RU2316943C2 - Method for joint growing of seedlings and plantlets in nurseries - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, processes for growing of planting material.

SUBSTANCE: method involves joint growing of planting material of various ages and kinds by using seedlings as brushes planted on bare fallow one year before sowing procedure; digging out seedling brushes the same year as sowing of plantlets in case of three-year growing of seedlings and two-year growing of plantlets; in case of four- and five-year growing of seedlings after digging out of plantlets, sowing into spacing between brushes less demanding kinds with two-year growing time or after one-year fallowing - kinds with one-year growing time. In the future seedlings are dug-out together with plantlets. Spacing of 6-9 m between brushes is found most effective for forming favorable microclimatic mode conditions, with three, five sowing strips being arranged between brushes. Proposed planting material growing method allows nursery and sowing plots to be combined in single field.

EFFECT: provision for creating of advantageous climatic mode conditions for young plants, reduced costs for carrying out care and growing of high-quality seedlings and plantlets.

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Description

The present invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of growing planting material.

A known method of growing planting material in nurseries, including the separate cultivation of seedlings and seedlings in the sowing and school departments (Dudorev MA Forest and field. Ed. 2. Volga Prince. Ed. Saratov. 1990, 74-98 S.) .

In the sowing department of the nursery, from the time of sowing seeds and throughout the growing season, seedlings experience the effects of adverse environmental factors. In the initial phases of seedling development, the effect of frost, droughts, dry winds, direct sunlight is most fatal to plants. Therefore, foresters are forced to apply additional measures to protect them from adverse factors, such as: snow retention, soil rolling after sowing, mulching (sprouting), shading of seedlings, watering, pest and disease control, etc. (Dudorev M.A. Forest and field Publishing House 2. Volga Prince's Publishing House Saratov. 1990, 248 p. 89 pp.).

Each of these measures requires strict adherence to the timing, additional material costs, is laborious to implement, and often does not provide effective protection of seedlings of woody plants from adversity.

As the seedlings grow, the need for some activities (rolling, mulching, shading) disappears. However, other activities - snow retention, watering, cultivating and weeding, pest and disease control are usually used throughout the growing period. It is necessary to carry them out in the best agrotechnical terms. When the seedlings reach the sizes established by the standard (at the end of 1, 2 (3) years of cultivation), the planting material is planted on the forested area, and part of the plants from the sowing department is transplanted to school. The duration of growing seedlings in the school department is determined by their intended purpose. Seedlings are grown in the first school for 2-5 years. Cultivation is carried out in a private, tape or combined school. Most often, ordinary schools are used in practice, with plants placed between rows of 0.8-1.0 m, and in a row of 0.25-0.5 m, which ensures planting density of 20-50 thousand units / ha (Novoseltseva A. I., Smirnov N.A. Handbook of Forest Nurseries, Moscow: Forestry Industry, 1983, 111 pp.). According to this technology, seedlings and seedlings are grown in different economic departments.

The disadvantage of the analogue is the ineffective regulation of the microclimate during sowing, in which the rapid drying of the upper soil layer leads to a decrease in seed germination and death of seedlings. During the germination period, the seedlings are least resistant to soil and air drought and die in large numbers from drying out (Markov M.V. Population Plant Biology. Kazan: Publishing House of Kazan University, 1986. - P.38-39, 42- 44).

Conducting generally accepted protective measures in the sowing department (mulching, rolling, harrowing, etc.) do not sufficiently retain moisture in the soil. For example, sawdust mulch is quickly blown away from the seed tape by the wind, and moisture from the soil evaporates quickly under the influence of strong wind and sunlight.

Growing seedlings in the school department with the ordinary method of plant placement leads to inefficient use of the area. With a row spacing of 0.8-1.0 m, aisles are often cultivated. Otherwise, they quickly overgrow with grassy vegetation, which impairs the growth of seedlings. Especially this drawback becomes noticeable in the second and third schools, where seedlings are grown to large sizes. To a certain extent, this drawback of the analogue is eliminated by using combined schools.

