RU2357041C1 - Accumulator of drain water of irrigation and drainage systems - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction, road engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention is related to irrigated agriculture with utilisation of drain water of irrigation and drainage systems. Accumulator of drain water of irrigation and drainage systems comprises supply channel with intake chambers, diverging channels with units for control of drain water quality and cleaning, compartments for differentiated accumulation of drain water by classes depending on value of its mineralisation, plant for desalination of drain water with maximum mineralisation, intercepting drains, compartment for accumulation of thawed and storm water, sun water reservoir with power and desalination plant, sensors of drain water mineralisation and volume, points of water mineralisation and chemical composition control, unit for treatment of drain water with maximum mineralisation. Intake chambers have control facilities with actuator mechanisms. Units for control of drain water quality and cleaning are hydraulically connected to intake chambers of supply channel. Compartments for differentiated accumulation of drain water by classes are hydraulically connected to diverging channels, supply channel and between each other in order of water class ascending and are equipped with facilities for water supply to consumers. Compartment for accumulation of thawed and storm water is hydraulically connected to intercepting drains and compartment of accumulator for accumulation of drain water with minimum mineralisation. Sun water reservoir is hydraulically connected to compartment for accumulation of drain water with maximum mineralisation. Sensors of mineralisation and volume of drain water are installed in head part of supply channel and are electrically connected to actuator mechanisms of control facilities of supply channel intake chambers. Unit for treatment of drain water with maximum mineralisation is hydraulically connected at inlet to supply channel by means of sluice-water separator and water outlets, and at the outlet it is connected by means of pipeline, distribution wells and water outlets with sun water reservoir for production of power and desalinated water. Unit for treatment of drain water with maximum mineralisation is equipped with at least two accumulator-evaporators, which are installed serially and have bottom inclination in direction from the first accumulator to the further one. Every accumulator is hydraulically connected to supply channel by means of sluice-water separator and water outlet, between each other they are connected by sluice-controller. The last accumulator-evaporator has the main compartment and diverging channel with intake chamber separated by dam and hydraulically connected by sluice-controllers, pump station for supply of drain water from intake chamber of the last accumulator-evaporator into evaporator of brines along pipeline with water outlets, brine evaporator separated by dam with sluice-controllers for the main compartment and diverging channel with intake chamber, pool for brines conditioning, pump station for brines delivery from brine evaporator intake chamber and its supply into the main compartment and pool of brines conditioning, brine delivery from brines conditioning pool to purification filter, pipeline with distribution wells and water outlets to sun water reservoir. The main compartment bottom inclination is arranged to the side of diverging channel. Sun water reservoir is arranged as sectional and has heat insulation from the side of soil.

EFFECT: increased efficiency of accumulator functioning and its environmental safety.

12 cl, 9 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to irrigated agriculture for the disposal of drainage drainage reclamation systems.

A local water intake for collector-drainage water is known, containing a series of parallelly connected communicating channels with a width of up to 100 m, and the volume and surface area of the water surface are chosen so as to provide long-term discharge of drainage water from irrigated lands. Part of the drainage flow from the water intake is desalinated in various ways and reused, part is spent on filtration and evaporation from the water surface (Kalantayev V.A. Land reclamation of irrigated lands and environmental protection. // Issues of rational use of water and land resources of the Turkmen SSR. / SANIIRI. - Tashkent: SANIIRI, 1987 .-- S.7-8).

The disadvantages of this water intake include the lack of a technical solution that ensures the beneficial use of highly mineralized drainage flow, resulting from its natural evaporation within the water intake, or brines as a residual product of the desalination of drainage flow.

A drain pond evaporator pond is also known, containing a number of compartments. Drainage water from the collector enters one of them and then is diverted to the subsequent ones, the concentration of salts increases. The last compartment serves for the final precipitation of salts. For example, in the San Joaquin Valley (USA), a pond was constructed with successive placement of 10 compartments (Reuse and disposal of higher salinity subsurface drainage water. - A Review by DWWatcot. Agricultural Water Management. - 1988. - Vol.14. - No. 1 -4. - P.483-511. Reuse and disposal of highly saline drainage water. Translation No. 1254. - M .: Central Scientific and Research Institute of Water Resources of the USSR Ministry of Water Supply, 1989. - P.36-37).

The disadvantage of this evaporation pond is the rejection of the possible beneficial use of part of the drainage with high salinity contained in the last compartment.

Known experience in the design, construction and initial period of operation of storage-evaporators drainage drainage drainage systems in the Volgograd region, the characteristics of which are presented in the attached table. The parameters of evaporator storage rings are determined from the calculation of the almost complete natural evaporation of the entire volume of drainage flow entering them annually.

The disadvantage of these storage-evaporators is the annual formation in the bottom zone of concentrated brines and / or salt deposits, which are not used well and pose a danger as a source of environmental pollution.

A proposal is known for the creation of salt ponds and the use of drainage drainage for irrigation and drainage systems as a source of salts for them, according to which, with the annual removal of salts with drainage flow from all irrigation systems of the former USSR equal to 100 million tons, it is possible to create annual salt ponds with a total an area of 200 km ² and receive 1 million kW of electric power and 4 m ³ / s of desalinated water per year (Yantovsky E.I. Energy and Exergy Flows. - M .: Nauka, 1988. - P.127-129).

The disadvantage of this proposal is the lack of a technical solution that ensures the concentration of drainage flow to mineralization values of 200-300 g / l, necessary to realize the effect of a solar pond.

Known solar water, in which, in order to increase the efficiency of solar energy storage along the depth of the reservoir, at least one selectively transparent film partition is installed (SU. Copyright certificate No. 308276. IPC F24J 3/02. Solar water / G.Ya. Umarov, P .A. Zakhidov, Yu.U. Usmanov. - Application No. 1317120 / 24-6; Stated March 10, 1969; Publish. July 1, 1971, Bull. No. 21).

The disadvantages of this solar water reservoir include the fact that the source of the saline solution for filling it is not indicated, as well as the impossibility of using a drainage drain to fill the solar water reservoir without its preliminary concentration to mineralization values of 200–300 g / l.

