RU2253215C2 - Method for harvesting of cabbage and machine for effectuating the same - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves harvesting the entire biological cabbage yield; separating by-product cabbage head wastes; unloading separated cabbage head wastes in even layer onto ground of harvested field part after passage by harvesting machine of predetermined distance from leading end of land strip; providing layer-by-layer discharging onto said layer of cabbage wastes of cabbage heads accumulated in machine hopper to form cabbage pile extending transverse to field upon following passages by harvesting machine. Harvesting machine has cutter bar, elevator, apparatus for separating wastes from cabbage heads, and hopper for wastes. Harvesting machine is further provided with hopper for accumulation of cabbage heads. Said hopper is equipped with openable side wall and device for discharging cabbage in even layer onto ground. Said device is formed as flexible web for closing (opening) wastes hopper bottom. Said web is fixed with its one end on frame and with its other end on drum movable in horizontal guides from one edge to other edge of wastes hopper bottom. While moving, said drum is rotating and simultaneously winding flexible web onto itself owing to cooperation with immovable toothed rack.

EFFECT: improved quality of ready product.

2 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods and devices for harvesting white cabbage.

A known method of harvesting cabbage [1, p. 59 ... 65], in which the cabbage harvester harvests the entire biological crop and loads into an accompanying vehicle. Next, the cabbage heap is delivered by a vehicle to a stationary point, where it is sorted and brought to presentation.

The main disadvantage of this method is its low efficiency in harvesting cabbage because of the high capital intensity of the technological process and significant interdependent downtime of the cabbage harvester, vehicles and stationary point, since they are interdependent in operation.

There is also known a method and device [2], in which, in order to reduce the capital intensity of the harvesting process, cabbage heaps are sorted directly on a cabbage harvester when transported by an elevator under the influence of an air stream created by a fan. In this case, waste accumulates in the hopper, and heads of cabbage continuously enter the body of the accompanying vehicle.

In this case, the capital intensity of the process decreases. However, even this requires strict coordination in the operation of the cabbage harvesting machine and vehicles. In practice, due to the instability of the natural - production conditions, interdependent downtimes of the cabbage harvesting machine and vehicles often arise. So, cabbage harvesting machine downtime caused by waiting for vehicles sometimes reaches 45% of the shift time, and downtime of serving vehicles - up to 50%. As a result, the effectiveness of this method for harvesting cabbage is also low.

Closest to the essence of the proposed method is a two-phase method of harvesting cabbage [1, p. 54 ... 58], in which the cabbage, harvested by the machine in three passes, is stacked sequentially in one roll along the rows on the harvested part of the field. To do this, the unloading elevator of the cabbage harvesting machine is installed horizontally, and at the first pass the cabbages are unloaded through the near window, at the second pass through the middle window, and at the third pass, from the end of the elevator. Next, the cabbages in rolls are finalized to their marketable condition and loaded onto a vehicle.

With this method, as a result of dividing the process of harvesting cabbage into two independent phases, the interrelated downtime of the cabbage harvesting machine and vehicles is eliminated. As a result, the efficiency of the cleaning method increases.

The disadvantage of this method is that the resulting product has a low salable condition due to soil contamination of heads of cabbage, since during harvesting with this method almost every head of cabbage touches the surface of the soil.

The aim of the invention is to improve the quality of the products.

This goal is achieved by the fact that the biological harvest of cabbage harvested by the machine is separated on the machine into heads of cabbage and waste under the influence of the suction air flow and temporarily accumulated in separate bins. After the cabbage harvester passes a certain distance from the start of the corral, the cabbage waste is unloaded in an even layer on the harvested part of the field in the transverse direction so that heading is subsequently unloaded onto this layer of waste, forming a shoulder across the field.

This goal is also achieved by soft loading and unloading the heads of cabbage from the hopper in layers by moving the bottom of the hopper in the vertical direction down during loading, up - when unloading, depending on the weight of the heads in the hopper.

Then the cabbages in the pile are finalized to their presentation and loaded into the vehicle.

When harvesting cabbage using this method, the products are of better quality, as the heads of cabbage are not damaged when loading into the hopper and when unloading from the hopper, they are not contaminated without contact with the soil in the pile.

To achieve this goal in this way, in a cabbage harvesting machine having a cutting apparatus, an elevator, a device for separating cabbage waste from heads of cabbage, a waste bin, a hopper with an opening side wall for accumulating heads of cabbage, a device for unloading cabbage waste, made in the form of a flexible canvas, are additionally installed that closes (opens) the bottom of the waste bin, fixed at one end to the frame, and the other end to the drum, which has the ability to move in horizontal guides from one cr I have another edge of the bottom of the waste bunker, while rotating as a result of the kinematic interaction with a stationary rack.

In addition, the bunker for accumulating heads is equipped with a movable bottom mounted cantilever at an angle to the horizontal towards the opening side wall with the ability to move under the weight of the heads in vertical rails and connected by a rope to a shock-absorbing device consisting of a deflecting and tensioning blocks and an elastic element .

Hydraulic cylinders can be used to open (close) the side wall of the head of the bunker and move the drum in the device for unloading waste.

In FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of harvesting white cabbage according to the proposed method; figure 2 - General view of the machine; in FIG. 3 shows a device for unloading waste cabbage.

Harvesting cabbage according to the proposed method is shown in FIG. 1, where the whole biological crop of cabbage harvested by the cutting apparatus 1 is transported by an elevator 2, separated into fractions of heads of cabbage and waste.

