RU2069944C1 - Hothouse crop and seedling growing greenhouse - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: greenhouse floor with crop layer is separated from ground surface and is mounted at its ends on two wide and high columns covered with heat-insulating material. Shell is positioned between columns for rotation about its longitudinal axis so that it embraces floor. Shell is covered from bottom with arched warmed profile shaped as semishell. Shell is divided across chord section into glass-enclosed summer section and warmed winter section. When shell is rotated, one section is replaced by the other section. When greenhouse operates in winter mode, warmed section is over floor. In this case sealing is provided by flexible cord such as rubber pipe filled with compressed air and inserted between shell, columns and semishells. Efficient usage of inner volume of shell is provided by mounting shelves with crops through brackets on floor edges. Floor may be made multitier. When greenhouse is mounted on ceiling of heated building, two warmed shields are positioned in greenhouse instead of semishell so that pocket open from bottom is defined. It allows heat to be utilized. Washing is facilitated through step-by-step rotation of shell so that windows are brought to washing zone. EFFECT: increased efficiency, reduced power consumption and enhanced reliability in operation. 6 cl, 9 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to structures used in agricultural production for growing greenhouse crops and seedlings in conditions of sharp environmental fluctuations, for example, in the Far North. It can also be used in those industries where it is necessary to provide a quick and frequent change of natural solar lighting with electric (in scientific units).

 A greenhouse is a special room with an internal microclimate, the walls and roof of which are coated with translucent material.

 The cultural (fruitful) layer in the greenhouse is usually located on the floor, but can also be placed in drawers on shelves.

 By greenhouse culture we mean those that, when developed in a greenhouse, produce products in those periods when it cannot be grown in open ground.

 Vegetables (cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, dill), as well as melons (melon), ornamental (cloves), fruit (lemon, peach), berry (strawberries), mushrooms act as it.

 The greenhouse can also find other uses for the development of worm farming. This is a new emerging business sector where organic waste is processed using earthworms.

 As a result of this, two useful products are obtained: high-quality fertilizer and the worms themselves, which go to feed livestock, fish, and for other purposes.

 According to the terms of heat use, greenhouses are divided into winter ones, which are in operation all year round and spring ones, which operate in spring, summer and partially in autumn.

 Glass is used as a translucent material in winter greenhouses, and glass or transparent films in spring.

 The main parts of winter greenhouses are the foundation, skeleton and roof.

 The foundation is made of reinforced concrete slabs or stone, and the supporting elements of the composition of metal, wood, less often of reinforced concrete.

 The roof and the upper part of the walls are glazed, and the lower part is made of brick or reinforced concrete.

 Heating plants in the greenhouse can be solar, biochemical (due to the heat of biofuels) and technical.

 Technical heating involves the use of hot water, steam, electricity, as well as the heat of residential buildings or industrial buildings.

 Greenhouses can be equipped with climate control systems, plant nutrition regimes.

 For the development of crops in the greenhouse provides ventilation. It can be natural (through windows, vents) or forced using fans.

 Along with high utility, winter greenhouses have a significant drawback of large heat losses during its operation in cold weather.

 Of the studied greenhouses that have the most similarities with the subject of the alleged invention, is a summer greenhouse according to the USSR author's certificate N 1417833, class. A 01 G 9/24, 1988, which is adopted as a prototype.

 It contains a pallet with soil, a basket with slots with a frame made of electrical thermal resistance and an upper dome covered with a translucent film. The dome with the pallet is connected through elastic gaskets, through which the input and output of electric wires for connecting to the electric current source and the input of the water supply pipe are made. Additional lighting is provided through the use of electric lamps. In order to reduce heat loss by soil, the pallet is made with a heat-insulating layer.

 It should be noted that in this greenhouse only the fruit-bearing layer is insulated and the dome is not thermally insulated, as a result of which its operation in winter becomes unacceptable.

 The aim of the invention is to reduce heat loss during operation of the greenhouse in the winter by quickly replacing the shell with a summer coating with a shell with a heat-insulating layer.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that the floor with the cultural layer is raised above the ground and fixed at the ends on two high and wide supports and with gaps on the sides placed in a cylindrical shell that can be rotated between the walls with the coverage of the floor. Walls of the warmed execution. They have doors mounted at floor level.

 The shell along the running section is divided into two parts. One of them, the smaller one, is glazed and has a summer design. The other part, a large one, is covered with a heat-insulating layer.

 From below, the shell is covered by an arched profile (half-shell) having a heat-insulating layer.

 The ends of the half-shell are fixed on the walls. The fastening is carried out in such a way that between the outer surface of the shell and the inner surface of the half-shell there is an annular gap in which the wall of the shell freely passes with the possibility of unobstructed rotation.

