RU220565U1 - Direct heating reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

The proposed utility model relates to chemical and energy engineering, in particular to pyrolysis plants, and can be used in the design of pyrolysis reactors. The proposed utility model relates to the field of processing solid household, industrial, medical and other waste and can be used in the national economic complex for the neutralization and destruction of waste. The technical result is a simplification of the reactor design while maintaining its efficiency. A direct heating reactor equipped with a loading hopper and an outlet for removing ash and ash, containing a cylindrical body, inside of which a grate is fixed, made cone-shaped, tapering upward, the outer surface of the grate is made with longitudinal slits, an ignition chamber is formed above the grate, under the grate a combustion chamber is formed, a fluidized bed zone is formed near the grate by combustion products, characterized in that the lower part of the combustion chamber is made cone-shaped, tapering downwards, while the outlet for removing ash and ash is made in the form of a hole at the bottom of the cone-shaped part, the side surface of the combustion chamber is equipped with a channel to remove flue gases from the combustion chamber, the reactor is equipped with an external gas duct connected on one side to the ignition chamber through a hole made in its upper part, and on the other hand, the external flue is connected to a channel that ensures the removal of flue gases from the combustion chamber, the height of the grate is 1.618 D, where D is the internal diameter of the cylindrical part of the reactor, the volume of the ignition chamber Vk.r. greater than the volume of the combustion chamber Vсг. 1.618 times, while the diameter of the hole made in the outer surface of the ignition chamber is 100÷300 mm. 1 ill.

Description

The utility model relates to chemical energy engineering, in particular to pyrolysis plants, and can be used in the design of pyrolysis reactors.

From the RF patent No. 2549399 for the invention, a direct heating reactor is known, intended for gasification and pyrolysis, containing a loading device, a thermal decomposition chamber, a housing, blowing lances, a blowing fan, a gasification chamber, a grate, an ash pan, a generator gas outlet pipeline, and the upper part The thermal decomposition chamber, protruding above the heated part of the thermal decomposition chamber by an amount H in the range 0.05D<H<5D, where D is the diameter of the decomposition chamber, is equipped with a pyrolysis gas outlet pipeline that directs the gas for further use.

From the RF patent No. 2772320 for the invention, an installation for plasma-thermal waste processing is known, containing a furnace unit, an afterburner chamber, a smoke exhauster and an exhaust pipe connected in series by pipes, while the furnace unit is made in the form of a cylinder, vertically located inside a lined housing, equipped with a lid and a door block with technological opening for air intake, and is divided into upper and lower working chambers by a stand on which a grate in the form of a truncated cone is rigidly fixed, consisting of at least 12 blades with a vertical angle of inclination of 8-24 degrees, fixed at the top on a round plate covering the truncated part of the grate, and at the bottom connected by a metal ring, and the upper working chamber is connected to the lower working chamber by at least four nozzles, and the lower working chamber is equipped with an opening for removing the ash residue, while the inlet of the nozzle connecting the afterburner chamber and the smoke exhauster is located in the lower quarters of the afterburner chamber.

The installation according to patent No. 2772320 was chosen as the closest analogue.

The disadvantage of analogues is that their geometric parameters do not correspond to the optimal ones (such information is not available in the patent descriptions) from the point of view of ensuring combustion efficiency and ensuring the complete combustion of waste and gases generated during this process.

The technical problem solved by the proposed utility model is the creation of a simple and effective direct combustion reactor.

The technical result is a simplification of the reactor design while maintaining its efficiency.

The technical result is achieved due to the fact that in a direct heating reactor, equipped with a loading hopper and an outlet for removing ash and ash, containing a cylindrical body, inside of which a grate is fixed, made cone-shaped, tapering upward, the outer surface of the grate is made with longitudinal slits, above an ignition chamber is formed by the grate, a combustion chamber is formed under the grate, a fluidized bed zone is formed near the grate by combustion products, according to the utility model, the lower part of the combustion chamber is made cone-shaped, tapering downwards, while the outlet for removing ash and ash is made in the form of a hole at the bottom cone-shaped part, the side surface of the combustion chamber is equipped with a channel for removing flue gases from the combustion chamber, the reactor is equipped with an external flue connected on one side to the ignition chamber through a hole made in its upper part, and on the other side the external flue is connected to a channel providing flue gases from the combustion chamber, the height of the grate is 1.618 D, where D is the internal diameter of the cylindrical part of the reactor, the volume of the ignition chamber Vk.r. greater than the volume of the combustion chamber Vсг. 1.618 times, while the diameter of the hole made in the outer surface of the ignition chamber is 100÷300 mm.