Known reservoir, accumulating solar energy, a power plant and a method of preserving chalocline, while the reservoir containing a surface layer mixed with the wind, a chalocline located below it, the salinity of which has a predetermined functional dependence on depth, a heat storage layer in contact with it, means for heat recovery and evaporation section with inlet and outlet means above and below the chalocline, in which, in order to simplify the design, the section is made open to the atmosphere and / or in the form of separate shallow reservoir; the section is fenced with a vertical pipe segment, and the outlet means is made in the form of holes in the pipe, and the upper end of the pipe is closed and provided with a ventilation hole; the holes are made selectively adjustable (SU. Patent No. 1218933. A. IPC ⁴ F24J 2/42. Solar energy reservoir, power plant and method for preserving halocline. / Gad Assaf. - Application No. 3401849 / 24-06; Stated March 11, 1982 ; Publish. March 15, 86 Bul. No. 10).

The disadvantages of this reservoir should include the following: the source of the saline solution for filling it is not indicated, the impossibility of using a drainage drain to fill the reservoir without its preliminary concentration to mineralization values of 200 ÷ 300 g / l.

Known solar reservoir equipped with a device for redistributing the concentration of saline solution in depth as a result of water withdrawal from the upper convective layer of the reservoir, supply through the pipeline to a vacuum distillation desalination plant and its desalination, while the residual from desalination brine is fed through pipelines and horizontal sprayers to the lower convection layer reservoir, and desalinated water through a vacuum pump into the upper convective layer of the reservoir, and a grid of vertically oriented flat layers in, located within the water surface of the reservoir across the prevailing direction of the wind and providing a decrease in wave formation (WO. Patent No. 81/03694. A1. IPC ³ F24J 3/02. - Claimed 06/19/1980; Publ. 12.24.1981).

The disadvantages of this reservoir should include the following: the source of the saline solution for filling it is not indicated, the impossibility of using a drainage drain to fill the reservoir without its preliminary concentration to mineralization values of 200 ÷ 300 g / l.

A solar pond is also known, containing a reservoir filled with water with side walls and a bottom adjacent to the storage layer of water, and an inclined lid for vapor condensation, placed above the upper convective layer of water, in which a vertical partition with the formation of containers is installed to increase the reliability of operation in the reservoir fresh and salt water, while the lower edge of the septum is connected to the bottom, the upper is located above the water level, and the tanks are communicated by means of a pipe placed in the salt water tank oprovoda having one end connected to the lower part of the fresh water container and the other is situated at the level of the convective saltwater layer cover is translucent and is inclined towards the freshwater tank (SU. Author's Certificate №1513341. A1. IPC ⁴ F24J 2/34. Sunny Pond. / M.A. Berchenko, E.M. Stavisky. - Application No. 4260325 / 24-06; Stated 06/11/1987; Publ. 07.10.1989, Bull. No. 37).

The disadvantages of this solar pond include the significant time required for the solar pond to enter the operating mode due to the limited area of evaporation from the water surface by the size of the salt water tank, the complexity of the design in terms of creating a translucent sloping roof over large ponds, and maintaining its transparency in conditions of natural dustiness of the air and maintaining integrity in winter conditions during snowfall, low efficiency of desalinated water use - only for maintaining a constant level and gradient of salinity in the tank of salt water.

Known solar thermal system with a solar reservoir and method of operation, in which the solar reservoir is filled with salt water, such as sea water, and is equipped with a device for maintaining the required salt concentration in the upper layer of the reservoir and cleaning the newly incoming water from impurities (pollution) as a result of its evaporation, separation of salts and impurities and condensation of steam in water from the upper layer of the reservoir, a device for concentrating water from the lower layer of the reservoir with the removal of desalinated water outside the system, and the concentrate to the lower a pond to maintain the required salinity of the water and a device for desalination due to the temperature difference in the lower and upper layers of the reservoir. The functioning of the above devices ensures the implementation of the method supporting the operational mode of the solar reservoir. Solid salts obtained as a result of the operation of devices to maintain the required salt concentration in the upper layer of the reservoir, including purification of newly incoming water from impurities, and to concentrate water from the lower layer of the reservoir, can be used to create new solar reservoirs (US. Application No. 2004 / 0098998. A1. IPC ⁷ F25B 27/00. - Stated March ^8, 2002; Published March 27, 2004).

The disadvantages of this solar reservoir include the complexity of the design, the significant power of additional devices to maintain the required salt concentration in the upper layer of the reservoir and to clean the incoming water from impurities (contaminants), to concentrate water from the lower layer of the reservoir and to desalinate water due to the difference in water temperatures in the lower and upper layers of the reservoir when using drainage drainage systems to fill the solar reservoir, the maximum mineralization of which does not exceed 20 ÷ 30 g / l and has a substantial variability during the annual cycle drainage operation.

A known method and device for the disposal (disposal, disposal) of salt waste and brines (or sea water), in which salt waste, and / or brines, and / or sea water is concentrated in evaporative reservoirs to the salt concentration in the lower layer with high temperature solar reservoir and the concentrate obtained is introduced into a given layer of water of a solar reservoir equipped with an energy production unit, while the solar reservoir is deeper than in the usual version (~ 2.5 m or more), salt deposits in the bottom The water reservoir serves as an antifiltration protection and / or can be used to create new solar reservoirs (US. Patent No. 4719759. IPC ⁴ F03G 7/02. - Declared December 16, 1986; Publ. 19.01.1988).

The main disadvantages of this method and device are as follows: the drainage flow of irrigation and drainage systems is not considered as an object of disposal; the possible changes in the mineralization of saline waste, brines, sea and surface waters (hereinafter referred to as the disposal object) over time caused by the features of their origin, which are collected in a single evaporative reservoir, which significantly increases its size, the duration of their concentration to the required mineralization value, are not taken into account excludes from consideration alternative options for their direct use without attracting additional costs; there is no technical solution to the design of the evaporative reservoir; not taken into account the features of the concentration of the disposal facility in a climate with frosty winters; purification of salt concentrate from impurities that affect the degree of transparency of water in a solar pond is not provided, which reduces the efficiency of heating the lower convective layer of water in it and, as a result, energy generation; The method and device provide, as a starting position, the presence of an existing solar reservoir with a power plant, and not its creation.

