RU196922U1 - IMPROVED BUILDING BLOCK - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to construction, and can be used for the construction of various structures. From the prior art there are various options for the execution of bricks for the construction of industrial and residential buildings. In prototypes that are close in their technical essence, additional voids and diaphragms are used, designed for the convenience of their capture. With the help of voids, the heat exchange of the brick with the environment is improved during its drying, as well as an increase in the sound absorption of the brick in the masonry. Blocks from foam concrete and aerated concrete are also known from the prior art, the advantages of which are significantly lower mass and low cost. For these reasons, the blocks of foam concrete are made in slightly larger sizes than the size of a standard brick, however, in their technical essence they correspond to building bricks. As you know, the load capacity of foam concrete blocks is limited by the construction of no more than 3 floors. The proposed solution proposes the construction of a building block made in the form of an enlarged brick made of foam concrete. In the upper part of the building block there are recesses for pouring concrete, one of the recesses being longitudinal and the other transverse, their cavities are connected. Thin outer walls are provided from the ends of the recesses when casting the block, preventing concrete from flowing out. When laying a layer of blocks in the adjacent parts of the blocks, the walls are easily broken by hands, which allows you to form a single cavity for pouring concrete and laying reinforcement along the entire contour of the building. This allows you to distribute the load from the upper layers and floors, as well as to ensure the rigidity of the entire structure as a whole. The achieved technical result of the solution is to reduce the consumption of concrete without loss of strength and bearing capacity of castings when pouring the recesses of the proposed improved building block.

Description

The technical field to which the utility model belongs. The utility model relates to construction, and can be used for the construction of various structures.

The prior art. The brick is known from the prior art [RF patent for invention No. 2345023], made rectangular and containing through voids between opposing surfaces, at least one void being made with a variable cross-sectional area along its length, and the above void contains, at least two sections, in each of which the passage area of the void is reduced to a minimum value and then increases to a maximum value. The compressive strength of bricks is not less than 7.0 MPa and not more than 35 MPa, and clay and sand are used for its manufacture with a mass ratio of 75 ... 59% clay and 25 ... 41% for sand. The length of the brick is from 200 to 300 mm.

The disadvantages of this solution include the high labor costs and high cost of the wall of bricks made of clay and sand.

Also known brick [A.S. USSR for invention No. 50272], which contains a void connecting the bed surface, and the area of the cross-section along the length of the void is variable, and the void is used to simplify the laying of bricks. An aperture is made in the diaphragm overlying this void to capture the brick with the fingers of the hands when it is dipped in cement mortar and laid in place.

This decision is made by the main prototype, the closest in its technical essence.

The disadvantages of this solution include the high labor costs and high cost of the wall of silicate blocks and bricks.

Also known is the wall [patent for utility model of the Russian Federation No. 96587], which includes masonry on a mortar from several rows of piece blocks with dressing the rows at the seams, with silicate blocks and silicate bricks being used as piece blocks, and as a mortar for fixing piece silicate blocks and bricks used a solution of the composition: Portland cement - 19 ... 22%, sand -77.56 ... 79.50%, cellulose ester - 0.05 ... 0.2%, redispersible powder - 0.30. ..1.00%, starch ether - 0.09 ... 0.30%.

The disadvantages of this solution include the high cost of the wall of silicate blocks and bricks.

Disclosure of a utility model. Various brick structures are known in the art. All known from the prior art solutions are distinguished by their rectangular shape. The surfaces of such bricks have the designations - bed, spoon and poke, as described in GOST 530-2012. The bed is called the largest side of the brick in area, in which through holes are known from the prototypes. Many of them have an improved design, which consists in the presence of various kinds of voids in their bedding surfaces. Such voids are often made end-to-end and are intended to facilitate the capture of bricks during their laying, as well as to improve the sound and heat insulation properties of bricks. Some options solve the problem of accelerating the drying of bricks during their annealing.

Currently, in the construction of walls and ceilings, blocks of foam concrete and aerated concrete, which are bricks of foam concrete, are used, and are characterized by low weight and cost. Also, their heat-insulating properties can be attributed to their advantages, in addition, the small mass of foam concrete blocks allows them to be made in large sizes relative to standard bricks from a mixture of clay and sand. These advantages have led to their use in the construction of low-rise private houses, where building blocks of foam concrete are used when laying the walls of buildings.

However, the high porosity of the building blocks of foamed concrete leads to a decrease in their strength and bearing capacity, and therefore the height of buildings built from them should not exceed 3 floors. In addition, when assembling floors between floors and roofing, there is a need for casting with the help of building formwork of a layer of concrete, which evenly distributes the load on the building blocks in the walls. This is necessary to prevent the foaming concrete from being pushed through by supporting beams and ribs.

As mentioned above, the foam concrete building blocks are lightweight, which allows them to be easily moved during manual installation, as well as used by owners of suburban areas for self-construction of buildings. This allows building blocks to be made with very large sizes, which reduces the number of masonry operations and speeds up the process of erecting building structures. However, as a rule, there is no special equipment available - formwork for concrete casting, and this makes independent construction work difficult. The proposed solution allows us to simplify the process of pouring a concrete layer to distribute the load of overlying floors, as well as to increase the strength of the masonry as a whole - without the use of formwork, having realized the specified task with a minimum consumption of the poured concrete and without reducing the strength of the casting, in comparison with its rectangular shape.