The prototype of the proposed method is a method of growing planting material in combined schools. In combined schools, plants with a long growing period are planted in rows (backstage rows) at a distance of 2.4-4 m from one another. Between the backstage rows lay two or four rows of shrubs. The number of planted plants per 1 ha in such schools is: trees 3-6 thousand units., Shrubs - 40-50 thousand units. (Novoseltseva A.I., Smirnov N.A. Handbook of Forest Nurseries. M: Forest Industry, 1983, 111 pp.).

The disadvantages of the prototype is that this method only solves the problem of saving space in the school department. A shrub planted in the row-spacing of seedlings at 1-2 years of age does not need protection from adverse factors, and some light-loving species may even be oppressed by the tree seedlings of the rocker rows.

Thus, the favorable influence of the scenes from seedlings on the microclimate of the adjacent territory is not fully used by foresters, namely, on crops, i.e. in the initial phases of the development of tree seedlings (precisely at that period when it is especially necessary for plants).

An object of the invention is the formation of a favorable microclimatic regime in crops, in order to reduce the cost of taking care measures when growing high-quality seedlings and seedlings.

The objective is achieved in the method, which consists in the joint cultivation of planting material of different ages and different breed composition, in which the seedlings are used as wings, planted in clean steam a year before sowing. According to the invention, the excavation of the backstage of the seedlings is carried out in one year with the seedlings for three years of growing seedlings and two years of growing seedlings. For a four- or five-year period of growing seedlings after digging seedlings into the inter-backyard space, less demanding breeds with a two-year growing period are sown or after a one-year fallow of the breed with a one-year growing period. In the future, seedlings are also scooped up simultaneously with seedlings.

The most effective for creating a favorable microclimatic regime was the distance between the wings, equal to 6–9 m, with the placement of three to five seed tapes between them.

With the proposed method of growing planting material, school and sowing departments are combined in one field. Joint cultivation of seedlings and seedlings does not require the use of new technology and additional costs for its acquisition. The agricultural technology of caring for seedlings and seedlings remains the same, i.e. does not change. The differences consist in the fact that when laying the curtain of seedlings, the landing unit should be equipped with a marker-follower. This will ensure the placement of the accepted number of seed tapes in the inter-back space.

The backstage landing must be carried out using an aggregate consisting of a tractor (T-40, MT3-80) and a single-row landing machine (SLCH-1, SLN-1, etc.) with a marker. As a planting material for laying the wings, you can use seedlings of 1-2 years of age, both tree and shrub species. Sowing of seeds is carried out by any seeder according to tape schemes with a belt width of 1.5 meters (Novoseltseva A.I., Smirnov V.A. Directory of forest nurseries. M: Forestry industry, 1983, 62 pp.).

The use of the wings does not interfere with the implementation of agricultural activities that are usual for the sowing department, such as weeding, cultivating, cultivating, watering, etc. On the contrary, the favorable influence of the scenes on the microclimate allows us to reduce the number of these events and significantly increase the quantity and quality of cultivated planting material.

Examples of specific implementation: in the Novoburask Forest Nursery, studies were conducted on the influence of wings from seedlings of birch hanging on the growth of seedlings of common pine when they are grown together on the same field. The experience was laid down in 4-fold repetition by the method of randomized repetitions (Armor B.A., 1979) with the options:

1 - sowing of ordinary pine outside the influence zone of the wings from seedlings (St);

2 - between the scenes laid 5 seed tapes of pine;

3 - between the scenes laid 4 ribbons of pine;

4 - between the scenes laid 3 seed tapes of pine;

5 - between the scenes laid 2 seed tapes;

6 - between the backstage was sown one ribbon of pine.

During the growing season, a number of microclimatic and biometric indicators were recorded.

In the course of research it was found that the most effective in the amount of biometric indicators of seedlings is option 3, with four seed tapes placed between the wings.

The wind speed in the inter-backspace of the 3 options at a height of 0.65 m is reduced to 85% of the control, and at a height of 0.2 m to 64% (table 1). The height of the snow cover between the wings is increased by 30%. The moisture reserve in the soil is increased by 23%. Evaporation from an open water surface is reduced by 40%.