In addition to those described, a drainage drainage accumulator for irrigation and drainage systems is known, including dams, dams, compartments, pumping stations, regulatory structures, water outlets, pipelines, a channel, channels, aerators and bioplates from higher aquatic vegetation, which is equipped with a supply channel with sensors for mineralization and volume of drainage drainage containing advance chambers having input control structures with actuators electrically connected to sensors of mineralization and volume of drainage flow, and discharge channels with blocks for chemical regulation of the quality of the drainage drain and its purification from pesticides, nutrients and heavy metals associated with compartments with an anti-filter coating for differentiated accumulation of drainage drain by classes depending on the amount of its mineralization; in conditions of binding on terrain with one-sided or two-sided slopes, it is equipped with upland ditches hydraulically connected to the compartment for accumulating melt and storm water; drive bays are hydraulically interconnected through structures in the form of pipelines, pumping stations and / or outlets in increasing order of water class to further adjust the salinity of the water by mixing; each compartment of the drive for which a consumer of a drainage water of a certain class is previously selected is equipped with a water intake, a pumping station, a line in the form of a pipeline, channel, tray and other facilities for supplying water to the consumer and a unit for preliminary desalination of drainage water with maximum mineralization; sensors for mineralization and volume of drainage flow are located in the inlet channel at a distance from the chamber, determined by the proposed mathematical dependence; the compartment for accumulation of drainage flow with maximum salinity is made in the form of a natural evaporator and has a horizontal planned bottom (RU. Patent No. 2214486. C2. IPC ⁷ Е02В 11/00. Storage drainage drainage of irrigation and drainage systems. / II Kontorovich. - Application No. 23001127349/13; Stated October 10, 2001; Publish. October 20, 2003, Bull. No. 29).

The main disadvantages of this drive include the formation of significant amounts of brine and salt deposits in the compartment with the maximum salinity of the drainage flow, made in the form of a natural evaporator, and as a by-product of the functioning of the desalination plant in a special storage that are not used and are dangerous for the environment as a potential source of pollution.

This drive drainage drain, as well as a method and device for the disposal of salt waste, brines and sea water according to patent No. 4719759 (US) as the closest to the invention in technical essence and the achieved result, we have taken for the closest analogues.

The invention consists in the following.

The problem to which the invention is directed is the concentration of drainage flow, the production of brines with a salinity of 200 ÷ 300 g / l and their use for the production of energy and desalinated water through the application of the effect of a solar reservoir.

The technical result that can be obtained by carrying out the invention is to increase the efficiency of the drive through the use of renewable climate energy sources and the beneficial use of the properties of concentrated brines for energy production and desalination, increase the environmental reliability of the drive.

The specified technical result during the implementation of the invention is achieved by the fact that in a known drainage accumulator, including a supply channel with avanamers having water distribution control structures with actuators, discharge channels with blocks for chemical regulation of the quality of the drainage drain and purification of pesticides, nutrients and heavy metals, hydraulically connected to the inlet chambers of the supply channel, compartments with antifiltration coating for differentiated accumulation drainage classes by classes depending on the amount of mineralization, hydraulically connected to the discharge channels, the supply channel and between each other in ascending order of the class of water and equipped with facilities for supplying water to consumers, one of the compartments for the accumulation of drainage flow with maximum mineralization is made in the form of a natural evaporator , installation for desalination of drainage flow with maximum mineralization, upland ditches, compartment for accumulation of melt and storm water, hydraulically connected to upland with ditches and a storage compartment for accumulating drainage flow with minimum mineralization, a solar reservoir with power and desalination plants, hydraulically connected to a compartment for accumulating drainage flow with maximum mineralization, sensors for mineralization and volume of drainage drain located in the head of the inlet channel and electrically connected to executive the mechanisms of the water distribution regulatory structures in advance chambers of the inlet channel, in which, according to the invention, it is equipped with and control of mineralization and chemical composition of water, a unit for processing drainage flow with maximum mineralization, hydraulically connected at the inlet to the supply channel through a water separator and water outlets, and at the outlet it is connected through a pipeline, distribution wells and outlets to a solar reservoir for generating electricity and desalinated water; the block for the treatment of drainage runoff with maximum mineralization is equipped with at least two accumulators-evaporators arranged in series and having a bottom slope in the direction from the first accumulator to the next, each of which is hydraulically connected to the inlet channel through a water divider and a water outlet, interconnected gateway-regulator, the last drive-evaporator has a main compartment and a discharge channel with an anterior chamber, separated by a dam and hydraulically connected by gateways-regulators, station for supplying drainage water from the last chamber of the last accumulator-evaporator to the brine evaporator through a pipeline, which is equipped within the main compartment of the brine evaporator with water outlets uniformly distributed along the length, a brine evaporator divided by a dam with regulating locks into the main compartment and a discharge channel with a fore-chamber, moreover, the slope of the bottom of the main compartment is made in the direction of the branch channel, a pool for conditioning brines, a pumping station for collecting brines from the fore chamber of the brine evaporator and supplying brines to its main compartment and the conditioning pool, collecting brine from the conditioning pool of the brines and supplying it through a purification filter, a pipeline with distribution wells and outlets to a solar reservoir; points of control of mineralization and chemical composition of water are located at the entrance to the block for processing drainage flow with maximum mineralization, within the main compartment of the last storage-evaporator of drainage drainage, aforementioned tanks of brine evaporator, conditioning pool of brines, a solar reservoir and are equipped with devices for controlling the level of mineralization and chemical water composition; the slopes of the bottom of the drain channels of the last storage-evaporator and brine evaporator are made in the direction of the chambers and pumping stations; the inner surfaces of each storage-evaporator of the drainage drain and the brine evaporator are painted black or close to it in reflectivity; the pressure line of the pumping station with a water intake from the fore chamber of the brine evaporator is equipped with a branch pipe hydraulically connected to the group of perforated pipelines and located in the bottom part of the fore chamber; the pressure line of the pumping station with water intake from the brine conditioning pool is equipped with a bypass pipe hydraulically connected to a group of perforated pipelines and located in the bottom zone of the pool; the brine conditioning pool is equipped with a salt storage warehouse, a metering device and a salt supply device; the brine conditioning pool is hydraulically connected to the compartment of the drainage accumulator with minimal mineralization through a pipeline and a pumping station; the unit for processing the drainage flow with maximum mineralization is equipped with a desalination plant from the last storage-evaporator of the drainage drain, hydraulically connected to the brine evaporator by means of a pipeline for the removal of residual salts; each outlet to the solar reservoir is made in the form of a two-link pipeline with a hinge, while the first link is mounted motionless, and the second link located within the solar reservoir is equipped with a lifting mechanism; the solar reservoir is made sectional and has thermal insulation from the soil.

