shown that in laying hens of the experimental group, the period of oviposition began 6 days earlier than in the control (124 days versus 130 days). The results of changes in productivity when feeding vermiculite are presented in table 5. Accounting for productivity was carried out for 30 days.

Table 5 The effect of vermiculite on the composition of bone and muscle tissue of chickens (n = 10) Indicators Group, n = 20 Experienced x ± Sx Control x ± Sx Live weight of the bird (g) 1353 ± 52.4 1305 ± 58.5 The bone content of calcium (mg / kg) 17.24 ± 0.68 15.2 ± 0.95 The content in the bone tissue of phosphorus (mg / kg) 8.61 ± 0.42 8.15 ± 0.51 The content in the muscle tissue of iron (mg / kg) 11.34 ± 0.65 8.85 ± 0.36 The content of copper in muscle tissue (mg / kg) 0.58 ± 0.06 0.56 ± 0.05 Muscle content of lead (mg / kg) 0.11 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 Egg Weight (g) 58.54 ± 1.36 51.98 ± 0.94 Egg Density (g / cm ³ ) 2.36 ± 0.2 2.12 ± 0.3 Shell Thickness (mm) 0.551 ± 0.09 0.536 ± 0.08

The mass of eggs obtained from experimental chickens was 6.6 g, and the egg density was

0.24 g / cm ³ more than the control. The thickness of the shell was 10% more, which contributed to a decrease in egg fighting.

For breeding purposes, eggs weighing 53-62 g are used, and for industrial purposes, 50-65 g. Eggs obtained from hens of the experimental group can be used for breeding and industrial purposes, while eggs obtained from hens of the control group are only for industrial .

Based on the results, a calculation was made of the economic efficiency of the use of a feed additive - expanded vermiculite (table 6).

Table 6 The economic efficiency of the use of vermiculite (n = 20) Indicators Experienced group Control group Feed consumption per group, kg 161.08 161.08 Vermiculite consumption, kg 4.82 - The cost of vermiculite, rub. 10.85 - Egg production for the period of the experiment, pcs. 52 40 Additionally, eggs per hen, pcs. 12 - Marriage eggs, pcs. - 16 Cost of additional products, rub. 36,4 - The average weight of chickens at the end of the experiment, kg 1350 1305 Profit from additional products, rub. 14.28 - Profitability level,% 67.43 - Additional weight gain in the group, kg 0.95 - Cost of additional gain, rub. 36.02 -

It was established by experience that the inclusion of expanded vermiculite of a fraction of 0.5-3.0 mm in the diet of laying hens at a dose of 3% of the diet helps to improve physiological parameters, increase productivity due to an earlier onset of egg production and improve egg quality.

It was established that the inclusion of vermiculite in the diet of the bird did not cause the accumulation of heavy metals and arsenic in the muscles, and their number did not exceed the limits of permissible concentrations. The experimental chickens had a higher iron content in muscle tissue by 28.9%, the copper content was the same, and such toxic elements were not detected.

The inclusion of vermiculite in an amount of 3% in the diet of laying hens contributed to an increase in live weight of the bird by 3.4%, an increase in egg production by 30%. In a bird that received vermiculite according to the proposed method, the onset of the egg production period was 124 days, while in hens of the control group it was 130.

A morphological analysis of the quality of eggs showed that, on average, during the study period, the mass of eggs from experimental chickens was 6.6 g higher and the density 0.24 g / cm ³ higher. The thickness of the shell was 10% more.

The research results open the possibility of using expanded vermiculite of the Kovdorsky field in industrial poultry farming as a feed additive to increase the clinical and physiological status of the bird and its productivity. The advantage and feature of using expanded vermiculite of a fraction of 0.5-3.0 mm over other means used for a similar purpose is that it is not a biologically active substance and exerts its effect through the improvement of metabolic processes and functional properties of various body systems, as well as by reducing the negative impact of exogenous and endogenous factors.

Physiologically justified is the inclusion of expanded vermiculite in the diet of laying hens, which is accompanied by an increase in live weight of the bird by 3.4%, a reduction in the pre-laying period by 6 days, and an increase in egg production by 30%.

The use of expanded vermiculite fraction 0.5-3.0 mm in the diet of laying hens has a pronounced effect on the physical parameters of eggs: an increase in weight by 2.5%, a thickening of the shell by 10%, an increase in egg density by 11.3%.

The natural mineral vermiculite, which has undergone preparation, has sorption, catalyzing, and ion-exchange properties, which excludes the accumulation of heavy metals and arsenic in poultry slaughter products, since their level of content meets the requirements of the regulated indicators provided for by SanPiN 2.3.2.560-96.

Expanded vermiculite can be effectively used for feeding laying hens in industrial poultry, as well as in private and farms to increase the egg production of chickens and the quality of eggs obtained.

Claims (2)

1. The use of expanded vermiculite of the Kovdorsky field as a mineral feed additive to increase the egg production of laying hens and the quality of the eggs obtained. 2. A method of feeding laying hens by including a mineral feed additive in the diet, characterized in that the expanded vermiculite of the Kovdorsky field with particle sizes of 0.5-3.0 mm in an amount of 3-5 wt.% Of the diet is used as a feed additive while the feed additive is included in the diet of laying hens with compound feed from 70 days of life, periods of 60-90 days with interruptions equal to their duration.