RU2376755C1 - Method for growth of young fish of azov-chernomorskaya royal fish in ponds - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes autumn preparation of breeders, their maintenance in hibernating ponds till spawning temperatures, hormonal stimulation of carp or bream by hypophysis in doses of 6-7 mg/kg, incubation of roe, maintenance of embryos in piscicultural reservoirs before transition to exogenous nutrition. Then specimens are transferred to ponds with prepared natural food supply. Food supply is prepared by introduction of nitrogen-phosphor-potassium fertilisers in the ratio of 5:2:1 accordingly. Mineral fertilisers are introduced into dry bed. Transfer of worms is done in two stages with interval of 7-10 days. Density of placement makes 1-3 mln.pcs./ha. Prior to placement of worms, ponds are previously filled and drained. In process of growth additionally manure is introduced in coastal area together with culture Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia sp. and green fertilisers from mowed and dried vegetation. When royal fish changes to baby fishes stage, and probiotic preparation is added to artificial fodder with content of protein of at least 20% on the basis of Bacillus subtilis B-1895 in amount of 0.05-0.15% from fodder mass.

EFFECT: such technology makes it possible to increase efficiency of Azov-chernomoskaya royal fish and to exclude pathogenic microorganism from microflora composition, and also to increase survival rate and fish capacity.

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Description

The invention relates to fish farming and can be used for the artificial cultivation of shemai, in particular when growing juveniles in a monoculture in ponds before it is released into the river.

Shemai stocks in the Azov and Black Seas are directly dependent on the breeding conditions in the rivers and on the volume of artificial reproduction. Now the Azov-Black Sea Shemaya is classified as an endangered species, it is listed in the Red Book.

Many parts of the technological process of the reproduction of shemi by the factory method have already been developed. However, the use of high planting densities, saving pond funds and material resources of fish farms in severe economic conditions, leads to a decrease in fish productivity and the quality of juveniles produced.

The well-known "Method of breeding and growing the Azov-Black Sea Shemai" [1] is the closest in technical essence and the achieved effect. The method includes harvesting producers in the fall, keeping them in the wintering grounds before spawning temperatures, hormonal stimulation by the pituitary gland of carp or bream at doses of 6-7 mg / kg, incubating eggs, keeping the embryos in fish tanks before switching to exogenous nutrition, followed by transplantation into ponds with natural feed base prepared by applying nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in a ratio of 5: 2: 1, respectively, and organic in the form of manure, with a planting density of 1-3 million units / ha, and transplantation into ponds they are cultivated in 2 stages with an interval of 7-10 days, and the growth of larvae is carried out in mono- or polyculture with a fish with a ratio of fish: sewn of 1.5: 1.0.

The disadvantages of this method are the vulnerability of the resulting fry from diseases due to the contamination of the surface and internal tissues, the presence of microorganisms pathogenic for humans, which reduces the yield of viable juveniles, as well as a poor natural forage base.

The aim of the present invention is to increase the efficiency of growing the Azov-Black Sea shemai, removing pathogenic microorganisms from its microflora, increasing survival and fish productivity.

This goal is achieved by the fact that the producers harvested in the fall are kept in the winters until spawning temperatures are reached, they are stimulated with pituitary carp or bream at doses of 6-7 mg / kg when spawning occurs, the eggs are incubated, the embryos are kept in fish tanks until they switch to exogenous nutrition followed by transplantation into ponds with prepared natural forage base. Before planting the larvae, preliminary ponds are poured and run down, mineral fertilizers are applied on a dry bed - in the form of nitrogen-phosphorus-feces the eggs in a ratio of 5: 2: 1, respectively, and organic in the form of manure.

Larvae are transplanted into ponds in 2 stages with an interval of 7-10 days and with a planting density of 1.5 million pcs / ha; during growing, manure with a crop of Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia is additionally introduced, as well as green fertilizers from mowed and sunken vegetation and at the fry stage, a probiotic preparation based on Bacillus subtilis B-1895 in the amount of 0.5-0.15% of the feed weight is introduced into artificial feed with a protein content of at least 20%. The content of viable probiotic microorganisms in the preparation is 1 × 10 ¹⁰ -5 × 10 ¹¹ CFU / g.