Due to the fact that the drive is equipped with a drainage treatment unit with maximum salinity, which provides brines with a salinity of 200 ÷ 300 g / l due to the use of renewable climate energy sources (solar radiation and wind) and their useful use for the production of energy and desalinated water, it is achieved the technical result indicated above.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a drainage accumulator, plan view.

Figure 2 - block for the treatment of drainage flow with maximum mineralization, top view.

Figure 3 is a section aa in figure 2.

Figure 4 is a section bB in figure 2.

Figure 5 is a section bb in figure 2.

Figure 6 shows the averaged forms of the hydrograph of the drainage flow module (DS) on irrigated objects with closed horizontal drainage at various positions of its maximum.

In Fig.7 - the dynamics of mineralization of drainage and drainage water at various irrigation systems during the year.

On Fig - diagram of the solar reservoir (A) and graph (B) of the temperature change of the brine along the depth of the reservoir, where 1 is the upper convective layer; 2 - gradient (non-convective) layer; 3 - lower convective layer; 4 - solar radiation; H - the depth of the solar reservoir; t is the temperature of the brine.

Figure 9 is a diagram of the design of the installation for the combined production of electricity and desalinated water based on a solar pond, where SP is a solar pond; And - an evaporator of instant boiling; T is a turbine; PV - fresh water; CI - cold spring (Yantovsky E.I. Streams of energy and exergy. - M .: Nauka, 1988. - P.127-129).

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the invention are as follows.

The drainage drainage of irrigation and drainage systems (Figs. 1-5) is equipped with a supply channel 1 with ditch chambers 2 and 3, having water distribution control structures 4-9 with actuators 10, discharge channels 11 with blocks for chemical regulation of water quality 12 and purification 13 of biogenic pesticides substances and heavy metals, hydraulically connected to the chambers 2 and 3 of the supply channel 1, compartments 14-17 with an anti-filter coating (not shown) for differentiated accumulation of drainage flow according to the classes depending spine on the magnitude mineralization (m≤a _1, a ₁ <m≤a ₂ and ₂ <m≤a _3, and ₃ <m≤a ₄₎ hydraulically connected to discharge channels 11, feeding channel 1 water distribution regulating structures 4 -9 and between each other through structures 18 in the form of pipelines, pumping stations and / or outlets in ascending order of the class of water and equipped pumping stations 19 and pipelines 20 for supplying water to consumers 21-24, installation 25 for desalination of drainage flow with maximum salinity, upland ditches 26, compartment 27 for accumulation melt and storm water, hydraulically connected with upland ditches 26 and compartment 14 for accumulation of drainage flow with minimal mineralization (m≤a ₁ ), a solar reservoir 28 with energy 29 and desalination 30 plants, hydraulically connected with block 31 for processing drainage flow with maximum mineralization (m> a _4), the sensors 32 and 33 mineralization and drainage volumes, placed at the top of the raceway 1 and electrically connected through line 34 to the actuators 10 Further, regulation of water distribution uyuschih structures 4-9, paragraphs 35 and control salinity water chemistry unit 31 for processing the drainage flow with maximum mineralization (m> and ₄₎ hydraulically connected at its input to a supply channel 1 via a gateway-water divider 36 and outlets 37 and 38, and at the outlet connected via a pipeline 39, distribution wells 40 and 41, and water outlets 42, 43 and 44 with a solar pond 28 for generating electricity and desalinated water.

Sensors 32 and 33 of mineralization and drainage flow volume are located in the head of the supply channel 1 at a distance L from the chamber 2 equal to L = k · V _max · t _IPZ , where k is the safety factor (k = 1, 2); V _max - maximum flow rate in the feed channel; t _IPZ - the duration of the change in the position of the gates of the regulatory structures 4-9.

Block 31 (Fig.2-5) for the treatment of drainage flow with maximum mineralization (m> a ₄ ) is equipped with at least two storage-evaporators 45 and 46 of the drainage flow. They are arranged sequentially and have a bottom slope in the direction from the first drive 45 to the next 46. Each of them is hydraulically connected to the inlet channel 1 via a water divider 36 and a water outlet 37 and 38, and are connected to each other by a gateway regulator 47. The last storage evaporator 46 has a main compartment 48 and an outlet channel 49 with an anterior chamber 50. They are separated by a dam 51 and are hydraulically connected by the control gateways 52, 53 and 54.

In addition to the elements listed above, unit 31 includes a pump station 55 for supplying drainage water after seasonal seasonal evaporation from the chambers 50 of the last storage-evaporator 46 to the brine evaporator 56 through a pipe 57, through a distribution well 58 with fittings (not shown) and through a pipe 59 , which within the main compartment 60 of the brine evaporator 56 is equipped with water outlets (not shown) evenly distributed along the length, the brine evaporator 56 is divided by a dam 61 with regulating locks 62, 63 and 64 on the main compartment 60 and outlet channel 65 with an anterior chamber 66, the slope of the bottom of the main compartment 60 being made towards the outlet channel 65, the pool for conditioning brines 67 for processing them to bring the composition and properties of the brines to the required values and characteristics, a pump station 68 for pickling brines from tank chambers 66 of the brine evaporator 56 and supply through the pipe 69, through the distribution well 58 and the pipe 59 into its main compartment 60, pickle the brine from the pool for conditioning the brines 67 and feed it through the pipe 70 through the filter 71 brine and then through conduit 39 to distribution wells 40 and 41, through outlet structures 42, 43 and 44 in the solar pond 28.

Gateways-regulators 47, 52-54, 62-64 are equipped with trash grids with cleaning mechanisms (not shown).

