RU2229204C1 - Potato growing method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, cultivation of food and seed potato under different conditions. SUBSTANCE: method involves forming ridges with 140 cm spacing in autumn and, depending on soil state and weedage development, tilling by cultivator combined with toothed ripper; in spring, preliminarily reforming ridges for potato tuber planting in spacings in case of hot weather or in ridges in wet weather and simultaneously ripping bases of future ridges; planting tubers in single row by means of re-equipped potato planter and simultaneously applying various fertilizers in layers in predetermined parts of future ridge; re-equipping cultivators to provide for seedlings care by mounting cultivator sections extended by 40 cm onto cultivator frame in each 140 cm; fixing ripper-hiller in said sections forward thereof as far as possible and setting said sections to 8-9 cm depth; fixing by yokes additional spring-loaded independently regulated beams at both sides of main sections for attachment of second-row working tools to depth of up to 18 cm with protective zone of 15-16 cm from tuber row center; attaching third-row rippers at end of some sections to depth of 17-18 cm and 22-cm wide subsoilers rearward thereof, with subsoilers being set for 24-25 cm depth between sections; suspending toothed rippers by means of chains so that rippers do not withdraw tubers from soil to prevent them from damage, said rippers being adjustable according to shape and size of ridges and passing at depth of 4-6 cm with width of up to 120 cm. During advancement of cultivator, two-tier or three-tier first-row rippers-hillers crumble soil, divide 8-9 cm thick furrow layer at two tiers. Lower 3-4 cm thick layer falls onto furrow bottom after ripping process, upper 4-5 cm thick layer is ejected aside to fall onto immediately arranged three-tier second-row rippers catching this layer and forwardly arranged soil layer for ripping thereof and throwing aside toward center of ridge to be formed. Method allows potato to be grown without use of herbicides. EFFECT: increased yield and quality of potato, reduced power and seed consumption, and reduced weedage of soil. 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods for growing seed and ware potatoes in various, including extreme conditions.

A known method of growing seed potatoes with row spacing of 140 cm is the prototype of the USSR AS No. 1584781 A-1, A-0-1, B 79/02, A 01 G 1/100, BI No. 30, 08/15/90. A good way, more environmentally friendly, cost-effective, but there are significant disadvantages:

1. Incomplete loosening of the soil at the base of the future ridge when cutting ridges after 70 cm.

2. Uneven addressless in relation to the roots of potatoes, the application of fertilizers, which reduces their use, affects the ecology and economy of the method.

3. Injury and re-infection of plants with brackets-extenders of the cultivator during care. The installation of the working bodies on the extension bracket, due to the rigidity of the structure and the inability to independently adjust them, does not provide stable normal contact of the working bodies with the soil, which does not allow for agricultural requirements, reduces the technological capabilities of the method, in addition, this placement of second-row cultivators contributes to clogging the cultivator land with plant debris, overloads the attachment point of the section to the cultivator bar, leads to premature wear and damage.

4. With a distance between the rows of cultivators-brooms 40-45 cm along the unit, it is not always possible to well loosen the soil and destroy weeds.

5. The known method (VNIIKH) applying simultaneously with the planting of one type of fertilizer with insufficient soil layer between the tubers and fertilizer (up to 2-3 cm) does not provide effective absorption of fertilizers.

The result is a decrease in environmental friendliness, productivity, quality and profitability of potatoes.

The claimed method differs from the prototype in the following.

1. Pre-form wide ridges through 140 cm with simultaneous additional deep loosening of the bottom. When weeds germinate, the ridges are reorganized in the aggregate with tooth cultivators. The working bodies are installed in four rows at four levels with a gradual deepening.

2. In spring, depending on climatic conditions, the ridges are re-formed for planting tubers into a furrow or ridges and at the same time, the bottom of the future ridge is further loosened.

3. Instead of an extension bracket, on each side of the sections, spring-loaded additional leads independently mounted in three directions for fastening the working bodies are mounted on the beam of the frame. This provides a more stable, normal contact of the working bodies with the soil, improves its loosening and provides for the destruction of weeds, does not damage and does not re-potato plants, removes 50% of the load from the attachment section of the section to the beam, increases the term of use of the cultivator, significantly reduces clogging by plant residues and soil, increases productivity, saves fuel and lubricants consumption and, very significantly, significantly less destroys the soil structure and, as a result, its fertility.

4. The distance along the unit between the rows of working bodies is 30-35 cm. This improves the grinding of the soil and the destruction of weeds.

5. With all the cares for planting, the crest is increased in all directions, so that before emergence above the tuber there are 15-20 cm of loose, clean soil.

6. Fertilizers are applied simultaneously with the planting of a converted potato planter, for example KSM-4-U, and phosphorus and potash are placed at the level of tubers 5 cm from them on both sides with two tapes 10-20 cm wide, and nitrogen tapes below them through the soil layer 5-7 cm in the center of the ridge with one tape, 15-20 cm wide.

As a result, these differences increase the fertilizer utilization rate, significantly reduce environmental pollution, save resources, increase the commodity and seed quality of tubers, increase the speed of aggregates, improve the quality of soil preparation, increase the productivity of aggregates and the profitability of potato production.