Compared with the prototype, the distinguishing features of the invention are new, thus, the invention meets the criterion of "novelty."

The set of essential features of the claimed technical solution does not follow explicitly from the studied prior art, i.e. meets the criteria of "novelty" and "inventive step".

The method was tested at the fish farm LLC “them. Miroshnichenko "of the Azov district of the Rostov region and in terms of effectiveness exceeds the well-known, that is, It is industrially applicable.

The achievement of a positive effect according to the purpose of the present invention is provided by the following:

1) Before planting the larvae, preliminary ponds are poured and run down to reduce the amount of esteria, streptocephalus and shield, which negatively affect the hydrobiological processes when growing shemai, while mineral fertilizers are applied on a dry bed. Fertilizing activates the development of small live feeds (rotifers) - the most valuable form of nutrition for developing larvae.

2) In mid-June, along the coastal zone, manure is introduced along with the Daphnia magna culture, and at the end of June - also with manure - the Ceriodaphnia culture.

3) In the process of growing green fertilizers are introduced from mown and dried vegetation. Measures according to items 2 and 3 contribute to an increase in the natural food supply before the use of artificial feed.

4) A probiotic preparation based on Bacillus subtilis B-1895 in the amount of 0.05-0.15% by weight of the feed is introduced into the artificial carp feed. The content of viable probiotic microorganisms in the preparation is 1 × 10 ¹⁰ -5 × 10 ¹¹ CFU / g.

At the stage, the fry begins to eat artificial feed, for example, cyprinids. Enriching it with a probiotic preparation based on Bacillus subtilis B-1895 contributes, firstly, to the complete disappearance from the shemai microflora of human pathogenic microorganisms belonging to the genera Salmonella and Klebsiella - potential pathogens of infectious diseases; secondly, it can significantly increase the growth rate, fatness ratio, the mass of farmed fish and fish productivity of ponds by 36.2% compared with the control.

The use of probiotic drugs, i.e. cultures of symbiotic microorganisms is the most real alternative to antibiotics. They are able to create a natural protective barrier between animals and pathogens of infectious diseases and strengthen natural immunity.

The probiotic preparation based on Bacillus subtilis B-1895, the production technology of which was developed by FSUE AzNIIRKh and announced in 2007 (2), is a brown powder and differs from other preparations based on Bacillus subtilis by its persistent effect and low cost.

The technology for its production eliminates the use of expensive and environmentally disadvantageous processes of deep fermentation in liquid media and freeze drying. 1 g of the preparation contains 1 × 10 ¹⁰ -5 × 10 ¹¹ viable Bacillus subtilis cells. The cost of 1 kg 60 rubles.

The method is as follows.

Shemai producers are harvested in the fall and kept in winters until spawning occurs, then they are transferred to spawning ponds or cages, the day before fish injections, they are transplanted into fish tanks, stimulating the maturation of females by introducing pituitary carp or bream at doses of 6-7 mg / kg . The obtained eggs are fertilized, de-gummed and incubated in P.S.Yushchenko's apparatuses, the larvae are kept in fish tanks until they switch to exogenous nutrition.

Before planting the larvae, a provocative flooding of the ponds is carried out to get rid of the esteria, streptocephalus and shield; after the water is drained into the ponds, dry fertilizers are applied to the ponds (nitrogen-phosphorus-potash in a ratio of 5: 2: 1, respectively), then in May ponds are poured again and after 4-5 days the larvae are released in 2 stages with an interval of 7-10 days with a planting density of 1550 thousand units / ha. Duration of cultivation is 75 days.

In mid-June, along with the re-introduction of manure along the coastal zone, Daphnia magna culture is introduced, and at the end of June also with manure - Ceriodaphnia sp. As green fertilizers in the process of growing, cut and dried vegetation is introduced.