The storage evaporators 45 and 46 of the drainage drain, the brine evaporator 56, the brine conditioning pool 67 and the solar pond 28 are provided with anti-filter protection (not shown).

The slopes of the bottom of the outlet channels 49 and 65 of the last drive-evaporator 46 and the evaporator of brines 56 are made in the direction of the chambers 50 and 66 and pump stations 55 and 68, respectively.

The inner surfaces of each storage-evaporator 45 and 46 of the drainage drain and the brine evaporator 56 are colored black or close to it in reflectivity.

To mix the brines in the fore chamber 66, a pressure pipe (not shown) of the pump station 68 with a water intake from the fore chamber 66 of the brine evaporator 56 is equipped with a discharge pipe 72, which is hydraulically connected through a distribution well 73 with fittings (not shown) to a group of perforated pipes 74. Pipelines 74 are located in the bottom of the fore chamber 66.

To mix the brines in the brine conditioning pool 67, a pressure line (not shown) of the pump station 68 with a water intake from the brine conditioning pool 67 is provided with a bypass pipe 72, which is hydraulically connected to a group of perforated pipes 75 through a distribution well 73 with fittings (not shown). Pipelines 75 located in the bottom zone of the basin 67.

The brine conditioning pool 67 is equipped with a salt storage warehouse 76, a metering device 77, a salt supply device 78 and is hydraulically connected to the compartment 14 of the drainage accumulator with minimal mineralization (m≤a ₁ ) through the pipe 18 and pump station 19.

Block 31 for processing drainage flow with maximum mineralization (m> a ₄ ) is equipped with a water desalination unit 25 from the main compartment 48 of the last storage-evaporator 46 of the drainage drain hydraulically connected to the brine evaporator 56 via a pipe 79 for removing residual salts, a distribution well 58 and pipeline 59 and with a consumer of desalinated water 80.

Solar pond 28 is made on a modular basis sectional - sections 81, 82 and 83, and has thermal insulation from the ground. The commissioning of each section of the solar reservoir 28 is carried out with the accumulation of a sufficient volume of brine and the creation of the required distribution of salt concentration over their depth. Each outlet 42 (43 and 44) into the solar pond 28 is made in the form of a two-link pipeline with a hinge (not shown). The first link of the pipeline is mounted motionless, and the second link located within the limits of the solar reservoir 28 is equipped with a lifting mechanism (not shown) for adjusting the brine supply depth.

Power plant 29 is equipped with heat pipes 84 for the selection of thermal energy, located in the bottom part of sections 81-83 of the solar reservoir 28 (Fig.2, 3). An exhaust steam condenser (not shown) providing desalinated water is located within compartment 16 or 17 of the drainage accumulator. The power plant 29 is electrically connected to a consumer 85 of electricity. Desalination plant 30 is hydraulically connected to the consumer 80 desalinated water.

To carry out technological control of the process of concentrating the drainage runoff, points 35 for controlling the salinity and chemical composition of water are located at the inlet to the block 31 for processing the drainage runoff with maximum salinity, within the main compartment 48 of the last storage-evaporator 46 of the drainage runoff, chamber 66 of the evaporator 56 brines, pool 67 conditioning brines, a solar reservoir 28 and equipped with devices for controlling the level of mineralization and chemical composition of water.

Drainage runoff and wastewater, being waste (non-target products) of the functioning of irrigation and drainage systems, can cause pollution and subsequent degradation of various natural objects - watercourses and reservoirs, groundwater, soil, etc. The claimed drive is intended for the accumulation, treatment and use of drainage water.

Processing systematic observations of the dynamics of the drainage flow module in 16 horizontal drainage sections in Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Krymskaya, Nikolaev, Kherson regions) and in the Volga region (Volgograd region) over 35 years (for all objects in total) allowed us to determine the averaged forms of the hydrograph of the drainage module runoff at various positions of its maximum in time, which are shown in Fig.6. It was established that the drainage flow module is subject to significant variability throughout the year: the ratio of the maximum monthly average to the minimum value is 2.0–5.6. An increase in the drainage flow modulus caused by spring snowmelt, watering during the growing season of crops and rainfall leads to a decrease in its mineralization, which is confirmed by the data shown in Fig. 7 (see, for example, Tour N.S. Irrigation of rice with water of various mineralization. // Reclamation and water management. - 1988. - No. 12. - P.27-28; Karimov EK. Improvement of the ecological and reclamation state and increase of productivity of irrigated lands of Uzbekistan. - M.: Publishing House of the Moscow Agricultural Academy, 1994 . - P.64; Generalov V.I. Researches on the utilization of drainage water in the landscapes of the dry steppes of the Volga region // Irrigated agriculture in the agrolandscapes of the steppes./ VNIIOZ. - Volgograd: VNIIOZ, 1994. - P.71; Bolotin AG, Morozova AS Environmental aspects of reuse drainage water of irrigation systems of the Volgograd region. // Agroecological aspects of irrigated agriculture, irrigated agriculture in the arid zone of the Volga region. / VNIIOZ. - Volgograd: VNIIOZ, 1999. - P.32).

The mineralization dynamics of drainage flow for the above reasons in each case will be determined by the position of the object within the landscape or landscapes, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and lithological conditions of the drained thickness of the soil, salinity and chemical composition of groundwater, the degree, nature of salinization of soils and underlying soils, technical solution drainage, irrigation technique and irrigation regime of crops, salinity and chemical composition of irrigation water, the amount of precipitation, etc.

Thus, the drainage flow of irrigation and drainage systems is characterized by a significant variability of mineralization and chemical composition over time, which distinguishes them as a disposal object from sea water and salt solutions of various industries.