The purpose of the invention is environmental protection, increasing the yield and quality of potatoes, resource saving due to the creation of more favorable conditions for tuberization by layer-by-layer grinding of soil in four levels with passive multi-tier working bodies with minimal destruction of its structure, stabilization of plant life-support factors, increase of fertilizer utilization rate, saving 1 , 5-2 times of seeds and all costs associated with their preparation, storage, unloading, transportation, loading into seedlings, reducing p yield to 30% of fuel and lubricants, reduction of soil contamination by weeds without the use of herbicides, 100% harvesting with combines with good quality.

The drawing shows the layout of longline cultivators-cultivators and a tooth cultivator on the cultivator when processing plantings.

The method is as follows. The method of growing potatoes, which consists in the fact that previously in the autumn they carry out loosening in 4 tiers with the formation of wide furrows and ridges with a center distance of 140 cm, and loosening is carried out by sequentially cutting the soil with a distance between the tiers in the longitudinal-horizontal plane of 6-8 cm , and in the longitudinally vertical plane with the distance between the first. In the second and third rows, 30-35 cm each, and between the third and fourth rows 20-30 cm, depending on the state of the soil and the development of weeds, the formed ridges are cultivated and harrowed, in spring the ridges are re-formed for planting tubers in aisles to dry, or in ridges - in humid weather and at the same time loosen the bases of future ridges, planting tubers in a row in the base of ridges is carried out simultaneously with separate and layer-by-layer application of various fertilizers, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers being placed at the level of tubers 5 cm from them with of their sides with a tape 10 cm wide, and nitrogen - below them through a soil layer of 5-7 cm in the center with one tape 15-20 cm wide, and planting care is carried out by inter-row treatments with growing ridges along the height and width of the ridge, similar to loosening the soil when formation of furrows and ridges. In the autumn, crests are formed after 140 cm and, depending on the state of the soil and the development of weeds, they are cultivated with a cultivator in aggregate with a tooth cultivator. In spring, the ridges are pre-converted for planting tubers in the aisles in arid or in ridges in wet weather, and at the same time, the bases of future ridges are loosened. Then one-line planting of the converted potato planter is carried out with the simultaneous application of various fertilizers in layers in predetermined parts of the future ridge. Cultivators, for example KRN-4,2, will be re-equipped to care for the plantings. Sections elongated by 40 cm are installed on the cultivator frame through 140 cm. In these sections, a ripper-hiller is mounted up to failure to a depth of 8-9 cm. On both sides of the main sections additional spring-loaded, independently adjustable beds are attached to the clamps for fastening the working bodies the second row to a depth of 18 cm with a protective zone of 15-16 cm from the center of the row with tubers. At the end of the rear part of the sections, rippers of the third row are attached to a depth of 17-18 cm and behind them are subsoilers with a working gripper of 22 cm to a depth of 24-25 cm, between the sections on the chains they suspend tooth rippers that are adjustable in the given shape and size of the comb so that they did not extract tubers from the soil, did not injure them and walked at a depth of 4-6 cm with a working width of up to 120 cm.

When the cultivator moves, the two-tier or three-tier cultivators-ridgers of the first row crumble the soil, divide the furrow layer 8–9 cm thick on two tiers. The lower tier 3-4 cm thick after loosening falls to the bottom of the furrow, the upper layer, 4-5 cm thick, flies to the sides and falls on the second-row three-tier hillers, which pick up this and a new, frontally located soil layer, loosen them , cast aside to the center of the formed ridge. Part of the soil is returned by the pupils to the bottom of the furrow formed by the pupils of the first row to the working area of the pupils of the third row, who pick it up, loosen it and throw it on the ridge to the area of action of the tooth cultivator, which additionally crumbles the soil, destroys the weeds and forms a ridge according to agricultural requirements. The subsoilers installed in the fourth row behind the third row cultivators, additionally loosen the row-spacings by 10-12 cm during the first pre-emergence treatment and by 6-8 cm for all subsequent ones.

Claims (1)

The method of growing potatoes, which consists in the fact that previously in autumn they carry out loosening in 4 tiers with the formation of wide furrows and ridges with a center distance of 140 cm, and loosening is carried out by sequentially cutting the soil with a distance between the tiers in the longitudinal-horizontal plane of 6-8 cm and in the longitudinal-vertical plane with a distance between the first, second and third rows of 30-35 cm, and between the third and fourth 20-30 cm, depending on the state of the soil and the development of weeds, the formed ridges are cultivated harrow, in spring the ridges are re-formed for planting tubers between rows in dry or in ridges in wet weather and at the same time loosen the bases of future ridges, the tubers are planted in a row in the base of the ridges simultaneously with separate and layer-by-layer application of various fertilizers, with phosphoric and potassium fertilizers being placed at the level of tubers 5 cm from them on both sides with a tape 10 cm wide, and nitrogen ones below them through a soil layer of 5-7 cm in the center with one tape 15-20 cm wide, and planting care is carried out by inter-row treatments with growing ridges along the height and width of the ridge, similar to loosening the soil during the formation of furrows and ridges.