The claimed utility model is illustrated in Figure 1, which shows a diagram of the claimed installation.

Positions on the drawings:

1- loading hopper;

2 – cylindrical reactor vessel;

3 – grate;

4 – ignition chamber;

5 – combustion chamber;

6 – outlet;

7 – channel in the side surface of the combustion chamber;

8 – hole in the side surface of the ignition chamber;

9 - ignition device;

10 – external flue.

The inventive direct heating reactor is equipped with a loading hopper 1 and an outlet 6 for removing ash and ash; the reactor contains a cylindrical body 2, inside of which a grate 3 is fixed, made cone-shaped, tapering upward; the outer surface of the grate 3 is made with longitudinal slots; an ignition chamber 4 is formed above the grate 3; a combustion chamber 5 is formed under the grate 3; near the grate 3, combustion products form a fluidized bed zone; the lower part of the combustion chamber 5 is made cone-shaped, tapering downwards, while the outlet 6 for removing ash and ash is made in the form of a hole at the bottom of the cone-shaped part; the side surface of the combustion chamber 5 is equipped with a channel 7 for removing flue gases from the combustion chamber 5; the reactor is equipped with an external flue 10, connected on one side to the ignition chamber 4 through a hole 8 made in its upper part, and on the other side, an external flue 10 is connected to channel 7, which ensures the removal of flue gases from the combustion chamber 5; the height of the grate 3 is 1.618 D, where D is the internal diameter of the cylindrical part of the reactor, the volume of the ignition chamber 4 Vk.r. greater than the volume of combustion chamber 5 Vсг. 1.618 times, while the diameter of the hole 8 made in the outer surface of the ignition chamber 4 is 100÷300 mm.

The value 1.618 is the value of the golden ratio, known, for example, from the source:

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1 %87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.

The height of the grate 3, equal to 1.618D, ensures effective ignition and subsequent combustion of the feedstock (fuel, waste) entering the reactor (chamber 4).

Selecting the volume of chamber 4 ignition V k.r. greater than the volume of combustion chamber 5 Vсг. 1.618 times is also carried out based on the golden ratio rule, which ensures a balance between the processes occurring in chamber 4 and chamber 5:

temperature balance, determined by the movement of flue gases, which ensures complete combustion of harmful impurities contained in the raw material, eliminating uncontrolled excessive flow of pyrolysis gases into chamber 5;

balance of the amount of raw material - entering chamber 4 and burning out in chamber 5, which ensures complete combustion of raw materials, which does not accumulate in chamber 5, but is continuously removed from it.

In the ignition chamber 4, the feedstock entering the reactor is heated to temperatures of 900–1100°C.

Burning raw materials accumulate in the near-grid zone (in the area near grate 3), forming the so-called “fluidized bed”.

During the heating of raw materials, harmful, highly toxic pyrolysis gases are actively formed in the upper part 4 of the reactor.

As the raw material burns, it drops through the slits of the grate 3 into the lower part of the reactor - into the combustion chamber 5, while the remains of the burned raw material in the form of ash and ash are discharged through the lower cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber 5 into the ash and ash collection device. In chamber 5, the final combustion of the feedstock and harmful components of the flue gases takes place, removed from chamber 5 through hole 6.

In combustion chamber 5 the highest temperature is at least 1200°C, at which maximum combustion of all harmful impurities and substances is ensured. In this case, combustion (destruction) of flue gases in combustion chamber 5 occurs at a pressure of 0.02-0.05 MPa.

Hole 8 is intended for selection from the ignition chamber 4 of pyrolysis gases formed during combustion in the upper part of the reactor of the feedstock.

The reactor is equipped with an external gas duct 10, which, on the one hand, is connected to hole 8 in the ignition chamber 4, and on the other hand, the gas duct is connected to channel 7, which is equipped with the combustion chamber 5. This ensures the removal of a large amount of pyrolysis gases from the reactor, which makes it possible to reduce the amount of harmful impurities entering the combustion chamber 5.

Which, in turn, makes it possible to remove ash and ashes from the combustion chamber 5 without additional purification, since the concentration of harmful impurities and substances in the combustion chamber 5 is reduced due to the removal of the main part of the pyrolysis gases through the upper part of the reactor (through hole 8).