For a particular irrigated object with horizontal drainage or a group of objects in some section of the collector-drainage network, where it is planned to create a drainage flow accumulator, there is a certain dynamics of the salinity of drainage water in time m = f (T) - Fig. 1. The entire range of changes in runoff mineralization (m _min ... m _max ) can be divided into classes: m≤a ₁ ; a ₁ <m≤a ₂ ; and ₂ <m≤a ₃ ; ...; m> a _n , where a is the upper and / or lower boundary value of the range of permissible mineralization of water for its potential (actually existing or created together with the accumulator) consumer in the area of the drainage accumulator; index 1, 2, 3, ... n - serial number of the boundary value of the range of permissible mineralization of water. For example, for irrigation of medium salt tolerant crops at 80% yield potential, the salinity of irrigation water can be 1.3 <m≤2.3 (g / l), for very highly salt tolerant ones - 3.9 <m≤5.5 (g / l) - (see Bezdnina S.Ya. Water quality for irrigation: principles and methods of assessment. - M .: Publishing house "ROMA", 1997. - P.145, Fig. 4.2); for the watering of adult sheep, water with a salinity of m≤5.0 g / l can be used (Kulsky L.A., Goronovsky I.T., Koganovsky AM, Shevchenko M.A. Guide to properties, methods of analysis and water purification. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1980, part 1. - 680 p., Section 3.6.2.3), etc. It is proposed to create a reservoir, consisting of (n + 2) compartments, (n + 1) of which are intended for accumulation of drainage flow with mineralization within specified limits (by class), and one compartment serves for accumulation of melt and storm water in the area of the accumulator. The salinity classes of drainage water are selected based on the requirements of potential consumers, so as to avoid the use of additional runoff treatment as much as possible.

Drainage water with the highest salinity (m> a _n ), which does not meet the requirements of consumers in the storage zone, can, for example, under RU patent No. 2214486 be subjected to natural evaporation in evaporator storage rings or desalinated using special devices. However, concentrated brines are formed which are not used and pose a threat to environmental pollution.

It is proposed to use drainage evaporators as part of the claimed storage device for producing concentrated brines with a salinity of 200 ÷ 300 g / l and the subsequent creation of solar reservoirs in order to obtain thermal and / or electrical energy, desalination of water.

Solar pond (solar pond, solar energy pool, solar water - synonyms, solar pond - English) - a horizontal solar collector in the form of a pond with high concentration gradients of dissolved salt - a concentrated solution in the bottom region and diluted at the surface, which cause a temperature anomaly: in the lower bottom layer, the temperature under the influence of solar radiation reaches 100 ° C and higher (Duffy, J.A., Bekman, A.A. Thermal processes using solar energy. - M .: Mir, 1976. - P.385-388) - Fig.8.

Figure 9 shows the design of the installation for the combined production of electricity and desalinated water based on a solar reservoir. A brine with a temperature of about 100 ° C from the lower convective zone of the solar reservoir is fed to the instant boil-off evaporator - a tank where low pressure is maintained (about 0.9 atm). Steam flows from the evaporator to a low pressure turbine. The rotation of the turbine ensures the operation of the generator and the generation of electricity. Exhaust steam from the turbine enters the condenser and turns into desalinated water.

Drive drainage works as follows.

Drainage drainage with mineralization m = f (T) is transported through the collector-drainage network, enters the supply channel 1 of the drive, passes the target of the location of the sensors 32 and 33 of mineralization and volume of water, and then into the fore chamber 2. During the passage of the drainage water of the supply channel 1 of length L at the signal of the drain mineralization sensor 32, the actuator 10 opens the shutter of the water distribution regulatory structure 5 corresponding to the class of water mineralization, for example, a ₁ <m≤a ₂ (Fig. 1). The remaining input regulatory structures 4, 6-9 are closed. Further, the drainage flow enters through the open inlet control structure 5 through the outlet channel 11 by gravity into the drive compartment 15 and accumulates in it.

When the mineralization class of the drainage flow changes (for example, when a ₂ <m≤a ₃ ) and when the flow volume with a new level of mineralization exceeds the accepted accuracy of the distribution of water in the compartments, which are recorded by sensors 32 and 33, signals from sensors are received through communication line 34 to the corresponding actuators 10, one of which closes the shutter of the previously existing regulatory structure 5, and the second and third open the regulatory structures 6 and 8. Changing the position of the valves “open - closed” of the regulatory structures 5, 6 and 8 performs synchronization onno. The drainage flows through the chamber 2, the regulating structure 6, through channel 1, through the chamber 3 and the regulating structure 8, through the discharge channel 11 into the compartment 16 and accumulates in it.

If it is necessary to improve the quality of the drainage drainage channel 11, additionally install a block 12 of chemical regulation of the quality of the drainage drainage and block 13 for its purification from pesticides, nutrients and heavy metals, and in compartments 14-17 create a bioplate from higher aquatic vegetation (in the drawings shown).

Block 12 of the chemical regulation of the quality of the drainage flow is equipped with containers for reagents, a metering device and a device for supplying reagents to channel 11 (not shown). As reagents, nitric acid, calcium nitrate, gypsum and other chemical meliorants can be used, the mixing of which with drainage water allows you to change the pH, the ratio of ions Na ⁺ / Ca ⁺⁺ , Mg ⁺⁺ / Ca ⁺⁺ , and remove carbonate and bicarbonate - ions from drainage water (Recommendations on the use of drainage water for irrigation of crops (for the conditions of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region). - M .: VNIIGiM, 1978. - P.17, p. 4.10).

Block 13 for cleaning the drainage drain from pesticides, nutrients and heavy metals is an adsorption filter for working in non-pressure conditions, in which various artificial and natural materials are used as sorbent: ash, coke breeze, peat, silica gels, aluminum gels, clays, activated carbons and others (allowance for the treatment and disposal of drainage water. - M.: VNIIGIM, VNIIOZ, 1999. - P.28-36).

When creating a drainage accumulator in a terrain with a one-sided and / or two-sided slope (i, Fig. 1), it includes upland ditches 26, which collect and transport melt and storm water in the drive zone to a special compartment 27 for their accumulation. Fresh water from this compartment serves to improve the quality of the drainage flow in compartment 14 with m≤a ₁ by supplying it through facility 18 or is used independently (not shown).

To further adjust the salinity and quality of drainage water by mixing them, the storage compartments 27 and 14-17 are serially hydraulically interconnected by structures 18. As the latter, pipelines with a regulatory structure, pumping stations with a pipeline, and water outlets of various designs (not shown) can be used.

During the accumulation process or after its completion, drainage waters of a certain class are pumped through lines 20 through lines 20 in the form of a pipeline, channel, tray and other technical structures to consumers 21-24.