Table 1 The influence of the wings on some conditions for growing seedlings Options Indicators Wind speed,% to St Snow depth The moisture reserve in the soil (0-50 cm) Evaporation of moisture on an open water surface H = 0.2 m N = 0.65 m cm % to St mm % to St ml % to St 1 (St) one hundred one hundred 25.3 one hundred 85.5 one hundred fifty one hundred 3 64 85 32.8 130 105.5 123 thirty 60 NDS ₀₅ 7.5 8.5 1,1 - 0.75 - 7.2 -

Illumination in the interroom spaces of the 3 options on average decreases in the surface layer at a height of 0.2 m to 75% of the control and at a height of 0.65 m to 84%. Differences with control for these indicators were significant at the 05% significance level.

The wings, changing the growing conditions, have a great influence on the biometric parameters of seedlings. The difference in indicators is noticeable from the first year of growth. The height of the aerial part in annual pine seedlings from the 3rd option was 9.3 cm, and in seedlings from the control variant - 7.7 cm (table 2).

table 2 Seedlings biometrics Seedling indicators Option NDS ₀₅ Sx 1 (St) 3 The height of the aboveground part, cm - 1 year old / - 2 year old 7.7 / 22.4 9.3 / 25.9 - / 2,14 0.46 / 0.73 Diameter at the root neck, mm - 1 year old / - 2 year old 1.27 / 2.96 1.47 / 3.22 0.2 / 0.4 0,07 / 0,1 Weight 25 abs. dry seedlings, g
1 year old - / - 2 year old - 43.89 / 52.79 / - / 16.7 5.6 / 5.7 270.46 301.01

The diameter of seedlings in the root neck grown on option 3 was 1.47 mm, and in seedlings from the control, 1.27 mm. The differences between the options are significant at the 05% significance level. The mass of 25 absolutely dry 1-year-old pine seedlings was 52.79 g, and in the control - only 43.89 g.

At the end of the second year of cultivation, the height of the aerial part of the seedlings in option 3 was 25.9 cm, which is 3.5 cm (15.6%) higher than the control indicator. The diameter at the root neck of the experimental seedlings was 3.22 mm, exceeding the control by 0.26 mm (8.8%). Biomass 25 abs. dry seedlings in option 3 amounted to 301.01 g, which is 30 g (12.3%) higher than the mass of seedlings in the control. Moreover, the differences between the indicators were significant at the 05% significance level.

The greatest safety and yield of standard seedlings were also noted in the experimental plots of 3 options.

The yield of standard seedlings with 1 p.m. was maximum in the experimental plots of 3 options (table 3).

Table 3 The quantity, safety and yield of planting material Seedling indicators Option NDS ₀₅ S _x l (St) 3 The number of seedlings per 1 line. m, pcs - 1 year old / - 2 year old 113/98 105/100 - / - 9.21 / 8.01 including standard 55 71 9.0 2.92 The safety of 2-year-old seedlings,% 87 95 - 3.6 Exit posad. material, thousand units / ha - seedlings when grown between the wings 2200 2258 - 98.0 - birch seedlings - 0.91 - - - seedlings per 1 hectare of clean (without wings) sowing 2200 2840 192.0 76.3

The yield of standard seedlings from 1 ha for each option was calculated according to an individual formula that takes into account the area occupied by the wings.

It is necessary to take into account the fact that in addition to pine seedlings from this area, we also get birch seedlings.

Thus, if we get the maximum yield of standard seedlings in version 3 - 2258 thousand units / ha, then we should add 910 units to this. seedlings of birch.

The yield of standard seedlings from 1 ha calculated for clean sowing, i.e. without scenes in option 3 amounted to 2840 thousand units, which is significantly more (by 29.1%) than in the control option.

Claims (1)

A method of co-growing seedlings and seedlings in nurseries, which consists in co-growing planting material of different ages and different breed composition, in which the seedlings are used as a backstage, and the subsequent digging of planting material, characterized in that one year after planting the seedlings in the inter-backroom space 6 -9 m seeds of tree and shrub species are sown in the form of three to five sowing tapes, and the backstage excavation from seedlings is carried out in one year with seedlings during three-year-old seedlings cultivation s and two years of growing the seedlings, and in four or five-year period of growing seedlings after digging seedlings mezhkulisnoe space rocks re-seeded with large seeds with a one-year or two-year growing period.