 When turning the shell there is a change over the floor of one arch to another. This ensures the transition of the greenhouse from summer to winter and vice versa.

 When the insulated layer of the shell is in the upper position, which corresponds to the winter mode of operation, the cracks between the shell, the walls and the half shell should be filled with sealing plaits of soft material.

 The rotation of the shell can be carried out on rollers mounted on the skeleton of the greenhouse, or on a pipe passing through the longitudinal axis of rotation of the shell.

 In the first case, the shell on the rollers is supported by its rings placed at its ends, and in the second by the bottoms.

 In the latter case, the floor is rigidly attached to the pipe, and the pipe with its ends is also rigidly pinched in the walls of the core. The floor in this case is performed in a shortened version with the formation of gaps between the ends of the floor and the walls of the skeleton. In these gaps, the shell bottoms are also located.

 For the most complete use of the inner volume of the shell, rectilinear or curvilinear brackets are installed on the sides of the floor, on which shelves for drawers with a cultural layer are attached, and the floor itself can be made in two or more tiers. In this case, hatches are made in each floor tier. The communication between the tiers can be carried out using ladders or stairs.

 The combination of new features in the form of separation of the floor from the ground, the placement of the floor with the cultural layer in a horizontally rotating shell, the breakdown of the shell along the chord section into a summer zone with glazing, and a winter one carrying a heat-insulating layer, floor design in several tiers is unknown among analogues, which allows talk about the significant novelty of the proposed technical solution.

 In FIG. 1 shows a partial cutaway view of a proposed greenhouse; in FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a greenhouse along AA along with its operation in summer mode (in Fig. 1); in FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a greenhouse along AA in operation in winter mode (in FIG. 1); in FIG. 4 is a view of a roller and a supporting ring of a shell associated with it, assembly B in FIG. 1; in FIG. 5 is a view of shell extensions in the form of a lanyard from spontaneous rotation of the shell, assembly B in FIG. 2; in FIG. 6 is a transverse section through A-A of the greenhouse during summer operation in a two-tier version of the floor and brackets along the edges of the floor for shelves, for the most complete use of the internal volume of the greenhouse (in Fig. 1). in FIG. Fig. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a greenhouse along AA in summer mode with a single-tier floor and two shields instead of a half shell for installing it on the ceiling of the upper stage of a heated building (in Fig. 1); in FIG. 8 is a view of a partially cutaway greenhouse with a shell with two insulated bottoms at its ends and a two-story floor; in FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view along G-D of the greenhouse in FIG. 8.

 The basis of the design of the proposed greenhouse is a frame, the floor of which is placed in a horizontally rotating cylindrical shell (shell) 1 of FIG. 1.

 The frame is made in the form of a wooden bed with wide and high solid backs, having a hard sunbed. The role of the sunbed in the greenhouse is performed by floor 2, and the backs are two supports 3. A cultural (fruitful) layer of earth is laid on the floor. The supporting elements of the floor are highly rigid profiles, for example, channels, I-beams, pipes. As the flooring, wooden boards can be used, coated on top with a waterproof sheet material. The support 3 is a vertical wall in an insulated version, in the lower part of which there are legs 4 for fastening to the foundation. Between the supports 3, a half-shell 5 with an upward concavity, fastened with them by means of bolted connections 6, is placed opposite the supports 3 in a disagreement. Its dimensions along the arc are such that it overlaps the glazed part of the shell 1 when this part is in the lower position (greenhouse operation in winter mode ) The half-shell 5 is made with a coating of heat-insulating material. In the walls of the supports there are windows 7 (Fig. 2), and in one of them a door 8 (Fig. 1). The door is located at floor level 2. The approach to the door 8 is carried out using a ladder (ladder) 9, the upper end resting on the porch 10. On the inner sides of the walls of the supports are fixed rollers 11, which can rotate on their axes. The rollers are arranged in circles and are designed to suspend the shell 1 in a horizontal position. One of the rollers, the upper 12, is designed to exclude the movement of the shell 1 in the axial direction. He, receiving rotation from the electric drive 13, provides a command to rotate the shell around its longitudinal axis. The angle between the flanges of the roller 12 should be such that the friction force sufficient to rotate the shell is ensured from the weight of the shell between the rollers and its support ring 14. The ring has the same ring at the other end. Both rings retain the shape of the shell.

 It should be emphasized that the presence of one roller with flanges among the rollers without flanges ensures the normal operation of the shell regardless of its linear changes due to differences in ambient temperatures, and the location of the rollers on supports along circles at angles close to the direct holding of the shell in a given position with strong gusts the wind.

 The shell performs the role of sheltering plants in the greenhouse when it is working in both summer and winter. It is a pipe of cylindrical shape, bent from sheet material (for example, sheets of aluminum-magnesium alloy) and reinforced with frames (rings) and longitudinal ties by stringers. The shell along the chordal section is divided into two parts: summer and winter.

