RU2202881C1 - Artificial biotope - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fish industry, in particular, mariculture fish farming. SUBSTANCE: artificial biotope has artificial substrate, anchor and float. Artificial substrate is made in the form of rope with fibrous fringed members of synthetic material interwoven therein. Fibrous members of 60-70 mm length are manufactured of material with different modulus of elasticity (E1=800-1,110 MPa and E1=2,500-3,000 MPa) and are interwoven in rope transverse to its base in the ratio of 4:6, respectively. Artificial substrate is arranged at density not in the excess of 64 pcs/sq.m. Fibrous members with modulus of elasticity E1=800-1,110 MPa are made of polypropylene tapes with 5.0-6.0 mm width, and fibrous members with modulus of elasticity E2=2,500-3,000 MPa are made of polyester filaments of 0.5-0.1 mm diameter. Artificial biotope allows biocenosis to be formed, hydrobionts to be reproduced, habitat for living and finishing valuable kinds of fish and invertebrates to be provided. EFFECT: optimal density of settling of hydrobionts, provision for creating wider range of kinds of biocenosis and for obtaining ecologically clean product. 2 cl, 3 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the fishing industry, and in particular to devices for the formation of biocenoses, the reproduction of aquatic organisms, the habitat and feeding of valuable fish and invertebrate species, and can be used in mariculture farms.

Known artificial biotopes made of material-intensive elements:
MKI A 01 K 61/00, SU, copyright certificate 1329712. "Artificial reef for breeding aquatic animals", in which a toroidal chamber made of elastic material is used as an artificial substrate to improve the nutritional conditions of aquatic organisms and protect them from predators. As such cameras use tires.

 MKI A 01 K 61/00, SU, copyright certificate 967437. "Artificial biotope", in which to reduce the effects of external factors on aquatic organisms and increase their survival and reproduction, cameras of a toroidal shape made of elastic material (tires) are used as an artificial substrate. openings for the passage of aquatic organisms are made along one of the outer edges of the chambers, and a filler of fibrous material is placed in the central cavity of the chambers.

 The disadvantage of these designs is the low coefficient of "usable space" (free spaces in the device, accessible for living aquatic organisms) are considered useful space relative to the weight of the device, which leads to unacceptably high costs for their installation. Toxins that are released from used tires do not allow to obtain environmentally friendly products during their operation.

Known artificial biotopes with a higher coefficient of "usable space", which consist of a base with ballast weights and artificial substrates fixed on it in the form of numerous long floating strips made of synthetic and natural materials:
MKI E 02 In 31/00, US, patent 3559407 from 11.25.68. "Artificial algae." In this biotope, the artificial substrate is made of waterproof flexible material in the form of threads fixed to the bottom.

 MKI A 01 K 61/00, US, patent 3540415 "Ecological system in the form of a synthetic reef for large reservoirs." In this biotope, the artificial substrate is made in the form of elongated thin ribbon-like elements with positive buoyancy, with one end of each element attached to the base.

 MKI A 01 K 61/00, JP, patent 24021-61 from 09.20.60. "A device that is a shelter for fish." The artificial substrate consists of threads made of a waterproof flexible material. The threads are attached to the floats, which are attached to the base via cables. The base with anchors and supports is fixed at the bottom or above the bottom of the reservoir.

 MKI A 01 K 61/00, JP, accepted application 46128-80, from 08.11.76. "Artificial algae." In this biotope, the artificial substrate is made of soft synthetic material in the form of leaves obtained by cuts at certain intervals in the direction of the film length, fixed by continuously covering the rope along and across the film, they have positive buoyancy and are attached to the bottom with ballast weights.

 The disadvantage of all of these biotopes is the low coefficient of "usable space" relative to the structure itself, since the listed artificial substrates have only two working planes, as a result of which the space they occupy in the water column is not fully used.

 Known biotope with a sufficiently high coefficient of "usable space": MKI A 01 K, DD, patent 1185008 from 11.20.62. "Spawning or incubation device." An artificial biotope consists of an artificial substrate, fixed by floats and anchors in the water column, and the artificial substrate is a twisted metal cord across which yarn fibers or tufts of grass are woven in the form of a fringe.

 The disadvantage of this invention is the complexity of manufacturing and operating the device.

 The closest in technical essence is an artificial biotope for the cultivation of marine aquatic organisms, in particular, oysters: MKI A 01 K 61/00, FR, patent 2549695. "A cable for catching and growing marine mollusks and the method of its production." An artificial substrate is a rope made of one or more rope strands and a woven braid, and the threads of the woven braid are made of homogeneous synthetic materials, and the woven braid is twisted around the base of the rope in the form of a fringe. The artificial substrate is manufactured on an industrial scale, stored in the form of bays 300 m long, fixed in the water column using anchors and floats.

 The disadvantage of this invention is the narrow operational orientation of the device as a result of adhesion and sagging of the fibrous elements.