After that, the accompanying waste separated from the heads is unloaded in an even layer on the ground in the harvested part of the field; subsequently, the heads that are accumulated in the bunker in layers in a bunker are then unloaded onto this layer of waste, forming a shoulder across the field.

Then the heads of cabbage are loaded onto a vehicle, having previously been brought to a presentation.

The machine for implementing the method (Fig. 2) consists of sequentially located one after another of the cutting apparatus 1, the elevator 2, the hopper 3 for the accumulation of waste and the hopper 4 for the accumulation of heads of cabbage. At the transition from the elevator 2 to the hopper 4 above the hopper 3 is installed an inclined bar sieve 5 and a knife drum 6.

The bunker 4 for accumulating heads of cabbage has a movable bottom 7, mounted cantilever at an angle to the horizontal toward the side wall 8, which is opened by means of a hydraulic cylinder 9, with the ability to move in vertical rails using rollers 10 and connected via ropes to a shock-absorbing device consisting of a deflecting device 11 and tension 12 of the blocks, as well as the elastic element 13.

The waste bin 3 is equipped with a device for unloading waste in an even layer on the ground. The device for unloading waste (Fig. 3) is made in the form of a flexible web 14, fixed at one end to the frame, and the other end to the drum 15 along the generatrix of the cylindrical surface. The drum 15 has the ability to move in horizontal guides 16 using the hydraulic cylinder 17, receiving both rotation and winding on a flexible canvas 14 as a result of kinematic interaction with the gear rack 18 using gear 19.

Harvesting cabbage in this way is as follows (Fig. 1). The machine with the cutting apparatus 1 removes the entire biological crop (heads of cabbage, covering cabbage leaves, other plant debris) and transports it with an elevator 2 in a continuous stream. At the time of unloading from the elevator 2 on a wire sieve 5, the associated waste is separated from the heads in the suction air flow from the knife drum 6. In this case, the waste, partially crushed, evenly settles on the bottom of the hopper 3, and the heads of cabbage roll down the sieve 5 into the hopper 4.

Before starting work, the movable bottom 7 of the hopper 4 occupies the upper position, lowers downward as the heads accumulate due to deformation of the elastic element 13 of the shock-absorbing device, ensuring loading in a gentle mode with a minimum heading height.

After harvesting machine cabbage at a certain headland, the hopper 4 will fill up, the movable bottom 7 will take a lower position. In this case, the machine stops and the cabbage waste is unloaded in an even layer on the ground in the harvested part of the field. Waste is unloaded by opening the bottom of the hopper 3 by moving the drum 15 along the guides 16 using the hydraulic cylinder 17, rotating and winding the flexible web 14 as a result of kinematic interaction with the gear rack 18 using the gear 19. In this case, the particles of cabbage waste are scattered evenly on the earth due to its own weight and the resulting centrifugal forces on the cylindrical surface of the drum 15. After unloading the waste, the drum 15 again takes its initial position, while at the same time winding the canvas about 14 and closing the bottom of the hopper 3.

Subsequently, heads are unloaded onto this waste layer by opening the side wall 8 of the hopper 4 using the hydraulic cylinder 9, since the next time the machine passes, the waste layer on the ground will be under the head of the heads being unloaded from the hopper 4.

The process of unloading heads goes in layers, as the weight of the cabbage in the hopper decreases, the bottom 7 gradually rises due to the deformation force of the elastic element 13. This ensures that the heads are unloaded from the hopper 4 with a minimum drop height, the side walls of the shoulder will be steep, the number of heads in the lower layer will also be minimal.

In subsequent passes of the machine, the cycle repeats. As a result, heads of cabbage are formed across the field, placed on a layer of cabbage waste. This prevents the pollution of heads of cabbage.

In the second phase of the harvesting process, heads of cabbage are loaded from a collar onto a vehicle, having previously been brought to the presentation.

When harvesting cabbage using this method, cabbages are not damaged due to the sparing loading and unloading mode, they are not contaminated without contact with the soil in the pile. Due to this, the quality of the products is improved.

Sources of information

1. Industrial technology for the production of vegetables / Composition. G.E. Isaev. - L., Lenizdat, 1979.

2. USSR author's certificate No. 1015851 A, cl. A 01 D 45/26.

Claims (3)

1. A method of harvesting cabbage, including harvesting the entire biological crop of cabbage, separating the associated waste of cabbage from the heads of cabbage, characterized in that, in order to improve the quality of the products obtained, the associated waste separated in the process of harvesting of cabbage is unloaded with an even layer on the ground in the harvested part of the field after the machine passes the stipulated distance from the beginning of the corral, on this layer subsequently, layers of cabbage accumulated in a gentle mode in the bunker of the machine are produced in layers, forming a collar across the field at following passages. 2. Machine for harvesting cabbage, including a cutting apparatus, an elevator, a device for separating cabbage waste from heads of cabbage, a waste bin, characterized in that it is equipped with a hopper with an opening side wall for accumulating cabbage, a device for unloading cabbage waste with an even layer on the ground made in the form of a flexible cloth that covers (opens) the bottom of the waste bin and is fixed at one end to the frame and the other end to the drum, which can move in horizontal guides from one about the edge to the other edge of the bottom of the hopper, rotating and simultaneously wrapping itself on a flexible web as a result of kinematic interaction with a fixed gear rack. 3. The machine according to claim 2, characterized in that the hopper for accumulating heads of cabbage has a movable bottom mounted cantilever at an angle to the horizontal towards the opening side wall with the ability to move in vertical guides and connected by a rope to a shock-absorbing device consisting of deflecting, tensioning blocks and elastic element.

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