 Winter is made insulated and when it is in the upper position serves as a roof during operation of the greenhouse in winter mode (Fig. 3). This part of the shell together with the walls of the supports and the half-shell form a closed volume of the insulated version. For its complete separation from the outside world in the gap between the shell and the frame laid sealing tape 15 in the form of a rubber tube. The tube channel is filled with compressed air, as a result of which the tube clogs the slots with its expansion. For better sealing, the tube may have two or more channels. The channels can be filled with air from a compressor or a hand-held bicycle pump.

The summer part, made on an arc less than 180 ^o , bears glazed windows 16. When the greenhouse changes from winter to summer, the glazed part turns the shell from the lower position to the upper one by turning the shell (Fig. 2).

 After the shell is rotated by the roller 12 through the ring 14 (Fig. 4), each of its working positions is fixed by braces (talpers) 17 placed in two sections on both sides of the shell.

 A view of the talper is shown in FIG. 5. The lower end 18 of the talper has a ring (plug), which is connected to the eyelet 19 on the half-shell 5. The upper end of the screw 20 is made in the form of a hook (hook), which goes into the hole of the eyelet 21 mounted on the shell 1. By rotating the coupling 22, they reach crushing the shell, which fixes it in a predetermined position and eliminates spontaneous rotation around its longitudinal axis.

 In FIG. 6 shows a cross section of a greenhouse with a two-tier floor design. Naturally, while maintaining the shape, this greenhouse should have increased dimensions. Here, the upper floor is 23 wide. It is placed in the diametrical section of the shell 1. The ends of this floor, as well as the lower 2, rest on the walls of the supports 3 and are rigidly connected with them, the Lower floor 2 is narrow. It is omitted from the top by a distance corresponding to the growth of a person. The width of this floor is determined by the convergence of the sides of the shell 1 at this level. The upper floor, as well as the lower one, has a bump visor 24 that prevents accidental ingress of foreign objects on the bottom of the shell.

 The transition from one tier to another was carried out using a ladder-ladder 25. For this, a hatchway is provided in the upper tier of floor 23.

 In order to make the best use of the internal volume of the greenhouse, rectilinear or curvilinear brackets 26 and 27, respectively, on which the shelves 28 are placed, are installed and fixed on the edges of the floor with the given steps.

 Additional boxes with a cultural layer are installed on the shelves.

 In FIG. 7 shows the cross section of the greenhouse when it is operating in summer mode with a single-tier floor 2 in the embodiment when, in place of the half-shell 5 (Figs. 1, 2, 3. 6), two shields 29 with a heat-insulating coating are used.

 The bottom of the shields is made flush with the bottom of the walls of the supports 3. The walls of the supports and shields form a pocket 30, open from the bottom. This part of the greenhouse is installed on the ceiling of the upper floor of a heated building. Thanks to pocket 30, heat from the ceiling is captured and it goes to additional heating of the shell (the main heating of the proposed greenhouse is technical).

 Above we consider greenhouses with floors in one or two tiers, with shelves mounted on straight or curved brackets along the edges of the floor, greenhouses with an open bottom, allowing better use of the heat of the upper floors of heated buildings, as well as greenhouses with a closed bottom, allowing its autonomous operation , i.e. outside heated buildings.

 The foregoing speaks of the breadth of the proposed solution. Confirmation of this, within the framework of the claimed proposal, is the greenhouse shown in FIG. 8.

 This greenhouse also consists of a frame and a shell. The frame is made of two supports 31 of an insulated design, interconnected at the bottom by a half-shell 5. The shell itself is the same as the shell 1 of the greenhouse in FIG. 1, but bottoms 32 having a heat-insulating coating are installed in place of the support rings. The presence of the bottoms made it necessary to have supports 31 of lower height than the shell 5 (Fig. 1). In the center of the bottoms 32 there are holes in which a circular pipe 33 is passed, which is the axis of rotation of the shell. The ends of the pipe are passed into the drilling in the walls of the supports 31 and are rigidly pinched therein. This is achieved thanks to the fixed joints of the apron sheets 34 with the pipe 33 and with the walls of the supports 31. The pipe, being a power link, acts as a spinal beam that carries the lower 35 and upper 36 tiers of the floor. A rigid connection between the pipe and the supports holds the floor stationary.

 It should be noted that in order to reduce the metal consumption of the structure, the pipe can be used with a smaller diameter, but reinforced by a longitudinal frame mounted vertically along its longitudinal axis.