It should be noted that the connection of chamber 4 with channel 7 allows for additional heating of the flue gases discharged from chamber 5, which allows the flue gas discharged through channel 7 to be used for further qualified use - for example, as a heat source.

Or, the flue gases removed from chamber 5 and the pyrolysis gases removed from chamber 4 can be sent to the afterburner chamber for their further utilization. Moreover, since the flue gases from chamber 5 are additionally heated by pyrolysis gases from chamber 4, their combustion in the afterburner chamber will be as efficient as possible.

The afterburner is a furnace, the design features of which do not affect the efficiency of the proposed reactor. The presence of an afterburner is due to environmental requirements, while the complete combustion of raw materials and harmful impurities contained in the flue gases is ensured, first of all, by the reactor.

The declared height of the grate 3 and the volumes of chambers 4 and 5 are determined by the “golden section” rule and make it possible to ensure effective ignition of raw materials in chamber 4, the completeness of its combustion in the near-grid zone and in chamber 5. The completeness of combustion in the final stage is characterized by the degree of decomposition of flue gases, the content harmful impurities in flue gases in chamber 5 and in ash and ash discharged from chamber 5.

The diameter of hole 8 is determined by the efficiency of removal of pyrolysis gases from chamber 4. If the diameter of hole 8 is less than 100 mm, the removal of pyrolysis gases will be insufficient, as a result, more harmful impurities will enter chamber 5. If the hole diameter is more than 300 mm, the combustion efficiency in chamber 4 may be impaired, since the duration of the pyrolysis process necessary for effective combustion may be impaired.

Making the lower part of the chamber 5 cone-shaped is necessary for the effective permanent removal of ash and ash formed during the combustion process by gravity without the use of special devices so that the ash and ash do not accumulate in the chamber 5 and do not affect the combustion process.

The inventive reactor operates as follows.

The feedstock from loading hopper 1 is directed into the internal cavity of the reactor - into the ignition chamber 4, in which a grate 3 is installed, on which the loaded raw material is retained and burned. The supply of oxygen necessary for combustion is carried out through nozzles in the reactor vessel or through an opening in the reactor lid; Removal of ash and ash is carried out through outlet 6 at the bottom of the combustion chamber 5 into the ash and ash collection device.

The flue gases formed in the combustion chamber 5 through channel 7 are removed from the chamber 5 either for further qualified use (as a heat source) or into the afterburner chamber.

The inventive reactor is highly efficient due to ensuring efficient combustion in the reactor and complete combustion of raw materials and harmful impurities contained in flue gases.

The inventive reactor ensures purification of flue gases from harmful impurities and substances at a level of 95÷97%, provides a high temperature at the outlet of chamber 5 (in channel 7) - at least 1200°C, which allows them to be used efficiently as a heat source. The reactor does not require additional heat sources, which indicates its efficiency.

Moreover, the inventive reactor is simple in design and contains a minimum number of structural elements compared to known analogues. The inventive reactor can be placed on a rigid frame (frame) placed in a standard transport container. This will allow you to use it as a mobile phone.

Thus, the claimed utility model ensures the achievement of a technical result consisting in simplifying the design of a direct heating reactor while maintaining its efficiency. In addition, the proposed reactor expands the arsenal of direct heating reactors.

Claims (1)

A direct heating reactor equipped with a loading hopper and an outlet for removing ash and ash, containing a cylindrical body, inside of which a grate is fixed, made cone-shaped, tapering upward, the outer surface of the grate is made with longitudinal slits, an ignition chamber is formed above the grate, under the grate a combustion chamber is formed, a fluidized bed zone is formed near the grate by combustion products, characterized in that the lower part of the combustion chamber is made cone-shaped, tapering downwards, while the outlet for removing ash and ash is made in the form of a hole at the bottom of the cone-shaped part, the side surface of the combustion chamber is equipped with a channel to remove flue gases from the combustion chamber, the reactor is equipped with an external gas duct connected on one side to the ignition chamber through a hole made in its upper part, and on the other hand, the external flue is connected to a channel that ensures the removal of flue gases from the combustion chamber, the height of the grate is 1.618 D, where D is the internal diameter of the cylindrical part of the reactor, the volume of the ignition chamber Vk.r. greater than the volume of the combustion chamber Vсг. 1.618 times, while the diameter of the hole made in the outer surface of the ignition chamber is 100-300 mm.