Prior to feeding with artificial food, the presence of bacteria, especially pathogens, in samples of surface tissues and intestines of shemai is examined. In addition to standard methods used in microbiology to identify bacterial cultures, PCR diagnostics are used. Isolation of DNA from samples, PCR and analysis of amplification products by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel to identify bacteria belonging to the genus Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica, Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes is carried out according to the “Temporary instruction on the use of the test system“ CAL- COM ”for the detection of the causative agent of salmonellosis by PCR” (1998), “Instructions for the use of the Amplisens Yersinia enterocolitica-270 PCR test system” (2002), “Methodology for testing for the presence of STI DNA by PCR” (2002) and “Manual on application of the test system "LISTER" for the identification and identification of Listeria monocytogenes by PCR "(1999), respectively.

Salmonella water and fish can be infected by animals and birds feeding on fish. Salmonella can remain viable in the environment for a long time. So, in open water, they can live up to 120 days, in sea water - up to 217 days. Bacteria of the genus Salmonella live in the body of animals, fish and birds. When it enters the human body mainly through food (animal and poultry meat, eggs, fish) or through drinking (raw water or milk), salmonella invade and begin to live in the walls of the human intestine.

Of the enterobacteria, it is known that microorganisms of the genera Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Proteus are of particular danger; their determination is also necessary.

On the 25th day after the introduction of the larvae into the ponds, when they move to the juvenile stage, they begin to feed them with artificial carp feed of a small fraction containing 23% protein; from 42nd to 75th day with the addition of a probiotic preparation based on Bacillus subtilis B-1895 of one size fraction with the feed in the amount of 0.1% by weight of the feed, while the feed is prepared by thorough mixing with a dry probiotic.

Examples of the method.

Example 1. (Control). Shemais procured in the fall were kept in winters until the onset of spawning temperatures, after which they were transferred to cages, the day before the injection, they were transplanted into fish tanks, the maturation of females was stimulated by introducing the pituitary gland in doses of 6-7 mg / kg. The obtained eggs were fertilized, de-gummed and incubated in P.S. A pond intended for cultivation, with an area of 0.2 ha, was lowered, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers were applied over a dry bed in a ratio of 5: 2: 1. 5 days after the pond was flooded, larvae with a planting density of 1550 thousand units / ha were released in 2 stages with an interval of 7 days.

Before release, the larvae were examined for the presence of bacteria, bacterial strains of the genera Salmonella and Klebsiella were revealed that were pathogenic for humans, besides them, representatives of the natural microflora of fish: bacteria of the genera Alcaligenes, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus.

In the zooplankton of the control pond, 15 species from various groups of aquatic organisms were found. The most numerous were cladocerans represented by 7 species, and chironomids - 4 species.

During the period of stocking, organisms developed that are feed for small larvae (rotifers, juvenile forms of copepods, small forms of cladocera). The end of June and the beginning of July were characterized by a decrease in the development of zooplankton (biomass 0.54 g / m ³ ). Then, until the end of cultivation, cladocerans dominated, whose biomass in the 3rd decade of July reached 80.55 g / m ³ due to the development of daphnia and ceriodaphnia.

From 25 days to the end of the cultivation, the fish was fed with artificial carp compound feed containing 23% protein, at the rate of 15% of the juvenile biomass in the pond. Feeding was carried out 2 times a day.

Before release into the river, the fry were again examined; the composition of microflora remained unchanged.

Example 2. Analogously to example 1, in the experimental pond No. 1 in the middle of June, along with manure, the culture of Daphnia magna was introduced, and at the end of June, also with manure, the culture of Ceriodaphnia sp.

In early June, mowed and dried vegetation was introduced as green fertilizer.

In the zooplankton of the experimental pond, 22 species of feed hydrobionts were noted. At the beginning of cultivation (3rd decade of May) rotifers and juvenile forms of copepods and cladocerans were observed. In the 1st decade of June, the proportion of small forms of zooplankton amounted to 98.1% of the total biomass of 148.1 g / m ³ .