 The flooring is laid on beams or frames installed across the pipe and fixed on it. The hole in the pipe 33 is used as a channel in which all standard communications (pipelines, cables, wires, etc.) are placed to supply heat, water, electricity and other life-supporting components to the greenhouse. To enter the greenhouse, it has doors 8, 37. Doors 8 are made in the wall of the support 31, and doors 37 are in the shell bottom at two levels to ensure passage to the greenhouse under both modes of operation. A flight of stairs 38 and a manhole in the upper tier 36 of the floor allow service personnel to move from one tier to another inside the shell 1. To enter the shell on the first tier outside the greenhouse there is a porch 39, which is climbed by stairs 40. Naturally, entrance is possible on the second tier of the floor and outside, if an additional porch is installed at the level of this tier and a ladder of the required length. The seal between the shell 1 with the bottoms 32 and the frame is achieved by the bundle 41, similar to the bundle 15 of FIG. 1. For natural lighting in the bottoms 32 of the shell 1 and the walls of the supports 30, windows 7 are made (Fig. 9).

 The greenhouse shown in FIG. 8, 9 claims claim 6 of the claims. The work of the greenhouses of the presented options is to transfer it from the summer mode of operation to winter and vice versa. When switching to winter mode, it is necessary to loosen the talpers 17 (Fig. 1, 5), disengage the hooks of the upper screws 20 from the ears on the shell 1, release air from the sealing harness 15 (14), turn on the electric drive 13 (in Fig. 8, the electric drive rotation mechanism not shown). With its operation, the electric drive 13 imparts a rotational movement to the roller 12, from which it is transmitted to the ring support ring 14. The ring, turning on the rollers, rotates the shell 1. This happens until the insulated part of the shell takes the upper position and its glazed area is lower (see Fig. 3). In this case, the drive turns off from operation. Turnbuckles 17 are stretching the shell. After securing the shell, compressed air is supplied to the bundles 15 (41). From the action of air, the harnesses expand and thereby seal the gap between the shell and the frame. The greenhouse is prepared for use in winter mode. The same operations are essentially performed when the greenhouse is switched from winter to summer. In this case, the position of the shell 1 will be as shown in FIG. 2.

 Integral engineering devices of greenhouses are ventilation, heat, water, electricity, artificial lighting and the presence of other devices. A description of these devices is not given here, as they are not included in the scope of the claimed technical solution.

 The proposed design of the greenhouse, in addition to reducing heat loss during its operation in the winter, will simultaneously increase the convenience of washing glasses. This is achieved by stepwise rotation of the shell and thereby the supply of mud glasses 16 to the zone of the washing post. As the latter can be any longitudinal side of the greenhouse. With a small height of the greenhouse (approximately up to 3-3.5 m), the washer during his work can stand directly on the ground, and with a larger one on a bench or shelf, which is part of the design of the greenhouse.

Claims (6)

1. A greenhouse for growing greenhouse crops and seedlings, containing a frame with a floor for the cultural layer, a coating, heating and lighting system, characterized in that the frame is made in the form of two insulated versions of supports with windows and doors made in them, rigidly interconnected in the lower part, turned upward by a concave half shell insulated and the floor placed in it with the formation of a gap between them, while on the supports around the circumference of the rollers are installed, and the coating is made in the form placed between pores with a clearance relative to them of a cylindrical shell, made translucent on an arc of less than 180 ^o , and on the rest of the insulated and mounted on rollers with the possibility of rotation around the horizontal axis and fixing, and the floor is placed inside the shell, and its wall passes through the gap between the floor and a half-shell, and in the gap between the end of the shell and the support there is a sealing harness made of soft material.  2. The greenhouse according to claim 1, characterized in that on the edges of the floor there are straight or curved brackets with shelves fixed to them for the cultural layer, and the floor is multi-tiered with manhole with the possibility of transition from one tier to another using, for example, staircases.  3. The greenhouse according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the half-shell is made in the form of vertical panels with a heat-insulating coating installed on the edges of the floor with the formation of a gap for free passage of the shell wall, and the bottom is made at the same level with the bases of the supports.  4. The greenhouse according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it is equipped with a rotational drive of the shell, for example, an electric one, and the sealing harness is made in the form of a clamp attached to the frame and connected to a source of compressed air, for example, a car pump, a rubber tube with one or more channels .  5. A greenhouse according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it is equipped with a locking device made, for example, in the form of a lanyard placed on both sides, the lower end of each of which is connected to an eye fixed to a half-shell, and the upper end to an eye fixed on the side.  6. A greenhouse according to claims 1 to 3 and 5, characterized in that the rings are made in the form of insulated bottoms with a central hole, and the shell is mounted on an axis made in the form of a pipe fixed to supports and passing through the central opening of the bottoms, while the floor connected to the supports by means of a pipe, installed between the supports with a gap and has windows and doors located respectively to windows and doors made in the supports.

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