 The problem solved by this invention is the creation of a universal biotope for the formation of a wide species range biocenosis by ensuring the optimal density of the distribution of aquatic organisms through the use of materials of different nominal linear densities and the production of environmentally friendly products.

To achieve the specified technical result in an artificial biotope containing anchors, floats and artificial substrate, the artificial substrate is made in the form of a rope with a fringe of synthetic fiber elements 60-70 mm long, and the fibrous elements are made of materials with different elastic modulus (E1 = 800- 1110 and E2 = 2500-3000 MPa) and are woven into the rope across its base, respectively, in a ratio of 4: 6, while the fibrous elements with an elastic modulus of E1 = 800-1110 MPa are made of polypropylene tapes with a width of 5.0-6.0 mm, and with a module of up Treat E2 = 2500-3000 MPa - from polyester yarn diameter 0.05-0.1 mm and an artificial substrate in the waters of the site with a density of not more than 64 pcs / m ^2..

Distinctive features of the proposed artificial biotope from the above known, closest to it, is the presence of fibrous elements 60-70 mm long, made of materials with different elastic moduli (E1 = 800-1110 and E2 = 2500-3000 MPa), weaving them into the rope across the base, respectively, in a 4: 6 ratio and the location of the artificial substrate in the area of the biotope with a density of not more than 64 pcs / m ² , as well as the implementation of fibrous elements with E1 = 800-1110 MPa from polypropylene tapes 5.0-6.0 mm wide, and with E2 = 2500-3000 MPa - from poly firni filament diameter 0.05-1.0 mm.

 Due to the presence of these signs during the operation of an artificial biotope, conditions are created for the formation of a biocenosis of a wide species range (from microorganisms to ichthyofauna) by ensuring the optimal density of settlement of hydrobionts.

 Figure 1 presents a General view of the artificial biotope.

 Figure 2 is an enlarged view of a piece of artificial substrate.

 Figure 3 - options for the use of artificial substrate - A, B, C.

 An artificial biotope for the reproduction and preservation of hydrobionts consists (Fig. 1) of artificial substrates 1, ballast weights 2, floats 3. The artificial substrate is made of polypropylene tapes 4 with a width of 5.0-6.0 mm and polyester threads 5 with a diameter of 0.05-1.0 mm and a length of 60-70 mm (Fig. 2), which are woven across the base of the longitudinal axis of the rope 6 in the form of a "ruff".

An artificial substrate is placed in the water column with a density of not more than 64 pcs./m ² (Fig. 3), with a length of 0.5 to 15 m.

 The presence in the artificial substrate of fibrous elements made of materials with different modulus of elasticity allows you to create a biotope with a high coefficient of "usable space", since soft polypropylene tapes are supported by rigid polyester yarns and prevent them from sagging and sticking, in addition, each polyester yarn is still fluffy for 1200 strings, this contributes to the maximum collection of eggs and larvae on a substrate, and polypropylene tapes are a shelter for growing hydrobionts, and as they grow one hundred remains the original shelter.

 The combination of fibers of different elasticity leads to the formation of microcirculatory vortices inside the artificial substrate, which contribute to improved aeration in the biotope, which beneficially affects the eggs and larvae, and also leads to an increase in the productivity of the microepiphytic food base and positively affects trophodynamics both in and around the biotope .

 Evenly weaving the fibrous elements in a ratio of 4: 6 across the base of the longitudinal axis of the rope in the form of a ruff increases the coefficient of the "useful space" of the biotope, contributes to the optimal use of the water column. When the ratio of the number of fibrous elements in the artificial substrate changes to a smaller or larger side, it either leads to sagging and cohesion of the artificial substrates, or to a decrease in the “useful space” coefficient of the biotope.

 Due to the spatial structure of transverse, fibrous elements (polypropylene tapes with a width of 5.0-6.0 mm and polyester filaments with a diameter of 0.5-1.0 mm) additional niches are created for micro- and mesoplanktonic and epibenthic organisms to live in a fairly wide size and species range.

The location of the artificial substrate in the water column of not more than 64 pcs./m ² allows you to create the most optimal biotope option, since at a higher density of the placement of the artificial substrate there is a decrease in water exchange due to a decrease in turbulence, and at a lower density of artificial substrates the use of the biotope is not economically feasible .

 An artificial biotope is installed from the vessel in the water column from the water edge to the lower horizons of the sublittoral depending on the installation location and types of hydrobionts.

The artificial biotope is used: for collecting spath of bivalve mollusks such as mussels, oysters, scallops and growing them to marketable sizes;
for the collection of spath and cultivation of echinoderms, in particular trepang, cucumaria, sea urchin;
for spawning fish with sticky caviar, as well as a refuge for fry;
to increase the trophic capacity of estuaries, feeding grounds for fish.

The work of an artificial biotope is as follows:
- to collect spath of attached species of mollusks, namely mussels, oysters, and to grow them to marketable sizes, the biotope is installed in closed bays. Liana-like artificial substrates are equipped with floats and ballast weights of 2-3 kg. The height of the biotope is 3-9 m, and the density is not more than 64 pcs./m ² (figure 1).