In 2-3 decades of June, in connection with the appearance of leptesteria, a decline in the development of zooplankton was observed. At the end of June, high values of biomass and abundance of zooplankton were observed due to the development of cladocerans (Daphnia sp., Scapholeberis mucronatas, Diaphamosoma brachiurum, Ceriodaphnia retiadata) with an average biomass of 32.1 g / m ³ in July; cladocerans used by shema in feed quality by 65.8-88%.

From the 45th day until the end of the growing of the shemai, a dry probiotic preparation based on the Bactilus subtilis B-1895 strain in the amount of 0.05% of the feed weight was introduced into artificial feed by simple mixing.

Before release into the river, a survey of juveniles showed that the basic composition of the Shemai microflora remained unchanged, however, the number of bacterial strains belonging to the genera Salmonella and Klebsiella was significantly reduced.

Example 3. Analogously to example 2, in a test pond No. 2 from 45 days of shemai cultivation, dry probiotic preparation was introduced in an artificial carp feed in an amount of 0.1% by weight of the feed.

The introduction of a probiotic preparation contributed to the disappearance of strains of microorganisms belonging to the genera Salmonella and Klebsiella from the microflora of Shemai.

Example 4. Analogously to example 2, in the experimental pond No. 3 from the 45th day of growing, dry probiotic preparation was introduced in an artificial carp feed in the amount of 0.15% by weight of the feed.

Before release into the river, bacterial strains belonging to the genera Salmonella and Klebsiella were not found in shemai.

The results of the shemai growing in the control and experimental ponds are presented in the table.

As can be seen from the table, in the control pond under relatively close growing conditions, the coefficient of fattening of juveniles when released into the river was much lower, the survival rate was close in value, and the fish productivity in pond No. 2 was 36.2% higher than the control variant.

Thus, the introduction of organic fertilizers with the culture of Daphnia, green fertilizers, as well as the introduction of a probiotic preparation in the amount of 0.1% by weight of the feed, contributed to the disappearance of bacterial strains belonging to the genera Salmonella and Klebsiella from the shema microflora of the human body, and led to an increase in daily weight gain and final fish productivity.

Information sources

1. RF patent No. 2185057, IPC A01k 61/00, 2000

2. Application for invention No. 2007114381 with a priority of 04/16/07, “A method for producing a probiotic feed additive”.

Table The results of experiments on growing shemai in ponds Indicators Ponds control 1 option Option 2 3 option The concentration of probiotic in artificial feed,% 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 The area of the pond, m ² 2000 Depth, m 0.8 Exposition of experience, day 75 The number of infested larvae, thousand pieces ± 310 ± 309 ± 312 ± 308 Landing density thousand pieces / ha ± 1550 ± 1545 ± 1560 ± 1540 pcs / m ³ ± 194 ± 193 ± 195 ± 193 Individual mass of larvae, mg 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Fulton fatness ratio 1.2 ± 0.06 1.3 ± 0.11 1.3 ± 0.10 1.3 ± 0.09 Daily gain of juveniles, mg 2.7 3.2 3.8 3,7 The survival rate of juveniles,% of landing 49.5 51.1 50.9 50,4 Fish productivity, kg / ha 161.7 191.8 228.7 215.8 The average mass of juveniles produced, g 0.211 0.243 0.288 0.278

Claims (1)

A method of growing the Azov-Black Sea shemai, including autumn harvesting of producers, keeping them in wintering until spawning occurs, hormonal stimulation by the pituitary gland of carp or bream at doses of 6-7 mg / kg, incubation of eggs, keeping the embryos in fish tanks before switching to exogenous nutrition with subsequent transplantation into ponds with prepared natural forage base by applying nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in a ratio of 5: 2: 1, respectively, transplanting larvae in 2 stages with an interval of 7-10 days, with this planting density is 1-3 million pcs / ha, characterized in that before planting the larvae, ponds are poured and run down, mineral fertilizers are applied on a dry bed, during the growing process, additional manure is added along the coastal zone along with the Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia crops sp. and green fertilizers from mowed and dried plants, and when the shemai goes to the fry stage, an probiotic preparation based on Bacillus subtilis B-1895 in the amount of 0.05-0.15% of the feed weight is introduced into an artificial feed with a protein content of at least 20%.