Drainage flow with maximum mineralization (m> a ₄ ) enters through the inlet channel 1 when the sensors 32 and 33 are closed by the signal of the regulating structures 4, 5, 7 and 8 and open 6 and 9 through the lock-water divider 36 through the outlets 37 and 38 to the storage -evaporators 45 and 46, while the gateway regulator 47 is in the open state, and the gateway regulators 52-54 are in the closed state. During the period March – August inclusive, the drainage flow in reservoirs 45 and 46 undergoes natural evaporation. This ensures, for example, in the conditions of the Volgograd region at a 50% level of air temperature security, the formation of 78% of the annual evaporation layer from the water surface. From September to the end of the drainage operation period, drainage water with m> a _{4 is} supplied only by water outlet 37 to the accumulator-evaporator 45 with the closed gateway-regulator 47. The drainage flow to the accumulator 46 is not received during this period, and it continues to concentrate as a result natural evaporation until the end of the warm period of the year, which, for example, in the Volgograd region ends in November. In the process of accumulation of drainage flow in the drive-evaporator 46, part of it is desalinated by the installation 25, for example reverse osmosis or electrodialysis. Desalinated water is supplied to the consumer 80, and the saline residues from desalination are supplied via line 79, through a distribution well 58 and via line 59 with outlets to the main compartment 60 of the brine evaporator 56, where they are accumulated.

Before the onset of the frost period, the gateways-regulators 52, 53 and 54 are opened. The drainage drain from the accumulator-evaporator 46 by gravity enters and accumulates in the outlet channel 49. After that, the gateways-regulators 52-54 are closed. Next, the gateway regulator 47 is opened, and the entire volume of drainage flow from the accumulator 45 by gravity enters the accumulator 46, where it accumulates during the winter. Evaporator 45 remains empty at this time, and its bottom is cleaned during November-December. During the winter period, an ice cover forms on the water surface of the reservoir 46 and the outlet channel 49. With the onset of positive air temperature (for the next year of operation of the drainage accumulator) with the help of the pump station 55, the drainage drain from the outlet channel 49 is pumped into the main compartment 60 of the evaporator 56 through a pipe 57 through a distribution well 58 and a pipe 59 with outlets, where it is subsequently concentrated as a result of natural evaporation. At the same time, the gateway regulators 62, 63 and 64 are closed. After the melting of the ice in the discharge channel 49, fresh melt water is pumped out by the pumping station 55 and supplied to a potential consumer, for example, to irrigate forest belts (not shown).

The supply and accumulation of drainage flow to evaporator storage rings 45 and 46 in the second and subsequent years is performed as described above (for the first year).

After the end of the warm period and / or when the specified salinity of the brine (200 ÷ 300 g / l) is reached in the evaporator 56, the gateway regulators 62-64 are opened. The brine flows by gravity into the outlet channel 65 of the evaporator 56. Then, using the pump station 68, through the pipeline 69, the distribution well 58 and the pipeline 59 with water outlets, it is again fed into the main compartment 60 of the evaporator 56 with the gateway regulators 62-64 open to flush the compartment 60 from salt deposits. After flushing of compartment 60 is completed, the gateway regulators 62-64 are closed.

The brine is left in the drain channel 65 for the winter period and concentrated as a result of natural freezing. With the onset of positive air temperatures, the brine is pumped from the outlet channel 65 by the pumping station 68 to the brine conditioning pool 67, intended for treating the brine in order to bring its composition and properties to the required values and characteristics, providing the effect of the solar reservoir.

At the same time, part of the brine flow from the pressure line of the pumping station 68 through the discharge pipe 72, through the distribution well 73 is fed to the group of perforated pipelines 74. This ensures mixing of the brine in the fore chamber 66 and equalization of its mineralization. After the discharge channel 65 is free from brine, the remaining fresh surface ice is naturally melted, and the melt water is pumped by the pump station 68 through the pipe 69, the distribution well 58 and the pipe 57 to the pump station 55, and to the potential consumer, for example, for irrigation of forest belts (not shown ) Next, the discharge channel 65 and the chambers 66 are cleaned.

The brine in the pool 67 settles, its concentration increases to a predetermined value as a result of natural evaporation and / or the introduction of the necessary amount of salts from the warehouse 76 by the metering device 77 and the salt supply device 78, or decreases as a result of dilution with water from the compartment 14, coming in line 18 Thus, any desired salinity of the brine is achieved within the limits of its required change in the depth of the solar reservoir 28. To intensify the process of dissolving the salts and leveling the salinity of the races ol depth basin 67 pumping station 68 circulates in a closed loop brine pool 67 - pumping station 68 - line 72 - a group of perforated pipes 75 - 67 pool.

After receiving brine in pool 67 with the required salt concentration, it is taken by pump station 68 and fed through line 70 through purification filter 71, then through line 39, through distribution well 40 and water outlet 42 into the first modular compartment 81 of the solar reservoir 28, filling it to a predetermined marks. The process of filling the compartment 81 is carried out in stages, sequentially supplying water with different salinity - from the maximum for the lower zone of the compartment to the minimum for the near-surface zone of the compartment. This is achieved by moving the outlet 42 along the depth of the compartment 81 by a lifting mechanism (not shown). The launch of the solar pond 28, i.e. the creation of the effect of temperature anomalies in the lower zone of the reservoir is performed according to known technology.

The brine in the lower convection zone of compartment 81 of the solar reservoir as a result of absorption of solar radiation is heated to a temperature of about 100 ° C, which creates the conditions for the operation of plants 29 and 30 for generating electricity and desalinated water (Fig. 9). To cool the steam spent in the turbine and to produce desalinated water, a condenser (not shown) of the desalination plant 30 is used, located within the compartment 16 or 17 of the drainage accumulator.

Thus, after 2 years of concentrating the drainage flow with m> a ₄ in the evaporator storage rings 45, 46 and the evaporator 56, one modular compartment 81 of the solar reservoir 28 is commissioned. In the third year, section 82 comes into operation, and in the fourth - section 83 of the solar reservoir 28. Further, if the expansion of the power of the solar reservoir is not provided, drives 45, 46 and 56 are used as ordinary evaporators, which is taken into account when determining their sizes. Electricity and desalinated water resulting from the operation of the solar reservoir 28 are used by potential consumers 85 and 80, for example, agricultural enterprises, and / or for their own needs, a drainage accumulator.