 - to collect the spaw of scallop, an artificial substrate is installed in the water column on the frame structure (Fig. 3 A).

 - to collect larvae of echinoderms and grow them to marketable sizes, artificial substrates up to 300 m long are installed in the form of a continuous wave-like ribbon in the form of a bed (Fig. 3 B).

 To create shelters, places of spawning, fattening and feeding of juvenile fish in river estuaries, frame structures of artificial substrates are used, fixed to the bottom of the water area using anchors and floats (Fig. 3 C).

Case Studies
Example 1
The effectiveness of the artificial biotope according to this invention was tested by installing an artificial biotope in 1997-98. in the bay of Minonoska of Posyet Bay on an area of 0.3 ha. The water depth reached 15 m. An artificial substrate is a rope with fibrous elements woven into it across the warp from dacron threads 0.5-1.0 mm in diameter and polypropylene tapes 5.0-6.0 mm wide and 60-70 mm long. An artificial substrate with a length of 10 m was installed in the water column, while the upper end is attached to the carrier cable, and the lower end is installed at the bottom using an anchor weighing 2-3 kg. The planting density of the artificial substrate is 64 pcs./m ² .

 When the length of the support cable is 100 m, 2000 m of artificial substrate is used. On 1 m of artificial substrate, an average of 2700 specimens settle. mussels.

Example 2
An artificial biotope for collecting and cultivating echinoderms was established in 1997 in Posyet Bay in the water area between Cape Ostreno and Cape Marble. The artificial substrate was located at depths of 1.8 to 4.5 m with an area of 1.2 ha. As an artificial substrate, the substrate described in Example 1 was used. The substrate was installed in the form of a continuous tape, fixed every 5 m at the bottom with anchors, in the water column with floats (Fig. 3B). On average, about 110 specimens settled on 1 m of substrate. trepang at the pentactulus stage.

Example 3
Artificial biotopes were established in the lower part of the Tumannaya River on two hydrobiological sections from the Russian coast to the central part of the river bed to a depth of 3.5-5.0 m. Section 1 was located in the river backwater, section 2 was located in the main channel of the river. To solve this problem, frame structures were used (Fig. 3C). The substrate described in Example 1 was used as an artificial substrate. A 1 m long substrate was attached at one end to metal frames, foam floats were attached to the other end of the substrate to maintain them in a vertical position in the water column. Frame constructions were installed every 2 m at a depth of 0.5 to 3 m. With an artificial substrate height of 1 m, the total surface area of the threads and tapes is 1.69 m ² , which exceeds the area of its design surface on the ground by 508 times.

 Artificial biotopes were intensively populated by biota. Among the inhabitants of the biotope, larvae of chironomids, stoneflies, mayflies, dragonflies, fish fry, and freshwater mollusks in an amount of 240 to 1259 specimens were noted. per 1 m of substrate with a total biomass of 0.4-1.2 g. This is due to favorable oxygen conditions in the upper layers of river water and the presence of a large amount of food on the substrate.

 With the help of this biotope, the river is preserved and enriched, and the biomass and the number of inhabitants increase by at least 40-120 times, which opens up new opportunities for increasing the bioproductivity of rivers, as well as for accelerating the processes of self-purification and restoration of the river ecosystem, which is subject to anthropogenic pressure.

To form a strip of artificial underwater thickets when installing them along the channels of fish passages with a substrate height of 0.5 m, a length of 1 km and a width of 10 m with a planting density of 4 pcs / m ^{2, the} consumption of artificial substrate will be 20 km. The fish attracted to these shallow waters find conditions on them that are favorable enough for both spawning and the temporary habitat of fry.

The artificial substrate is manufactured under industrial conditions in the form of bays with a length of about 300 m, as a result of which:
the ability to install, collect and clean the attached species of aquatic organisms, in particular mussel, oyster settlements in a continuous mode, which ensures increased labor productivity;
the ability to install, remove and move the artificial substrate on the sites in the pond in a continuous mode without the use of diving labor;
the possibility of multiple and multi-purpose use in various parts of water bodies.

 The artificial biotope does not create obstacles to shipping and active fishing.

Claims (2)

1. An artificial biotope containing an anchor, a float and an artificial substrate made in the form of a rope with fiber elements made of synthetic material woven into it in the form of a fringe, characterized in that the fiber elements 60-70 mm long are made of materials with different elastic modulus (E1 = 800-1110 and E2 = 2500-3000 MPa) and are woven into the rope across its base, respectively, in a ratio of 4: 6, with the artificial substrate having a density of not more than 64 pcs./m ² .  2. The artificial biotope according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibrous elements with an elastic modulus E1 = 800-1110 MPa are made of polypropylene tapes with a width of 5.0-6.0 mm, and with an elastic modulus E2 = 2500-3000 MPa from polyester threads with a diameter of 0.5-1.0 mm.

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