The figure 1 shows a longitudinal vertical section of the proposed building block of foam concrete, which shows, in the longitudinal direction in the upper part of the block there is a recess for pouring concrete, and there is also a transverse cavity connected to the longitudinal cavity. The walls from the ends of the recesses prevent the pouring of concrete when pouring into the cavity of the recesses. The indicated recesses are longitudinal and transverse, intersect each other, forming a single cavity. The bottom of both recesses is convex, and consists of two concavities inside the recess, which is clearly visible in the section (figure 1) for the transverse recess.

The figure 2 shows a top view of the proposed building block, where you can see both (longitudinal and transverse) recesses for pouring concrete. Their volumes intersect, forming a single volume for filling. Concrete is poured after laying the wall layer, and to prevent the pouring of mortar from the cavity of the building block, thin external walls are provided from the ends of the recesses for pouring. Since the volume of the casting should be the same - the outer walls at the intersection of the recesses of adjacent blocks are broken out by hand, which is not difficult due to the low strength of the foamed concrete. Adjacent building blocks at the points of connection of their recesses for pouring may form a single perimeter (contour) of the fill of the structure. Along the perimeter, reinforcement can be laid to increase the rigidity and durability of the casting.

It should be noted that the use of recesses in building blocks allows you to refuse to cast a special layer of concrete, the blocks themselves in this case act as formwork for pouring a layer of concrete. However, the volume of these recesses in building blocks should not occupy a large part of their volume, since the cost of the entire structure as a whole depends on this. For low-rise private construction, the economic component of the work is one of the most important criteria.

According to the author, it is sufficient to have recesses in the block with a width equal to half the width of the building block itself. However, in each case, the manufacturer of the building block makes a decision based on its marketing research in the sales region. An increase in the volume of the recesses increases the strength of the casting and the structure as a whole, but leads to overuse of concrete and an increase in the cost of work. The implementation of the recesses with a rectangular cross section in the block of foamed concrete, although it is simple and technologically advanced, however, leads to increased consumption of concrete during pouring. To reduce concrete consumption without a significant drop in casting strength, it is proposed to use a complex profile of the bottom in the recesses, concave into them.

Figure 3 shows a cross section of a longitudinal recess for concrete, from which the convex shape of the bottom of the recess is visible, which is symmetrical and represents two inwardly concave recesses of the circle sector. As you know, the round shape of the surfaces is the most resistant to loads both outside and inside the body. Thus, the part of the volume of the cavity of the recesses, occupied by the bottom of the two sectors of the circle concave inward, is excluded, which is clearly seen from the figure. This in turn allows to reduce the consumption of poured concrete in comparison with the rectangular shape of the recesses - moreover, a significant drop in the strength of the entire casting does not occur. Round concavities have a large surface area, with a uniform distribution of the external load in the volume of foamed concrete of the proposed improved building block.

The proposed shape of the bottom of the recesses in the blocks of foam concrete is quite technologically advanced, since it has no hidden surfaces and can be easily performed by stamping in the manufacture of blocks. Thus, this does not lead to an increase in production costs - in comparison with a rectangular (simple) section of the recesses. The proposed solution will be characterized by a large volume of foamed concrete relative to its analog with a rectangular section, however, given the low cost of foamed concrete (aerated concrete and foam concrete) this is not significant in comparison with the saving of building concrete for pouring.

The figure 4 shows a top view of the perimeter of the masonry of the proposed building blocks. From the figure it becomes obvious that at the joints at the construction thin walls break out from the ends of the recesses of the blocks, which, after pouring, form a single perimeter that can take loads of beams and ceilings from above. This is achieved not only by the high strength of concrete poured into the cavity, which can be enhanced by laying reinforcing blocks of building blocks in the connecting cavities, but also by the distribution of load over the volume of building blocks due to the area of poured recesses, the volumes of which are connected.

The selected block design with one longitudinal and one transverse recess in the upper bed is also selected for reasons of reducing concrete consumption. Indeed, it is possible to make a building block with two transverse recesses, both of which are connected with a longitudinal recess, however, all empty cavities will require concrete pouring during the construction process. This is explained by the small wall thickness from the ends of the recesses, and the easy destructibility of the foamed concrete, which does not allow the use of more complex versions of the recessed walls of the recesses for pouring concrete. The advantage of the proposed building block is the ability to use concrete castings in its recesses for fastening the external decoration of the walls of the house, due to the strength of the poured concrete.

The presented solution is simple and therefore industrially applicable, and provides an increase in the strength of the walls and the distribution of loads from the floors with a reduced consumption of concrete for casting.

The proposed technical solution is new, having the following fundamental differences from the main prototype:

- the bottom of the recesses is symmetrically concave on both sides into the cavity of the said recesses in their longitudinal direction;

- the shape of concavities in cross section of a sector of a circle.

Thus, the entire set of essential features of a utility model is previously unknown and leads to a new technical result - a reduction in concrete consumption when pouring recesses.

A brief description of the drawings. The figure 1 shows a longitudinal vertical section of the proposed improved building block. The figure 2 shows a top view of the proposed improved building block. The figure 3 shows a cross section of a longitudinal recess of the proposed improved building block. The figure 4 shows a top view of the concrete poured perimeter of the masonry layer of the proposed improved building block

Claims (1)

A building block made of porous concrete (aerated concrete or foam concrete), characterized in that in its upper part there are recesses for pouring concrete during construction, the width of the recesses being at least half the width of the building block, one of the recesses is located in the longitudinal axis, the other the recess is located in the transverse axis, and the recesses intersect and form a single volume of space, and from the ends of the recess are equipped with thin outer walls, while the bottom of the recesses is symmetrically concave on both sides in the interior of the cavity of the said recesses in their longitudinal direction, and the shape of each of the two concavities is in cross section a sector of the circle.

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