The positive qualities of the claimed technical solution include:

- the beneficial use of drainage flow with high salinity, for which there are no consumers in the storage zone;

- the use of the modular principle allows you to create solar reservoirs and power plants of various capacities without changing the fundamental design;

- low energy costs due to the use of gravity operation of such elements of a drainage accumulator as a supply channel 1, discharge channels 11, a storage-evaporator 45 and, partially, a storage-evaporator 46, an evaporator 56, as well as the use of renewable climate energy sources - solar radiation and wind, to concentrate drainage water as a result of natural evaporation, to obtain electricity and desalinated water due to the beneficial use of the effect of the solar reservoir.

Characterization of storage-evaporators of drainage flow from irrigated lands in the Volgograd region (according to Volgovodproject JSC) Household, district Drainage area, ha The volume of drainage flow, thousand m ³ / year Key parameters of the evaporator Area, ha Volume, thousand m ³ Average depth, m Number of sections S-s "Posevnoy" Staropoltavskogo area 352.5 476.05 32,0 345.0 1,1 one C-Kanovsky Staropoltavskogo area 448.2 1290.0 143.0 1290.0 0.9 one S-s "Krasnaya Zarya" Staropoltavskogo area 745.0 1055.0 110.0 1000,0 1,0 one S-Tingutinsky Svetloyarsky district 253.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 1,0 one C-"Tselinny" Kalachevsky district 640,0 967.0 110.0 1000,0 1,0 one S-“Paris Commune" Staropoltavskogo area 655.0 876.0 60.0 876.0 1,0 one C-s "Kharkov" Staropoltavskogo area 700,0 806.0 107.0 900.0 1,0 one

Claims (12)

1. Accumulator of drainage drainage of irrigation and drainage systems, including a supply channel with ditch chambers having water distribution control structures with actuators, drainage channels with blocks for chemical regulation of the quality of drainage drainage and purification of pesticides, biogenic substances and heavy metals, hydraulically connected to dwellings of the feed channel, compartments with an anti-filtration coating for differentiated accumulation of drainage flow by classes depending on the size of its mineralization hydraulically connected with the discharge channels, the supply channel and between each other in ascending order of the class of water and equipped with facilities for supplying water to consumers, one of the compartments for accumulating drainage flow with maximum salinity is made in the form of a natural evaporator, a unit for desalination of drainage flow with maximum salinity , uphill ditches, a compartment for accumulating melt and storm water, hydraulically connected to uphill ditches and a drive compartment for accumulating drainage flow from min mineralization, solar reservoir with power and desalination plants, hydraulically connected to the compartment for accumulation of drainage flow with maximum salinity, mineralization sensors and volume of drainage flow, located in the head of the inlet channel and electrically connected with actuators of the water distribution control structures of the inlet chamber of the inlet channel, characterized the fact that it is equipped with control points for mineralization and chemical composition of water, a unit for processing drains Photo zhnogo maximum mineralization fluidly connected to the inlet feeding channel through the gateway, the water divider and outlets, and the output is connected through a pipeline distribution wells and outlets to the solar pond to produce electricity and desalinated water. 2. The drive according to claim 1, characterized in that the unit for processing drainage flow with maximum mineralization is equipped with at least two storage evaporators arranged in series and having a bottom slope in the direction from the first storage to the subsequent, each of which is hydraulically connected to the supply channel through the gateway divider and water outlet, interconnected by a gateway regulator, the last drive-evaporator has a main compartment and a discharge channel with an upstream chamber, separated by a dam and hydraulic and connected by locks-regulators, a pumping station for supplying drainage water from the chambers of the last accumulator-evaporator to the brine evaporator through a pipeline, which is equipped within the main compartment of the brine evaporator with water outlets uniformly distributed along the length, a brine evaporator divided by a dam with regulating locks into the main compartment and a drainage channel with an anterior chamber, the slope of the bottom of the main compartment being made towards the drainage channel, a brine conditioning pool, and a pumping station for collecting ssolov forebays from brine evaporator and supplying it to the main compartment and the brine conditioning pool fence brine from basin brines conditioning and feeding it through the filter, with the distribution conduit and outlet wells in solar pond. 3. The drive according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the points of control of mineralization and chemical composition of water are located at the entrance to the block for processing the drainage flow with maximum mineralization, within the main compartment of the last drive-evaporator of the drainage drain, inlet chambers of the brine evaporator, pool conditioning brines, a solar reservoir and equipped with devices to control the level of mineralization and chemical composition of water. 4. The drive according to claim 2, characterized in that the slopes of the bottom of the outlet channels of the last drive-evaporator and evaporator brines are made in the direction of the chambers and pumping stations. 5. The drive according to claim 2, characterized in that the inner surfaces of each drive-evaporator of the drainage drain and the brine evaporator are painted black or a color close to it in reflectivity. 6. The drive according to claim 2, characterized in that the pressure pipe of the pumping station with a water intake from the fore chamber of the brine evaporator is equipped with a branch pipe hydraulically connected to the group of perforated pipelines and located in the bottom part of the fore chamber. 7. The storage device according to claim 2, characterized in that the pressure pipe of the pumping station with a water intake from the brine conditioning pool is equipped with a drain pipe hydraulically connected to the group of perforated pipelines and located in the bottom zone of the pool. 8. The storage device according to claim 2, characterized in that the brine conditioning pool is equipped with a salt storage warehouse, a metering device and a salt supply device. 9. The storage device according to claim 2, characterized in that the brine conditioning pool is hydraulically connected to the drainage storage compartment with minimal mineralization through a pipeline and a pumping station. 10. The storage device according to claim 2, characterized in that the unit for processing the drainage flow with maximum salinity is equipped with a desalination unit from the last storage-evaporator of the drainage drain, hydraulically connected to the brine evaporator through a pipeline for removing residual salts. 11. The drive according to claim 2, characterized in that each outlet to the solar reservoir is made in the form of a two-link pipeline with a hinge, while the first link is mounted motionless, and the second link located within the solar reservoir is equipped with a lifting mechanism. 12. The drive according to claim 1, characterized in that the solar pond is made sectional and has thermal insulation from the ground.

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